生物技术转基因食品安全的英文论文

转基因食品安全问题英语作文Genetically modified (GM) foods have been a topic of heated debate for years. Advocates argue that they can help meet the growing demand for food by increasing crop yields and reducing the need for pesticides. However, others express concern about the potential health risks and environmental impact that GM crops might pose.One of the primary concerns is the safety of GM foods for human consumption. While scientific studies have not conclusively proven that GM foods are harmful, thepossibility of long-term effects on health remains a point of contention. Some fear that the genetic modifications could introduce new allergens or toxins into the food supply.Another debate revolves around the environmental implications of GM crops. Critics argue that these crops could crossbreed with wild plants, leading to the spread of modified genes and potentially disrupting ecosystems. On the other hand, proponents point out that GM crops can be engineered to be more resistant to pests and diseases, reducing the need for chemical interventions.The economic impact of GM foods is also a significant factor. Farmers who grow GM crops may benefit from higher yields and lower production costs. However, there are concerns about the monopolization of the seed market by a few large companies, which could lead to higher prices andreduced choice for consumers.The regulatory landscape for GM foods varies greatly around the world. In some countries, stringent regulationsare in place to ensure the safety and labeling of GM products, while in others, the regulations are more relaxed. This inconsistency can lead to confusion and mistrust among consumers.In conclusion, the issue of GM food safety is complex and multifaceted. It requires a balanced approach that considers scientific evidence, public health, environmental sustainability, and economic factors. As the world'spopulation continues to grow, finding safe and sustainable ways to feed everyone is an urgent priority. The role of GM foods in this endeavor is a question that society mustcontinue to explore and address responsibly.。

转基因食品的英语作文Genetically Modified Foods。

In recent years, genetically modified foods have become a hot topic of debate. While some people argue that these foods are the solution to global hunger and food shortages, others worry about the potential health and environmental risks associated with them. In this essay, we will explore the pros and cons of genetically modified foods and consider whether they are a viable solution to the world's food problems.First and foremost, it is important to understand what genetically modified foods are. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are plants or animals that have had their genetic material altered in a way that does not occur naturally through mating or natural recombination. This is often done to make the crops more resistant to pests, diseases, or environmental conditions, or to improve their nutritional content.One of the main arguments in favor of genetically modified foods is that they have the potential to increase food production and reduce world hunger. By making crops more resistant to pests and diseases, farmers can produce higher yields and reduce the amount of land, water, and pesticides needed to grow their crops. This could be especially beneficial in developing countries, where food shortages are a major problem.Furthermore, genetically modified foods have the potential to improve the nutritional content of crops. For example, scientists have developed genetically modifiedrice that contains higher levels of vitamin A, which could help to combat vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. This could have a significant impact on public health and nutrition, particularly in areas where access to a diverse range of foods is limited.On the other hand, there are also concerns about the potential risks of genetically modified foods. Some studies have suggested that consuming genetically modified foodscould have negative effects on human health, such as allergic reactions or increased resistance to antibiotics. Additionally, there are concerns about the environmental impact of genetically modified crops, such as the potential for cross-breeding with wild plants and the loss of biodiversity.In conclusion, genetically modified foods have the potential to address some of the world's food problems, such as increasing food production and improvingnutritional content. However, there are also valid concerns about the potential risks to human health and the environment. It is important for scientists, policymakers, and the public to carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks of genetically modified foods and to ensure that they are thoroughly tested and regulated before being introduced into the food supply. Only then can we determine whether genetically modified foods are a viable solution to the world's food problems.。

