Shale Oil--- Where did it go so right by GS

2. The Origin of PetroleumPetroleum is defined as a gaseous, liquid, and semisolid naturally occurring substance that consists chiefly of hydrocarbons (chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen). Petroleum is therefore a term that includes both oil and natural gas. Petroleum is nearly always found in marine sedimentary rocks. In the ocean, microscopic phytoplankton (tiny floating plants) and bacteria (simple, single-celled organisms) are the principal sources of organic matter that is trapped and buried in sediment Most of the organic matter is buried in clay that is slowly converted to a fine-grained sedimentary rock known as shale. During this conversion, organic compounds are transformed to oil and natural gas.■Sampling on the continental shelves and along the base of the continental slopes has shown that fine muds beneath the seafloor contain up to 8 percent organic matter. ■Two additional kinds of evidence support the hypothesis that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter: oil possesses optical properties known only in hydrocarbons derived from organic matter, and oil contains nitrogen and certain compounds believed to originate only in living matter. ■A complex sequence of chemical reactions is involved in converting the original solid organic matter to oil and gas, and additional chemical changes may occur in the oil and gas even after they have formed. ■It is now well established that petroleum migrates through aquifers and can become trapped in reservoirs. Petroleum migration is analogous to groundwater migration. When oil and gas are squeezed out of the shale in which they originated and enter a body of sandstone or limestone somewhere above, they migrate readily because sandstones (consisting of quartz grains) and limestones (consisting of carbonate minerals) are much more permeable than any shale. The force of molecular attraction between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that between water and quartz or carbonate minerals. Hence, because oil and water do not mix, water remains fastened to the quartz or carbonate grains, while oil occupies the central parts of the larger openings in the porous sandstone or limestone. Because oil is lighter than water, it tends to glide upward past the carbonate- and quartz-held water. In this way, oil becomes segregated from the water; when it encounters a trap, it can form a pool.Most of the petroleum that forms in sediments does not find a suitable trap and eventually makes its way, along with groundwater, to the surface of the sea. It is estimated that no more than 0.1 percent of all the organic matter originally buried in a sediment is eventually trapped in an oil pool. It is not surprising, therefore, that the highest ratio of oil and gas pools to volume of sediment is found in rock no older than 2.5 million years—young enough so that little of the petroleum has leaked away—and that nearly 60 percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has been found in strata that formed in the last 65 million years This does not mean that older rocks produced less petroleum; it simply means that oil in older rocks has had a longer time in which to leak away.How much oil is there in the world? This is an extremely controversial question. Many billions of barrels of oil have already been pumped out of the ground. A lot of additional oil has been located by drilling but is still waiting to be pumped out Possibly a great deal more oil remains to be found by drilling. Unlike coal, the volume of which can be accurately estimated, the volume of undiscovered oil can only be guessed at. Guesses involve the use of accumulated experience from a century of drilling. Knowing how much oil has been found in an intensively drilled area, such as eastern Texas, experts make estimates of probable volumes in other regionswhere rock types and structures are similar to those in eastern Texas. Using this approach and considering all the sedimentary basins of the world, experts estimate that somewhere between 1,500 and 3,000 billion barrels of oil will eventually be discovered.1.According to paragraph 1, petroleum is formed in which of the following ways?O Bacteria and tiny plants undergo a change while they are buried in clay.O Carbon and hydrogen combine to form shale.O Ocean rocks are converted into organic compounds.O Oil and gas rise to the surface of sediment and are trapped in rocks.2.The word "trapped" in the passage is closest in meaning toO hiddenO destroyedO caughtO found3. All of the following are cited in paragraph 2 as evidence that petroleum is a product of the decomposition of organic matter EXCEPTO the amount of organic matter found in layers of mud below the seafloorO the chemical changes that occur in oil and natural gas after they have formedO the optical properties of oilO the fact that oil contains nitrogen and other compounds believed to be of organic origin4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the change of solid organic material into oil and gas?O It is more likely to occur along the base of continental slopes than on the continental shelves.O It only takes place in areas where the seafloor contains at least 8 percent organic matter.O It is a process that can be reversed through chemical changes that occur after the oil and gas have formed. O It involves a complicated series of chemical reactions.5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O When oil and gas are squeezed out of the rock in which they originated, it is probably because the layer of rock above them is much more permeable than shale.O Sandstones, which are made of quartz grains, and limestones, which are made of carbonate minerals, can hold much more oil and gas than any shale can.O When they are squeezed from the shale in which they were formed, oil and gas move easily into the much more permeable layers of sandstone or limestone above.O Oil and gas are squeezed out of sandstones, consisting of quartz grains, and migrate readily into limestones, which consist of carbonate minerals and are much more permeable.6. Why does the author include the information that "The force of molecular attraction between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that between water and quartz or carbonateminerals."?O To help explain why petroleum behaves differently from water in bodies of sandstone and limestoneO To illustrate why petroleum migrates more rapidly through sandstone than it does through limestoneO To help explain how water and petroleum can mix in certain aquifersO To account for the different molecular structures of oil and water7. The word "encounters" in the passage is closest in meaning toO meetsO formsO escapesO avoids8. The word "suitable" in the passage is closest in meaning toO noticeableO permanentO protectedO appropriate9. According to paragraph 4, what happens to most of the petroleum that forms in sediments?O It remains in underground pools.O It is buried under organic matter.O It rises to the surface of the ocean.O It combines with the minerals found in groundwater.10. Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about future petroleum discoveries? O Less petroleum will be found than in the past because the ratio of petroleum pools to volume of sediment will decrease.O Most of the petroleum will come from rocks that are less than 65 million years old.O Petroleum that has leaked away from older rocks will be the source of most new discoveries.O More petroleum will become available because the amount of trapped organic matter will increase.11. The phrase "is an extremely controversial question" in the passage is closest in meaning toO is a question of great importanceO is a question causing strong disagreementO is a question that has existed for a long timeO is a question composed of many related parts12. According to paragraph 5, eastern Texas is an example of a geologic region whereO oil is located but has not yet been pumped outO experts accurately predicted the rock types and structures found thereO the volume of oil can only be guessed atO intensive oil exploration has occurred over a long time13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Because such muds are a major source of petroleum, scientists believe that petroleum originated as living organisms.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXTPetroleum, which includes both oil and natural gas, can be a gaseous, liquid, or semisolid substance.Answer ChoicesPetroleum comes from organic matter that has undergone a complex series of chemical changes under the seafloor.Although most of the petroleum formed leaks away into the ocean, some migrates from shale to sandstone or limestone, and is caught in pools.Porous rocks made of quartz or carbonate minerals are particularly likely to house oil pools because of their strong molecular attraction with oil.Petroleum forms best when organic matter is evenly distributed over a large area and does not exceed 8 percent of the material in the clay.More than 60 percent of the petroleum discovered so far has been found in rocks that are less than two-and-a-half million years old.It is difficult to estimate the total amount of petroleum in the world, but experts believe that 1,500-3,000 billion barrels will eventually be discovered.。

2023年托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:FossilPreservation整理TPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Fossil Preservation。

托福阅读原文【1】When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.【2】The term fossil often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily consumed by scavengers and bacteria. The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine invertebrates are knownfrom deposits over 100 million years old. In many marine creatures, however, the skeleton is composed of a mineral variety of calcium carbonate called aragonite. Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relatively unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.【3】Many other processes may alter the shell of a clam or snail and enhance its chances for preservation. Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron may circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as marrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves. In such cases, the original composition of the bone or shell remains, but the fossil is made harder and more durable. This addition of a chemically precipitated substance into pore spaces is termed permineralization.【4】Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition. This process is termed replacement because solutions have dissolved the original material and replaced it with an equal volume of the new substance. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and delicate structures in bone are accurately preserved.【5】Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon. Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.【6】Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues andorgans are also occasionally preserved. Insects and even small invertebrates have been found preserved in the hardened resins of conifers and certain other trees. X-ray examination of thin slabs of rock sometimes reveals the ghostly outlines of tentacles, digestive tracts, and visual organs of a variety of marine creatures. Soft parts, including skin, hair, and viscera of ice age mammoths, have been preserved in frozen soil or in the oozing tar of oil seeps.【7】The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished. The Middle Eocene Messel Shale (from about 48 million years ago) of Germany accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outer coverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.托福阅读试题1.The word agencies in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning tobinations.B.problems.C.forces.D.changes.2.In paragraph 1, what is the authors purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?A.To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist.B.To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation.C.To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete.D.To compare how fossils form on land and in water.3.The word terrestrial in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning tond.B.protected.C.alternative.D.similar.4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.B.Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.C.Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.D.Empty snail or clam shells that are strong enough not to dissolve may stay in their original state for a long time.5.Why does the author mention aragonite in the passage (paragraph 2)?A.To emphasize that some fossils remain unaltered for millions of years.B.To contrast fossil formation in organisms with soft tissue and in organisms with hard shells.C.To explain that some marine organisms must undergo chemical changes in order to fossilize.D.To explain why fossil shells are more likely to survive than are fossil skeletons.6.The word enhance in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.control.B.limit.bine.D.increase.7.Which of the following best explains the process of permineralization mentioned in paragraph 3?A.Water containing calcium carbonate circulates through a shell and deposits sediment.B.Liquid containing chemicals hardens an already existing fossil structure.C.Water passes through sediment surrounding a fossil and removes its chemical content.D.A chemical substance enters a fossil and changes its shape.8.The word precise in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toplex.B.quick.C.exact.D.reliable.9.Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the carbonization process?A.It is completed soon after an organism dies.B.It does not occur in hard-shell organisms.C.It sometimes allows soft-tissued organisms to be preserved with all their parts.D.It is a more precise process of preservation than is replacement.10.The word prospect in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning topletion.B.variety.C.possibility.D.speed.11.According to paragraph 7, how do environments containing oxygen affect fossil preservation?A.They increase the probability that soft-tissued organisms will become fossils.B.They lead to more bacteria production.C.They slow the rate at which clay and silt are deposited.D.They reduce the chance that animal remains will be preserved.12.According to paragraph 7，all of the following assist in fossil preservation EXCEPTA.the presence of calcite in an organisms skeleton.B.the presence of large open areas along an ocean floor.C.the deposition of a fossil in sticky substances such as sap or tar.D.the rapid burial of an organism under layers of silt.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage. But the evidence of past organic life is not limited to petrifaction. ■【A】Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon. ■【B】Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. ■【C】The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideasin the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The remains of ancient life are amazingly well preserved in the form of fossils.A.Environmental characteristics like those present on ocean floors increase the likelihood that plant and animal fossils will occur.B.Fossils are more likely to be preserved in shale deposits than in deposits of clay and silt.C.The shells of organisms can be preserved by processes of chemical precipitation or mineral exchange.D.Freezing enables the soft parts of organisms to survive longer than the hard parts.paratively few fossils are found in the terrestrial deposits of streams and lakes.F.Thin films of carbon may remain as an indication of soft tissue or actual tissue may be preserved if exposure to bacteria is limited.托福（阅读答案）1.agency代理，中介，作用，所以答案是force，选C。

