Effect of heating conditions on pore structure and performance of carbon foams

General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz veinsystems is that such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the firstperformed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billionyears ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphicfluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of golddeposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increased between the time ofthe original gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of explorationtechniques designed to locate buried mineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as didthose deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simpleprospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in thepassage in which of the following ways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and hence, cansupport conceptual models that have great practical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized,are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-agegold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, andthus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold that are widely usedtoday are based on which of the following facts?A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surfaceexpressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. since the other types ofgold deposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporation Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference between marine andcontinental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is more consistent withresearchers’ findings in other disciplines than is data provided by datingcontinental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continentalsedimentation than it is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marinesedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than is continentalsedimentation.9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage asa whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions andthen offers specific examples of situations in which it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequencesand then explains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollenprofiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methods for determiningpast climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining pastclimatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yieldedcontradictory data.10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concludedwhich of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because of increasedamounts of evaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during thelast ice age than they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of lessevapo9ration rather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph that logicallycontinues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climatic changes.D. A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level, evaporation,and precipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpreting lake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accuratecorrelationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation.13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found ingeological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic conditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14. According to the passage the material used to determine past climatic conditionsmust be widespread for which of the following reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of vegetationⅢ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I and ⅡonlyD.I and Ⅲonly15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of pastclimates in arid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climatic conditions in arid andsemiarid regions than in temperate regionsB.Although in the past more research has been done on temperate regions,paleoclimatologists have recently turned their attention to arid and semiaridregions.C.Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid andsemiarid than in temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions becausetheir climates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about ￡3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over ￡34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor disruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British T elecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits of privatizing stateowned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivityin companies that have been privatized?A. A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB. a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC. a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to themD. a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buyingshares in their won companies?A.At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of the workers wereeligible to buy shares in their companies.B.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three different companies choseto buy shares in their companies.C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allowtheir employees the opportunity to buy shares.20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A. A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particularindustry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to forcecompanies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason thatstate-owned industries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programs must try toeliminate all resistance to the free-market system.21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatizationprocess in the United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.B.It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription forbusiness ownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage havesupported their arguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions 23-30 are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work ”in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive newindustrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.”More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries.Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was .A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’semployment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantageswere obvious24. According to the passage, historians of women’s labor f ocused on factory workas a more promising area of research than service-sector work because factoryworkA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians of women’s labor in theUnited States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sectorof the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much more short-termthan in factory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much moreshort-term than in factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with theunpaid work associated with homemaking26. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early millowners mentioned in the second paragraph?A.They hoped that by creating relativel y unattractive “female” jobs theywould discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means tokeep men’s wages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particularkinds of factory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinished revolution” the authormentions in L11 refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economicforces of industrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined joballocation28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly “male ”jobs are reclassified as “female” jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previousexperience as homemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of theirwartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hirewomen for factory work.29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of thepassage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men incarrying out details tasks?A.“patient” (line17)B.“repetitive” (line18)C.“hoary” (line19)D.“homemaking” (line19)30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph tothe passage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn fromtwentieth-century history.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topicfor discussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear tocontradict it.D. A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissedunimportant.Passage FiveQuestions 31-36 are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’sprocreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept ofindividual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more generalintellectual trends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectualtradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists innon-English-speaking countries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism amongfeminists in English-speaking countries.32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of thefollowing?A.The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is ahistorical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.B.The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given theirtheoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.。