转基因食品专四英语作文Genetically modified foods (GMOs), also known as genetically engineered (GE) foods, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. These changes are often made to improve a crop's resistance to pests, diseases, or environmental stresses, or to enhance its nutrient profile or shelf life. While the use of GMOs in food production has been a topic of debate and controversy, the technology has also generated significant interest and investment from the agricultural and biotechnology industries.Proponents of GMOs argue that they offer a range of potential benefits, including increased crop yields, reduced use of chemical pesticides, and enhanced nutritional content. They point to the role that GMOs could play in addressing global food security challenges by enabling farmers toproduce more food on less land with fewer inputs. GMOs also have the potential to address specific nutritional deficiencies in certain populations, such as vitamin A deficiency, through the development of biofortified crops.Critics of GMOs raise concerns about potential risks to human health and the environment. They argue thatinsufficient research has been conducted to fully understand the long-term impacts of consuming GMOs, particularly in relation to allergenicity and toxicity. There are also concerns about the potential for GMOs to cross-pollinate with wild or non-GMO crops, leading to unintended consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems. Additionally, the corporate control of GMO technology by a handful of large multinational companies has raised questions about the concentration of power and influence in the global food system.As the debate over GMOs continues, it is important to consider the perspectives of different stakeholders,including scientists, farmers, consumers, and policymakers. Both the potential benefits and risks of GMOs should be carefully evaluated in order to make informed decisions about their use in food production. This may require robust regulatory frameworks, transparent labeling practices, and ongoing research to monitor the impacts of GMOs on human health, the environment, and the broader food system.In conclusion, GMOs have the potential to offer significant benefits for food production, but they also raise important questions and concerns that need to be addressed. As technology continues to advance, it is crucial to approach the use of GMOs in a responsible and evidence-based manner, taking into account a wide range of social, environmental, and ethical considerations. By doing so, we can work towards a food system that is sustainable, equitable, and supportive of human and planetary health.。

The safety of genetically modified foodkeywords :genetically modified food; advantage; Safety; influenceAbstracts:with the genetically modified food problems become increasingly hot, more and more people begin to pay close attention to genetically modified food,but there also exists considerable controversy about genetically modified food.Genetically modified food has a lot of advantages.But, at the same time its safety is not uncertain,meanwhile it may have much bad influence and harm to human beings and ecological system.Introduction:With the rapid growth of the world's population and the decrease of cultivated land, food problem becomes a so hot potato that many countries in the world have to face. If we want to satisfy people's food supply and improve the quality of food Supply, we must rely on science and technology. Nowadays the application of transgenic technology in food production have achieved significant effects. Genetically modified foods is also quietly on people's table.As genetically modified food problems become increasingly hot, more and more people begin to pay close attention to genetically modified food, but there also exists considerable controversy about genetically modified food. More and more dissenting voices tell us that genetically modified foods exist safety problems. Numerous international scientific research institution conduct lots of investigation about genetically modified food and found that genetically modified food really brings many uncertainties for human health. Many domestic scholars also successively said: genetically modified foods exist many safety problems. There are a huge controversy.GM is not equal to progress! Even a matter of national security hides behind it. Many articles and books (such as Unrestricted Chemical and Biological Warfare) systematically expose the eureka moments of transgenic conspiracy. Even some opposition say that the supporters of GM is a hysteria of fundamentalism.First,the concept of genetically modified foodsGenetically modified food is a kind of food that by using modern molecular biological technology transfers some biological gene to other species to transform of genetic material and make it transfer to what people need in its shape, nutritional quality and consumption quality. That taking genetically modified organisms as direct food or as raw material processing production food is called "genetically modified food". That is, through a genetic engineering means,transfer kind of or several exogenous gene to certain organisms (dynamic, plants and microbes), and make it effectively express the corresponding product (peptide or protein).And such food or organism will become food or the raw material of processing production food.From the birth of the world's first transgenic crops (tobacco) in America in 1983 to transgenic tomatoes which can delay ripe and retain freshness of food having had approved to enter the American market in 1994 and gm hybrid rice which is developed by our Rice Institute in 1999 having passed experts' authentication, genetically modified foods' research and development have rapid and great development. And product breed and production is also increase exponentially. Meanwhile the problems about genetically modified foods is increasingly obvious.Now, the genetically modified crops which have approved by Chinese ministry of agriculture and can be planted are bell pepper, tomato, potato and staple foods crops including corn and rice. In the future, maybe,some crops,such as wheat, sweet potato,Millet, peanut and so on,will be approved. In addition the genetically modified food which import from abroad are soybean oil, seed oil, soybeans and so on. At present, only peanut oil is not genetically modified food. The food of McDonald's and KFC's food almost all totally is genetically modified food.The pig, ox and chicken's feed is genetically modified corn and soybean. Genetically modified soybean