Life Is Worth Living - Justin Bieber Ended up on a crossroad结束了在一个十字路口Try to figure out which way to go试着找出哪条路走It's like you're stuck on a treadmill就像你被困在一个跑步机上Running in the same place在同一个地方跑You got your hazard lights on now你现在得到了你的危险灯Hoping that somebody would slow down希望有人会慢下来Praying for a miracle为奇迹祈祷Who'll show you graceHad a couple dollars and a quarter tank of gas With a long journey aheadSeen a truck pull overGod sent an angel to help you outHe gave you directionShowed you how to read a map谁会显示你的恩典有一对夫妇美元和一个季度的天然气前方有一段漫长的旅程看见一辆卡车上帝派一个天使来帮助你他给了你方向给你看怎么看地图With a long journey aheadSaid it ain't never overOh even in the midst of doubtLife is worth livingLife is worth living so live another dayThe meaning of forgiveness前方有一段漫长的旅程说，它不是从来没有过哦，即使在怀疑生活是值得的生命是值得的，所以过了一天宽恕的意义Life is worth living againRelationship on a ski slopeAvalanche comin' down slowDo we have enough time to salvage this loveFeels like a blizzard in AprilCause my heart is just that coldSkating on thin ice人们犯错误并不意味着你必须放弃生命是值得活的滑雪坡的关系雪崩下来慢我们有足够的时间来挽救这爱感觉像是在四月的暴风雪因为我的心是那样的寒冷冰上溜冰But it's strong enough to hold us upSeen her scream and hollerPut us both on blastTearing each other downWhen I thought it was overGod sent us an angel to help us out yeahHe gave us direction showed us how to make it last但它是强大到足以让我们看到她的尖叫声把我们都放在爆炸彼此撕裂当我认为这是结束上帝派我们去帮助我们的天使他给我们指引方向，向我们展示如何使它持续For that long journey aheadSaid it ain't ever overOh even in the midst of doubtLife is worth livingLife is worth living so live another dayThe meaning of forgivenessPeople make mistakes doesn't mean you have to give in 在那漫长的旅程说，这是不可能的哦，即使在怀疑生活是值得的生命是值得的，所以过了一天人们犯错误并不意味着你必须放弃Life is worth living againLife is worth living againWhat I'd give for my affectionIs a different perceptionFrom what the world may seeThey try to crucify meI ain't perfect won't denyMy reputation's on the lineSo I'm working on a better me生命是值得活的生命是值得活的我会给我的感情是一种不同的看法从世界可以看到他们试图诋毁我我不是完美的不会否认我的名誉所以我在做一个更好的工作Life is worth living oh yeahLife is worth living so live another dayThe meaning of forgivenessPeople make mistakesOnly god can judge meLife is worth living againAnother dayLife is worth living again生活是值得的生活哦是的生命是值得的，所以过了一天宽恕的意义人们犯错误只有上帝才能审判我生命是值得活的又一天生命是值得活的CompanyMP3歌词：Can we, we keep, keep each other company Maybe we, can be, be each other's company Oh companyLet's set each other's lonely nights Need a picture for my frameSomeone to share my ringTell me what you wanna drinkI tell you what I got in mindOh I don't know your nameBut I feel like that's gonna changeYou ain't gotta be my lover for you to call me baby Never been around no press, ain't that seriousCan we, we keep, keep each other companyMaybe we, can be, be each other's companyOh companyIt ain't about the complicationsI'm all about the elevationWe can keep it goin' upOh, don't miss out on usJust wanna have a conversationForget about the obligationsMaybe we can stay in touchOh that ain't doin' too muchYou ain't gotta be my lover for you to call me baby Never been around no press, ain't that serious noCan we, we keep, keep each other companyMaybe we, can be, be each other's companyOh companyCan be, can be, be each other's companyBe each other's companyJust be each other's companyBe each others companyCan we, we keep, keep each other companyMaybe we, can be, be each other's companyOh companyLove YourselfMP3歌词：For all the times that you rain on my paradeAnd all the clubs you get in using my nameYou think you broke my heart, oh girl for goodness sakeYou think I'm crying, oh my oh, well I ain'tAnd I didn't wanna write a song cause I didn't want anyone thinking I still care I don't but, you still hit my phone upAnd baby I be movin' on and I think you should be somethin'I don't wanna hold back, maybe you should know thatMy mama don't like you and she likes everyoneAnd I never like to admit that I was wrongAnd I've been so caught up in my job, didn't see what's going onAnd now I know, I'm better sleeping on my ownCause if you like the way you look that muchOh baby you should go and love yourselfAnd if you think that I'm still holdin' on to somethin'You should go and love yourselfBut when you told me that you hated my friendsThe only problem was with you and not themAnd every time you told me my opinion was wrongAnd tried to make me forget where I came fromAnd I didn't wanna write a song cause I didn't want anyone thinking I still care I don't but, you still hit my phone upAnd baby I be movin' on and I think you should be somethin'I don't wanna hold back, maybe you should know thatMy mama don't like you and she likes everyoneAnd I never like to admit that I was wrongAnd I've been so caught up in my job, didn't see what's going onAnd now I know, I'm better sleeping on my ownCause if you like the way you look that muchOh baby you should go and love yourselfAnd if you think that I'm still holdin' on to somethin'You should go and love yourselfFor all the times you made me feel smallI fell in love, now I fear nothin' at allI never felt so low when I was vulnerableWas I a fool to let you break down my walls?Cause if you like the way you look that muchOh baby you should go and love yourselfAnd if you think that I'm still holdin' on to somethin' You should go and love yourselfCause if you like the way you look that muchOh baby you should go and love yourselfAnd if you think that I'm still holdin' on to somethin' You should go and love yourselfThe feelingYou are to meA part of me just like anatomyYou're pulling meYou're pulling me in like you're gravityI'm notorious for thinking you're full of beautiful Instead of hollowSugar on your lips, it's hard to killJagged like a pill, so hard to swallowAm I in love with you? Am I in love with you?Or am I in love with the feeling?Trying to find the truth, trying to find the truthBut sometimes the heart is deceivingCan't get out of my head and I need you to save meIf I am delusional then maybe I'm crazyIn love with you, am I in love with you?Or am I in love with the feeling?You give to meEverything, anything that I could dreamAnd at least that's what it seemsCould it be I don't know what's good for me?I'm notorious for thinking you're full of beautiful Instead of hollowSugar on your lips, it's hard to killJagged like a pill, so hard to swallowAm I in love with you? Am I in love with you?Or am I in love with the feeling?Trying to find the truth, trying to find the truthBut sometimes the heart is deceivingCan't get out of my head and I need you to save meIf I am delusional then maybe I'm crazyIn love with you, am I in love with you?Or am I in love with the feeling?I'm sinking faster and fasterBetween heaven and disasterSorry if I made you feel likeI'm standing on the borderline[Chorus: Justin Bieber + Halsey]Am I in love with you? Am I in love with you?Or am I in love with the feeling?Trying to find the truth, trying to find the truthBut sometimes the heart is deceivingCan't get out of my head and I need you to save meIf I am delusional then maybe I'm crazyIn love with you, am I in love with you?Or am I in love with the feeling?SorryMP3歌词：You gotta go and get angry at all of my honestyYou know I try but I don't do too well with apologiesI hope I don't run out of time, could someone call a referee?Cause I just need one more shot at forgivenessI know you know that I made those mistakes maybe once or twiceBy once or twice I mean maybe a couple a hundred timesSo let me, oh let me redeem, oh redeem, oh myself tonightCause I just need one more shot at second chancesYeah, is it too late now to say sorry?Cause I'm missing more than just your bodyIs it too late now to say sorry?Yeah I know that I let you downIs it too late to say I'm sorry now?I'm sorry, yeahSorry, yeahSorryYeah I know that I let you downIs it too late to say I'm sorry now?I'll take every single piece of the blame if you want me toBut you know that there is no innocent one in this game for two I'll go, I'll go and then you go, you go out and spill the truth Can we both say the words and forget this?Is it too late now to say sorry?Cause I'm missing more than just your bodyIs it too late now to say sorry?Yeah I know that I let you downIs it too late to say I'm sorry now?I'm not just trying to get you back on meCause I'm missing more than just your bodyIs it too late now to say sorry?Yeah I know that I let you downIs it too late to say I'm sorry now?I'm sorry, yeahSorry, ohSorryYeah I know that I let you downIs it too late to say I'm sorry now?I'm sorry, yeahSorry, ohSorryYeah I know that I let you downIs it too late to say I'm sorry now?I'll Show YouMP3歌词：My life is a movie and everyone's watchingSo let's get to the good part and past all the nonsense Sometimes it's hard to do the right thingWhen the pressure's coming down like lightningIt's like they want me to be perfectWhen they don't even know that I'm hurtingThis life's not easy, I'm not made out of steelDon't forget that I'm human, don't forget that I'm real You act like you know me, but you never willBut that's one thing that I know for sureI'll show youI'll show youI'll show youI'll show youI got to learn things, learn them the hard wayTo see what it feels like, no matter what they say Sometimes it's hard to do the right thingWhen the pressure's coming down like lightningIt's like they want me to be perfectWhen they don't even know that I'm hurtingThis life's not easy, I'm not made out of steelDon't forget that I'm human, don't forget that I'm real You act like you know me, but you never willBut that's one thing that I know for sureI'll show youI'll show youI'll show youI'll show youThis life's not easy, I'm not made out of steelDon't forget that I'm human, don't forget that I'm real You act like you know me, but you never willBut that's one thing that I know for sureI'll show you *4。