PERGAMON Carbon39(2001)741–749Preparation of activated carbons from Spanish anthraciteI.Activation by KOH*´´´D.Lozano-Castello,M.A.Lillo-Rodenas,D.Cazorla-Amoros,A.Linares-Solano´´Departamento de Quımica Inorganica,Universidad de Alicante,Apartado99,E-03080Alicante,SpainReceived8March2000;accepted24July2000AbstractIn a previous work,the use of a Spanish anthracite for the preparation of activated carbons by chemical activation was analyzed.The results indicated that this raw material is promising for that purpose.In the present paper,that previous work is extended and the effect of different preparation variables on thefinal porous texture is discussed,such as KOH/anthracite ratio,heating rate,carbonization temperature and carbonization time.Among those different variables studied,the KOH/anthracite ratio seems to be the most important one.In addition,this study introduces an investigation of the nitrogen flow rate,showing that this variable has a very important effect on porosity development.The study confirms that the raw material used is appropriate for the preparation of activated carbons in a single stage pyrolysis process.The proper choice of3 the preparation conditions allows us to produce microporous activated carbons with a micropore volume up to1.45cm/g2and a BET surface area of3290m/g.This work is extended in Part II with a detailed study using NaOH as activating agent and a different preparation method(physical mixing).©2001Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:A.Anthracite,Activated carbon;B.Activation;C.Adsorption;D.Microporosity1.Introduction tive carbon atoms of the structure generating the porosity.On the other hand,in chemical activation the precursor is Adsorbents are required in many different applications,impregnated with a given chemical agent and,after that,is in either liquid or gas phase processes.Activated carbons pyrolyzed.As a result of the pyrolysis process,a much are widely used as adsorbents in technologies related to richer carbon content material with a much more ordered pollution abatement due to their highly porous texture and structure is produced,and once the chemical agent is large adsorption capacity[1–3].eliminated after the heat treatment,the porosity is so much However,controlled pore size and pore size distribution developed.Several activating agents have been reported are necessary for the application of those materials in a for the chemical activation process:phosphoric acid,zinc specific end use.The porous texture of the activated chloride and alkaline metal compounds[1–13].Phosphoric carbons depends strongly on both,the activation process acid and zinc chloride are activating agents usually used and the nature of the precursor.for the activation of lignocellulosic materials which have Basically,there are two different processes for the not been previously carbonized[9,10].Contrarily,alkaline preparation of activated carbons[1,2],the so-called phys-metal compounds,usually KOH,are used for the activation ical and chemical activation.Physical activation involves of coal precursors or chars[6,11].In the literature we can carbonization of a carbonaceous precursor followed by see that there is a growing interest in alkaline hydroxide gasification of the resulting char or direct activation of the activation process and KOH has been found to be one of starting material in the presence of an activating agent such the most effective compounds in the production of acti-as CO,steam or a combination of both.This gasification vated carbons[12,13].2or activation process eliminates selectively the most reac-An important advantage of chemical activation is thatthe process normally takes place at a lower temperatureand shorter time than those used in physical activation.In *Corresponding author.Tel.:134-96-590-3545;fax:134-96-addition,it allows us to obtain very high surface area 590-3454.E-mail address:linares@ua.es(A.Linares-Solano).activated carbons.Moreover,the yields of carbon in 0008-6223/01/$–see front matter©2001Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S0008-6223(00)00185-8´742D.Lozano-Castello et al./Carbon39(2001)741–749chemical activation are usually higher than in physical mixed,by stirring with a solution that contained10ml of activation because the chemical agents used are substances water and1,2,3,4or5g of the activating agent with dehydrogenation properties that inhibit formation of depending on the ratio of activating agent/coal(A/C)used tar and reduce the production of other volatile products(1:1,2:1,3:1,4:1or5:1)for2h at608C.The resulting [9,11].However,the general mechanism for the chemical slurry was dried at1108C overnight in an oven.Then,the activation is not so well understood as for the physical resulting mixture was used for carbonization. activation.Other disadvantages of chemical activation The carbonization was carried out in a horizontal process are the need of an important washing step because furnace and the samples were heated(5or208C/min)from of the incorporation of impurities coming from the activat-room temperature to thefinal carbonization temperature ing agent,which may affect the chemical properties of the(T)in different nitrogenflows(80,200,400or800carbactivated carbon[14],and the corrosiveness of the chemi-ml/min).Samples were kept at thefinal temperature for cal activation process[15].different carbonization times(t)of0.5,1or2h beforecarbThe literature also shows several differences in the cooling down under nitrogen.porous texture of activated carbons prepared using physical The pyrolyzed samples were washed repeatedly with a5 or chemical activation methods,i.e.,the extent of the M solution of HCl and later with distilled water until free porosity development and the pore size distribution[11].of chloride ions.In order to evaluate the effect of the Regarding the precursor of activated carbons,as we washing process,some of the samples were washed have commented before,there are two main sources for the directly with distilled water.Once the activating agent was production of commercial activated carbons:coal and removed,the sample was dried at1108C for12h. lignocellulosic materials.The use of Spanish coals as The porous texture characterization of all the samples feedstock for the production of activated carbons is of was carried out by physical adsorption of gases(N at772 interest to our country due to the large coal production K and CO at273K)using an automatic adsorption2(31.3metric tons in1993)and reserves[6].Among a wide system(Autosorb-6,Quantachrome).Micropore volumes range of coal precursors,anthracites are of interest because have been calculated from the adsorption isotherms of of their abundance,low cost and high carbon content.nitrogen and carbon dioxide applying the Dubinin-Radus-As we have said,the properties of activated carbons hkevich(DR)equation.depend on the activation process and the nature of the rawmaterials.Moreover,in both activation processes,physicaland chemical,a knowledge of different variables during 3.Results and discussionthe activation is very important in developing the porosityof the carbon.Because of the more complex mechanism in In a chemical activation process many parameters exist, the case of chemical activation,the effect of each ex-even keeping the precursor and the activating agent perimental variable should be more extensively studied.constant is important,that affect the porous texture of the In a previous study[6],the chemical activation of activated carbon.In the present study we present the effect Spanish coals with hydroxides was analysed.It was shown of different parameters involved in a chemical activation that anthracite produces activated carbons with an excep-process on the porosity of thefinal activated carbon.The tionally narrow pore size distribution and that KOH is a nomenclature of the samples includes the identification of very effective activating agent for coal activation.the anthracite(UA)and the activating agent(K),followed The objective of the present paper is to continue that by a number indicating the KOH/anthracite ratio.Finally, previous work using an anthracite as a precursor and KOH the nitrogenflow rate is included.As an example,sample as activating agent.We concentrated on the evaluation of UAK2-800was prepared using the impregnation method these different variables:the effect of agent/coal ratio,with a2:1KOH/anthracite ratio,a nitrogenflow rate of heating rate,temperature and time of pyrolysis.In addi-800ml/min and a heating rate of58C/min,up to7008C, tion,we studied new variables in the preparation process over1h.We have always changed one of those parame-such as the effect of nitrogenflow rate and the effect of ters,keeping the rest constant.In the nomenclature of the washing stage conditions(acid