Cultural issues in Crisis Communication A Comparative Study of Messages Chosen by South Korean and U

跨文化交流的必要性与方法高中生英语作文The Necessity and Methods of Cross-cultural CommunicationIn today's increasingly globalized world, cross-cultural communication has become more essential than ever.With people from different cultures and backgrounds interacting more frequently, it is crucial to understand and appreciate the differences in order to foster harmonious relationships.The necessity of cross-cultural communication lies in the fact that it promotes mutual understanding and respect between individuals from diverse cultures.It enables us to appreciate the unique perspectives and experiences that each culture offers, thereby enriching our own lives.Furthermore, effective cross-cultural communication can help to prevent misunderstandings and conflicts, making it an essential skill in today's interconnected world.There are several methods that can be employed to enhance cross-cultural communication.Firstly, it is important to develop cultural awareness and sensitivity.This involves learning about different cultures, their customs, traditions, and values.By understanding and respecting these differences, we can avoid unnecessary misunderstandings and foster more positive interactions.Secondly, language plays a vital role in cross-cultural communication.Learning a second language can greatly enhance ourability to communicate with individuals from different cultures.It allows us to express ourselves more effectively and understand others better.Additionally, using simple language and avoiding jargon or slang can help to ensure clear communication.Another important method is to listen actively and empathetically.This means paying attention to what others are saying and trying to understand their perspectives, rather than simply waiting for our turn to speak.Active listening involves asking questions, paraphrasing, and showing genuine interest in the speaker's thoughts and feelings.Finally, being open-minded and embracing diversity is crucial in cross-cultural communication.This means being willing to learn from others and appreciate the value of different perspectives.It also involves being respectful of others' opinions and viewpoints, even if they differ from our own.In conclusion, the necessity of cross-cultural communication cannot be overstated in today's globalized world.By employing methods such as developing cultural awareness, learning new languages, active listening, and embracing diversity, we can foster better relationships and promote understanding between individuals from different cultures.。

A Cultural Discourse Studies Approach to Corporate Crisis Communication:A Case Study on Fonterra’s Online Crisis Communication in 2013 Recall Crisis 作者： 赵丹彤[1]
作者机构： [1]对外经济贸易大学
出版物刊名： 中国外语
页码： 60-65页
年卷期： 2018年 第6期
主题词： 企业话语;文化话语研究;危机公关
摘要：本文从跨学科的视角出发,将"话语"引入企业危机公关研究领域,认为危机公关不仅是
企业的管理实践和媒体的传播与报道实践等,更是以企业为主要信息来源的话语实践。

研究以文
化话语研究理论(Shi-xu, 2014;施旭,2017)为指导,对恒天然集团通过网络途径应对2013年"肉毒杆菌"危机的话语策略进行系统、辩证的研究。

研究认为恒天然集团虽采取了明确的公关话语布局,但在话语实践中与中国媒体及大众的互动较弱,导致其危机公关效果不佳。

高中英语作文《跨文化交流的必要性》The Necessity of Intercultural CommunicationIn today's increasingly globalized world, the necessity of intercultural communication cannot be emphasized enough.As people from different cultures come together, it is crucial to understand and appreciate the differences in order to foster harmonious relationships and promote mutual respect.Firstly, intercultural communication is essential for promoting global understanding and tolerance.With the advent of technology and social media, people are exposed to different cultures more than ever before.However, without proper communication and understanding, these interactions can lead to misunderstandings and stereotypes.By engaging in intercultural communication, we can break down these barriers and develop a more nuanced understanding of other cultures.Secondly, intercultural communication is vital for personal and professional growth.In a diverse workforce, being able to effectively communicate with colleagues from different backgrounds can enhance teamwork and innovation.Moreover, studying or living abroad allows individuals to experience new cultures firsthand, broadening their perspectives and fostering personal growth.Lastly, intercultural communication is crucial for addressing global challenges.Issues such as climate change, poverty, and inequality requirecollaborative efforts from nations around the world.By communicating and working together, countries can pool their resources and expertise to find sustainable solutions.In conclusion, the necessity of intercultural communication cannot be overstated.It promotes global understanding, personal and professional growth, and addresses global challenges.As we continue to live in an increasingly interconnected world, let us embrace the beauty of cultural diversity and strive for effective intercultural communication.。