oil is leached by using the sixth light gasoline.Second,Genetically modified food basically has the following advantagessolve the problem of food shortage.It is through increasing crops' biological resistance to special pests, including the diseases caused by viruses, to reduce chemical pesticide's use, reduce the risk of farming failure, and improve crop yields.Reduce the pesticide's use and prevent environmental pollution.Improve crops' patience on herbicides,to make herbicides inhibit the growth of weeds, and have no influence on the growth of crops which are be expected. When crops' patience to herbicides is increased, crops can hardly need to farming in the circumstances, in order to protect the growth of soil and water and saving fuel.3. reduced production cost and lower food prices.4. increased food nutrition and increase additional value.Obtain the desirable functions and characters, such as the lower allergy-causing substance and the of toxic substances, delaying ripe, increasing the content of starch and prolong the life of shelvesand extend the fruit and vegetable products' last period.5. increase the variety of foods and improve food quality and taste.6.promote production efficiency and drive the development of relative industries.e transgenic technology producting the food which is helpful to health and resist disease.8.It can get rid of the influence of season and climate,achieve the four seasons low-cost supply, break species boundary, grow new species, and produce the food beneficial to human health.Third,Genetically modified food safety1 the direct impact to humanFor human genetically modified food itself will lead to a series of direct or potential security implications.1.1Not through long-term safety researchfrom 1993 until now it is only 18 years for genetically modified food. It changes the nature of human food and don't through long-term safety tests.No one can ensure that genetically modified food is safe. We know that many of the drugs which could be considered safe show the risk until years later.The effects of food should be more long-term.1.2 It may reduce nutritional value of food or an important component in food, so genetically modified crops for itself can evolute to farmland weeds. The main motivation of genetically modified food is meet some commodity value such as higher production quantity and better appearance.However, the change of some components in food did not arouse people's attention. For example, the United States has reported that in the soybean which have herbicide-resistant genes, anti-cancer composition such as isoflavone hormone is reduced.For the effects of inserting genes can not entirely be predicted entirely, the change that exogenous genes bring to the food's nutritional value also can't fully expected.For example,the protein component of genetically modified foods are changed,if it can be utilize effectively by people and if it can guarantee human nutrition balance and so on.A series of problems is in the face of people. At present, it is still not seen negative report about genetically modified food changing nutritional quality , but this safe hidden trouble exists.1.3. anaphylaxis of genetically modified foods.because of exogenous gene's expression in genetically modified food, food ingredients may contain new proteins. The body's immune system will produce specific immune globulin for special substance and produce allergic reaction. This problem seems particularly outstanding for high sensitive crowd. For example American pioneer seed company researchers found that the people who are allergic to Brazil Nuts produces an allergic reaction to the soybean which is transferred Brazil Nuts gene.This genetically modified soya is not permitted to commercialization.1.4 arise toxins by-products which is harmful to people.Genetically modified crops produce unforeseeable biological mutations that can increase the original toxic levels and create new toxins or byproducts. In 1999, Losey Tests found that after casting transgenic Bt maize pollen on the leaf of a plant called apocynum, butterflies eat leaf less, grow slowly,and the larvae of mortality in 4 days become 44%.While mortality of the contrast group which didn't cast Bt maize pollen is 0%.The pesticides poison of genetically modified crops can be infiltrate from the roots into around, but it was not clear that what effect it will have.1.5 It will produce antibiotic resistant bacteria, and antibiotics marker genes may make people and animals produce drug-resistant.Gene technology uses the gene which have patience to antibiotics to mark the genetically modified crop. This means that the crops brings the gene of resistanting to antibiotics. Britain's research shows that the mutant gene in genetically modified crops may enter into biological organisms. If he mutant genes across populations and transferred to the bacteria, it will lead to new diseases. If there appears a disease which is unable to treat and widespread, causing serious threat to biological, its consequence is unimaginable.1.6 It will cause acute poisoning effects to human directly.Refining and adding gene and artificially may increase and accumulate the trace toxin which have already exists in food and unforeseeable biological mutations, even improve the original toxins level, or generate new toxin. Some genes can treat an illness,but in the same time,it may also cause acute poisoning effect to certain people.For example the southern weekend on October 19, 2006 reported that a U.S. patients died in the process of accepting biological pharmaceutical clinical trials.This leads to 12 gene therapy project which is at the ongoing overall banned. Then some of the other patients also because of the new gene have cancer. American foodProduct