versus water washing).samples,the carbonization conditions(heating rate,pyrolysis temperature,pyrolysis time)have not beenincluded.For that reason,a letter has been added at the end 2.Experimental of the name of the sample,indicating that only a variable(heating rate,pyrolysis temperature or pyrolysis time)has A Spanish anthracite with an11wt%of ash content was been modified(for example UAK2-800a,UAK2-800b, used as the precursor in the present study.The precursor UAK2-800c and UAK2-800d).was ground and sieved to a particle size range of600–1000m m. 3.1.Effect of KOH/anthracite ratioChemical activation with KOH was carried out using animpregnation method.Two grams of anthracite were The agent/coal ratio has been found to be the most´D.Lozano-Castello et al./Carbon39(2001)741–749743Fig.1.N adsorption isotherms at77K.Effect of KOH/anthracite ratio.2important parameter in a chemical activation process[8,9].the formation of microporosity is more pronounced reach-Fig.1shows the effect of KOH/anthracite ratio on the ing a maximum value for a KOH/anthracite ratio of4:1.In nitrogen adsorption isotherms.It shows that an increase in a recent study[16],the results corresponding to the the KOH/anthracite ratio produces a great enhancement of activation with KOH of a bituminous coal have been N adsorption capacity at77K.Table1contains the presented.It has been seen that for the activated carbon 2porous texture characterization results obtained by apply-carbonized at7008C the highest porosity is obtained with a ing the BET equation to N adsorption at77K and the DR chemical ratio of six.However,with an activation tem-2equation to N adsorption at77K and CO adsorption at perature of8008C the optimum chemical ratio for prepar-22273K.It can be seen that surface area and micropore ing high porosity carbons has been found to be4.25.In our volume both increase continuously with increasing chemi-case,a lower chemical ratio(chemical ratio of four)is the cal ratio,reaching a maximum for the KOH/anthracite optimum in the case of using a carbonization temperature ratio of4:1.This fact is shown in Fig.2,where the BET of7008C.This fact indicates that maybe because of the surface area is plotted versus KOH/anthracite ratio.Thus,different raw material or/and because of the much higher at high KOH/coal ratios the effect of the metallic salt in nitrogenflow rate used(the important effect of theTable1Effect of KOH/anthracite ratio on porous texture(58C/min,800ml/min,7008C,1h)Sample KOH/anthr V(CO)V(N)V(N)2V(CO)BET surface Micropore2222332ratio(cm/g)(cm/g)area(m/g)contribution UAK1-8001:10.370.33,07260.92UAK2-8002:10.860.890.0320210.93UAK3-8003:10.72 1.350.6327580.81UAK4-8004:10.81 1.450.6432900.85UAK5-8005:10.73 1.440.7131830.77´744D.Lozano-Castello et al./Carbon39(2001)741–749Fig.2.Evolution of the BET surface area with the KOH/anthracite ratio.nitrogenflow rate will be present later),in our case,less shows that the sample with the lowest difference between aggressive conditions,e.g.,lower carbonization tempera-the micropore volume calculated from N and CO data is22ture and lower chemical ratio,are necessary to obtain an the sample with carbon/KOH ratio of1:1.Thus this activated carbon with a high porosity.material has the narrowest micropore size distribution. In chemical activation it is important to study the effect Table1also shows that the higher the KOH/anthracite of agent/coal ratio not only on micropore volume and ratio,the higher the differences between the micropore surface area,but also on the micropore size distribution.In volume calculated by those two different ways,suggesting the literature[8,10]it was shown that in chemical activa-that the micropore size distribution is getting wider.This tion there are two different mechanisms:thefirst one is the change in the micropore size distribution can be also seen micropore formation which starts with the addition of in the knees of the N isotherms(Fig.1);the higher the2chemicals to the raw materials and the second one is the KOH/carbon ratio,the wider the knee of the isotherm.It is pore widening which is the result of the chemical effect even shown an overlap between the curves corresponding inside the opened pores.Pore widening normally begins to the samples with the highest KOH/anthracite ratios due when there are a number of opened pores in the structure,to the much wider pore size distribution presented by the therefore,it starts to be significant when the chemical ratio sample with a5:1ratio.Thus,the KOH/anthracite ratio is reasonably high.In order to determine the relative not only affects the micropore volume but also to the contribution of each mechanism in the case of KOH,the micropore size distribution.This is a factor,which should micropore volume calculated from N and CO data have be taken into account for the end use of the activated22been compared.The micropore volume calculated from carbon.CO adsorption at273K(V)gives us the volume of In addition,from N adsorption data the micropore 2CO22narrow microporosity(pore size smaller than approximate-contribution can be calculated.That estimation has been ly0.7nm)[17–20]while the micropore volume assessed obtained by dividing the amount of nitrogen adsorbed at a from N adsorption provides the total micropore volume relative pressure of0.1to the amount adsorbed at a relative 2(V)(pore size lower than2nm).The densities used for pressure of0.95from the nitrogen isotherm data at77K N2liquid N at77K and adsorbed CO at273K were,(Table1)[8].It can be seen that the micropore contribu-22respectively,0.808and 1.023g/ml[17–20].Table1tion is very similar for the1:1and2:1ratios,and this´D.Lozano-Castello et al./Carbon39(2001)741–749745 micropore contribution decreases with the KOH/anthracite expected from previous results[21].However,as in theratio.In the case of the sample UAK5-800,the micropore case of the effect of the KOH/carbon ratio,the higher contribution is still quite high.Thus,it can be said that for temperature and time of pyrolysis produce a wider micro-KOH,the micropore creation plays an important role in the pore size distribution,which would not be suitable forwhole range of the KOH/anthracite ratios studied.This some applications(see micropore volume from CO and2 agrees with the conclusion of Ahmadpour and Do[8].It N data in Table2).2can also be observed that the sample with the higherdifference between micropore volume calculated by N2and CO data(UAK5-800)is also the sample with the 3.3.Effect of nitrogenflow rate2lowest micropore contribution,indicating the wider poresize distribution(see Table1).In most of the previous chemical activation studies theeffect of nitrogenflow rate has not been studied or the 3.2.Effect of heat treatment modification of the nitrogenflow rate has been very small.In the present study,the results corresponding to a high Four different parameters are involved in heat treatment:variation of nitrogenflow rate are presented.Fig.3shows heating rate,temperature and time of pyrolysis and nitro-the N adsorption isotherms for samples prepared using2genflow rate during pyrolysis.Three of these are discussed nitrogenflow rates from80to800ml/min.All these in this section.The effect of nitrogenflow rate is analysed samples have been prepared using a KOH/anthracite ratio in the next section because this important variable has of2:1and a carbonization process at7008C for1h.It can hardly ever been described.be observed that even though all the preparation parame-Table2contains the porous texture results of the ters are the same the different nitrogenflow rates change activated carbons obtained by changing those parameters.the porous texture of the samples drastically.Activated If we compare the effect of the heating rate during the carbons with much higher adsorption capacities and much pyrolysis,it can be seen that the lower the heating rate the higher micropore volumes(see Fig.3and Table3)are higher the micropore volume of the activated obtained using higher nitrogenflow rates.It should be During the heating process,KOH melts(melting point of emphasized that for a2:1KOH/anthracite ratio,an KOH is3608then,it is reasonable that a lower heating increase of the nitrogenflow rate from80to800rate allows a better contact between the carbon and the an activated carbon with more than double melted KOH before the reaction temperature is reached.In micropore volume and surfaceaddition,it is known[6,8]that in KOH activation,some Given the substantial effect of the nitrogenflow rate on surface oxygen complexes are produced which are respon-thefinal porosity of the activated carbon,the same study sible for further carbon gasification and release of gaseous was done for activated carbons prepared with a higher products such as CO,CO,etc.Then,a lower heating rate KOH/anthracite ratio(4:1).Fig.4shows the N ad-22will produce a slower and more controlled evolution of sorption isotherms of the samples prepared with different gaseous products,which could also explain the better nitrogenflow rates and Table3contains the results of microporosity development when a lower heating rate is porous texture analysis for these