社交媒体给我们沟通带来的变化英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Impact of Social Media on CommunicationIntroductionIn recent years, social media platforms have become an integral part of our daily lives. From sharing moments with friends and family to connecting with people from all over the world, social media has revolutionized the way we communicate. This essay will explore the changes that social media has brought to communication and how it has impacted our relationships, society, and the way we perceive the world.Enhanced ConnectivityOne of the most significant changes that social media has brought to communication is the ability to connect with others instantly. With platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, we can now stay in touch with friends and family members regardless of their geographical location. This has made communication more convenient and efficient, allowing us to share our thoughts and experiences in real-time. In addition,social media has also enabled us to connect with people who share similar interests or beliefs, creating virtual communities that transcend physical boundaries.However, while social media has made it easier for us to communicate with others, it has also raised concerns about the quality of these interactions. With the rise of messaging apps and emojis, face-to-face communication has become less common, leading to a loss of nuance and depth in our conversations. As a result, misunderstandings and misinterpretations can easily occur, potentially damaging relationships and leading to conflicts.Impact on RelationshipsSocial media has had a profound impact on the way we form and maintain relationships. In today's digital age, many people rely on social media to connect with others, leading to an increase in online friendships and romantic relationships. While social media can help us stay connected with loved ones, it can also create a false sense of intimacy and closeness that may not be present in reality.Furthermore, social media has also changed the way we communicate with our friends and family members. Instead of picking up the phone or meeting in person, many people nowuse social media platforms to communicate with each other. While this may be more convenient, it can also lead to a lack of meaningful interactions and emotional connections. In addition, the constant presence of social media in our lives can make it challenging to disconnect and fully engage with those around us.Impact on SocietyThe rise of social media has had far-reaching effects on society as a whole. From influencing political movements to shaping cultural trends, social media has become a powerful tool for communication and social change. Platforms like Twitter and Instagram have been instrumental in mobilizing people to participate in protests and advocacy campaigns, giving a voice to marginalized communities and sparking meaningful conversations about important issues.However, the influence of social media on society is not always positive. The spread of fake news and misinformation has become a major concern, as unverified information can easily go viral and shape public opinion. In addition, the rise of cyberbullying and online harassment has raised questions about the impact of social media on mental health and well-being.ConclusionIn conclusion, social media has brought about significant changes to the way we communicate and interact with others. While it has made it easier for us to connect with people from all over the world, social media has also brought challenges and concerns that need to be addressed. As we continue to navigate the complexities of social media, it is important to be mindful of how we use these platforms and to prioritize meaningful and genuine connections with others. Ultimately, the impact of social media on communication will continue to evolve as technology advances and society adapts to these changes.篇2Title: The Changes in Communication Brought by Social MediaIntroductionSocial media has revolutionized the way we communicate with each other. With the rise of platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat, we now have instantaneous access to our friends, family, and even strangers from around the world. This has led to both positive and negative changes in the way we interact. In this essay, we will explore the impact that social media has had on communication.Enhanced ConnectivityOne of the most obvious benefits of social media is the ability to connect with others in real-time. Before the advent of these platforms, communication was limited to phone calls, letters, and face-to-face interactions. Now, we can send messages, photos, videos, and even video chat with others regardless of their location. This has made it easier to stay in touch with loved ones and has also fostered new friendships and relationships.However, the ease of communication has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions. People are more likely to send a quick message or comment on a post rather than have a meaningful conversation in person. This can lead to a sense of detachment and a lack of deep connections with others.Social Media and Self ExpressionSocial media has also provided us with a platform to express ourselves in ways that were not possible before. We can share our thoughts, opinions, and experiences with a wide audience, which can be empowering. Many people use social media as a way to showcase their creativity, talents, and interests, whether through photos, videos, or written posts.However, this increased self-expression can also lead to problems such as cyberbullying, comparison, and the pressure to present a perfect image. People may feel the need to constantly curate their online persona to gain approval and validation from others, which can be detrimental to their mental health.Impact on Communication SkillsThe rise of social media has also had an impact on our communication skills. With the prevalence of text messaging, emojis, and shorthand language, many people have become accustomed to communicating in a more informal and brief manner. This can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and a lack of nuance in conversations.Furthermore, social media has made it easier to hide behind a screen and say things that we would not say in person. This can lead to conflicts, misunderstandings, and the spread of misinformation. It is important to remember the importance of clear, respectful, and empathetic communication in both virtual and real-life interactions.ConclusionIn conclusion, social media has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate with each other. While ithas increased connectivity and provided a platform forself-expression, it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions, challenges in communication skills, and negative impacts on mental health. It is important to be mindful of the way we use social media and strive to cultivate meaningful connections and conversations in both the virtual and physical world.