drug administration ordered to suspend such trials.2 The influence on the ecological system (including environmental) Ecological system is a dynamic equilibrium system between all kinds of animals, plants and the environment.While genetically modified foods is the result of artificial intervention to certain species and changing its characters. Thus has also changed the position that this species is in food chains andecological system,and caused a series of unpredictable and complex changes.2.1 transgenic technology itself shortage.Although gene technology development can cut a DNA and bring different source genes into another creature. But it can not entirely accurately foresee that whether new protein traits completely accord our requirements or not after having effect.2.2 the threat on biological species diversity.Gene technology plus commercial marketing will make certain crops such as super rice which make originally monopoly supplies seed for a company and decreases varieties of the same gene to a single variety.When fungi, viruses, insect hit this plant, it would have been serious yield production, but also causes the ecological balance of change.2.3 through gene pollution and genetic drift affecting other species.Transgenic technology may make some genes into nature and cause unexpected influence. Save or recover the genetically modified creature bacteria and virus into the environment is impossible. Compare to chemical or nuclear pollution ,it is more serious, the harm is irreversible.2.4 introducing new species that do not exist in nature.Transgenic technology may make new species which does not exist in nature appear, such as super weeds, super insects and so on.In addition, it is likely to have damage to land, wild allied kind, the common content, neighbouring plants and environment.2.5 The influence of environmental protection.A material prove that genetically modified crops have resistance to herbicide.And actual durable dosage is three times higher than normal. If farmers know its resistance to herbicides, they will directly or undirectly improve herbicide use of chemical medicines.2.6 ecosystem damage.As for ecological system, genetically modified food intervent certain species and make it obtain competitive advantage in survival environment artificially. This will make timeliness of natural survival skills being damaged, cause the change of ecological balance.Conclution: genetically modified food is new technology products. Now there still exists all kinds of problem, but with the development of science and technology, all of its advantages and disadvantages will thoroughly presenting to the world. Meanwhile it will make the boundary between traditional technology and the transgenic technology become more and more vague. On the safety issues of genetically modified food, we should see the benefits for Europe and actively develope our own transgenic technology and industry. In the meanwhile,we should take it seriously to complete the strict safety evaluation and test supervision work. Only doing things in accordance with legislation which is not harmful to person and the environment strictly, then Chinese biological tecnology development will be a healthy and orderly. And our life will be become more and more rich and wonderful for the genetically modified foods which brought by biotechnology. In these premise, we are able to guarantee that genetically modified food under the consumer's mouth is safe.Genetically modified food ,in the aspect of price and performance ,have potential huge advantage and exuberant vitality. I believe after experiencing the ups and downs later ,GMF will contribute to human beings.。

有关转基因食品英文作文英文：Transgenic food has been a controversial topic for many years. Some people believe that it is a solution to the world's food shortage, while others argue that it poses a threat to human health and the environment. In my opinion, the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food production should be approached with caution.On the one hand, GMOs can increase crop yields and reduce the use of pesticides, which can benefit farmers and consumers. For example, the cultivation of Bt cotton, which is genetically modified to produce a toxin that kills bollworms, has led to a significant reduction in pesticide use in India. In addition, the use of GMOs in food production can help to address malnutrition by fortifying crops with essential vitamins and minerals.On the other hand, there are concerns about the safetyof GMOs. Some studies have suggested that they may have harmful effects on human health, such as allergies and antibiotic resistance. In addition, the use of GMOs may have unintended consequences for the environment, such as the development of superweeds that are resistant to herbicides. Furthermore, the use of GMOs may have economic and social implications, such as the concentration of power in the hands of a few multinational corporations that control the patents on GMO seeds.In conclusion, while GMOs have the potential to address some of the world's food challenges, their use should be carefully evaluated and regulated to ensure that they are safe for human health and the environment. Consumers should also have the right to know whether the food they are eating contains GMOs, so that they can make informed choices about what they eat.中文：转基因食品是一个多年来备受争议的话题。