samples.It can be seen used.that for a much higher KOH/anthracite ratio(4:1)the Table2also presents the effect of activation temperature effect of the nitrogenflow rate in the porous texture of the and time.In the previous work[6]the results for two activated carbon is still important,although somewhat less temperatures(500and7008C)were presented.In the significantly than for the lower ratio(2:1).Anyway,it is present study higher temperatures are tested(700and shown that the same trend is obtained as for the samples 8008C).It can be observed that a chemically activated with the ratio2:1.with higher micropore is obtained using a These results indicate that a faster removal of the gases higher temperature(8008C)a longer This is evolved during the carbonization process favours theTable2Effect of heat treatment conditions on porous texture(KOH/anthracite52:1,800ml/min)Sample Heating Carbonization Carbonization V(CO)V(N)BET22332 rate temperature time(cm/g)(cm/g)(m/g)(8C/min)(8C)(h)UAK2-8005700 1.00.860.892021 UAK2-800a20700 1.00.770.851851 UAK2-800b5800 1.00.810.962085 UAK2-800c57000.50.800.801784 UAK2-800d5700 2.00.860.912111´746D.Lozano-Castello et al./Carbon39(2001)741–749Fig. 3.N adsorption isotherms at77K.Effect of nitrogenflow rate during the pyrolysis process for the activated carbons with 2KOH/carbon ratio of2:1.creation of micropores or,in other words,a lower con-Another possible explanation to this phenomenon that centration of these gases produces higher micropore de-needs to be studied could be related to the production of velopment.This could be related to the results presented in potassium during the pyrolysis process.At7008C deposi-the previous section where it was shown that the lower the tion of potassium on the cooler parts of the furnace has heating rate,the higher the micropore volume.In the case been observed.This potassium is evolved during the of using a lower heating rate,the evolution of gases during reaction between carbon and KOH.If potassium is the carbonization process is slower,resulting in a lower removed from the reaction place(using a high nitrogen concentration of gases.flow rate),the equilibrium of the reaction is displaced tothe production of further potassium and then,an increasein the degree of reaction between carbon and KOH couldoccur.Table3With these results,it can be said that the nitrogenflow Effect of nitrogenflow rate on porous texture(KOH/anthracite5rate is a very important parameter that has to be taken into 2:1,58C/min,7008C,1h)account during the preparation of activated carbons bySample N Flow V(CO)V(N)BET surface KOH activation.This experimental variable has an im-22233rate(cm/g)(cm/g)area portant effect on thefinal porous texture of the activated2(ml/min)(m/g)carbon for all the KOH/anthracite ratios.Intriguingly,theliterature does not present evidence of the importance of UAK2-80800.430.43945UAK2-2002000.610.581305such a variable.Presumably,the effect of this parameter onUAK2-4004000.730.711580thefinal porosity of the carbon depends on the type ofUAK2-8008000.860.892021furnace used for the preparation of the sample and also onUAK4-2002000.69 1.282637the geometrical distribution of the carbon with respect toUAK4-4004000.70 1.342817the N stream.Further work is being carried out to analyze2UAK4-8008000.81 1.453290those possibilities.´D.Lozano-Castello et al./Carbon39(2001)741–749747Fig. 4.N adsorption isotherms at77K.Effect of nitrogenflow rate during the pyrolysis process for the activated carbons with 2KOH/carbon ratio of4:1.3.4.Effect of washing stage an ash estimation of those two washed activated carbonshas been done.An ash content of7wt%for theThe washing stage is the last step in the preparation of a washed only with water and,1wt%for the chemically activated carbon.The pyrolyzed mixture is washed with water and hydrochloric acid has been found. leached in water or acid solutions to remove the activating It is important to note that,from an industrial point of view agent.In order to see the effect of the washing step,one and depending on thefinal use of the activated carbon,an sample has been characterizated after being(i)carbonized,acid washing could be avoided as it can be clearly seen in (ii)washed several times with distilled water and(iii)Fig.6.Fig.6illustrates the micropore volume for different washed several times with5M hydrochloric acid and,after samples after washing with distilled water and after that,washed several times with distilled water.Fig.5washing with hydrochloric acid and distilled water.In that presents the N adsorption isotherms corresponding to thefigure,thefirst sample is UAK2-800,which has been 2three cases.The plot clearly shows that the unwashed prepared using the impregnation method with a2:1KOH/ sample does not show any N adsorption.This indicates anthracite ratio,and a carbonization process at7008C for1 2that the porosity created in the carbon samples is h,using a nitrogenflow rate of800ml/min and a heating by the potassium compounds that must be removed to rate of58C min.In the next samples,the only variable, obtain an accessible microporosity.In Fig.5,it can be also which was modified with respect to UAK2-800,is shown. observed that after washing with water,a substantial It can be observed that for all the cases,the washing with increase in the N adsorption capacity results.It means that hydrochloric acid before distilled water produced some-2most of the KOH is removed with However,the what higher micropore volumes,except for the sample sample washed using hydrochloric acid presents a some-with the KOH/anthracite ratio of1:1.In this case,the what higher N adsorption indicative of a better removal results obtained after washing with water or with hydro-2the potassium compounds by the HCl In addition,chloric acid and water were the same.´D.Lozano-Castello et al./Carbon39(2001)741–7497494.Conclusions AcknowledgementsFrom the results presented in this study,it can be The authors thank CICYT(Projects PB98-0983and concluded that the raw material used,Spanish anthracite,is AMB99-1595-CE))forfinancial support,D.Lozano-Cas-´a very good starting material for the preparation of tello thanks MEC for the thesis grant and M.A.Lillo-´activated carbons in a single stage pyrolysis process.High Rodenas thanks GV for a thesis grant.3micropore volume activated carbons(up to1.45cm/g)with a quite narrow micropore distribution and BET2surface area as large as3200m/g can be prepared from a Referencesmixture of this anthracite and KOH.Depending on thefinal application,the pore volume and surface area of the[1]Bansal RC,Donnet JB,Stoeckli F.Active carbon,NewYork:Marcel Dekker,1988.activated carbon derived from the anthracite can be[2]Roskill.The economics of activated carbon,London: controlled by choosing suitable activation parameters.Roskill Information Services Ltd,1990.Among all the parameters studied in the present paper,[3]Jankowska H,Swiatkowski A,Choma J.Active carbon, the main factor affecting thefinal porous texture of theLondon:Ellis Horwood,1991.activated carbons is the KOH/anthracite ratio.The higher˜´´´[4]Illan-Gomez MJ,Munoz-Guillen MJ,Salinas-Martınez de the KOH/anthracite ratio,the wider the micropore size´´Lecea C,Linares-Solano A,Martın-Martınez JM.In:Con-distribution.However,it has been seen that the micropore ference Internationale Sur Le Carbone,Paris,1990,p.68, volume does not follow that trend but presents a maximum Extended abstracts.for the KOH/anthracite ratios of It has been observed[5]Jagtoyen M,Thwaites M,Stencel J,McEnaney B,Derby-that for KOH and anthracite,creation of micropores shire F.Carbon1992;30(7):1089–96.´´´´´[6]Illan-Gomez MJ,Garcıa-Garcıa A,Salinas-Martınez de seems to be more important than the opening ofLecea C,Linares-Solano A.Energy Fuels1996;10(5):1108–micropores created.Thus,all the activated carbons pre-14.pared with different KOH/anthracite ratios are essentially[7]Teng H,Yeh TS,Hsu LY.Carbon1998;36(9):1387–95. microporous materials.[8]Ahmadpour A,Duong DD.Carbon1997;35(12):1723–32. The present paper introduces the study of nitrogenflow´[9]Caturla F,Molina-Sabio M,Rodrıguez-Reinoso F.Carbon rate,a parameter that hardly ever has been modified in1991;29(7):999–1007.previous studies.The results indicate that nitrogenflow´[10]Rodrıguez Reinoso F,Molina-Sabio M.Carbon rate has a very important effect on porosity development.It1992;30(7):1111–8.has been shown that a higher nitrogenflow rate during the[11]Ahmadpour A,Duong DD.Carbon1996;34(4):471–9. carbonization process produces activated carbons with a[12]Evans MJB,Halliop E,MacDonald JAF.Carbon1999;37(2):269–74.much higher micropore volume.This behaviour is pre-[13]Ahmadpour A,Bradley AK,Duong DD.Ind Eng Chem Res sented by samples prepared using different KOH/anthra-1998;37(4):1329–34.cite ratios.[14]Benaddi H,Legras D,Rouzaud JN,Beguin F.Carbon Other preparation variables with a direct effect on the1998;36(3):306–9.final porous texture of the activated carbons are the[15]Teng HJ,Lin HC.AICHE J1998;44(5):1170–7. temperature and time of pyrolysis and the heating rate.As[16]Teng H,Hsu LY.Ind Eng Chem Res1999;38(8):2947–53. expected from previous results,the higher the temperature[17]Rodriguez-Reinoso F,Linares-Solano A.In:Thrower PA, and the time of pyrolysis,the higher the micropore editor,Chemistry and physics of carbon,vol.21,New York: volume.In the other way,the lower the heating rate during Marcel Dekker,1988,pp.1–146.the pyrolysis process,the higher the microporosity de-[18]Cazorla-Amoros D,Alcaniz-Monge J,Linares-Solano A.˜´Langmuir1996;12(11):2820–4.velopment.˜´[19]Cazorla-Amoros D,Alcaniz-Monge J,De la Casa-Lillo MA, Finally,it can also be concluded that an acid washingLinares-Solano ngmuir1998;14(16):4589–96.could be avoided because the results are not very different˜´[20]Linares-Solano A,Salinas-Martınez de Lecea C,Alcaniz-from those obtained with water washing.However,in the´Monge J,Cazorla-Amoros D.Tanso1998;185:316–25. former case a somewhat higher micropore volume and[21]Zhonghua H,Vansant EF,Vigneron S,Hermia J.In:Carbon much lower ash content can be obtained because all theConference‘‘Carbon’96’’,Newcastle,1996,p.521,Extend-potassium compounds are removed.The effect of the ed abstracts.washing step is more important for activated carbons withhigher KOH/anthracite ratios.。