篇3The Impact of Social Media on CommunicationIntroductionSocial media has become an integral part of our daily lives, transforming the way we communicate with each other. From staying connected with friends and family to sharing news and opinions, social media platforms have revolutionized the way we interact with others. In this essay, we will explore the changes that social media has brought to communication and the implications of these changes on society.Increased ConnectivityOne of the most significant impacts of social media on communication is the increased connectivity it has provided. With platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, we areable to stay in touch with friends and family members no matter where they are in the world. This constant connectivity has made it easier for us to maintain relationships and keep up with the latest developments in the lives of those we care about.Furthermore, social media has also allowed us to connect with people we may not have had the opportunity to meet otherwise. Through online communities and groups, we are able to find like-minded individuals who share our interests and values. This has led to the formation of virtual communities that transcend geographical boundaries, providing us with a sense of belonging and camaraderie.Instant CommunicationAnother significant change brought about by social media is the ability to communicate instantaneously. In the past, we relied on traditional forms of communication such as letters or phone calls to stay in touch with others. With the advent of social media, we can now send messages, photos, and videos in real-time, allowing for faster and more efficient communication.This instant communication has revolutionized the way we share information and news. In times of crisis or emergencies, social media serves as a vital tool for disseminating important updates and alerts. Platforms like Twitter have become essentialfor spreading information quickly and efficiently, enabling individuals to stay informed and connected during times of need.Moreover, social media has also changed the way we interact with public figures and celebrities. Through platforms like Instagram and Snapchat, celebrities can now communicate directly with their fans, providing a more personal and authentic connection. This level of accessibility has transformed the celebrity-fan dynamic, allowing for a more intimate and interactive relationship between public figures and their followers.Implications for SocietyWhile social media has undoubtedly brought about positive changes in communication, it has also raised concerns about its impact on society. The rise of social media has led to an increase in the spread of misinformation and fake news, as individuals can easily share and amplify false information through these platforms. This has serious implications for public discourse and the dissemination of accurate information, creating challenges for media organizations and policymakers.Furthermore, social media has also raised concerns about privacy and data security. As we share more personalinformation online, we are at risk of having our data harvested and exploited by malicious actors. The recent Cambridge Analytica scandal, where data from millions of Facebook users was improperly obtained and used for political purposes, highlighted the need for stricter regulations and protections for user data.In addition, the constant connectivity provided by social media has raised concerns about its impact on mental health and well-being. Studies have shown that excessive use of social media can lead to feelings of isolation, anxiety, and depression, as individuals compare themselves to others and seek validation through likes and comments. This has prompted calls for greater awareness of the potential negative effects of social media on mental health, as well as the need for digital detoxes and mindfulness practices to maintain a healthy balance.ConclusionIn conclusion, social media has brought about significant changes in communication, connecting us in ways we never thought possible. From instant messaging to online communities, social media has revolutionized the way we interact with each other, providing new opportunities for expression and connection. However, these changes also come with challenges,from the spread of misinformation to concerns about privacy and mental health. As we continue to navigate the digital landscape, it is essential to be mindful of the implications of social media on communication and society, finding ways to harness its benefits while mitigating its potential risks. Only then can we fully realize the transformative power of social media in shaping the way we communicate and engage with the world around us.。

