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Unit 1~2Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者Trade surplus 贸易顺差Quota and tariff 配额和关税Government intervention 政府干预Zero-sum game 零和博弈Positive-sum game 常和博弈The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论Product life cycle 产品生命周期（+theory ……理论）Economies of scale 规模经济Diminishing returns 收益递减规律Green revolution 绿色革命Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制Deposit 佣金First mover advantage 先占优势Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势The department of commerce 商务部Letter of credit 信用证Draft /bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading B/L 提单Sight draft 即期汇票Time draft 远期汇票Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑（+bill …汇票）Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票Countertrade 对等贸易Barter 易货贸易Switch trading 转手贸易Offset 抵消Counter purchase 互购贸易Compensation trade 补偿贸易Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口）Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）Absolute Advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品The Benefit（好处） of Absolute Advantage and Free TradeThe Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动； the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率；the Quantity of Production 产品质量。
UNIT 13 Fighting Fire with Fire这个春天，吉姆·布伦纳将会带领几百个男男女女一起燃烧超过两百万英亩的佛罗里达的松树林。
看到这些树吗？嘶！他们烤焦了。
看到那些香蒲芦苇丛吗？正在咝咝地响！他们是历史遗留下来的。
那些腐烂的圆木呢？噼啪响！不见了。
布罗纳是一个纵火狂吗？实际上，他恰巧相反：他作为佛罗里达的消防管理员，布伦纳一直在跟火灾战斗。
但是为什么佛罗里达的顶级消防队员会焚烧森林呢？布伦纳是相信以火攻火的人数越来越多的土地管理者之一。
通过开始他们自己小心的控制大火——一个叫做规定火烧的练习，他们希望结束像上个夏天毁坏了五十万英亩的佛罗里达森林的森林大火灾。
布伦纳还记得说：“那是一个人间地狱。
假如我们有做更多的规定火烧，我们将可以大幅度的降低那次森林火灾的损害。
”佛罗里达不是唯一一个在最近几年因为大火儿上了头条的地方。
墨西哥，巴西以及印度尼西亚都曾经遭受过他们自己的灾难性的火灾。
我们是不是处在易燃的新时代的边缘？科学家警告说全球变暖（温室气体例如二氧化碳引起的行星加热）到2070 年可能提升地球温度5°F。
根据世界气象局的记录，在1998 年地球表面的平均温度是最高的。
一个正在逐渐变暖的行星意味着越来越低的干旱，将导致植被死亡和更有可能的越来越热。
美国森林官员是怎样对付这个紧迫的威胁的？规定火烧曾经得到火生态学家（研究火生态的科学家）的广泛认可。
他们也相信在凉爽的潮湿的天启让光亮的火燃烧可以减少失控的火的风险。
而且消防技术在1970 年代第一次试验是基于频繁的小火减少毁灭性的事件的风险的理论，就像上个夏天，当保持着生态系统良好的情况下的佛罗里达的森林火灾。
在1988 年黄石国家公园那场由闪电引发并由林业员们同意使其燃烧的大火的肆虐之后，公众情绪反对“任其燃烧”和指定式的燃烧行为。
现在，能够助燃无可控制的火苗的不断增加的森林残骸重新激发了人们在这些消防管理策略上的兴趣。
Unit 1~2 Mercantilism重商主义Trade surplus 贸易顺差Quota and tariff配额和关税Zero-sum game零和博弈Positive-sum game常和博弈The theory of absolute advantage绝对优势理论The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论Factor endowments要素禀赋理论Product life cycle 产品生命周期Economies of scale 规模经济First mover advantage先占优势Barrier to entry进入(市场)壁垒Porter’s diamond theory波特的钻石理论National competitive advantage国家竞争优势The department of commerce 商务部Letter of credit信用证Draft /bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading B/L 提单Sight draft即期汇票Time draft 远期汇票Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑Trade acceptance商业承兑汇票Countertrade 对等贸易Barter 易货贸易Switch trading 转手贸易Offset 抵消Counter purchase 互购贸易Compensation trade 补偿贸易1.波特钻石理论的主要内容①Factor endowments ②Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry③ Demand conditions ④Relating and supporting industries2.对等贸易的主要类型和优缺点①Types of countertradeCountertrade has evolved into a diverse set of activities that can be categorized as five distinct types of trading arrangements: barter, counter purchase, offset, switch trading, and compensation or buyback②The pros and cons of countertrade优：① The main attraction of countertrade is that it can give a firm a way to finance an export deal when other means are not available.② Thus if a firm is unwilling to enter into a countertrade agreement, it may lose an export opportunity to a competitor that is willing to make a countertrade agreement.缺：① Countertrade contracts may involve the exchange of unusable or poor-quality goods that the firm cannot dispose of profitably② In addition, even if the goods it receives are of high quality, the firm still needs to dispose of them profitably.Unit 3Strategic alliance 战略联盟Licensing 许可证Joint venture 合资经营Contracting 承包经营Partnership 合资人Return on investment 投资回报率Franchising 特许经营Contract manufacturing 生产承包Management contracting 管理承包1.许可贸易的优缺点优：①The basic advantage in licensing as contrasted to other approaches is theease and low cost of entering a foreign market.②Licensing is also advantageous in that it can be used to test a foreignmarket without the risk of capital loss should the market not be receptive to the manufacturer’s product.