Functional Powder CoatingsProduct Datasheet20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USAResicoat ®R4-ESfor Electrostatic Spray Application on Preheated Surfaces Code: HJF42RProduct DescriptionResicoat ® R4 is a high quality thermosetting epoxy powder coating for the corrosion protection of valves and fittings, manufactured from cast iron or steel. The powder coating is available to be applied in one layer on a preheated surface by electrostatic spray application. Typical film thickness achieved is in the range of 250 – 500 µm. The resultant thermoset epoxy has a high mechanical resistance with excellent electrical insulation properties. Drinking water approvals are available to confirm the coatings suitability, as a hygienic and environmental friendly coating. The outstanding adhesion of Resicoat ® R4epoxy powders to the metal substrate provides long term protection of the coated component. It ensures a reliable conservation to the function and value of the parts for the common water and gasdistribution network. The applicator of Resicoat ®R4 benefits from a modern and environmentallyfriendly process. It is possible to overcoat Resicoat ®R4 with polyester powder and liquid coatings to achieve UV protection.Typical valueMethod Powder PropertiesBinder System Epoxy resinDensity1.45 – 1.55 g/cm³ASTM D5965Gel time at 392° F (200° C )25 – 40 sec.ASTM D4217Particle size distribution D10 = 10 – 15 µm D90 = 135 – 160 µm Malvern ISO 8130-1Storage stability 6 months at ≤ 74 °F (23 °C)Safety precautionsSee Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS)Application DataPreheating temperature object 392 – 428 °F (200 – 220 °C) object temperaturePost cure conditions objectThe coating is self curing, if the wall thickness of the steel/cast iron is greater than 8 mm. If the wall thickness of the steel/cast iron is less than 8 mm, additional curing of 3 to 8 minutes at 392 °F (200 °C) object temperature is required.1. Pre-cleaning The surface must be free of oil, grease, salt, and other impurities.2. BlastingMolding sand, rust and sharp edges must be removed with angular steel grit. The graphite from the cast iron must beremoved from the blasting material according NACE No.2/ SSPC-10/Sa 2.5. Recommended anchor profile of ≥60 µm should be stored max. 4 hours before pre-heating (dust-free and dry).3. Pre-heating This form of heating produces a uniform, defined temperature in the component. Any oxidation should be avoided.4. Coating applicationImmediately after preheating, the coating process starts without loosing any object temperature. The coating is done in the shortest possible time in a single pass with no interruptionFunctional Powder Coatings20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USATypical valueMethodCoating Process5. Coating cureCuring is achieved by the heat contained in the object. If the heating capacity of the work piece is sufficient. To confirm fully curing, MIBK is dropped for 30 sec. on the film surface with no visible change.Material PropertiesColorblueRecommended film thickness 10 – 14 mils (250 – 350 µm)Flowsmooth Gloss at 90° angle 70 – 90 units DIN 67530Cross cut test Gt 0DIN EN ISO 2409Impact resistance> 5 Joule > 2.26 Joule > 18 JouleDIN 30677-2ASTM D279420 inchpoundASTM G14 modified1/8 in (3.2 mm) steel plate Abrasion resistance < 40 mg ASTM D4060CS-17, 1000 g, 1000 cycles Dielectric strength≥ 30 kV/mm IEC 60243-1Volume resistivity (DC voltage) 1.1 x 1015ASTM D257Elongation> 5 %DIN 30671Indentation resistance 48 h, 158 °F (70 °C)24 h, 140 °F (60 °C)< 30 %< 10 %DIN 30677-2/DIN EN 14901ASTM G17Compressive strength > 100 MPa ASTM D695Shear adhesion> 35 MPa ASTM D1002Heat aging in air (90 d), water fulfilled DIN EN 14901Thermal stability under heat aging pass AS/NZS 4158:2003Weathering (Xenon test), 100 d pass ASTM D2596-99HardnessF Pencil Strain polarization pass WIS 4-52-01Cathodic disbonding 30 d, 74 °F (23 °C)≤ 10 mm DIN 30677-2, GSK Hot water immersion 90 d, 158 °F (70 °C)pass AWWA C550-05Adhesion> 20 MPa ASTM D4541Adhesion after 7 d,194 °F (90°C)water≥ 16 MPaISO 4624, GSK Tensile strength approx. 500 kg/cm³ASTM D2370Penetration< 5 %ASTM G17Functional Powder Coatings20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USATypical valueMethodMaterial PropertiesDisinfectant resistanceaccording DVGW work sheet W 291(chlorine dioxide, sodium hypochlorite)no change of surface,no chalkingafter 10 test stages à 15 h The following migration test with demineralised water showed no defects of the film. The concentration of the examined parameters in the tested water were below the limits of the epoxy guideline for ancillaries for pipes DN > 300 mm (in main trunks).Water condensation test (Cleveland test), 21 d no changeASTM D4585Salt spray resistance, 2000 h no blistering, no loss of adhesionBS 3900:F4Salt spray test, 4000 hno under-rusting on the cut DIN EN ISO 9227(steel substrate)Water absorption, 100 d, 74 °F (23 °C)pass AS/NZS 3862Chemical resistance (pH 3–13, 23° C)fulfilledEN 598Conformities ·AWWA C116·AWWA C550-05·EN 14901·ISO 12944-2, table 1(standard does not include powder coating systems)It is assumed that Resicoat ® R4 is suitable to meet the high atmospheric corrosivity category C4 (typically in industrial areas and coastal areas with moderate salinity) and the very high atmospheric- corrosivity -categories C5-I (industrial) and C5-M (marine) if applied as a holiday-free coating at a film thickness> 400 µm. A sufficient film thickness is highly required to ensure good edge coverage. For gloss and color stability a UV-resistant polyester topcoat has to be applied.Drinking Water ApprovalsUS: ANSI/NSF 61 Drinking Water System Components – Health Effects, NSF DE: UBA-Coatings Guideline, Approval no.: C-138801-06, Hygiene InstitutDE: DVGW directive work sheet W 270, Approval no. W-211795-11, Hygiene Institut UK: BS 6920, Approval No. 1112500, WRASDate of issue:July 10, 2015Authorized by:GK Revision No.:3Disclaimer: This Product Data Sheet is based on the present state of our knowledge and on current laws. The data referring to Powder Properties, Application Data and Physical Tests is based on lab based samples. Factors such as quality or condition of the substrate may have an effect on the use and application of the product. It remains the responsibility of the user to test thoroughly if the product is applicable for the intended use. The use of the product beyond our recommendation releases us from our responsibility, unless we have recommended the specific use in writing. It is always the responsibility of the user to take all necessary steps to fulfil the demands set out in the local rules and legislation. We are not liable for any application-technological advice. The Product Data Sheet shall be updated from time to time. Please ensure you have the latest version before using the product. All products and Product Data Sheets are subject to our standard terms and conditions of sale (GCS). You can receive the latest copy of GCS via internet or our post address. Brand names mentioned in this Product Data Sheet are trademarks of or are licensed to the AkzoNobel group.Resistance against chemical substances of Resicoat ®R4 at room temperature20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USA Chemical resistanceAugust 01, 2014Page 1 of 3Acetic acid 10 % 2 years no change Ammonia 10 % 2 years no change Ammonia 36 % 1.5 years no change Antifrogen L 50 % 1 year no change Antifrogen N 50 %1 year no change Benzol 1 month no change Bore oil 1 year no change Butanol6 months no change Carbon tetra chloride 1 yearno change Caustic soda solution 10 % 2 years no change Caustic soda solution50 %2 years no change Chlorine cleanser and disinfectant 1.5 years no change Citric acid2 years no change Deicer Safeway KF HOT 1 year no change Deicer Safeway SF (solid) 1 year no change Deicer Safewing MP II 1951 1 yearno change Dichromatic potassium 10 % 1 year no change Diesel2 years no change Engine oil SAE 20 1 year no