Rap God饶舌之神[Intro]Look, I was gonna go easy on you and not to hurt your feelings看好了，我准备温柔点对你，不伤及你的情感But I'm only going to get this one chance但我只是打算得到这个机会Something's wrong, I can feel it (Six minutes, Slim Shady, you're on)有些什么不对劲，我能感觉到（六分钟，Slim Shady，你的演出）Just a feeling I've got, like something's about to happen, but I don't know what 只是我的感觉，好像有什么要发生，但我不知道是什么If that means, what I think it means, we're in trouble – big trouble – and if he is as?如果那意思是，我的意思是，我们身处麻烦——大麻烦——而且如果他是bananas as you say, I'm not taking any chances像你说的那样的疯子，那我不会冒险You were just what the doctor ordered而这正合我意[Hook 1]I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap God我开始感觉自己像个饶舌之神，饶舌之神All my people from the front to the back nod, back nod我前方的人们都到我身后来点头称臣，点头称臣Now who thinks their arms are long enough to slapbox, slapbox?现在有谁觉得他的武器够长能来和我小打小闹，小打小闹？They said I rap like a robot, so call me Rapbot他们说我的饶舌像个机器人，所以叫我饶舌机器人[Verse 1]But for me to rap like a computer must be in my genes但对我来说像台电脑那样说唱一定是我的基因使然I got a laptop in my back pocket我的后口袋里有台笔记本电脑My pen'll go off when I half-cock it当我让我的笔枪机半扣，它就直接开火Got a fat knot from that rap profit被饶舌得来的利润喂得太饱难以消化Made a living and a killing off it以之谋生再大肆屠杀Ever since Bill Clinton was still in office自从比尔·克林顿还在执政With Monica Lewinsky feeling on his nut-sack而莫妮卡·莱温斯基还在感受他的**火热I'm an MC still as honest我是个心直口快的诚实MCBut as rude and indecent as all hell但也一样粗鲁，下流无礼Syllables, killaholic (Kill 'em all with)各种音节，杀人成瘾（全部杀光）This slickety, gibbedy, hibbedy hip hop我这圆滑又坚挺硬汉，Hip-hop瘾君子You don't really wanna get into a pissing match with this rappidy rap 你并不想搅进这场饶舌的无聊比赛Packing a Mac in the back of the Ac, pack backpack rap, yep, yakety-yak 在本田Acura后备箱里装好Mac 10冲锋枪，装好你的背包说唱，耶，胡诌扯蛋And at the exact same time与此同时I attempt these lyrical acrobat stunts while I'm practicing that我一边练习一边尝试着词韵的杂技表演I'll still be able to break a motherfuckin' table砸烂一张操蛋的桌子对我来说依旧小菜一碟Over the back of a couple of faggots and crack it in half砸向那俩同性恋的背，让它裂成两半Only realized it was ironic I was signed to Aftermath after the fact事后意识到Aftermath签了我真是讽刺How could I not blow? All I do is drop F-bombs, feel my wrath of attack我要怎样才能不炸场？我所做的就只有扔下一颗颗F字头炸弹，感受我攻击的愤怒吧Rappers are having a rough time period, here's a maxipadRapper们正经历艰难时期，来这是给你的**巾It's actually disastrously bad for the wack这对那些渣渣来说简直悲剧般糟糕While I'm masterfully constructing this masterpiece as当我技艺纯熟地构造这这首杰作，因为[Hook 2]I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap God我开始感觉自己像个饶舌之神，饶舌之神All my people from the front to the back nod, back nod我前方的人们都到我身后来点头称臣，点头称臣Now who thinks their arms are long enough to slapbox, slapbox?现在有谁觉得他的武器够长能来和我小打小闹，小打小闹？Let me show you maintaining this shit ain't that hard, that hard让我给你看看，要维持这狗屎地位没那么难，没那么难[Verse 2]Everybody want the key and the secret to rap immortality like I have got 每个人都想要秘诀，来说唱着像我这样的不朽地位Well, to be truthful the blueprint's simply rage and youthful exuberance 唔，老实说那种蓝图计划只是简单粗暴，青春期躁动罢了Everybody loves to root for a nuisance所有人都爱挺负能量之物Hit the earth like an asteroid, did nothing but shoot for the moon since 就像小行星撞地球，什么都没做，只是瞄准月亮发射MC's get taken to school with this musicMC们被我的音乐带去上学堂Cause I use it as a vehicle to bust a rhyme因为我用它作为爆出押韵的工具Now I lead a new school full of students现在我带领着学生满员的新学派Me? I'm a product of Rakim, Lakim Shabazz, 2Pac N-我？我是Rakim，Lakim Shabazz，2Pac N-, Cube, hey, Doc, Ren, Yella, Eazy, thank you, they got Slim, Cube, 嘿, Doc, Ren, Yella, Eazy他们的产物，真心感谢，是他们让SlimInspired enough to one day grow up, blow up and be in a position汲取了足够灵感，直到一天成长至此爆发实力，能有资格To meet Run DMC and induct them into the motherfuckin' Rock n'见到Run DMC，引导他们进那操蛋的Roll Hall of Fame摇滚名人堂Even though I walk in the church and burst in a ball of flames哪怕是我走进教堂时都会被一团来自天罚的火球燃烧爆裂Only Hall of Fame I be inducted in is the alcohol of fame我唯一被引荐入主的名人堂就只有酒精名人堂了On the wall of shame在那羞耻之墙上You fags think it's all a game 'til I walk a flock of flames你们这帮废物都认为这只是场游戏，直到我Off of planking, tell me what in the fuck are you thinking?让这帮同性恋丢掉饭碗，告诉我你丫到底在想些什么东西？Little gay looking boy搞基小男孩So gay I can barely say it with a straight face looking boy所以基佬我几乎不能正色着说出这些，装逼男孩You witnessing a massacre你目睹了一场屠杀Like you watching a church gathering take place looking boy 好像是在观看一场教堂集会，装逼男孩Oy vey, that boy's gay, that's all they say looking boy我好苦啊，那男孩是个基佬，他们都这么说，装逼男孩You get a thumbs up, pat on the back你被竖起拇指，表扬赞赏And a way to go from your label everyday looking boy每天被你的唱片厂牌安排一切，装逼男孩Hey, looking boy, what you say looking boy?嘿装逼男孩，你说什么呀装逼男孩？I get a "hell yeah" from Dre looking boy我从Dre那儿要来一句“Hell Yeah”，装逼男孩I'mma work for everything I have我会为我拥有的一切苦干Never ask nobody for shit, get outta my face looking boy绝不求任何人任何事，快消失在我面前，装逼男孩Basically boy you're never gonna be capable孩子你基本上永远无力To keep up with the same pace looking boy跟上我的步伐，装逼男孩[Hook 3]I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap God我开始感觉自己像个饶舌之神，饶舌之神All my people from the front to the back nod, back nod我前方的人们都到我身后来点头称臣，点头称臣The way I'm racing around the track, call me Nascar, Nascar 我如此极速就像是在绕着赛道狂飙，叫我Nascar，NascarDale Earnhardt of the trailer park, the White Trash God拖车房里的Dale Earnhardt，白垃圾之神Kneel before General Zod this planet's Krypton, no Asgard, Asgard快在佐德将军面前跪下，这儿是氪星，而非仙宫，不是仙宫[Verse 3]So you be Thor and I'll be Odin, you rodent, I'm omnipotent所以你如果是雷神托尔，那我就是奥丁，你是只小啮齿动物，我就是万能之神Let off then I'm reloading immediately with these bombs I'm totin'引爆我随身携带的炸弹，再火速装填满And I should not be woken我不该被唤醒I'm the walking dead, but I'm just a talking head, a zombie floating我是个行尸走肉，但我只是个会说话的头，游荡的僵尸But I got your mom deep throating但我还是让你老母亲给我深喉口活I'm out my ramen noodle, we have nothing in common, poodle我已经没了脑子，我们没有任何共同点，您是贵妇犬I'm a doberman, pinch yourself in the arm and pay homage, pupil我是只杜宾犬，快掐下自己的手别做梦了，表示对我的敬意，小同学It's me, my honesty's brutal是我，我的诚实太残忍But it's honestly futile if I don't utilize what I do though但老实说要是我不运用我的所为，一点用都没有For good at least once in a while哪怕永远至少都只是偶尔So I wanna make sure somewhere in this chicken scratch I scribble and doodle 所以我想确定这些我潦草写成的鬼画桃符里的某一处Enough rhymes to maybe to try and help get some people through tough times 有足够的押韵，或许能试着帮一些人逆境重生But I gotta keep a few punchlines just in case cause even you unsigned但我得写一些亮点词句以防万一，因为甚至当你还没被签约Rappers are hungry looking at me like it's lunchtimeRapper们都会饥渴地盯着我，好像是到了午饭时间I know there was a time where once I我知道有一段时间我Was king of the underground, but I still rap like I'm on my Pharoahe Monch grind 是地下说唱的王者，但我仍然像Pharoahe Monch那样苦干说唱So I crunch rhymes, but sometimes when you combine于是我碾碎韵脚，但有时候当你把Appeal with the skin color of mine感染力和我的肤色放在一块儿想想You get too big and here they come trying to censor you你太过成名，然后他们就来审查你做的音乐Like that one line I said on "I'm Back" from the Mathers LP 1就像我在Mathers LP 1上的I'm Back里的那一句Where I tried to say I take seven kids from Columbine我本来想说“我从科隆比纳带了7个孩子Put 'em all in a line, add an AK-47, a revolver and a nine让他们站成一列，拿上AK-47步枪，左轮手枪还有9毫米手枪See if I get away with it now that I ain't as big as I was你懂吗如果我当时避开了那些东西，现在我可能就不会这出名了But I've morphed into an immortal coming through the portal但我已化身不朽之神，从传送门来到人间You're stuck in a timewarp from 2004 though但自从2004年，你就一直被卡在时间扭曲的夹缝And I don't know what the fuck that you rhyme for而我真不知道你他妈在押的韵都是些什么东西You're pointless as Rapunzel with fucking cornrows你就像长发公主的玉米编发一样毫无意义You're like normal, fuck being normal你如此平庸，去他妈的平庸And I just bought a new Raygun from the future我刚从未来买了一把射线枪To just come and shoot ya like when Fabolous made Ray J mad来把你射杀，就像Fabolous让Ray J发飙时候那样Cause Fab said he looked like a fag at Mayweather’s pad因为Fab在Mayweather家说他看上去就像个同性恋Singin' to a man while they played piano在他们弹钢琴的时候对着个男人唱歌Man, oh man, that was a 24/7 special on the cable channel老兄，噢老兄，那是个全天候电视特别节目So Ray J went straight to the radio station the very next day于是Ray J第二天就直奔电台''Hey, Fab, I'mma kill you''说“嘿，Fab，我会杀了你”Lyrics coming at you at supersonic speed, (JJ Fad)我的歌词奔你去了，超音速走你（JJ Fad）Uh, sama lamaa duma lamaa you assuming I'm a human啊啊，sama lamaa duma lamaa，你个优越狗，我只是普通人类What I gotta do to get it through to you I'm superhuman为了熬过去我要做的就是告诉你，我是个超人Innovative and I'm made of rubber我乃革命性，而且我是橡皮擦做的So that anything you saying ricocheting off of me and it'll glue to you 所以你说的一切都从我这儿反弹回去，粘在你身上I'm devastating, more than ever demonstrating我比以往呈现的一切都具有毁灭性How to give a motherfuckin' audience a feeling like it's levitating要怎样给妈蛋的听众那种飘飘欲仙的感觉Never fading, and I know that the haters are forever waiting那就是永不衰落，我也知道喷子们永远都在等候For the day that they can say I fell off, they'd be celebrating 等候他们能说我已经没用的那一天，他们就能大肆庆祝Cause I know the way to get 'em motivated因为我知道让他们有如此动机的方法I make elevating music, you make elevator music我做的是引人向上的音乐，而你做的只是电梯音乐Oh, he's too mainstream噢噢他太主流了Well, that's what they do when they get jealous, they confuse it 呵呵，那就是他们嫉妒的时候做的事，混淆视听It's not hip hop, it's pop, cause I found a hella way to fuse it 这不是Hip-Hop，是流行音乐，因为我找到了一大坨With rock, shock rap with Doc和一起把它们和摇滚乐还有“震惊说唱”融合在一起的方法Throw on Lose Yourself and make 'em lose it抛出Lose Yourself，让他们癫狂I don't know how to make songs like that我不知道怎么做那样的歌I don't know what words to use我不知道要用怎样的词Let me know when it occurs to you让我知道，当你想起While I’m ripping any one of these verses, that versus you当我把所有人从这些针对着你的说唱段中撕裂It’s curtains, I’m inadvertently hurtin' you这是你的终点，我并非故意伤害你How many verses I gotta murder to prove我要血腥谋杀多少段才能证明That if you're half as nice at songs you can sacrifice virgins to (ughhh)如果你有我的歌一半屌你都能献上处女School flunkie, pill junky学渣，瘾君子But look at the accolades the skills brung me但看看我的纯熟技术给我带来的赞美Full of myself, but still hungry填满了我，但仍然饥饿I bully myself cause I make me do what I put my mind to我威逼我自己，因为我让自己做我专心做的一切And I'm a million leagues above you, ill when I speak in tongues我在你百万里格之上，当我语义不清时病态屌爆But it's still tongue in cheek, fuck you但我依旧玩世不恭，操你妈的I'm drunk so Satan take the fucking wheel, I'm asleep in the front seat 我喝醉了，于是撒旦掌控方向盘，而我在前座打盹儿Bumping Heavy D and the Boys, still chunky, but funky载着Heavy D和The Boys颠簸前行，依旧又矮又胖，但又潮又炫But in my head there's something I can feel tugging and struggling但我能感觉到脑子里有什么东西在强制，在挣扎Angels fight with devils and here's what they want from me天使与恶魔在对抗，这就是他们想从我这要的东西They asking me to eliminate some of the women hate他们要我剔除掉一些厌女情结的东西But if you take into consideration the bitter hatred that I had但如果你考虑一下我感受到的苦涩的敌意Then you may be a little patient and more sympathetic to the situation那你可能会对我的处境稍微耐心同情一些And understand the discrimination对我所谓的歧视理解一些But fuck it, life's handing you lemons, make lemonade then但，生活给你柠檬，就用它榨出柠檬汁But if I can't batter the women how the fuck am I supposed to bake them a cake then?但如果我连打女人都干不了，那我他妈又该怎样给女人做蛋糕？Don't mistake it for Satan别误以为这和撒旦有啥瓜葛It's a fatal mistake if you think I need to be overseas那可是个致命的错误——如果你认为我需要漂洋过海And take a vacation to trip abroad休假出国旅游And make her fall on her face and don't be a retard让她挫败丢脸，别反应迟钝了Be a king? Think not - why be a king when you can be a God?称王？没兴趣——既为神，何争王？。