转基因食品的利与弊英语作文英文回答：As for the pros of genetically modified (GM) foods, there are a few points to consider. First of all, GM foods can help to increase crop yields, which is essential for feeding the growing global population. For example, scientists have developed GM crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, allowing farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land. This can help to reduce food shortages and improve food security in many parts of the world.Another advantage of GM foods is that they can be engineered to have a longer shelf life, which can reduce food waste. For instance, GM tomatoes have been modified to ripen more slowly, leading to less spoilage and longer storage times. This can be particularly beneficial in developing countries where access to refrigeration and proper storage facilities is limited.Furthermore, GM foods have the potential to be more nutritious and healthier. Scientists have been able to enhance the nutritional content of certain crops, such as adding more vitamins and minerals to rice. This can be especially beneficial for populations that suffer from malnutrition and dietary deficiencies.On the other hand, there are also some drawbacks to consider when it comes to GM foods. One of the main concerns is the potential for unintended harm to the environment and human health. For example, there is a fear that GM crops could crossbreed with wild plants, leading to the spread of modified genes into natural ecosystems. Additionally, there are worries about the long-term effects of consuming GM foods, as the full impact on human healthis not yet fully understood.Another drawback is the potential for corporate control over the food supply. Many GM seeds are patented by biotechnology companies, which can lead to a monopoly on the market and limited options for farmers. This can havenegative implications for small-scale farmers who may become dependent on a single company for their seeds and agricultural inputs.In conclusion, GM foods have the potential to address some of the world's food security and nutrition challenges, but they also come with potential risks to the environment and human health, as well as concerns about corporate control. It is important to carefully weigh the pros and cons of GM foods and consider the ethical, social, and environmental implications before fully embracing this technology.中文回答：说到转基因食品的利与弊，有一些要考虑的观点。

转基因食品英语作文Genetically Modified Foods。

Genetically modified foods, also known as genetically engineered foods or biotech foods, refer to foods that have been modified through genetic engineering techniques. The genetic material of these foods has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally through mating or natural recombination. The objective of genetically modifying foods is to improve their nutritional value, increase their resistance to pests and diseases, and enhance their shelf life.The debate over genetically modified foods has been ongoing for many years. Supporters argue that genetically modified foods can help to address the world's foodsecurity challenges by increasing crop yields and reducing the use of pesticides and herbicides. They also argue that genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption and have undergone extensive testing and regulation.However, opponents of genetically modified foods argue that they pose potential health risks, including allergic reactions and the development of antibiotic resistance. They also argue that genetically modified foods can have negative environmental impacts, including the development of superweeds and the loss of biodiversity.Despite the controversy surrounding genetically modified foods, they have become increasingly prevalent in the global food supply. Many countries, including the United States, China, and Brazil, have approved the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops. In addition, many processed foods contain genetically modified ingredients, such as corn, soybeans, and canola.In conclusion, the debate over genetically modified foods is complex and ongoing. While supporters argue that they can help to address the world's food security challenges, opponents argue that they pose potential health and environmental risks. As consumers, it is important to educate ourselves about the potential benefits and risks ofgenetically modified foods and make informed decisions about what we choose to eat.。

Genetically Modified GM foods have been a topic of intense debate for many years. While some argue that they can help address global food security issues,others express concerns about the potential health and environmental risks associated with their consumption.Here is a detailed English essay on the potential harms of genetically modified foods:Title:The Perils of Genetically Modified FoodsIntroductionThe advent of genetically modified GM foods has been a significant development in the field of agriculture.These foods,which have been altered at the genetic level to enhance certain traits,have been embraced by some as a solution to feeding a growing global population.However,the potential dangers of GM foods cannot be overlooked.This essay will explore the various risks associated with GM foods,including their impact on human health,the environment,and the socioeconomic implications.Impact on Human HealthOne of the primary concerns about GM foods is their potential impact on human health. While proponents argue that GM foods are as safe as their nonGM counterparts,critics point to several potential risks.For instance,the process of genetic modification can inadvertently introduce allergens into the food supply.This could lead to allergic reactions in individuals who are unaware that they are consuming GM products. Additionally,the longterm health effects of consuming GM foods are not fully understood,as the technology is relatively new and comprehensive studies are still lacking.Environmental ConsequencesThe environmental impact of GM crops is another area of concern.GM crops are often engineered to be resistant to pests and herbicides,which can lead to a reduction in the use of these chemicals.However,this