change Ethanol 1 year no change Ethyleneglycole 1 yearno change Formaldehyde 37 % 6 months no change Formic acid 5 % 2 years no change Formic acid 10 %1.5 years no change Glycerol 1 year no change Glysantin 1 yearno change Hydrochloric acid concentrated1 week no change Hydrochloric acid 10 %2 years no change Hydrochloric acid 25 % 1.5 yearsno change Hydrofluoric acid 1 % 1 day no change Hydrogen peroxide 3 % 1 year no change Hydrogen peroxide10 %1 yearfadedLactic acid10 % 1 week no changeMethanol 1 week no changeMethyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)100% 6 months softeningNitric acid10 % 1.5 years no changeNitric acid25 % 1 year no changeOxalic acid 5 % 6 months no changePalm oil at 90° C7 days no changePetrol 2 years no changePetroleum 1 year no changePhosphoric acid10 % 2 years no changePhosphoric acid50 % 2 years no changePotassium hydroxide10 % 1 year no changePotassium hydroxide25 % 1 year no changePotassium hydroxide50 % 1 year no changePropanol 1 year no changeSea water 2 years no changeSodium acetate10 % 1 year no changeSodium carbonate20 % 1 year no changeSodium hypochlorite (15 % Cl2)10 weeks no changeSodium chloride 2 % 1 year no changeSodium chloride20 % 1 year no changeSodium formiate10 % 1 year no changeSuds 1 % 1 year no changeSulphuric acid 2 % 2 years no changeSulphuric acid20 % 2 years no changeSulphuric acid50 % 2 years no changeTartaric acid 5 % 1 year no changeToluol 1 year no changeTurpentine oil 1 year no changeUrea10 % 1 year no changeUrine 1 year no changeXylol 1 year no change 20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USA Chemical resistance August 01, 2014Page 2 of 3Our printed literature and technical information Sheets as well as our advisory services are offered to facilitate andsupport decision-making processes. All specifications provided reflect the state of our knowledge at the time of print. Anytechnical data and measured values supplied have been tested for compliance with current applicable standards, ifavailable. The information provided is not legally binding upon the party supplying such information.20, Culvert Street T+1 855-294-8934Nashville, TN 37210F+1 615-564-4181USA Chemical resistance August 01, 2014Page 3 of 3。

3D CFD simulation of bottle emptying processes容器排空过程的三维CFD模拟A 3-D computational fluid dynamics model for forced air cooling of eggs placed in trays强迫空气冷却纸盘中鸡蛋的流体力学3-D计算模型A kinetic study of the release of vanillin encapsulated in Carnauba wax microcapsules香兰素封装在巴西棕榈蜡微胶囊中释放的动力学研究A machine vision system for identification of micro-crack in egg shell鉴别蛋壳细微裂缝的机器影像系统On the usage of acoustic properties combined with an artificial neural network – A new approach of determining presence of dairy fouling利用声学特性结合人工神经网络-鉴定乳产品存在污染的一种新方法A potentiometric electronic tongue for the discrimination of honey according to the botanical origin. Comparison with traditional methodologies: Physicochemical parameters and volatile profile根据原植物用电子舌的电位差区别蜂蜜.与传统方法:理化性参数和挥发性进行对比A rapid method to discriminate season of production and feeding regimen of butters based on infrared spectroscopy and artificial neural networks 一个基于红外光谱和人工神经网络来区分季节性生产和黄油供给方案的快速方法A review: Crispness in dry foods and quality measurements based on acoustic–mechanical destructive techniques评审:基于声音仪器的破坏性试验对干燥食品酥脆度和质量的测量Aeration of model gels: Rheological characteristics of gellan and agar gels凝胶通气模式:结冷胶和琼脂凝胶的流变学特性Agglomeration of durum wheat semolina: Thermodynamic approaches for hydration properties measurements硬质小麦粗面粉的凝聚:热力学方法对于水合性能的测量Alleviating bottlenecks in a microbiology laboratory减少在微生物实验室中的瓶颈Effect of the amount of steam during baking on bread crust features and water diffusion面包在烘烤期间蒸汽对面包表皮特征和水扩散的影响An enzyme sensor for the determination of total amines in dry-fermented sausages一种酶传感器在腊肠风干发酵中对总有机胺的决定性An improved model of the seeded batch crystallization of glucose monohydrate from aqueous solutions从含水的溶解液中分批处理去籽的结晶化葡萄糖一水合物的一种改良模式An RFID application in the food supply chain: A case study of convenience stores in Taiwan无线射频识别在食品供应链中的应用：台湾便利储藏的案例研究Analytical model for variable moisture diffusivity estimation and drying simulation of shrinkable food products分析模型对可变湿度扩散性的估计和可收缩食品的干燥模拟Anthocyanin degradation kinetics during thermal and high pressure treatments of raspberries红草莓在高压和热处理下花青素退化的动力学Application of hybrid image features for fast and non-invasive classification of raisin图像特征混合对葡萄干快速和非侵入分类的应用Application of NIR hyperspectral imaging for discrimination of lamb muscles近红外高光谱对识别羔羊肌肉的应用Aqueous extraction of anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa: Experimental kinetics and modeling从洛神花中萃取花青素的实验历程和建模Aseptically packaged UHPH-treated apple juice: Safety and quality parameters during storage无菌包装超高压均质处理苹果汁：储藏中的安全与质量参数Automatic freshness assessment of cod (Gadus morhua) fillets by Vis/Nir spectroscopy利用可见近红外光谱对鳕鱼（大西洋鳕）鱼片新鲜度的自动评估Beer quality screening by FT-IR spectrometry: Impact of measurement strategies, data pre-processings and variable selection algorithms傅里叶变换红外光谱学光谱测定法对啤酒品质的筛选：测量方法，数据预处理和多变的算法选择对测量的影响Calcium effect on mechanical properties of model cell walls and apple tissue钙对典型细胞壁和苹果组织机械性能的作用CFD model development and validation of a thermonebulisation fungicide fogging system for postharvest storage of fruit热雾化杀菌剂系统对采收后食品储藏计算流体动力学模型的发展和确立Changes in orange juice characteristics due to homogenization and centrifugation橘子饮料特性因均化作用和离心分离所出现的变化Characterization and antimicrobial activity studies of polypropylene films with carvacrol and thymol for active packaging聚丙烯薄膜附加香芹酚和百里香酚对活性包装的表征和抗菌活性研究Characterization of bread dough: Rheological properties and microstructure面包面团的特性表述：流变性能和微观结构Coffee beans microstructural changes induced by cultivation processing: An X-ray microtomographic investigation种植加工引诱咖啡豆微观结构的变化：X射线微观层析成象的调查Combination of digital images and laser light to predict moisture content and color of bell pepper simultaneously during drying在干燥情况下，利用数字图像和激光灯的结合对灯笼椒的水分含量和颜色同时进行预测Comparative study of film forming behaviour of low and high amylose starches using glycerol and xylitol as plasticizers利用丙三醇和木糖醇作为增塑剂在高低直链淀粉质食品薄膜形成状况的对比性研究Comparison of total milk-clotting activity measurement precision using the Berridge clotting time method and a proposed optical method对比利用贝里奇凝固时间的方法和拟议光学方法对牛奶凝固活度的测量精度Compressive textural attributes, opacity and syneresis of gels prepared from gellan, agar and their mixtures压缩性组织的特性,从结冷胶,琼脂以及它们的混合物中凝胶准备的不透明度和脱水收缩作用Computer simulation model development and validation for radio frequency (RF) heating of dry food materials无线电频率对干燥食物材料加热的计算机模拟模型的发展和验证Crispiness of a microwave-expanded imitation cheese: Mechanical, acoustic and sensory evaluation微波扩大人造干酪的松脆物:力学,声学和感官评价Classification of black tea liquor using cyclic voltammetry利用循环伏安法对红茶白酒的分类Determination and removal of malondialdehyde and other2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in waste cooking oil检测和去除废弃食用油中丙二醛和其他2-硫代巴比土酸的反应物Determination of anthocyanin concentration in whole grape skins using hyperspectral imaging and adaptive boosting neural networks利用高光谱影像和适应促进神经网络测定全部葡萄皮中花青素浓度Determination of translucent content in mangosteen by meansof near infrared transmittance利用近红外透光率的方法对山竹果透明率的检测Development of a novel method to measure the film thickness of cured can coatings一个对腌罐头镀膜薄膜厚度测定新方法的发展Dielectric properties of sea cucumbers (Stichopus japonicus ) and model foods at 915 MHz典型食品和海参(刺参)在915MHz下的介电性能DMA peaks in potato cork tissue of different mealiness动态力学分析法在不同粉性的土豆软木组织的应用Influence of drying and hydrothermal treatment of corn on the denaturation of salt-soluble proteins and color parameters干燥和热处理玉米在可溶性盐蛋白和颜色参数变性上的影响Drying characteristics of mango slices using the Refractance Window™ technique芒果切片的干燥特性在折射窗薄层干燥技术上的应用Drying kinetics using superheated steam and quality attributes of dried pork slices for different thickness, seasoning and fibers distribution干燥动力学利用干燥猪肉切片的过热蒸汽和品质特性对不同厚度,风干和纤维分布的应用Dynamic oscillatory rheological measurement and thermal propertiesof pea protein extracted by salt method: Effect of pH and NaCl利用盐法对豌豆蛋白萃取的动态震荡流变测量和热性能:PH和盐的作用Dynamic oscillatory shear properties of O/W model system meat emulsions: Linear viscoelastic analysis for effect of temperature and oil concentration on protein network formation油水比率的动态振动剪切性能模型系统肉乳剂:线性粘弹性分析对温度和含油浓度在蛋白质网状形成的影响Effect of dimensions and geometry of co-field and co-linear pulsed electric field treatment chambers on electric field strength and energy utilization在电场强度和能量利用上共线性和共面性电场脉冲处理chambers的尺寸规模和几何体的影响Effect of high or low molecular weight of components of feed on transmembrane flux during forward osmosis促进渗透期间以跨膜通量为能源成分的分子量的高或低的影响Effect of morphology on water sorption in cellular solid foods. Part II: Sorption in cereal crackers水吸附在多细胞固体食品形态学的影响第二部分：吸附谷类饼干的吸附Effect of morphology on water sorption in cellular solid foods.Part I: Pore scale network model水吸附在多细胞固体食品形态学的影响第一部分：气孔比例网状模型Effect of salt and sucrose content on dielectric properties and microwave freeze drying behavior of re-structured potato slices盐和蔗糖含量对土豆切片复合组织介电性能和微博冷冻干燥的影响Effect of some operating variables on the microstructure and physical properties of a novel Kefir formulation一些运行变量对新克菲尔构想的微观结构和物理性能的影响Effects of electroplasmolysis