高二英语读后续写基础技巧与整体演练技巧09 用伏笔增添续写的力度读后续写是将阅读与书面表达融为一体的题型，要求学生在阅读一篇既定语言材料的基础上，结合相关提示，形成一篇与给定材料有逻辑衔接，且情节和结构完整的短文。

学生通过对语篇已知信息的输入理解，运用思维拓展方式展开联想，输出既切合原文又能凸显个性表达的短文。

续写短文前后连贯，符合行文规则，且能破题而出，应是高效续写的必然要求。

纵观优秀读后续写，往往都能找到“事出有因”的突破口与“相辅相成”的衔接点，能从不经意的一点中扩散渲染，写出可读性强、表达性准的文章。

以语篇中的已有信息为伏笔，紧扣时空转化、个性特征、主旨内涵和物体展现等挖掘与原文相匹配的表达信息要求，能助力续写文章形神兼备、语义颇丰。

一、聚焦时空变化伏笔，营造浓厚氛围读后续写一般以记叙文为主，按照叙事发展结构来完成组织文章架构。

叙事结构多以指向为特征，阐述时间、地点、人物以及事情的发展过程等，需要读者能跟随语篇描述理清行文脉络与思路。

学生从叙事中找出与时空有关的要素，理清表达前后逻辑，掌握人物性格特征、事情发展变化等。

学生可结合时空元素，按照“3W1H”模式，列出相应的走势思维导图，让学生能依据时空元素认真揣摩与提炼。

时空变化能对人物思想、行动等产生一定的外在影响，这便是常说的“年年岁岁人不同”。

学生通过搜集时空变化相关素材，能产生“移步换景、情有所源”的续写效果。

学生根据时空变化，摸清时间变化差异和地点不同，有助于从中获得更多可表达的切入点。

例如，在一次读后续写的例子中，给定的材料是“Just after New Year”，学生可根据上述材料展开对雪景的描述，如the frozen snow、the biting wind 等，然后引导学生从雪的变化和风的凛冽中感受严寒，也为增添故事的情节提供服务。

学生需要写出狂风、暴雪、严寒，也要根据行进的路线展现不同的雪景变化。

再如，2018年的浙江高考题中给定的材料提到主人公与爸爸在“The wild dark”骑马迷路了，需要考生予以推测：一是在广袤的西部，不可能会有陌生人帮助他们走出迷路的困境；二是文中迷路的父子俩也不可能顺着“track”找到回叔叔家的路。

