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独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
独立主格独立主格结构的构成：1，名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词；2，名词（代词）+形容词；3，名词（代词）+副词；4，名词（代词）+不定式；5，名词（代词） +介词短语构成。
独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的过去分词，是被动关系。
3）名词或代词与现在分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主动关系。
4）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
例如：1,The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
2,The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
3,Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。
4,This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
5,The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
6,He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
7,He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆with的复合结构作独立主格表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。
独立主格结构的构成独立主格的构成稍显复杂，主要有以下几种:1、名词/代词+现在分词（表示主动或正在进行）e.g. Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.2、名词/代词+过去分词（表示被动和已完成）e.g. The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.3、名词/代词+不定式（表示将要发生的动作）e.g. His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner(=His friends are going to come tonight so he is busy preparing the dinner.)4、名词/代词+形容词或副词（常用来说明名词的性质,特征或所处的状态）e.g. So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.（=Because so many people were absent, the meeting had to be called off.）Nobody in, he left a message on the board.5、名词/代词+介词短语e.g. He went into the classroom,book in hand. （=He went into the classroom and a book is in his hand. )6、with/without+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/不定时e.g. With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. He sat at a desk with his attention fixed on a book.I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.7、It being +名词e.g. It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.8、there +being/having beene.g. There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.“with/without”引导的独立主格结构“介词with/without+宾语+宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语、原因状语，也可作定语。
独立主格结构一、概念“独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副)词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。
该结构不是句子，也不是从句,所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化,它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。
独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
二、独立主格的特点1.当独立主格结构中的beｉng done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。
2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it，therｅ时，ｂeiｎｇ不可以省略。
三、独立主格结构的用法。
放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。
“名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。
名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。
1.不定式构成的独立主格结构不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常作原因状语，有时做条件状语。
Lots ｏf hｏmewｏrk ｔo ｄo，I hａve ｔo staｙhｏme all day.由于很多作业要做,我只好待在家里。
Soｍａny chilｄrｅｎtｏlook afteｒ，the moｔher has tｏquｉt herｊob.如此多的孩子要照顾,这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。
2.动词+iｎg形式的独立主格结构动词-ing形式的句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语,否则就是不正确的。
动词-iｎg形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在动词的-iｎg形式前加上逻辑主语,构成动词-ｉng 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作时逻辑主语发出的动作。
ﻫWe rｅdoｕblｅd oｕr efｆorｔｓ,each mａnｗorking liｋｅtwo.ﻫ我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。
语法专项：独立主格结构独立主格结构是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
⚫独立主格结构的逻辑主语独立存在⚫独立主格结构在句子中充当状语，定语和补语⚫独立主格结构可以转换为状语从句，定语从句和并列句。
⚫独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
1.逻辑主语+现在分词Time permitting, we will discuss more questions. 如果时间允许的话，我们将讨论更多的问题。
2.逻辑主语+过去分词The bag lost, he had no money now. 由于书包丢了，他现在没有钱了。
3.逻辑主语+不定式Lots of homework to do, I must do it now. 家庭作业有很多，我现在就得做了。
4.逻辑主语+名词Many children are reading here, most of them Chinese. 许多孩子都在这里读书，他们大多数是中国人。
5.逻辑主语+形容词He reads books here, his hands big and fat. 他在这里读书，他的手又大又胖。
6.逻辑主语+副词He pulled on his coat, wrong side out. 他穿上他的外套，结果穿反了。
7.逻辑主语+介词短语He sat there, his eyes on her back. 他坐在那里，眼睛望着她的背影.8.With, without+复合宾语的结构1)With + 名词或代词+ 现在分词She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her. 这么多人看着她，她感到非常紧张。
2)With + 名词或代词+ 过去分词The boy was sad with the bike broken. 单车坏了，这个男孩很伤心。
独立主格结构练习题及解析1.I have a lot of books, half of novels.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. them2.more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.A. becauseB. asC. WithD. Since3.The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most ofcarrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there.A. themB. whoC. whomD. which4.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of over 600 years old.A. whichB. thatC. themD. it5.The cave very dark, he lit some candles light.A. was; givenB. was; to giveC. being; givenD. being; to give6.The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand a gun and his facewith sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering7.The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair .A. flowed in the breezeB. was flowing in the breezeC. were flowing in the breezeD. flowing in the breeze8.The children went home from the grammar school, their lessonsfor the day.A. finishingB. finishedC. had finishedD. were finished9.On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park,parents seated together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that10.The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, Land Rover of the latest.A. anotherB. otherC. the otherD. the others【答案与解析】1.D。
独立主格结构“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
（一）独立主格结构形式独立主格结构可以分为两部分，形式为：基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词/代词+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The man lay there, his hands trembling.So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2．名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.3．名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.5．名词/代词+形容词短语形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
语法重点：独立主格结构。
1. 原文再现。
This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.2. 独立主格结构定义。
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词) 或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
3. 独立主格结构用法。
A．用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
B. 用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
C. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has tostay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
D. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
E. 表示补充说明.We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two..我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
4. 独立主格结构形式。
A. 一般独立主格形式，与主句逻辑关系松散形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词B.名词/主格代词+现在分词，名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
C. 名词/主格代词+过去分词，名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
D. 名词/主格代词+不定式，名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
．E. 名词/主格代词+形容词An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
F.名词/主格代词+副词He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
G.名词/主格代词+介词短语The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
H. .with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介词短语I.…each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词形式为:句子+ 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided intofive groups, each with its own executive.J．There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
K.. It being +名词（代词）.It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
5. 注意事项。
A. 独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
B. 不能省略being (having been) 的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。
如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
C. .在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构。
如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.D.独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
( C ) 1. --You shouldn't have helped ________ to Maggie's new electronic dictionary and broke it.--What shall I do now?A. herselfB. myselfC. yourselfD. ourselves( B ) 2. There are many people who _______ the summer _______ the winter.D. like; thanC. prefer; than B. prefer; to A. like; better( A ) 3. His grandfather died ___the wound that the enemy soldier had given him and then hisgrandmother died ___hungry and cold.A. from, ofB. of, fromC. from, fromD. of, of( A ) 4. We are going to have rain during the next month.A. a good deal ofB. a good manyC. a great number ofD. numbers of( A ) 5. I have known your situation, I will send the money to you immediately.A. Now thatB. As far asC. On condition thatD. So long as( A ) 6. Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess withhis little grandson every afternoon.A. itsB. whoseC. whichD. that( B ) 7. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that( C ) 8. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that( B ) 9. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that( B ) 10. There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.A. whichB. themC. whomD. that( B ) 11. There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that( B ) 12. There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that( B ) 13. There _________ nothing more to do, Mr. Goodman left for home. A. was B. being C. to be D. had being ( B ) 14. It Christmas, the government offices were closed.A. wasB. beingC. to beD. had being ( C ) 15. ______, the old man had no money to buy even a bus ticket.A. His wallet being stolenB. His wallet stealingC. With his wallet stolenD. As his wallet stolen( C ) 16. Though ( ) money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lackedB. lacking ofC. lackingD. lacked in( A ) 17. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 2000000 silver pennies, _____over 600 years old.A all of them B. all of which C all of it D none of which (B ) 18. , we had to put the meeting off.A. Because the manager ill B The manager being illD .Being illC. The manager was ill( A ) 19. __ ___, the English speech contest had been on for half an hour. A. They arriving there B. Arriving thereC. Having arrived thereD. They arrived there( C ) 20. , her proposal is of greater value than yours.A. All things consideringB. All things being consideredC. All things consideredD. All things to be considered。