treatment on chlorophyll and carotenoid extraction yield from spinach and tomato电质壁分离对菠菜和番茄中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素提取率的影响Effects of vacuum frying on structural changes of bananas真空油炸对香蕉结构变化的影响A finite element model for mechanical deformation of single tomato suspension cells一种对于单一番茄悬浮细胞的机械变形的有限元模式Enhanced survival of spray-dried microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the presence of glucose提高在葡萄糖前将装入乳酸菌鼠李糖GG的微胶囊进行喷雾干燥的残余物Enzymatic browning in sliced and puréed avocado: A fractal kinetic study 鳄梨和切片中的酶促褐变：一种分形动力学研究Enzyme inactivation kinetics and colour changes in Garlic (Allium sativum L.)blanched under different conditions在不同条件下大蒜变白中酶失活动力学和颜色的变化Evaluating banana ripening status from measuring dielectric properties利用介电性能测量香蕉成熟状况的评估Evaluating non-stick properties of different surface materials for contact frying不同表面材料的非粘性对接触油炸的评估Evaluation of Photoshop software potential for food colorimetry Photoshop软件对食品比色法可能性的评估Fast determination of boiling time of yardlong bean using visible and near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics利用可见和近红外光谱学以及化学计量学快速测定长豇豆的沸腾时间Feasibility of NIR spectroscopy for non-destructive characterizationof table olive traits近红外光谱对表橄榄特性无损检测的可行性Food supply chain leanness using a developed QFD model食品供给链缺乏使用一种成熟的质量功能展开模式Fractal analysis of the retrogradation of rice starch by digital image processing利用数字图像处理米粉糊液凝沉的分形分析Frequency- and temperature-dependent dielectric properties of fruit juices associated with pasteurization by dielectric heating利用电介质加热杀菌法与果汁中与温度和频率有关的介电性能的相关性Development of a rapid, non-destructive method for egg contentdetermination in dry pasta using FT-NIR technique利用傅里叶变红外光谱技术测量鸡蛋内部的一种快速无损检测方法的发展Gelation properties of chicken myofibrillar protein induced by transglutaminase crosslinking利用转谷氨酰胺酶交联诱导鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白的胶凝特性Generalized microstructural change and structure-quality indicators of a food product undergoing different drying methods and conditions一种食品经过不同条件下和不同干燥方法的一般性微观结构变化和结构性能质量指标Glass transition phenomenon on shrinkage of papaya during convective drying木瓜在对流干燥期间玻璃转化现象的收缩Effect of saccharides on glass transition temperatures of frozen and freeze dried bovine plasma protein糖类在冷冻和冻结干燥牛血浆蛋白的玻璃转化温度的影响Heat transfer modelling in a refrigerated display cabinet: The influence of operating conditions冷藏展示柜的热传递模型：操作条件的影响Specific volume and compressibility measurements of tomato pasteat moderately high pressure as a function of temperature番茄酱在适当高压下作为温度函数比容和可压缩性测量Hybrid mixture theory based moisture transport and stress development in corn kernels during drying: Coupled fluid transport and stress equations基于在干燥期间玉米粒水分运输和压力发展的杂交混合理论：耦合流体运输和压力方程式Hydrodynamic, thermo-analytical and molecular structural investigations of enzyme interesterified oil and its thermo-oxidative stabilityby thermogravimetric analysis利用热重量分析对酯化油和其热氧化稳定的流体力学，热解析和分子结构的分析Classification of fresh Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets stored under different atmospheres by hyperspectral imaging利用高光谱影像对新鲜大西洋鲑鱼切片在不同气压下储藏的分类Imaged based estimation of food volume using circular referentsin dietary assessment饮食评估中食品体积的估计使用循环参照物的影像基础Quality classification of cooked, sliced turkey hams using NIR hyperspectral imaging system利用近红外高光谱影像系统对熟火鸡火腿切片的品质分级Implication of water activity and glass transition on the mechanicaland optical properties of freeze-dried apple and banana slices水活性和玻璃转化在冷冻干燥苹果和香蕉切片的力学光学性能的含义Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in pineapple, grape and cranberry juices under pulsed and continuous thermo-sonication treatments酿酒酵母在菠萝，葡萄和蔓越橘汁脉冲和连续热声波降解法处理下的失活Investigating the performance of thermo nebulisation fungicide fogging system for loaded fruit storage room using CFD model利用流体力学模型计算热雾化杀菌剂雾化系统对已装水果储藏室性能的研究An Exploration of Why People Participate in Second Life Social Support Groups关于人们参加第二人生社会扶持组织原因的探索Kinetics of quality changes of pumpkin (Curcurbita maxima L.) stored under isothermal and non-isothermal frozen conditions南瓜储藏在等温和非等温冷冻条件下动力学性能的变化Kinetics studies during NaCl and KCl pork meat brining猪肉盐浸处理中氯化钠和氯化钾的动力学研究Linear and non-linear viscoelastic behaviors of crosslinked tapioca starch/polysaccharide systems交联木薯淀粉/多糖系统的线性和非线性粘弹性行为Monitoring changes in feta cheese during brining by magnetic resonanceimaging and NMR relaxometry在浸盐作用期间利用磁共振影像和核磁共振弛豫时间监测羊奶酪的变化Mathematical model of pork slice drying using superheated steam利用过热蒸汽干燥猪肉切片的数学模型Mathematical modeling of intermittent and convective drying of rice and coffee using the reaction engineering approach (REA)利用反作用工程方法间歇性和对流干燥大米，咖啡的数学建模Mathematical modeling of swelling in high moisture whey protein gels膨胀高水分乳清蛋白凝胶的数学建模Mathematical modeling of the heat and mass transfer in a stationary potato sphere impinged by a single round liquid jet in a hydro fluidization system利用单轮液体喷射在水电流态化系统在高温和质量传递在静止土豆表面撞击的数学建模An approach for the enhancement of the mechanical properties and film coating efficiency of shellac by the formation of composite films based on shellac and gelatin利用基于虫胶和明胶复合薄膜形成对虫胶的镀膜效率和机械性能提高的方法Mechanical relaxation times as indicators of stickiness in skimmilk–maltodextrin solids systems机械力松弛时间作为在粘性表层物牛奶麦芽糖糊精固体系统的指标Effect of composition on the mechanical response of agglomeratesof infant formulae初期公式的附聚物的机械回应成分的影响Combination of optical and non-destructive mechanical techniquesfor the measurement of maturity in peach光学和无损机械技术组合对桃子成熟的测量Expansion mechanism of extruded foams supplemented with wheat bran 增补挤压泡沫体伴随麦麸的膨胀原理Mechanistic model of in vitro salt release from model dairy gels based on standardized breakdown test simulating mastication乳品凝胶基于模拟粉碎稳定性试验标准在使观众盐释放的机械模型Mechanistic model to couple oxygen transfer with ascorbic acid oxidation kinetics in model solid food在固体食品模型中机械模型对结合氧运输随着抗坏血酸氧化的动力学Effect of sugar, citric acid and egg white type on the microstructuraland mechanical properties of meringues调和蛋白的糖，柠檬酸和蛋白类型在微观结构和机械性能的影响Microstructure and mechanical properties of soy protein/agar blend films: Effect of composition and processing methods大豆蛋白和琼脂膜混合的微观结构和机械性能：成分和处理方法的影响Coffea arabica beans microstructural changes induced by roasting: AnX-ray microtomographic investigation利用烘烤引诱咖啡豆微观结构的变化：一种X射线微层析调查The impact of microwave heating of infant formula model on neo-formed contaminant formation, nutrient degradation and spore destruction初级理论模型在新成立的污染物形成的微波加热的影响：营养退化和孢子退化Modeling and experimental validation of mass transfer from carbonated beverages in polyethylene terephthalate bottles从碳酸饮料在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯瓶子中质量传递的实验验证和建模Modeling microbial kinetics as a function of temperature: Evaluationof dynamic experiments to identify the growth/inactivation interface根据温度对微生物动力学建模：动态实验的评估来鉴定增长/失活的分界面Modeling rehydration of porous food materials: I. Determinationof characteristic curve from water sorption isotherms多孔渗水食品材料的再水化建模：1，水等温吸附线中特性曲线的测定Modeling rehydration of porous food materials: II. The dual porosity approach多孔渗水食品材料的再水化建模：2，双重多孔性方法Modeling the effects of initial nitrogen content and temperatureon fermentation kinetics of hard cider初始含氮量和温度在苹果酒的发酵动力学的建模作用Modelling flow behaviour of dairy foams through a nozzle乳品泡沫通过喷嘴的建模流动状况Modelling of coupled heat and mass transfer during a contact baking process在联系烘烤进程期间耦合高温和质量传递的建模Monitoring and grading of tea by computer vision – A review利用计算机视觉对茶叶监测和分级-一个评审Monitoring of ATP and viable cells on meat surface by UV–Vis reflectance spectrum analysis利用紫外-可见反射比光谱分析对肉表面ATP和活细胞的监测Monitoring the dynamic density of dough during fermentation using digital imaging method利用数字影像方法在发酵期间对生面团的动态密度监测Microwave puffing: Determination of optimal conditions using a coupled multiphase porous media – Large deformation model微波膨化：利用一种耦合多相多孔介质对最适条件的测定-大型变形模型Red to far-red multispectral fluorescence image fusion for detection offecal contamination on apples利用红色对远红外多谱线的荧光影像融合对苹果排泄污染物的检测Artificial neural network model for prediction of cold spot temperature in retort sterilization of starch-based foods人工神经网络模型对淀粉性食物的蒸煮杀菌的冷点温度的预测Non-destructive analysis of anthocyanins in cherries by means of Lambert–Beer and multivariate regression based on spectroscopy and scatter correction using time-resolved analysis利用Lambert–Beer和多元回归基于光谱学和散射修正使用时间分辨分析对樱桃花青素的无损检测分析Non-destructive internal quality assessment of ‘‘Hayward’’ kiwifruitby waveguide spectroscopy利用波导光谱学对“Hayward”猕猴桃的内部品质无损检测Non-destructive maturity classification of mango based on physical, mechanical and optical properties基于物理，机械和光学特性对芒果成熟等级的无损检测Non-destructive prediction of hardening pericarp disorder in intact mangosteen by near infrared transmittance spectroscopy利用近红外线透射比光谱学对完整的山竹果无序表皮樱花的无损检测Efficacy of non-thermal technologies and sanitizer solutions on microbial load reduction and quality retention of strawberries非热能技术和食品防腐剂解决方案对草莓的微生物负荷减低和质量保持的功效Numerical modeling of heat and mass transfer during coffee roasting process咖啡豆烘烤进程的高温和质量传递数值模拟Accelerated inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores by ohmic heating利用欧姆加热对芽孢杆菌的加速钝化Optimisation of total phenolic acids extraction from mandarin peels using microwave energy: The importance of the Maillard reaction利用微波能量从柑橘果皮对酚酸萃取的优化：美拉德反应的重要性Effect