Unit Two pre-spud meeting 开钻前会议Lesson One vendors商家Making Hole execution of the well programcharacteristics 特征;特点well specifications 井眼的规范bit selection 选择钻头tar sands焦油沙complicate 使…复杂化ultradeep,high-pressure well working knowledge 工作知识for lowest possible cost take into account 考虑automated process 自动程序accomplish objectives 达到目标bit design 钻头设计ultimate最终bit program 钻头计划picture-perfect well projectroller cone bit 牙轮钻头tricone bit 三牙轮钻头prohibitively high cost 费用非常高soft shale 软页岩exhaust 消耗gypsum 石膏岩self-defeading 自身失败marl 泥灰岩business endeavor 行业努力red beds 红层equation 公式ball up 泥包be interfit 相互配合keep drilling cost downjournal 轴颈withstand the extreme weightwell planning 井眼设计effective least-cost drillingresult in tooth breakage 造成钻齿损坏soft limestone 软石灰岩optimization 优化钻井tough,waxy shales 坚硬,含蜡页岩offset wells 邻近井;对比井streaks=stringers 夹层geologic maps 地质图shearing action 剪切运动bit records 钻头记录improve footage 提高进尺electric logs 电测combat abrasion 抗磨daily drilling reports 日钻井记录dolomite 白云岩mud recaps 泥浆详细情况less cone offset 移轴量小spud in 开钻bit's geometry 钻头结构coordinate…with 与…协同;配合accommodate the added weightfirst job-rated 分类为首要工作in terms of 就…而论;按照geologic characteristics 地质特征emphasis 强调chipping-crushing type of actionhole-cleaning ability 井底清洁能力compromises 折中hardfacing 硬化表层使钻井费用下降费用最低效率高的钻井作业井眼计划的实施承受极大的钻压超深,高压井可能最低费用十全十美井眼工程reduce tripping time 减少起下钻时间适应增加的钻压克服岩石的抗压缩力切削-破碎作用overcome the compressive strength of rocksdull bit evaluation 磨钝的钻头评估highly compressed formationvolcanic rock 火山岩siltstone粉沙岩quartzite 石英岩diamonds are salvageablegranite 花冈岩chert sand 燧石沙burn into matrix 燃焦后成为胶体quartz sand 石英沙dislodge the diamonds 钻石被挤掉insert bits镶嵌齿钻头fishtail bit 鱼尾钻头high capacity bearings高效率轴承diamond crystals 金刚石晶体achieve the scraping-gouging effectcone erosion 牙轮冲蚀bit clasification 钻头分类consistent rate of pentrationbit rating 钻头分级standard gauge 标准井径abrasive streaks 刮磨的夹层obsolete bits 旧钻头large-diameter projectile-shaped insertsfirsthand 直接的skid marks on cones 在牙轮上滑迹cut down on the number of tripslocked cone 牙轮卡死gauge teeth of the bit 钻头的外缘部inserts set in offset conesundergauge hole 缩径井眼break through 突进;钻入produce the scraping-gouging actionbounce 弹跳junk 钻屑soft strata 软夹层off-center wear 偏心磨shorter chisel-creat compactscenter coring 中心孔扩大pertinent facts 相干的情况crushing action 破碎作用consistency 连贯性outermost 最外部achieve the optimal drilling rategauge area 保颈齿部位diamond bit 金刚石钻头conical 圆锥形的overwork the bit 过度使用钻头govern the flow of drilling fluidscause hole deviation 造成井斜in reverse proportion 成反比anhydrite 硬石膏岩fracture the bit 破裂钻头chalk 白垩岩correspond to 相符shatter the bit 击碎钻头call for 需要lifting sub 提升短节radial flow configurationimpose limitations 施加限制液体辐射流动结构slanted hole 斜井wells with sharp doglegsconstrict 缩径numerator 分子joint failure 接头失效compressive strength 抗压力twistoff 扭断geophysical stresses 地球物理应力狗腿弯度急的井眼获得刮削-铲凿作用一致的机械转速大直径冲击式镶嵌齿钻头减少起下钻次数致密地层低压汇流槽high pressure feeder slots 高压馈流槽low pressure collector slots固定在移轴牙轮上的镶嵌齿产生刮削-铲凿作用短楔形硬质合金齿引导钻井液流动indiscriminately 随意的,不分青红皂白的钻石可以回收再用聚晶金刚石钻头=PCD 钻头获得最佳钻速polycrystalline diamond bits or PCD bitsfeasible 可行的drill-off technique 试钻技术overburden 上覆岩层elastic medium 弹性体porosity 多孔性be slacked off 下放钻具加压be overlooked 被忽略a pick-up 上提钻具减压hand-held calculator 手中计算器a slack-off 下放钻具加压dominate 占优势;统治computor lag 使用计算机落后measurement while drilling systemlightweight mud 轻质泥浆随钻测井系统;hydrostatic pressure of the mud columnMWD system 随钻测井系统show great promise 表现出很有前途chip hold-down effect 钻屑压持效应borehole telemetry 井筒遥测装置a drop in the drilling rate 钻速下降beneficiary 受益者potential drawbacks 潜在缺陷directional drilling 定向钻井heavy-weight mud 重泥浆aggregate 聚集clear water drilling 清水钻井a high-viscosity sweep 高粘泥浆冲井filtration loss 滤失buildup of wall cake 泥饼形成hydratable clays and shalesplastic mass 塑性块团intruding water 侵入井筒的水silicon tetrafluoride 四氟化硅rotating head 旋转头the pros and cons are weightedbit hydraulics 钻头水马力参数be interrelated with 相关be what really counts 真正重要microscopic imperfection 微小缺陷whirlpool 漩涡crosscurrent 横流掂量赞成和反对的意见plastic-lined drill pipe 内涂塑料的钻杆钻头水马力参数泥浆液柱静压力spurt loss 初滤失量;瞬时滤失量水化粘土和页岩bit hydraulic horsepower(BHHP)Unit One Lesson TenSafety On The Rig massive machinery 巨型机械take appropriate corrective measuresphysical strength 体力equipment failures can junk a welldrilling know-how 钻井专门技术downtime 停钻hoisting tackle 起吊系统oversight 疏忽incompetence 处理不适当people make safety 安全在于人makeshift 凑合的,拼凑的do anything in a safe mannerstay constant alert to what is going oncontinual self-improvement and educationhard hat 安全帽goggles 护目镜be alert to unsafe operating practicessafety belts 安全带avoid makeshift, misfit, or defective toolshave the primary responsibility for safetykeep oneself constantly safety-conscioussupervisor 上级,监督drilling superintendent 钻井监督keep everything orderly 物品摆放井然abuse drill pipe, wire rope and toolspractical jokes are out of place on the rigfisrt-aid equipment 急救设备work posture 工作姿势workover company 修井公司personal safeguards 个人防护措施determine the overall safety policiessafety helmet 安全帽nonmetallic 非金属的handle rough materials and skin irritantsgauntlet glove 长手套neoprene 橡胶rubber-soled and rubber- heeled shoesmechanical safeguards 机械护罩胶底鞋,胶后跟鞋close-fitting clothes 紧身衣服flash burns 焊花烧伤safety director or engineeroil-satuated clothes irritates the skinsetting depth 套管下入深度receive prompt medical attentiona blowout threatens 井喷即将来临接受及时治疗培养安全作业习惯和程序安全监督或安全工程师油侵衣服刺激皮肤as much a concern to him as matters of接触伤手的物品和刺激皮肤的刺激物daily cost, drilling speed and rig performance 提高钻井船上的安全记录对他来说就像关心钻井日费用,钻进速度,钻机运转情况一样重要develop safe operating practices and procedures负有安全的主要责任时刻保持安全意识糟蹋钻杆,钢丝绳和钻井工具钻台上不是开过激玩笑的地方确定全面的安全方针Improveing rig's safety record should be 在钻井作业中培养安全意识以安全的方式工作时刻警惕注视着目前发生的事情自身再提高,再教育警觉不安全的做法避免使用凑合的,尺寸不合适的,有缺陷的工具使人终身残废a driller has every reason to be safety-conscious司钻有各种理由具备安全意识company operating procedures and safety practicesdevelop a sense of safety in drilling operation公司作业程序和安全操作习惯Safety-minded toolpusher initiates practicalsafety measures 有安全意识的队长实施安全措施use a rig-safety checklist 用安全检察单检察安全采取合适的纠正措施a peril to life and limb 对生命和肢体造成危险leave a man disabled or handicapped for life设备失效可能造成一口井眼报废chip, scrape , buff 凿削,刮削,抛光top management 高层管理机构produce flying chips 产生飞溅的碎片creosoted materials 杂酚油侵制的材料expedient 权宜的asphalt 沥青bitumastic materials 沥青状的材料stand on the outside rim of the basketflash shields 焊花防护板站在吊篮的外缘sprains and strains 扭伤和肌肉劳损winch and boom 绞车及扒杆sign in 报到pinch bars 橇杠lockers 衣柜jacks 千斤顶work vest 工作服come-alongs 紧绳器escape routes 安全通道blocks and tackle 滑轮及索具overwater transfer 水上传输do a few limbering-up exercisesescape oil or gas 逸出的油或气slippery 滑的plant the feet a shoulder-width apartdon't throw anything overboardtelescoping, self-erecting mastsdispatcher 调度员jacknife derrick rig 折叠式井架钻机board a helicopter 上直升飞机superintendent 主管,监督heliport 直升飞机机场spot the equipment 清点设备company affiliation 所属公司rig up 安装alcoholic beverages 带酒精的饮料string blocks 滑轮穿绳flammables 易燃物working shifts 倒班体系explosives 爆炸物raising tackle 起升索具A-frame sheave A 型滑轮(槽)disembark 登陆,下船proceed 进行high winds 大风floorboards 钻台台板in a crouched position 弯腰handrails 扶手栏杆walkways 过道replace the jacket where it should beramp 坡道pinch-point location 夹挤点fasten your seat belt securelypowered hoist 动力吊车,起重机don't use unsafe or makeshift toolswear hearing-protection devices带上护耳器件facilitate 使便利heed 注意snipper 白铁剪inflate life jacket 给救生衣充气cheater 铁丝钳inflatable raft 充气救生筏sledger hammer 手用大锤submerge 淹没missed blow 打空skipper 船长glance 打歪swing rope 摆绳choke 握在把手中段pry 作橇杠用remain clear of the tail rotor 远离尾部转子get clearance from the pilot 得到飞行员的安全检察把救生衣放回原位牢牢系上座位上的安全带不用不安全的或凑合的工具the boat is on top of a swell 船在浪顶上做一些伸展运动双脚叉开与肩齐不要从船上乱扔东西find the best handhold 找到合适的搭手的地方offshore orientation 熟悉海上平台的教育伸缩式,自升轻便井架spot and correct hazards 发现和纠危险的地方set pump speed and pressure 选定泵压和泵速report in at an offshore job 到海上工作的地方报到personal basket 吊篮tap(swing hammer)敲打(抡大锤)flex 弯曲impact tools 冲击工具rawhide 牛皮锤strip threads 造成螺纹缺口soft-metal hammer 软金属榔头plaything 玩物electric shock 触电,电击side cutter 侧刃short circuit短路three-way plug and receptaclepipe wrench 管钳adjustable-end wrench 活动扳手circular saws 圆锯crescent wrench 活动扳手trigger switch 板机开关open-end wrench 开口扳手grinding wheels 砂轮box-end wrench 闭口扳手buffer 抛光机socket wrench 套筒扳手cementers 固井工人make sure the wrench has a firm holdcrane operator 吊车司机roustabout 水手screwdriver 螺丝刀semisubmersible 半潜式钻井船slippery 滑的subsea engineer 井下工程师barge master 驳船船长watchstanders 了望人员screwdriver fits screw slot 与螺丝槽口吻合work three 8 hour tours 八小时三班倒screwhead 螺丝头cantilever 悬臂梁slotted-head screwdriver 普通槽头螺丝刀overturn 倾倒cross-slot(Phillips)head screwdriverguying system 绷绳系统十字头螺丝刀pipe-racking support 排管架batter 击裂,打坏pipe-racking finger 立根挡棍chisel 扁铲fingerboard 指梁chisels with mushroomed headsmechinal slides 机械下滑装置蘑菇头扁铲escape lines 救急逃离绳tang 柄脚刀根ladder rungs 