高中生英语作文跨文化交流的障碍与意义Title: Barriers and Significance of Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural communication is the exchange of information between people from different cultural backgrounds.It is an essential aspect of our modern, globalized world.However, it is not without its challenges.In this essay, we will discuss the barriers to intercultural communication and its significance.One of the main barriers to intercultural communication is nguage is not just a tool for communication; it is also a reflection of a culture's values, beliefs, and traditions.Different languages have different structures, vocabularies, and grammar rules, which can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations.Additionally, non-verbal communication, such as body language and facial expressions, can vary greatly between cultures, leading to further confusion.Another barrier to intercultural communication is cultural norms and values.Each culture has its own set of norms and values, which dictate behavior and interactions.These can be difficult to understand and navigate, especially for someone from a different cultural background.For example, some cultures place a high value on individualism, while others emphasize collectivism.These differences can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts.Despite these barriers, intercultural communication is of utmostimportance.It promotes understanding and tolerance between different cultures, which is essential in our diverse world.By learning about and engaging with different cultures, we can break down stereotypes and misconceptions, and develop a more open and accepting attitude towards others.Intercultural communication also has practical benefits.It enhances our ability to work effectively in global settings, whether in business, diplomacy, or international aid.It allows us to appreciate the richness and diversity of the world's cultures, and to learn from one another.In conclusion, while there are barriers to intercultural communication, its significance cannot be overstated.It is a vital tool for promoting understanding, tolerance, and cooperation between different cultures.By learning about and engaging with other cultures, we can break down barriers and build a more harmonious, inclusive world.。

高级商务英语系列教材总主编：叶兴国王光林高级综合商务英语1主编：彭青龙（习题答案）外语教学与研究出版社Unit 1 GlobalizationLead-in1. Quiz1) B 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) A2. A Mini CaseSuggested answers:●As Zara continues to expand, it might have to open other distribution centers onother continents. Language, culture, and work relations may vary significantly from the closely-managed operation currently in place in Spain. The company may run into more specific challenges in accommodating customers‘requirements due to a lack of cultural sensitivity. Zara‘s expansion globally may pose the challenge of moving from a more centralized management style to a more global style.●Lorena needs to ensure that she has a truly international team in place withmembers from both multilingual and multicultural background; draw up a plan on how global logistics will support global expansion; start a succession plan and train new logistics managers who could be ready to take on overseas responsibilities; and encourage store managers to include suggestions on cultural specifics which may help in making the final product and brand expansion successful.Text AI.Reading Comprehension1.Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Write a T fortrue, an F for false, and an NG for not given.1) T 2) F 3) T 4) F 5) F 6) T 7) T 8) F 9) T 10) NG2.Essay Questions1)The modern multinational companies have had passed through three phases. Firstcame the 19th-century ―international model‖, with firms based in their home country and selling goods through overseas sales offices. This was followed by the classic multinational firm in which the parent company created smaller versions of itself in countries around the world. And now it has been replaced by a single integrated global entity in which the firm will move people and jobs anywhere in the world, based on the right cost, the right skills and the right business environment.2)The big attractions from emerging markets are low-cost labor, highly skilledpersonnel, and a chance to cooperate with the government as a potential customer.3)They are lacking the management talents who can practice and support businessoperating models that will allow them to generate profitable growth in more mature markets over the long term.4)The single biggest challenge facing Western multinationals is the lack ofemerging-market experience in their senior ranks. Moreover, multinationals have great trouble retaining the managers they do have in emerging markets.―Well-trained, good, honest people are scarce in emerging markets. Multinationals are better at training these people than emerging-market companies, which prefer to poach them once they are trained.‖II.Blank-filling: Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. Change the form when necessary.1) cutting-edge 2) commoditized 3) aggressive 4) forge 5) benchmark 6) blueprint 7) expatriates 8) deploy 9) ferocious 10) substantial III.Paraphrasing1.Rewriting: Rewrite the underlined part of each sentence in your own words.1) ―In the 97 years of the company‘s history, never had a particular kind of product or merchandise been managed outside the U.S.,‖he says excitedly, noting that ―Latin America now reports to Shanghai.