of guar gum content on some physical and nutritional properties of extruded products瓜尔豆胶在挤压产品的一些物理和营养特性的作用Physical properties of acerola and blueberry pulps金虎尾和蓝莓果肉的物理特性Physico-chemical characterization of chitosan-based edible films incorporating bioactive compounds of different molecular weight不同分子量的壳聚糖基可食用薄膜合并生物活性的化合物的理化特性Predicting cleaning time of ventilation duct systems in the food industry 通风管系统在食品工业的清洗时间预测Prediction of beef quality attributes using VIS/NIR hyperspectral scattering imaging technique利用可见/近红外高光谱散射影像技术队牛肉质量特性的预测Prediction of colloidal stability in white wines using infrared spectroscopy利用红外线光谱学对白葡萄酒胶体稳定性的预测Prediction of dry mass glass transition temperature and the spray drying behaviour of a concentrate using a desorption method利用解析方法对浓缩的干质量玻璃化温度和喷雾干燥状况的预测Production, recovery and applications of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris利用白菜黄单胞菌对黄原胶的生产，恢复和应用Pulsed electric field assisted aqueous extraction of colorants from red beet电场脉冲协助红甜菜中色素的萃取Investigation of Raman chemical imaging for detection of lycopene changes in tomatoes during postharvest ripening利用拉曼化学成像在采收后成熟期间对番茄红素变化的检测的调查研究Real-time modeling of milk coagulation using in-line near infrared spectroscopy利用管线式近红外光谱学对牛奶凝结的即时性建模Removal of residual pesticide, fenitrothion, in vegetables by using ozone microbubbles generated by different methods用不同方法利用臭氧微气泡的产生对蔬菜杀虫剂（杀螟松）残渣的去除Effect of temperature on dynamic and steady-state shear rheological properties of siriguela (Spondias purpurea L.) pulp温度对松果菊果肉的动态和稳态切变流变学的影响Rheological behavior and stability of D-limonene emulsions made by a novel hydrocolloid (Angum gum) compared with Arabic gum由一种相比阿拉伯树胶的新水状胶体（Angum胶）制成的D-柠檬烯乳胶的流变特性和稳定性Modeling and estimation of rheological properties of food productsfor manufacturing simulations食品的流变特性对于制造模型的建模和评估Rheological, textural and spectral characteristics of sorbitol substituted mango jam山梨醇替代芒果果酱的流变的，组织的和光谱特性Rheology and microstructure of myofibrillar protein–plant lipid composite gels: Effect of emulsion droplet size and membrane type肌原纤维蛋白-植物油脂附和凝胶剂的流变学特性和微观结构：乳滴尺寸和薄膜类型的影响Rheometric non-isothermal gelatinization kinetics of mung bean starchslurry: Effect of salt and sugar – Part 1绿豆淀粉泥浆的流变测定非等温凝胶化动力学：盐和糖的作用-第一部分Scale-up unit of a unique moderately high pressure unit to enhance microbial inactivation唯一适度高压单元的增大单元来提高微生物失活Particle surface moisture content estimation using population balance modeling in fluidised bed agglomeration利用平衡建模的数量对使底座结块液化微粒表面水分含量的估测Shelf life prediction of aluminum foil laminated polyethylene packed vacuum dried coconut milk powder铝箔聚乙烯分层包装真空干燥椰子汁粉保质期的预测Effect of modified atmosphere and active packaging on the shelf-lifeof fresh bluefin tuna fillets改良环境和有效包装在新鲜金枪鱼切片保质期的影响Shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging for detecting sour skin (Burkholderia cepacia)-infected onions短波红外线高光谱影像对被感染洋葱皮发酵的测定Wavelength selection in vis/NIR spectra for detection of bruises on apples by ROC analysis利用ROC分析用可见/近红外光谱对苹果损伤测定波长的选择Maltodextrin/pectin microparticles by spray drying as carrier fornutraceutical extracts喷雾干燥利用麦芽糖糊精/果胶微粒作为载体对保健品提取Structural properties of freeze-dried rice经过冷冻干燥大米的结构特性Study of contact angle, wettability and water vapor permeability in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) based film with murta leaves(Ugni molinae Turcz) extract基于murta叶片薄膜萃取羧甲基纤维素接触角，湿润度和水蒸气渗透性的研究Granularity and its importance for traceability in a farmed salmon supply chain间隔尺寸以及其重要性对于养殖鲑鱼供给链的可追溯性Texture prediction during deep frying: A mechanistic approach油炸期间的质地预测：一种机械型工作设计方法The influence of vacuum impregnation on the fortification of apple parenchyma with quercetin derivatives in combination with pore structures X-ray analysis苹果软细胞组织附和橡黄素衍生物与X-射线孔隙结构分析结合的真空浸渍在营养强化上的影响The potential of electrospraying for hydrophobic film coating on foods 电喷镀对于在食品疏水性薄膜敷层的可能性The use of biodosimetry to measure the UV-C dose delivered to a sphere,and implications for the commercial treatment of fruit利用生物计量测定法测定紫外-C线剂量传递到球面，对于水果商业化处理的影响Corrigendum to ‘‘Theoretical and experimental analyses of drop deformation and break-up in a scale model of a high-pressure homogenizer’’ [Journal of Food Engineering 103/1 (2010) 21–28]勘误表：“高压均质器的液滴变形和终止缩尺模型的理论和实验分析”[食品工程杂志103/1(2010)21-28]Development of a two-band spectral imaging system for real-time citrus canker detection双频段光谱影像对于即时性检测柑橘溃疡的发展Shape determination of horticultural produce using two-dimensional computer vision – A review利用二维计算机影像对园艺产品形状的检测-一份评审Comparative study of high intensity ultrasound effects on foodproteins functionality高强度超声波作用在食物蛋白功能的对比性研究Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis: Mathematical model of coupled heat and mass transfer for a contact baking process不确定性和灵敏度分析：耦合高温和质量传递对于联系烘烤进程的数学模型Variable selection in visible and near-infrared spectra: Application toon-line determination of sugar content in pears可见和近红外光谱的可变性选择：应用于梨含糖量的即时检测Application of visible and near infrared spectroscopy for rapidand non-invasive quantification of common adulterants in Spirulina powder可见和近红外光谱对于螺旋藻粉共同掺杂物的快速以及非侵入性定量的应用Classification of longan fruit bruising using visible spectroscopy利用可见光谱学对桂圆损伤的分类Water diffusion and enzyme activities during malting of barley grains: A relationship assessment在大麦谷粒的麦粒发芽期间水扩散和酶活性：一个相关性评估Water transport properties of artificial cell walls人造细胞壁的水运输性能Weight loss of frozen bread dough under isothermal and fluctuating temperature storage conditions冷冻面包面团在等温和变动温度储藏条件下的质量损失Automated fish bone detection using X-ray imaging利用X-射线影像对鱼骨的自动化检测X-ray microtomography to study the microstructure of mayonnaiseX-射线显微断层显像对蛋黄酱微观结构的研究Influence of yeast and frozen storage on rheological, structural andmicrobial quality of frozen sweet dough酵母和冷冻储藏对冷冻甜面团的流变性，结构和微生物质量的影响Yield improvement in progressive freeze-concentration by partial melting of ice通过冷冻食品局部融化利用逐步冷冻浓缩提高产量。

ymc basic色谱柱使用温度1.色谱柱使用温度的选择取决于分析物的性质和色谱柱的类型。

The choice of temperature for the use of chromatographic columns depends on the nature of the analyte and the type of chromatographic column.2.有些柱可以在室温下操作，而其他柱可能需要较高的温度。

Some columns can be operated at room temperature, while others may require higher temperatures.3.低温下操作有助于防止样品的分解或挥发，同时还可以提高分离效果。

Operating at low temperatures can help prevent sample decomposition or volatilization, while also improving separation efficiency.4.常见的色谱柱使用温度范围通常在室温至200摄氏度之间。

The common temperature range for the use of chromatographic columns is typically between room temperature and 200 degrees Celsius.5.使用温度过高可能导致柱子老化或样品损坏，因此需要谨慎选择温度。

Using excessively high temperatures may cause column aging or sample damage, so temperature selection should be done with caution.6.柱子的制造商通常会提供最佳的使用温度范围和建议。

When it comes to reducing the impact of barbecues, there are several strategies that can be employed to minimize environmental and health concerns. Heres a detailed approach to achieving this:1. Choose the Right Fuel: Opt for cleanerburning fuels like hardwood charcoal or gas over lighter fluids and chemicalsoaked briquettes. Hardwood charcoal produces less smoke and fewer harmful emissions.2. Proper Ventilation: Ensure that the grill has adequate ventilation to allow for proper airflow. This helps in reducing the amount of smoke and harmful fumes produced during the cooking process.3. Preheat the Grill: Preheating the grill to a high temperature before placing the food on it can reduce the time the food is exposed to direct heat, thus minimizing the formation of harmful compounds.4. Use a Grill Basket: A grill basket can help to reduce flareups and the amount of smoke produced. It also allows for better control over the cooking process.5. Marinate Wisely: Using marinades with natural ingredients can help to reduce the formation of harmful compounds when the food is grilled. Avoid using marinades with a lot of sugar, as they can cause more charring.6. Flip Food Less Frequently: Flipping food too often can increase the chances of charring and the production of harmful compounds. Try to flip the food only when necessary.7. Clean the Grill Regularly: A clean grill will produce less smoke and fewer harmful emissions. Make sure to clean off any leftover food particles and grease before each use.8. Use a Smoker Box: A smoker box can help to control the amount of smoke that comes into contact with the food, reducing the potential for harmful compounds to form.9. Monitor the Temperature: Using a thermometer to monitor the internal temperature of the food can help to ensure that it is cooked properly without charring.10. Cook in Batches: Overloading the grill can cause flareups and uneven cooking, which can lead to more smoke and harmful emissions. Cook in smaller batches to maintain control over the cooking process.11. Use a Cover: A grill cover can help to contain the smoke and reduce the amount that escapes into the environment.12. Educate Yourself and Others: Understanding the potential risks associated with barbecues and sharing this knowledge with others can help to promote healthier grilling practices.By implementing these strategies, you can enjoy the pleasures of barbecues while also taking steps to reduce their negative effects on health and the environment.。