楼梯蹬vise 老虎钳dislodge 脱落brittle 脆的climbing belt 爬升安全带prying bar 橇杠counterbalance weight 平衡块trip 绊倒ascend 上升jam 夹塞descend 下降kink 扭结friction element 摩擦元件jackhammer 气锤shoulder harness 肩上吊带trigger 板机lifeline 救生绳depress 按下,压下fit wearer snugly 适合穿戴人不紧不松hold …in place 定位have no excess slack 没有松散余量barrel 枪筒,圆筒drill pipe snubbing line 勒住钻杆的绳子air drill 气动钻孔机air grinder 气动砂轮机scaling tools 除锈工具hoist line 起升钢丝绳Don't hand carry tools up or down the ladder上下井架时不要手拿工具conbination slip-joint pliers 钢丝钳(鲤鱼钳)round the nut or bolt head 在螺帽螺栓上打滑三相插头插座确定扳手是否夹紧（螺帽螺栓)shank of the screwdriver 螺丝刀柄blade or bit of the screwdriver 螺丝刀刀口,刀尖air wrench 气动扳手handline 手绳water table at the crown 天车台derrick members 井架构件safety latch 安全弹簧锁销steps and guardrails 台阶和栏杆positive latch 保险弹簧锁销ground anchors(deadmen)wire sling 钢丝绳绳套hook latch 大钩锁销expanding anchors 膨胀式锚定物elevator links 吊卡的吊环screw-in anchors 旋入式锚定物clamp fastener 绳卡固定件external load guys 外加负荷绷绳hoisting line under load 承载起升绳sling 绳套latch or chain down the drum braketurnback roller 反转滚轮dead end 死绳pull lift(come-along)绷绳张紧器retainer 固定器clamps 绳卡sand line 捞砂钢丝绳level-spooling device 排绳器winch line 绞盘钢丝绳slack loops 松散绳形成的绳圈locknuts 锁紧螺母entangle 缠入hydraulic jack 液压千斤顶nicks and bruises 割口和伤痕cradle 支架worn slip 磨损卡瓦level a mast 找平井架misfitting slip 不合尺寸的卡瓦solid footing 整体基脚project 凸出load jack 带负荷的千斤顶flip the slips out of the rotarysupport beam 支撑梁把卡瓦带出转盘line up masts 找正井架neck down the drill pipe 造成钻杆缩径pull lift hoists 紧绳器钢丝绳facilitate 使便利at one's operating station 在某人操作位置physical exertion 体力消耗render the brake inoperative 使刹车失灵anchor posts 固定柱brake flanges 刹车法兰snub the breakup and makeup tongs withbrake bands 刹带brake linings 刹带片arc of the handles 大钳柄转动圆弧rotary shafts 转盘轴backup jaws 固定钳头rotary gears and chain drivesbackup torgue 反力矩seize wireline ends 捆住钢丝绳头top outer surface 顶面wicker 钢丝散开kelly slide 方钻杆滑板spliced eyes 铰接环套spin-up tongs 旋扣大钳air-powered kelly spinnermanila rope 棕绳fasten the elevator latch 将吊卡扣牢tong lever 大钳柄swinging 摆动dent or bruise the pin and box shoulderssnubbing line 拉绳,挡绳,限位绳Crown-O-Matic 天车防碰装置roller guards 滚轮护罩nip-point guards 带有轮槽格的护罩spinning line guideposts 猫头链引导滚杆公母扣台肩面碰撞后造成凹痕和伤迹swivel-connector grip(snake) 旋转连接器safety lines 用安全绳限制卸扣,上扣大钳转盘传动装置和链传动装置be jarred out of the position 因振动而移位tail end of spinning chains 猫头链链尾气动方钻杆旋扣器chains and snatch blocks 倒链和开口滑轮埋在地里的绷绳桩line spooler or stabilizer 排绳器锁住或套牢滚筒刹车bumper blocks 吸振块disengage摘离(离合器)drill collar safety clamps 钻铤安全卡子multi-engine compound 多车并车系统slip free 打滑positive-lockout means 绝对保险的锁紧工具elevator hinge pin 吊卡铰链销inadvertently不经意地,无意地link arm 吊卡臂exposed rotating parts 裸露在外的转动部件balancing strap 平衡带radiator 散热器elevator door or opening 吊卡开口cooling fans 冷却风扇latch the elecator 扣牢吊卡belt drives皮带传动系统pickup elevator with a cable slingflexible couplings 扰性联轴节shield护罩divider 滚筒绳绕分隔器automatic shutdown controls drag or grab 拖拉或摩擦signalman 信号员exhaust manifolds and pipinga length of pipe 单根water-spray arrangement 喷水系统catline hook 猫头绳绳钩combustible gas 易燃气体a flat wireline sling 平绳套mufflers 消音器single-joint elevator 单连接的吊卡transient gases from the wellair hoist (tugger)气动绞车pull capacity 起升绳拉力power train 动力系统air winch 气动绞车three-engine compound 三车并车系统multistrand roller chain 多排滚子链tag lines for controlling loadsV-belts 三角皮带roller-link chain 多排滚子链socket, splice and seize the wire ropesubstitute 替代品cotter pins 开口销rigging, fittings and fasteningsclutch 离合器plugged bit 堵塞了的钻头eye splices 铰接部分relief valves 减压阀rope thimble 套环given-size liner 给定尺寸的缸套clip nuts 绳卡螺母automatic-reset relief valveswedge-socket fastenings 楔形绳头套环defective slings 有缺陷的绳套momentary pressur surges 瞬间压力波动spreaders, pads 棱边隔板或隔垫shear relief valves 剪切减压阀sharp, unyielding surfacess 尖利,坚硬表面relief bybass line 旁通减压管线sharp bends or knots 明显的弯曲或打结missile 导弹splice area 铰接部分deactivat 断开启动choke 挤压puller 拉拔器hook-on man 起重工to result in downtime 造成停泵,停钻resilient 弹性的external power source 外部动力源walkways 过道，走道hand crank 手动盘车handrail 扶手遵循公认的索具程序air winch line pulls 气动绞车起升绳拉力控制起升重物的拉绳套接,铰接和捆绑钢丝绳索具,附件和固定件自动调节减压阀follow accepted procedures for rigginga piston in dry liner 活塞在无泥浆的缸套里带绳套的轻型起升吊卡自动停车控制系统排气管汇及管线endless sling 两端都有绳套的绳子从井里瞬时逸出的天然气furnish供给gland-packing nuts盘根盖螺母mud-conditioning equipmenthydrogen sulfide accumulation泥浆处理设备硫化氢聚积paddle mixer 桨式泥浆搅拌器concentration 浓度mix caustic soda 搅拌苛性钠spreader bar 撑杆trample 踩踏casing hanger 套管挂makeshift wiring 凑合使用的电线annular preventer 万能防喷器lead-in cables 引入的电缆threatened well kick 可能来临的井涌reflectors or shields 反光灯或灯罩drilling break 钻进突然变快glare 闪耀,耀眼extraneous fluid外来的液体hindrance 防碍under simulated well kick conditionsilluminate 照明floodlight 泛光灯cylindrical vessel 圆柱形容器globe-type glass 球形玻璃灯罩perforating 射孔lamp fixtures 灯接具fractureing 压裂snub chains 安全绳acidizing 酸化hand lamp 手灯planning session 计划会议explosion-proof 防爆的cellar 圆井口vapour proof 防蒸汽的put the rules into effect 条规实施power plant 动力设备compatible with 与…兼容electrical storms 电暴amperage 安培reverse tool 导向(反向)工具electrical apparatus subject to arcingever-present danger 随时存在的危险predetermined safe areas 预定的安全区magnetic contactors 磁性接触器straddle 跨骑alignment 排列respiratory paralysis 呼吸麻痹Do not take chances 不要存有侥幸心理unconsciousness 无知觉keep transformer banks fencedsulfur dioxide 二氧化硫itch 发痒in the vicinity 在附近tingle 心紧灼热tag switches 电闸刀断开挂牌symptom 症状junction boxes 接线盒disperse 分散gin poles 电线杆windsocks and streamers 风标和飘旗switch boxes 开关盒bug blower 鼓风机fuse plugs 保险丝插条individual peculiarities of the wearercircuit breakers 断路器brass key sockets 黄铜键插座denture 假牙uninsulated pull-chain socketsfacial contour 面部轮廓perforated eardrums 穿孔的耳膜undergo 遭受hypertension 高度紧张give artificial resuscitation immediatelya buddy system 伙伴关照系统quick-release protector for male threadsaccount for 说明(去处)未绝缘的拉链式插座go to the designated area 到指定的地方去立即进行人工急救在模拟的井涌条件下electrical-plug receptacles 电插座易产生火花的电器变压器周围用栏杆拦住穿戴的人的个人特征Do not panic 不要惊慌stay clear of derrick floor 远离钻台person in distress 遇险的人smother 窒息,闷灭evacuate 撤离fog nozzles 喷嘴halogenated compounds 卤化物signify 用信号表示aqueous foam 水泡沫designated briefing arealiquid synthetic detergent 液体合成洗涤剂conspicuous 显著的cannot be overemphasizedphysicians 医生helicopter 直升飞机ambulance service 救护车服务familiarize oneself with…使自己熟悉…reassure the victim 打消受害者的疑虑summon 召集,召唤identification 辨认immobilize 固定excelsior 细刨花litter 担架quench 熄灭first-aid kit 急救包extinguish 熄灭assortment 各式各样的thinner 稀释剂sterile 消毒的combustion-inhibiting agents 抑燃剂stretcher 担架combustible metals 易燃金属splints 夹板magnesium 镁shock 休克titanium 钛blood vessel 血管zirconium 锆artery 动脉lithium 锂traumatic shock 创伤休克prominently 显著地insulin shock 惊厥,胰岛素休克heedlessly 无意地clammy 湿粘的,滑腻的static eletricity 静电perceptible 可觉察的toxic vapor 毒气carotid artery 颈动脉naphthalike fluids 粗挥油液体femoral artery 股动脉heater 热发生器groin 腹股沟pastures 牧场hemorrhage 出血butane 丁烷thrash about 在床上翻来翻去,propane 丙烷retch from nausea 头晕呕吐spray painting 喷漆fireguard 护火栏杆sunken 下沉air clutches 气动离合器pupil dilated 瞳孔扩大air starters 气动启动器scalds 烫伤alcohol 酒精lye 碱液varnish 清漆mottle 斑点blister 水泡curtail 减少,控制patch 斑块dike 筑防火堤gauze 纱布gain headway 继续前进,蔓延cold pack 冰袋指定的接受指令的地方无论如何强调都不过分fire-suppression equipment 灭火设备radius of effective protection 有效灭火半径apathetic and unresponsive 无感觉和无反应stake down the flare lines 火炬管线应朝下固定快速松开的公扣护丝be overcome by toxic gas 由于毒气而倒下radio-contact procedures 无线电联系程序foam 泡沫rubber gauntlet gloves橡胶长手套granular or flake 颗粒或片cramps 痉挛,抽筋inhalation of fumes 肺吸入有毒烟雾frostbite 冻伤collapse 摺叠superficial表面的moisture 湿气thaw a frozen part 解冻vinegar 醋exertion 努力,体力消耗neutralize 中和,稀释venom蛇毒液deluge shower 清水淋浴bloodstream 血流life ring 救生圈extremity 手脚profuse sweating 大汗淋漓make incision 切一道口子dizziness 头昏眼花fang mark 蛇毒牙印heat stroke 中暑antivenin 抗蛇毒血清labored breathing 呼吸困难pallor (脸上)苍白stimulants 刺激物,兴奋剂prostration虚脱,衰竭hypothermia 体温过低acute indigestion 急性肠炎abdomen 肚,腹prop up支撑cardiopulmonary resuscitationcompound fracture 有创骨折心脏复苏bone snap骨头折断puncture 刺破bone grating against each otherdeformity 变形spine 脊骨tenderness 疼痛feel a tingling sensation 感觉刺痛jackknife the person into a passenger carmedical facility 医疗设施,机构Unit One steel alloy 合金钢Lesson Two nickel镍The Bit molybdenum 钼interfer with 干涉;阻碍;干扰chromium 铬button 球齿silicon 硅diamond 金刚石齿cobalt钴compact 硬质合金齿carburizing 渗碳longevity 寿命quenching 淬火a full-gauge hole 足尺寸井眼immerse 淹没temper 回火get stuck 卡钻on-center 不偏心;不移轴sidewalk 人行道off-center 偏心,移轴sharpen 削尖straight-on 直接encounter 遇到punch 冲孔be made up of 由…组成fracture 破碎compromise 折中;中和cone offset 牙轮移轴guesswork 猜测interfit 配合;啮合wildcat well 初探井adjacent 邻近的fly completely blind 盲目地乱闯tip-to-tip 齿尖对齿尖骨头相互摩擦的响声使人卷缩在客车里an undergauge hole 欠尺寸的井眼oil and gas reservoirs 油气层journal angle 轴颈角度hydrocarbons烃;碳氢化合物pin angle 轴承轴角度a luxury automobile 豪华汽车shatter打碎time-consuming 费时的soft dirts软盖层intermesh with 啮合shank钻头柄gain acceptance 得到承认culprit犯人;问题所在milled-tooth bits铣齿钻头hydraulics 水力forge 铸造virgin formation 新岩层binder 