‖2) But the assault on its services business led by a trio of Indian outsourcing upstarts, Tata Consulting Services, Infosys and Wipro, posed a big threat to the field that might be the main sources of growth for the company as expected by Mr. Palmisano.3) In many emerging markets the most attractive potential customer is the government, because of the government‘s urgent needs to improve the infrastructure facilities in a wide range, from the mobile telephone networks to roads, airports and ports, energy and water supply.4) A 2007 study of China‘s top 200 publicly traded companies found that it is still difficult even for the leading companies in China to compete with those global giants.5) American multinationals now have a ―ferocious interest in attracting non-Americans to the board‖, but they can find only a few qualified executives from the European countries, not to mention those from emerging markets.2. Sentence Transformation: Complete the following sentences based on the structures given.1) Because of the fact that hot labor markets in emerging markets are causing extremely high turnover rates, every big multinational is aiming to win the ―war for talent‖ and taking it as one of the most urgent issues.2) It is believed that as a big multinational company it enjoys advantages in recruiting and retaining talented managers than the local competitors.3) Despite the growth of their revenue which increased on the back of China‘s continued economic growth, they could only create half of the value of their global competitors.4) No longer the ―young bucks or retirement-posing types‖as they used to be,nowadays the expatriate managers appointed by multinationals to work in emerging markets are generally of a much higher quality.5) Compared with those old multinationals, the firms in emerging markets are typically lacking the depth of management talent, though the founders are often impressive.IV.Translation1.Sentence Translation1) 这一雄心勃勃的策略是对来自新兴市场的激烈竞争做出的回应。

英语翻译中级口译-47(总分100,考试时间90分钟)TRANSLATION TEST1. Help! I Can"t CopeA friend who had lived in New York during the 1970s was recently here for a brief visit. I asked him what, in this ever- changing city. he found to be most startlingly changed. He thought for a moment before answering. "Probably the visible increase in prostitution," he replied.My astonishment at **ment was so palpable that he felt obliged to explain. "Haven"t you noticed," he asked with surprise, "all these young women standing furtively in doorways? You never used to see that when I was here."I couldn"t resist my laughter. "They"re not prostitutes," I clarified. "They"re smokers."For indeed they are. Most American office buildings no longer allow smoking on the premises, driving those who can"t resist the urge onto the streets. The sight of them, lounging on "coffee breaks" near the entrances to their workplace, puffing away, has become ubiquitous. Since most new smokers apparently are women, my friend"s confusion was understandable. And there are more than ever since September 11.Stress is probably better measured anecdotally than statistically. I"m not aware of surveys on this matter, but anyone living in New York these days has stories of friends who, amid the scares of 9-11 and its aftermath, have sought solace in cigarettes. I used to go to a gym in the Metlife Building over Grand Central Terminal. Some days so many people stood outside, tensely smoking, that I assumed an evacuation had just been ordered. At least three friends who"d given up tobacco have lapsed back into the habit, claiming they couldn"t calm their nerves any other way. Others have increased their previously reduced intakes. Some, in their quest for a crutch, have begun smoking for the first time. In modern Manhattan the frantic puff has become the preferred alternative to the silent scream.New Yorkers, of course, are coping in more imaginative ways, as well. A friend swears he knows someone who has stashed a canoe in his closet in case he needs to escape Manhattan by river. Another says he has moved a heavy objet d"art into his office so that he can smash the window if a firebomb makes the elevator or the staircase impassable. A women working on one of the lowers of her office building has acquired a rope long enough to lower herself to the ground; one who works at the top of a skyscraper tells me she"s looking into the purchase of a parachute. Still others have stocked up on such items of antiterrorist chic as flame-retardant ponchos, anthrax-antidote antibiotics and heavy-duty gas masks.Recent polls indicate that American women are more stressed than men. Over 50 percent in one national survey of 1,000 adults admitted to being "very" or "somewhat" worried in the wake of the terrorist assaults. The anthrax scare may have receded. But recent incidents, from the airplanecrash in New York Borough of Queens to the arrest of the London "shoe-bomber" to rumors of suitcase nukes, seem to have had permanently unsettling effects. Take food. A surprising number of people are apparently unable to touch their plates. Others are eating too much, seeking reassurance in "comfort food." Given the alternatives, smoking seems a reasonable refuge; after all, the long-term threat of cancer seems far more remote these days than the prospect of explosive incineration.2. The Ballooning Pension Crisis in Western EuropeMillions of elderly Germans received a notice from the Health & Social Security Ministry earlier this month that struck a damaging blow to the welfare state. The statement informed them that their pensions were being cut. The **e as a stop-gap measure to control Germany"s ballooning pension crisis. Not surprisingly, it was an **e change for senior citizens such as Sabine Wetzel, a 67-year-old retired bank teller, who was told that her state pension would be cut by $12.30 a month. "It was a real shock," she says. "My pension had always gone up in the past."There"s more bad news on the way. On March 11, Germany"s lower house of Parliament passed a bill gradually cutting state pensions—which have been rising steadily since World War Ⅱ—from 53% of average wages now to 46% by 2020. And Germany is not alone. Governments