resistance can also lead to the development of superweeds and superpests that are resistant to the GM traits.This,in turn,can result in an increased use of herbicides and pesticides,which can harm nontarget species and disrupt ecosystems.Moreover,the crosspollination between GM crops and wild relatives can lead to thespread of modified genes into the wild,potentially altering the genetic makeup of native plants and affecting biodiversity.This can have unforeseen consequences for the environment and the balance of ecosystems.SocioEconomic ImplicationsThe socioeconomic implications of GM foods are also significant.The technology required to produce GM crops is often expensive,which can put smallscale farmers at a disadvantage.This can lead to a consolidation of the agricultural industry,with larger corporations controlling the production of GM seeds and crops.This concentration of power can limit the choices available to consumers and potentially drive up food prices.Furthermore,the patenting of GM seeds by corporations can create a dependency among farmers,who are then required to purchase new seeds each season rather than saving and replanting their own.This can exacerbate poverty and food insecurity in regions where smallscale farming is the norm.ConclusionWhile GM foods offer potential benefits,such as increased crop yields and resistance to pests,the potential harms cannot be ignored.The health risks,environmental impact,and socioeconomic implications of GM foods must be carefully considered and weighed against the perceived benefits.It is crucial for policymakers,scientists,and consumers to engage in a balanced and informed discussion about the role of GM foods in our food system.As we move forward,it is essential to prioritize research into the longterm effects of GM foods on human health and the environment.This will enable us to make informed decisions about the future of our food supply and ensure that it is both sustainable and safe for all.This essay provides a comprehensive overview of the potential dangers associated with genetically modified foods,highlighting the need for a cautious approach to their production and consumption.。

Genetically modified food safety issuesAbstractAs we all know,modern biotechnology has brought human numerous benefits:Through the application of biotechnology, a broad and significant increase of food production can be happily seen at global agricultural production. But when we enjoy the enormous benefits of the GM food,a new but alarming problem also came that if these food is safe enough for people?if something seriously happened,what can we do?Maybe you can find some answer in this thesis.Key Words:modern biotechnology GM food safetyContentsabstract in English (1)chapter 1 intruduction. (3)chapter 2 Status of genetically modified foods (4)Chapter 3 GM food safety issues (5)Chapter 4 Conclusion (10)Reference (9)Chapter 1 IntroductionWhat is biotechnology?Maybe not too mang people know its definition accurately.Biotechnology is a technology which can reform and make the use of the natural lives on the ingredient of them by taking advantage of the research finds in life sciences which can greatly follow the will of people.In its purest form,the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment.Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented into wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt, or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt and hops began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy bread rather than a firm, thin cracker, they were acting as fledgling biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology.Chapter 2 Status of genetically modified foods As we all know,modern biotechnology has brought human numerous benifits:Through the application of biotechnology, a broad and significant increase of food production can be happily seen at global agricultural production.Since 1983 when the first time human got transgenic tobacco, potato by using recombinant DNA technology,the plant genetic engineering technology in the world has achieved rapid development of transgenic plants for research and development,which has made a series of remarkable progress and has Successfully nurtured a number of crops with disease-resistance,insecticide resistance and even an incredible high-yield.with the help of them,we can feed another more than millions of people,According to statistics,up to now ,no less than 1.6 billion people have benefits from biotechnology.in the area,our mother country China has made tremendous contributions to the world's biotechnology.what must be mentioned is BT cotton and hybrid rice of Yuan Longping.Commercialize genetically modified crops dates from the year of 1996,including Soybeans, cotton, cereals and oilseed rape.GM crops now occupy 10% of global arable land. In 2010,81% of worldwide soybean, 64% cotton, 29% and 23% of the grain is genetically modified oilseed rape.Totally,29 countries grow GM products all over the world.the top three country with the largest area of cultivation is United States, Brazil and Argentina.The problem About the safety of GM products has been controversial.Genetically modified food will bring human and animal allergens and toxins of unknown.Chapter 3 GM food safety issuesInternational consensus has been reached on the principles regarding evaluation of the food safety of genetically modified plants. The concept of substantial equivalence has been developed as part of a safety evaluation framework, based on the idea that existing foods can serve as a basis for comparing the properties of genetically modified foods with the appropriate counterpart. Application of the concept is not a safety assessment per se, but helps to identify similarities and