粘合剂kick 井涌blend 混合blow out 井喷withstand承受reactive 活拨性的nonreactive 惰性的比…有优势barite 重晶石drawback 缺点fuel economy 燃油节约have to do with 与…有关系brittle 脆性的surfactant 表面活化剂pliable 易弯的;挠性的watercourses 水眼;水道bounce 跳钻hole -cleaning 井眼清洁leg of the bit 钻头巴掌velocity 速度jet nozzles 喷嘴self-sharpening wear 自行锋利磨损interchangeable 可互换的elongated 延长的center jet 中央喷嘴gauge rounding 背锥面变圆side jet 侧面喷嘴advent 出现;到来spall 剥落outwear 比…耐磨flake off 脱落precision 精确ball bearigns 滚珠轴承optical industry 光学工业roller bearings 滚柱轴承surgical instrument 手术用器件journal bearings 轴颈轴承rarity 稀有程度bearing pin 轴承轴synthesize 合成galling 擦伤;磨损graphite 石墨nonsealed bearings 非密封轴承sealed bearings 密封轴承shirttail of the bit 钻头的掌尖thermally stable polycrystilline (TSP)pressure compensator 压力补偿器scratch 刮削diaphragm 隔膜modulus of elasticity 弹性系数,模量bit evaluation 钻头分级评定deform 变形聚晶金刚石复合片elastomer 人造橡胶,弹性材料热稳定聚晶金刚石碳化钨镶齿钻头have some advantage over…transmit impact shock to 把冲击力传给bradding 牙轮钻头齿撞碎或弯卷heat checking 过热使钻头切削齿龟裂polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC)半球形镶嵌齿bit gauge 钻头保径齿;井壁切削齿gauge areas 井壁切削齿区域gauge cutters=gauge row=heel rowtungsten carbide insert bits 保径齿;井壁切削齿排chisel-shaped insert bits 凿子形镶嵌齿cone-shaped insert bits 锥形镶嵌齿hemispherical cylinder insert bitscone skiding 牙轮拖刮foam cushion泡沫垫thermal conductivity 传热性jam 夹挤aluminum铝break-in 钻头磨合;试钻igneous(molten) rock 火成岩cone interference 牙轮相互干扰vocanoes 火山岩cone erosion 牙轮腐蚀lava熔岩;火山岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩cracked cone 破裂的牙轮Brazil 巴西ledge 地层的台肩Venezuela 委内瑞拉migrate 转移gem quality 宝石质量的off-center wear 偏磨transparent 透明的cone offset 牙轮移轴opaque不透明的stiff drilling assembly 刚直的钻具组合cube-shaped 立方体形的flex 弯曲octahedral 八面体的center coring 钻头中心被掏空dodecahedral 十二面体的tracking problem 钻头齿迹问题monocrystalline 单晶体slam 猛力顿钻shank 钻头柄flank 侧面chipped cutters 被击碎的切削齿matrix 胎体insert loss 镶嵌齿脱落profile外形;轮廓gritty 粗沙的single-cone profile 单锥体外形frustration 挫折;烦脑double-cone profile 双锥体外形junk sub 打捞工具parabolic profile 抛物线外形flat-crested wear 磨平;平顶磨损concave profile 凹顶外形directional holes 定向井gauge protection保径面horizontal holes 水平井grid plot 栅格图案circle plot 圆周图案ridge plot 脊背图案bit whirl 钻头偏心回转carat 克拉spiraling action 螺旋形动作flush 冲洗,淹没;与…齐平radial flow 径向流;辐向流pound 砸击overgauge hole 超过尺寸的井shatter 粉碎delaminate 脱层crow's foot 爪形PDC layer PDC 焊层radiate out 向外辐射chunk 大块catalyst metal 催化金属clog 堵塞polycrystalline wafer 聚晶片jet deflection bits 喷射造斜钻头lathe 车床pockets 孔窝eccentric bits 偏心钻头stringer 夹层tight hole problem 卡钻问题splinter 碎片core bit 取芯钻头collector 次流道;低压流道antiwhirl bits 修正偏心回转的钻头grit-sized natural diamonds沙粒大小的天然金刚石prolong the life of the bit 延长钻头寿命innermost cutters 最里面的切削齿cross-pad flow 金刚石镶嵌瓣形流feeder 主流道;高压流道pinched bit 挤压变形后向心收缩的钻头sandblast paint off a wall 喷沙除漆unfeasible 不可实行的;不可行的downhole motor 井底马达sidetracking bit 侧钻钻头turbodrill 涡轮钻permanently 永久地deflect the hole 井眼造斜electrical impulses 电脉冲bent sub 弯接头sound waves 声波stud cutter 支柱切削齿gamma rays 伽玛射线cylinder cutter 长柱切削齿neotron rays 中子射线rake angle 倾角compressive strength 抗压(缩)强度back rake angle 后倾角elasticity 弹力;弹性perpendicular 垂直的plasticity 可塑性aggressiveness 攻击性porosity 多孔性chatter 振动pore pressure 孔隙压力vibration 振动overburden pressure 盖层压力distirbute 分布,分配overlying formations 盖层side rake angle 侧倾角stickness 粘附力optimum 最佳plowing 挖掘porcupine bits 箭猪毛式钻头shearing 剪切critical 危急的;严重的plowed furrow 犁沟crucial 重要的grind the rock 磨碾岩石disintergating 散落millstone 磨石junk slots 岩屑槽slice 切片leach out 沥除;滤去hybrid bits 混合钻头quartzites 石英岩drag and twist 刮削与搓捻limestone 石灰岩dolomite 白云岩turbine 涡轮granite 花冈岩bit classification 钻头分类fortify 加强evaluate 评定;评价hemispherical 半球的project 凸出dull bit classification 钻头磨损分级versatile 多面手的ring gauge 环规round to 四舍五入shovel 铁铲;铲hostile 险恶的;敌对的running time 使用时间foolproof 极坚固的positive displacement toolspointers 注意事项increment 增加;增量Unit One undertorque 扭矩过小Lesson Fourring gear 齿圈pinion gear 小齿轮beveled teeth 锥形齿轮齿oil patch 油田single skid 单个橇板flourish兴旺;繁荣fluid coupling 液力离合器abrasive cherts 刮磨性硅石石灰岩非均质地层break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析螺杆钻具;容积式钻具diamond-impregnated pad or stud孕镶金刚石瓣或支柱grade dull bits 磨损后钻头的分级heterogeneous formationsRotary, Kelly, Swivel, Tongs, and Top Drivepunch a hole 冲孔;打孔reinforced steel shell 加强钢壳drawback 缺点lock assembly 锁紧总成chip of rock 岩屑oil bath reservoir 油浴池bail the cuttings 打捞岩屑cave-ins 坍塌top drive 顶驱shim 垫片kelly cock 方钻杆考克lower bearing race 轴承下轨ball spacer 弹架kelly bushing 方补心master bushing 方瓦rotary table assembly 转盘总成locking bolt 锁紧闩interface with 与…配合drill stem 钻柱neoprene 二烯橡胶convey 传送exploded view 切面图blended liquid 混合液体sprocket hub 链轮轮毂hex head capscrew 六方头螺丝capsule 轴承套bearing's inner race 轴承内轨locking device 锁紧装置eliminate 去除;取消lock pin 锁销rectangular steel box 矩形钢箱counterclockwise 反时针turnable 转台;转盘latch 锁drive-shaft assembly 驱动轴总成lock lever 锁杆drawworks sprocket 绞车链轮detachable 可拆卸的drive-shafte sprocket 驱动轴链轮troubleshooting 寻找故障driller's console 司钻控制台in advance 提前clockwise 顺时针revolution 转slips(wedges)卡瓦(楔块)rotary chain tension 链条拉紧度vice 台钳sprocket alignment 链轮同心backup tongs 背钳lower chain taut 下链拉紧overtorque 扭矩过大drain plug 卸油丝堵chain guard 链条罩grease fittings 黄油嘴relief fittings 溢油孔foreign matter 脏物oil gauge(dipstick) 机油液位仪(油尺)twofold 两成的;两个方面的转盘外缘槽口swivel coupling 水龙头接箍,联轴节scrape and gouge away the formation刮削和凿削岩层dominate the drilling 在钻井领域占主导topmost drill pipe joint 最上面一根钻杆kelly saver sub 方钻杆保护接头notches on the rim of the tableuppermost stand of drill pipe最上面一根立根with no added downtime不增加停钻时间shoot out of nozzles on the bitsprocket-end cover plate 链轮端盖板从钻头喷嘴激射出来motorized swivel 带马达的水龙头force-fed lubricating systemease off the drawworks brake强制给油润滑系统松开绞车刹车spin out a pipe connection 旋开接头lower strand of the rotary drive chainbreakout tongs 卸扣大钳驱动链条下链downward(axial) force向下(轴向;纵向)力sideways(transverse)force侧向力(横向力)tapered surface 锥面button-shaped dies 钮扣形牙板four-pin drive 四个驱动销驱动cotter key 开口键销square drive 方形块驱动hinge pin 铰链销drive pin 驱动销hinged segments 铰链卡瓦块drive hole 驱动销孔slip ribs 卡瓦脊corners of the slips 卡瓦角square base 方形块座pipe deformation 钻杆变形square receptacle 方插孔straightedge 直尺tapered bowl 锥形内圈retaining ring 固定环split-construction type 分体式(方瓦)pneumatic slips 气动卡瓦solid-construction type 整体式(方瓦)hydraulic slips 液力卡瓦insert bowls 插入式内圈spring-actuated slips 弹簧卡瓦lifting hooks 提钩inserts 牙板upset 加厚extra-long rotary slips 超长钻杆卡瓦ram shaft 闸板轴lifting slings 吊装绳具blind nut 密封螺母deform 变形shaft washer 轴垫片grippping area 夹紧面friction ring 滑动环worn taper 锥面磨损shaft spacer 轴间隔环ram body 闸板体ram rubber 闸板胶芯roller assembly 滚轮总成shaft packing 轴盘根roller pin 滚轮轴junk ring-female 盘根母压盖square piece 方形块retaining plate 固定板square recess 方插槽hex kelly 六方钻杆seat o-ring O-形环座lock pocket 锁紧装置套seat with seal 密封座lock recess 锁槽stem 阀杆stem o-ring 阀杆O-形环spill out 溅出roller journals 滚轮轴颈pivot 旋转sleeve bearing 套筒轴承cast steel 铸钢roller bearing 滚轮轴承swivel stem 水龙头中心管thrust washer 止推垫片radial roller bearing 上扶正轴承flat roller 平面滚子thrust roller bearing 主承载轴承v-roller V -形滚子packing housing 盘根盒hold-down bolt 防止上移螺钉oil seal retainer 油封套hose safety chain luglead tongs 上大钳;外大钳back up the pipe 固定钻杆casing tongs 套管大钳upper oil seal 上油封tubing tongs 油管大钳upper wear sleeve 上耐磨套jaws 钳口bail pin 提环销snug grip 紧夹持pin-drive master bushing 驱动销方瓦hinged-construction type 铰链式(方瓦)dome-shaped metal housing圆顶式金属壳体housing cap 支架wrench(方钻杆考克)套筒(内六角)扳手split-or solid-body bushing分体或整体式方补心水龙带安全链耳immerse 沉侵;淹没brittle 脆性的indispensable 不可缺少的serrated steel 锯齿钢washpipe packing 冲管盘根cartridge assembly盘根总成duplicate 复制torque gauge 扭矩表bail throat 提环弯fasteners 固定部件release 松开frayed 磨损了的snup ring 开口环ragged 破碎的top adapter ring 上配套环guide line 导绳ring nut 圆顶螺母elevator 吊卡manual wrenches 手动大钳ream 划眼power wrenches 动力钳IBOP 内防喷器spinning chain 旋扣链kelly spinner 方钻杆旋扣器spinning wrench 旋扣钳torque wrench 扭矩钳break apart 断开;分开crank assembly 曲柄总成makeup cathead 上扣猫头roller assembly 滚子总成maneuver 操纵throw the chain 甩链guide rails 扭矩管buck up 上紧dolly assembly 滑车总成wrist 手腕extended air intake 延伸进气管spin up the pipe 旋紧钻杆intergrated block 整体游车cooling duct 冷却管clamping arm 夹紧臂motor guard 马达罩drive motor 驱动马达rotating head 旋转头pressure rollers 压力滚子solid body elevator 整体吊卡drive rollers 驱动滚子lower BOP 下内防喷器throttle control 调节控制器upper BOP 上内防喷器safety lock 安全锁counterbalance system 配重平衡系统air cylinder 气缸clamping control 夹紧控制器hanger 吊杆sheaves 滑轮counterbalance 配重块,平衡物cooling blower 冷却风扇mail pouchers 邮袋links 卡环brand 给…标牌torque tube dolly 扭矩管滑车auger men 螺旋人torque reaction arm 反扭矩臂chain breaker 旋转钻井司钻clutch stomper 踏离合器的人twister 扭转的人jert line 松扣急拉绳(猫头绳)breather with oil-level dipstick带油尺呼吸器lead jaws 外钳口;上扣钳口BOP actuator arm 内防喷器动作臂BOPactuator shell 内防喷器启动器壳体pipe handler 钻杆处理器;机械手snubbing line(safety line) 尾绳;安全绳backup jaws 背钳口;固定钳口self-contained cartridge 自闭式盘根套BOP actuator cylinder内防喷器动作缸扭矩管支撑架bottom torque reaction beam底部反扭矩梁planetary drive train 星形齿轮驱动箱electrical & fluids service loops电缆线和液压管线torque tube support bracket。