across Western Europe are racing to curb pension benefits. In Italy, the government plans to raise the minimum retirement age from 57 to 60, while France will require that civil servants put in 40 years rather than 37.5 to qualify for a full pension. The reforms **ing despite tough opposition from unions, leftist politicians, and pensioners" groups.The explanation is simple: Europeans are living longer and having fewer children. By 2030 there will only be two workers per pensioner, compared with four in 2000. With fewer young workers paying into the system, cuts are being made to cover a growing shortfall. The gap between **ing in and payments going out could top $10 billion this year in Germany alone. "In the future, a state pension alone will no longer be enough to maintain the living standards employees had before they retired," says German Health ＆Social Security Minister. Says the Finance Minister of Italy: "The welfare state is producing too few cradles and too few graves."Of course, those population trends have been forecast for years. Some countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, have responded by making individuals and their employers assume more of the responsibility for pensions. But many Continental governments dragged their feet. Now, the rapid run-up in costs is forcing them to act. State-funded pension payments make up around 12% of gross domestic product in Germany and France and 15% in Italy—two percentage points more than 20 years ago. Pensions account for an average 21% of government spending across the European Union. The rising cost is having a serious impact on major European nations" economy. Their governments have no choice but to make pension reform a priority. Just as worrisome is the toll being exacted on the private sector. Corporate contributions to state pension systems—which make up 19.5% of total gross pay in Germany—add to Europe"s already bloated labor costs. That, in turn, blunts manufacturers" competitiveness and keeps unemployment rateshigh.To cope, Germany and most of its EU partners are using tax breaks to encourage employees to put money into private pension schemes. But even if private pensions become more popular, European governments will have to increase minimum retirement ages and reduce public pensions. While today"s **plain about reduced benefits, the next generation of retirees may look back on their parents" pension checks with envy.3. The Difficulty of TranslationSince translating is a skill which requires considerable practice, most people assume that it can be taught, and to some extent this is true. But it is also true that really exceptional translators are born, not made. Potential translators must have a high level of aptitude for the creative use of language, or they are not likely to be outstanding in their profession. Perhaps the greatest benefit from instruction in translating is to become aware of one"s own limitations, something which a translator of Steinbeck"s of Mice and Men into Chinese should have learned. Then he would not have translated English mule-skinner into a Chinese phrase meaning "a person who skins the hide of a mule".For many people the need for human translation seems paradoxical in this age of computers. Some **puters can be loaded with dictionaries and grammars, why not **puters do the work? Computers can perform certain very simple interlingual tasks, providing there is sufficient pre-editing and post-editing. But neither advertising brochures nor lyric poetry can ever been reduced to the kind of logic required of computer programs. Computer printouts of translations can often be understood, if the persons involved already know what the text is supposed to say. But the results of machine translating are usually in an unnatural form of language and sometimes just plain weird. Furthermore, real improvements will **e from merely doctoring the program or adding rules. The human brain is not only digital and analogic, but it also has a built-in system of values which gives it a componentially incalculable advantage over machines. Human translators will always be necessary for any text that is stylistically appealing and **plex—which includes most of what is **municating in another language.The most difficult texts to translate are not, however, highly literary productions, but rather those texts which say nothing, the type of language often used by politicians and delegates to international forums. In fact, a group of professional translators at the United Nations headquarters in New York City have insisted that the most difficult text to translate is one in which the speaker or writer has attempted to say nothing. The next most difficult type of text is one filled with irony and sarcasm, since in a written text the paralinguistic clues to the meaning are usually much more difficult to detect than when someone is speaking. And perhaps the third most difficult type of text is a book or article on translating in which the illustrative examples rarely match.Some people imagine that the greatest problem in translating is to find the right words and constructions in the receptor or target language. On the contrary, the most difficult task for the translator is to understand thoroughly the designative and associative meanings of the text to be translated. This involves not only knowing the meanings of the words and the syntactic relations, but also being sensitive to all the nuances of the stylist device. As one struggling translator summed up his problem, "if I really understood what the text means, I could easily translate it." 4. Misinterpretation in Cross-cultural CommunicationIn cross-**munication the danger of