differences between the existing food and the new product, which are then subject to further toxicological investigation. Substantial equivalence is a starting point in the safety evaluation, rather than an endpoint of the assessment. Consensus on practical application of the principle should be further elaborated. Experiences with the safety testing of newly inserted proteins and of whole genetically modified foods are reviewed, and limitations of current test methodologies are discussed. The development and validation of new profiling methods such as DNA microarray technology, proteomics, and metabolomics for the identification and characterization of unintended effects, which may occur as a result of the genetic modification, is recommended. The assessment of the allergenicity of newly inserted proteins and of marker genes is discussed. An issue that will gain importance in the near future is that of post-marketing surveillance of the foods derived from genetically modified crops. It is concluded, among others that, that application of the principle of substantial equivalence has proven adequate, and that no alternative adequate safety assessment strategies are available.At an early stage in the introduction of recombinant-DNA technology in modern plant breeding and biotechnological food production systems, efforts began to define internationally harmonized evaluation strategies for the safety of foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Two years after the first successful transformation experiment in plants (tobacco) in 1988, the International Food Biotechnology Council (IFBC) published the first report on the issue of safety assessment of these new varieties (IFBC, 1990). The comparative approach described in this report has laid the basis for later safety evaluation strategies. Otherorganizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) have developed further guidelines for safety assessment which have obtained broad international consensus among experts on food safety evaluation.At 1993. the OECD formulated the concept of substantial equivalence as a guiding tool for the assessment of genetically modified foods, which has been further elaborated in the following years (OECD, 1993; OECD, 1996; OECD, 1998; Figure 1). The concept of substantial equivalence is part of a safety evaluation framework based on the idea that existing foods can serve as a basis for comparing the properties of a genetically modified food with the appropriate counterpart. The existing food supply is considered to be safe, as experienced by a long history of use, although it is recognized that foods may contain many anti-nutrients and toxicants which, at certain levels of consumption, may induce deleterious effects in humans and animals. Application of the concept is not a safety assessment per se, but helps to identify similarities and potential differences between the existing food and the new product, which is then subject to further toxicological investigation. Three scenarios are envisioned in which the genetically modified plant or food would be (i) substantially equivalent; (ii) substantially equivalent except for the inserted trait; or (iii) not equivalent at all. A compositional analysis of key components, including key nutrients and natural toxicants, is the basis of assessment of substantial equivalence, in addition to phenotypic and agronomic characteristics of the genetically modified plant.In the first scenario, no further specific testing is required as the product has been characterized as substantially equivalent to a traditional counterpart whose consumption is considered to be safe, for example, starch from potato. In the second scenario, substantial equivalence would apply except for the inserted trait, and so the focus of the safety testing is on this trait, for example, an insecticidal protein of genetically modified tomato. Safety tests include specific toxicity testing according to the nature and function of the newly expressed protein; potential occurence of unintended effects; potential for gene transfer from genetically modified foods to human/animal gut flora; the potential allergenicity of the newly inserted traits; and therole of the new food in the diet . In the third scenario, the novel crop or food would be not substantially equivalent with a traditional counterpart, and a case-by-case assessment of the new food must be carried out according to the characteristics of the new product.FAO（short for Food and Agriculture Organization）and WHO(World Health Organization) have been organizing workshops and consultations on the safety of GMOs since 1990. At the Joint FAO/WHO Consultation in 1996 (FAO/WHO, 1996) it was recommended that the safety evaluation should be based on the concept of substantial equivalence, which is ‘a dynamic, analytical exercise in the assessment of the safety of a new food relative to an existing food’. The following parameters should be considered to determine the substantial equivalence of a genetically modified plant: molecular characterization; phenotypic characteristics; key nutrients; toxicants; and allergens.The distinction between three levels of substantial equivalence (complete, partial, non-) of the novel food to its counterpart, and the subsequent decisions for further testing based upon substantial equivalence, are similar to those defined by OECD (1996).The Codex Alimentarius Commission of FAO/WHO is committed to the international harmonization of food standards. Food standards developed by Codex Alimentarius should be adopted by the participating national governments. The Codex ad hoc Intergovern mental Task Force on Foods Derived from Biotechnology has the task to develop standards, guidelines and other recommendations for genetically