Practice Test #1 Sentence Correction (171-258)170. (32496-!-item-!-188;#058&006571)Margaret Mead, the best-known anthropologist of the twentieth century, helped shape public opinion on fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, along with the relative merits of competition and cooperation.A. shape public opinion on fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, along withB. shape public opinion in such fundamentally important areas as attitudes toward children and families andC. to shape public opinion about such fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, also aboutD. the shaping of public opinion for fundamentally important areas such as attitudes toward children and families, and those towardE. the shaping of public opinion around fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, and those of171. (27299-!-item-!-188;#058&002324)One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill but in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.A. between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill butB. between our intelligence with that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill but insteadC. between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill asD. our intelligence has from that of other primates may lie not in any specific skill asE. of our intelligence to that of other primates may lay not in any specific skill but172. (32542-!-item-!-188;#058&006577)Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.A. in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically beingB. in England life insurance had remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically wereC. until the end of the seventeenth century life insurance in England had remained a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typicallyD. life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typicallyE. life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century in England a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically were173. (32450-!-item-!-188;#058&006490)The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.A. that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expandingB. that the universe had begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and had been expandingC. that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that has expandedD. the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that is expandingE. the universe to have begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding174. (28920-!-item-!-188;#058&003515)Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.A. so gradual as to be indistinguishableB. so gradual so that they can be indistinguishableC. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguishedD. gradual enough not to be distinguishableE. gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them175. (27069-!-item-!-188;#058&002220)Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than in conventional reservoirs.A. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale thanB. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than areC. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale as areD. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale asE. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale than176. (25765-!-item-!-188;#058&001724)For at least two decades or more previous to when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he was the most admired painter in Italy.A. For at least two decades or more previous to when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he wasB. For at least two decades before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he had beenC. For at least two decades or more before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo's dying in 1770, he had beenD. When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, for at least two decades previously he wasE. When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, having been for at least two decades before that177. (24315-!-item-!-188;#058&000969)In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicingA. exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression canbe passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicingB. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitating and practicingC. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practiceD. exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practiceE. exhibit the kind of curiosity where new patterns of behavior and expression are passed on to others by imitation and practice178. (31376-!-item-!-188;#058&005785)Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.A. requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protectB. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protectingC. that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protectD. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protectingE. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting179. (25535-!-item-!-188;#058&001589)Unlike George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, both of whom running as independent candidates, H. Ross Perot's independent run for the presidency in 1992 arose not from an unsuccessful effort to gain a major party nomination but from a desire to establish a viable third party in American politics.A. George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, both of whom running as independent candidates,B. George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, each of whom ran as independent candidates,C. George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, both of which ran as an independent candidate,D. the independent candidates, George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980,E. the independent candidacies of George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980,180. (26977-!-item-!-188;#058&002184)Noting that the Federal Reserve had raised a key short-term interest rate again last month, analysts said that they expected orders for durable goods to decline soon because rising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on creditA. rising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on creditB. rising interest rates make buying on credit more expensiveC. a rise in interest rates make it more expensive to buy on creditD. a rise in interest rates make buying on credit more expensiveE. a rise in interest rates makes it more expensive for them to be bought on credit181. (27438-!-item-!-188;#058&002362)The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year.A. doubling the increase ofB. doubling that of the increase inC. double as much as the increase ofD. twice as many as the increase inE. twice as many as the increase of182. (32026-!-item-!-188;#058&006326)The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign—using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food.A. using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convincedB. using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—that has convincedC. by using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincingD. by the use of Web sites, public meetings, as well as mass mailings—that convincedE. which used Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincing183. (27576-!-item-!-188;#058&002504)Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies' common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to conserve cash, to set dividends more conservatively than they wereA. to set dividends more conservatively than they wereB. to set dividends more conservatively than they have beenC. to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividendsD. that they will be more conservative than they were in setting dividendsE. that they will be more conservative than they have been to set dividends184. (28966-!-item-!-188;#058&003703) (GWD-24-Q39)Japan's abundant rainfall and the typically mild temperatures throughout most of the country have produced a lush vegetation cover and, despite the mountainous terrain and generally poor soils, it has made possible the raising of a variety of crops.A. it has made possible the raising ofB. has made it possible for them to raiseC. have made it possible to raiseD. have made it possible for raisingE. thus making it possible for them to raise185. (27714-!-item-!-188;#058&002536)Because the budget package in Congress promises a combination of higher taxes and reduced spending that may slow economic growth, many in the credit markets wonder whether the Federal Reserve will compensate and help the economy by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even if they push them lower.A. by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even if they pushB. by its keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even by their pushingC. by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even by pushingD. through their keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even pushE. through their keeping interest rates low, or perhaps it will even push186. (31792-!-item-!-188;#058&006164)Laos has a land area about the same as Great Britain but only 4 million in population, where many are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.A. about the same as Great Britain but only 4 million in population, where manyB. of about the same size as Great Britain is, but in Laos there is a population of only4 million, and manyC. that is about the same size as Great Britain's land area, but in Laos with a population of only 4 million people, many of themD. comparable to the size of Great Britain, but only 4 million in population, and manyE. comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only 4 million people, many of whom187. (27622-!-item-!-188;#058&002521)United States Senator Daniel Inouye was appointed to several posts within the Democratic party during his first term, that included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.A. that includedB. which includesC. includingD. some of which wereE. among them being188. (26379-!-item-!-188;#058&001961)Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.A. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, areB. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and areC. Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and areD. Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,E. Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,189. (25949-!-item-!-188;#058&001761)She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York compared to her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admirers, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States.A. She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York compared toB. Being less successful after she had emigrated to New York as compared toC. Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been inD. Although she was less successful after emigrating to New York when compared toE. She had been less successful after emigrating to New York than in190. (26333-!-item-!-188;#058&001956)The thirteen original British colonies in North America, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the rights of the colonists.A. some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charterB. some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all of which had written chartersC. some that formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, all had written chartersD. with some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all had a written charterE. with some formed as commercial ventures, while others as religious havens, each had a written charter191. (32312-!-item-!-188;#058&006469)The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their not paying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market.A. of their not paying back their loans on time,B. of not paying back their loans on time, a groupC. of not paying back their loans on time, with such a groupD. that they do not pay back their loans on time,E. that they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group192. (27115-!-item-!-188;#058&002238)In 1988, the Council on Economic Priorities began publishing Shopping for a Better World, with the simple thesis of consumers having the power to change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy.A. with the simple thesis of consumers havingB. which had the simple thesis of consumers havingC. where the thesis was simple: consumers havingD. with a thesis that is a simple one: consumers haveE. whose thesis was simple: consumers have193. (27023-!-item-!-188;#058&002210)New equipment and other improvements reduced the amount of time—from eleven hours in 1982 to six in 1988—needed by workers so that they could produce a ton of steel.A. needed by workers so that they could produceB. needed when workers are producingC. workers need in producingD. workers needed to produceE. workers need for their producing of194. (28686-!-item-!-188;#058&003293)Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and used again.A. because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and usedB. the comparative smoothness of the yellow jacket’s stinger allows them to pull it out and then can therefore use itC. the yellow jacket’s stinger is co mparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and usedD. in comparison, the yellow jacket’s stinger is smooth, and thus able to be pulled out and usedE. in comparison, the yellow jacket has a smooth stinger, thus allowing it to be pulled out and used195. (29764-!-item-!-188;#058&004338) (GWD-7-Q13)Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the sandpipers vanishing in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices.A. the sandpipers vanishing in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes inB. the bird itself is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes inC. that the birds themselves are vanishing in the northeastern United States is due to residential and industrial development and changes toD. in the northeastern United States, sandpipers’ vanishing is due to residential and industrial development and to changes inE. in the northeastern United States, the sandpipers’ vanishing, a result of residential and industrial development and changing196. (33104-!-item-!-188;#058&007132) (T-9-Q26)There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used method has been the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laid in the wall in mud mortar.A. the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laidB. forming the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay themC. having bricks formed from mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they were laidD. to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay themE. that bricks were formed from mud or clay, which, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, were laid197. (31514-!-item-!-188;#058&005971) (GWD-8-Q20)Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.A. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it alsoB. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast), which gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but alsoC. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States, creating farmland (especially in the Northeast) and giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but alsoD. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it alsoE. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States not only created farmland(especially in the Northeast), giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it198. (28594-!-item-!-188;#058&003161) (GWD-1-Q23)Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees, but such work has not addressed either logging, which is the removal of only selected trees, as well as surface fires, burning down individual trees but do not denude the forest.A. which is the removal of only selected trees, as well as surface fires, burningB. which removes only selected trees, or surface fires that burnC. which removes only selected trees, along with surface fires that burnD. removing only selected trees, or surface fires, burningE. removing only selected trees, as well as surface fires that burn199. (27253-!-item-!-188;#058&002304) (GWD5-Q4)The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with an ichana (dream) experience.A. contact with it directly withB. direct contact with it by way ofC. contact with the last directly throughD. direct contact with the latter by means ofE. contact directly with the mystical level due to200. (28268-!-item-!-188;#058&002937) (T-3-Q14)A scrub jay can remember when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place, researchers have discovered, and tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat if stored long enough to have rotted.A. tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat ifB. they tend not to bother recovering a perishable treatC. tending not to bother to recover a perishable treat itD. tends not to bother recovering a perishable treatE. tends not bothering to recover a perishable treat it201. (25167-!-item-!-188;#058&001486) (GWD30-Q4)The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights and environmental protection, have consistently received labor's unqualifying support.A. have consistently received labor's unqualifying supportB. are consistently receiving the unqualifying support of laborC. have consistently received the unqualified support of laborD. receive consistent and unqualified support by laborE. are receiving consistent and unqualified support by labor202. (31980-!-item-!-188;#058&006267) (GWD-27-Q7)Providing initial evidence that airports are a larger source of pollution than they were once believed to be, environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant emitted annually by vehicles at O’Hare International Airport is twice as much as that which is being emitted annually by allmotor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.A. as much as that which is being emitted annually by allB. as much annually as is emitted by theC. as much compared to what is annually emitted by allD. that emitted annually by allE. that emitted annually compared to the203. (25903-!-item-!-188;#058&001738) (T-4-Q29)In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.A. due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizingB. due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallizeC. because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallizeD. because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallizeE. because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing204. (33010-!-item-!-188;#058&007035) (T-9-Q16)The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.A. a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of aB. a critique of all chemistry following Robert Boyle and also his envisioning of aC. a critique of all chemistry after Robert Boyle and envisioning as wellD. critiquing all chemistry from Robert Boyle forward and also a vision ofE. critiquing all the chemistry done since Robert Boyle as well as his own envisioning of205. (29672-!-item-!-188;#058&004315) (T-9-Q15.)The commission’s office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking division.A. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they areB. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or they areC. to not only investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or areD. not only to investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or areE. not only to investigate whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when206. (24407-!-item-!-188;#058&000995) (GWD-21-Q29)While studying the genetic makeup of corn, a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.A. a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which ledB. a new class of mutant genes in corn were discovered by Barbara McClintock, leadingC. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, and it ledD. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that ledE. Barbara McClintock, who discovered a new class of mutant genes, leading207. (30188-!-item-!-188;#058&005337) (T-4-Q30)Unlike the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity.A. the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,B. the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, with sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights,C. the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which enabled them to carry sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries,D. the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights,E. the flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, whose shortness allowed them to carry sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,208. (26425-!-item-!-188;#058&001968) (GWD-11-40)Scientists who studied the famous gold field known as Serra Pelada concluded that the rich lode was not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions of years concentrated the gold from jungle soils and rivers and rocks.A. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions of yearsB. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but instead swarms of microbes over millions of years thatC. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but swarms of microbes over millions of years thatD. produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but by swarms of microbes that over millions of yearsE. produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions of years209. (29580-!-item-!-188;#058&004295) (T-3-Q7)In Scotland, the number of wild salmon have been reduced because of uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting,。