misinterpretation is greatest among people who speak different native tongues or come from different cultural backgrounds, because cultural difference necessarily implies different assumptions about natural and obvious ways to be polite. Anthropologist Thomas Kochman gives the example of a white office worker who appeared with a bandaged arm and felt rejected because her black fellow worker didn"t mention it. The doubly wounded worker assumed that her silent colleague didn"t notice or didn"t care. But the co-worker was purposely not calling attention to something her colleague might not want to talk about. She let her decide whether or not to mention it, being considerate by not imposing. Kochman says, based on his research, that these differences reflect recognizable black and white styles.An American woman visiting England was repeatedly offended when the British ignored her in a setting in which she thought they should pay attention. For example, she was sitting at a booth in a railway—station cafeteria. A couple began to settle into the opposite seat in the same booth. They unloaded their luggage; they laid their coats on the seat; he asked what she would like to eat and went off to get it; she slid into the booth facing the American. And throughout all this, they showed no sign of having noticed that someone was already sitting in the booth.When the British woman lit up a cigarette, the American began ostentatiously looking around for another table to move to. Of course there was none; that"s why the British couple had sat in her booth in the first place. The smoker immediately crushed out her cigarette and apologized. This showed that she had noticed that someone else was sitting in the booth, and that she was not inclined to disturb her.To the American, politeness requires talk between strangers forced to share a booth in a cafeteria, if only a fleeting "Do you mind if I sit down?" or a conventional "is anyone sitting here?" even if it"s obvious no one is. The omission of such talk seemed to her like dreadful rudeness. The American couldn"t see that another system of politeness was at work. By not acknowledging her presence, the British couple freed her from the obligation to acknowledge theirs. The American expected a show of involvement; they were being polite by not imposing.An American man who had lived for years in Japan explained a similar politeness ethic. He lived, as many Japanese do, in extremely close quarters—a tiny room separated from neighboring rooms by paper-thin walls. In order to preserve privacy in this most unprivate situation, his Japanese neighbor with the door open, they steadfastly glued their gaze ahead as if they were alone in a desert. The American confessed to feeling what I believe most Americans would feel if a next-door neighbor passed within a few feet without acknowledging their presence—snubbed. But he realized that the intention was not rudeness by omitting to show involvement, but politeness by not imposing.。

高中英语作文《跨文化交流的障碍与意义》Title: Barriers and Significance of Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural communication is the exchange of information between people from different cultural backgrounds.It is becoming increasingly important in our globalized world.However, there are many barriers to effective intercultural communication.These barriers can be categorized into three main types: language barriers, cultural barriers, and behavioral barriers.Language barriers are the most obvious obstacles to intercultural communication.Different cultures have different languages, dialects, and accents.This can make it difficult for people to understand each other.Even when people speak the same language, they may have different vocabularies, grammar rules, and pronunciation.Cultural barriers are more subtle but can be even more difficult to overcome.Culture is a complex system of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors.People from different cultures may have different ways of thinking, perceiving, and interpreting the world.These differences can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts.For example, in some cultures, direct communication is considered assertive and disrespectful, while in others, it is seen as honest and straightforward.Behavioral barriers arise from differences in body language, gestures, and non-verbal communication.A simple gesture like a thumbs-up canhave different meanings in different cultures.In the United States, it is a sign of approval, but in parts of the Middle East, it can be a symbol of rudeness.Despite these barriers, intercultural communication is of great significance.It promotes understanding, tolerance, and respect among people from different cultures.It also enhances productivity, creativity, and innovation in diverse teams and organizations.Moreover, it helps to prevent misunderstandings and conflicts, leading to more harmonious relationships and better cooperation.To overcome the barriers to intercultural communication, we need to develop cultural competence.This involves learning about different cultures, understanding their values and beliefs, and developing the skills to communicate effectively with people from different backgrounds.It is important to approach intercultural communication with an open mind, a willingness to learn, and a respect for differences.In conclusion, while there are many barriers to effective intercultural communication, it is of great significance in our diverse and interconnected world.By developing cultural competence and embracing the differences between cultures, we can promote understanding, cooperation, and harmony among people from different backgrounds.。