modified foods. During its first session in Chiba (Japan) in March 2000 definitions were agreed concerning the ‘risk assessment’ and ‘risk analysis’ of genetically modified foods. Risk assessment covers issues such as food safety, substantial equivalence and long-term health effects, while risk analysis may include decision-making and post-market monitoring.An Expert Consultation held in Geneva, Switzerland in May/June 2000 evaluated experiences gathered since the 1996 Consultation. Topics considered included substantial equivalence, unintended effects of genetic modification, food safety,nutritional effects, antibiotic resistance marker genes, and allergenicity. The Consultation endorsed the concept of substantial equivalence as a pragmatic approach for the safety assessment of genetically modified foods, and concluded that at present no suitable alternative strategies are available. Application of the concept is a starting point for safety assessment, rather than an end-point. It identifies similarities and possible differences between the genetically modified food and its appropriate counterpart, which should then be assessed further.The issue of the potential occurrence of unintended effects due to the genetic modification process, such as the loss of existing traits or the acquisition of new ones, was examined. The occurrence of unintended effects is not unique for the application of recDNA techniques, but also occurs frequently in conventional breeding. Present approaches to detecting such effects focus on chemical analysis of known nutrients and toxicants (targeted approach). In order to increase the possibility of detecting unintended effects, profiling/fingerprinting methods are considered useful alternatives (non-targeted approach). This is of particular interest for plants with extensive modifications of the genome (second generation of genetically modified foods) where chances of the occurrence of unintended effects may increase.Animal studies are deemed necessary to obtain information on the characteristics of newly expressed proteins, analogous to the conventional toxicity testing of food additives. Testing of whole foods may be considered if relevant changes in composition may have taken place in addition to the expected ones; however, such studies should be considered on a case-by-case basis, taking the limitations of this type of study into account. The minimum requirement to demonstrate the safety of long-term consumption of a food is a subchronic 90-day study. Longer-term studies may be needed if the results of a 90-day study indicate adverse effects such as proliferative changes in tissues.The Expert Consultation noted that, in general, very little is known about the potential long-term effects of any foods, and that identification of such effects may be very difficult, if not impossible, due to the many confounding factors and the great genetic variability in food-related effects among the population. Thus the identification of long-term effects specifically attributable to genetically modified foods is highlyunlikely. Epidemiological studies are not likely to identify such effects given the high background of undesirable effects of conventional foods. The Consultation was of the opinion that pre-market safety assessment already gives an assurance that genetically modified foods are as safe as their conventional counterparts. Experimental studies, such as randomized controlled human trials, if properly performed, might provide additional evidence for human safety in the medium to long term.Chapter 4 ConclusionFrom the above,we can clearly see that since the GM food isn't exactly safe,but our country and some international organizations like FAO and WHO developed a sufficient number of rules and regulations to reduce the risk of accidents.and what's more,since now not any serious GM safety accident has happened.so we can enjoy the benefits of the modern biotechnology.so much worries isn't needed,and we are also trying some new way which can avoid the accident.GM food is safe enough only if we follow the rules.and we can use the modern biotechnology.Reference[1]Pamela Peter：Pamela Peters, from Biotechnology: A Guide To Genetic Engineering. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Inc., 1993.[2]Fred Gould:Can Agricultural Biotechnology be Green?[3]Norman Borlaug:Biotechnology and the Green Revolution、精品资料。

转基因食品安全问题英语作文The safety of genetically modified (GM) foods has been a controversial issue for years. While proponents argue that GM foods can help address world hunger and boost crop yields, opponents express concerns over possible health and environmental risks. One main concern is the possibility of allergens being introduced into GM foods. There have been cases where genes from an allergen source have been inserted into a food, unknowingly causing an allergic reaction in some consumers. Additionally, there may be long-term unforeseeable effects on human health, such as the development of new diseases or resistance to antibiotics. Another concern is the environmental impact of GM crops. For example, the use of GM crops has led to an increase in the use of herbicides, which may harm biodiversity and the balance of ecosystems. Despite these concerns, the scientific community has widely acknowledged the safety of GM foods as the evidence has not shown any significant health or environmental risks associated with their consumption. Governments around the world have put in place regulatory measures that require GM foods to undergo rigorous testing and approval processes before they are allowed onto the market. Ultimately, it is importantto continue to monitor the safety of GM foods and remain vigilant in regulating their production and consumption.转基因食品的安全性问题已经引起争议多年。