缺：①The greatest disadvantages to the licensor are that a potential competitoris set up.②There is a lack of control over production and marketing.③There may be incomplete market exploration.Unit 4Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资Small and medium-sized firms 中小企业Horizontal FDI 横向外国直接投资Vertical FDI 纵向外国直接投资Product life cycle 产品生命周期Backward vertical FDI 后移纵向外国直接投资Forward vertical FDI 前移纵向外国直接投资Transportation costs 运输成本Market impediments 市场阻碍Market power 市场力量Oligopoly 寡头垄断Specialized assets 特殊资产1.影响横向对外投资的因素①Transportation costs ②Market imperfections④Following competitors ④The product life cycle2.What are the impediments to the sale of know-how?①Licensing may result in a firm’s giving away its technological know-how to a potential foreign competitor.②Licensing does not give a firm the tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy in a foreign country that may be required to profitably exploit tis advantage in know-how.③A firm’s know-how may not be amenable to licensing.Unit 5Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率制OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Floating exchange rate regime 浮动汇率制Plaza Accord 和平广场协议Louvre Accord 卢浮宫协议Foreign exchange market 外汇市场European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系EMSExchange Rate Mechanism 汇率机制ERMEuropean Currency Unit欧元 ECUTrade deficit贸易赤字Real interest 实际利息Balance of payment 收支平衡表Forward market 期货市场Swaps 掉期交易1. 布雷顿森林体系/固定汇率制瓦解的主要原因As the only currency that could be converted into gold, and as the currency that served as the reference point for all others①It was financed by an increase in the money supply, which, in turn, led to a rise in price inflation from less than 4percent in 1966 to dose to 9 percent by 1968②The rise in government spending had stimulated the economy③Gave rise to speculation in the foreign exchange market that the dollar would be devalued④Weakening dollars lose its credibility.2. What are the reasons for the unexpected rise in the dollar between 1980 and 1985, and what are the reasons for the rapid fall of the US dollar between 1985 and 1987?The reasons for the unexpected rise in the value of the dollar between 1980 and 1985:①Strong economic growth in the US attracted heavy inflows of capital from foreign investors seeking high returns on capital assets.②High real interest rate attracted foreign investors seeking high vellums on financial assets③Political turmoil in other parts of the world.The reasons for 1985 and 1987：The fall in the value of the dollar between 1985 and 198 was caused by a combination of government intervention and market forces.Unit 6Common law 普通法Code civil law 成文法Roman law 罗马法Industrial property right 工业产权Act of god 不可抗力Element forces of nature 天灾自然因素Arbitration 仲裁Conciliation 调节Litigation 诉讼World court at the Hague 海牙国际法庭Tribunals for arbitration 仲裁庭U.N. convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of ForeignArbitral/Awards 联合国承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约International Chamber of commerce 国际商会1. What are the differences between two legal systems in solving commercial disputes?①Under common law, commercial disputes are subject to laws which may be applied to either civil or commercial disputes since there is no specific recognition of commercial problems as such.②Code law differs in that there is a separate code specifically designed for business2. What are the procedures used by formal arbitration organizations? The usual arbitration procedure is for the parties involved to select a disinterested and informed party or parties as referee to determine the merits of the case and make a judgment that both parties agree to honor.Unit 7Intellectual property rights 知识产权Trade mark copyright, patents, trade secrets 商标权，版权，专利权，商业秘密Intangible assets, tangible assets 无形资产，有形资产Trademark registration 商标注册Generic terms 通称Infringement 侵权GATT 关贸总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade1. What does intellectual property right consist of?①It consists of the products of individual’s minds—products that result from intellectual, creative processes.②Trademarks, copyrights and patents are all forms of intellectual propertyUnit 8The TRIPS agreement 与贸易有关的知识产权协议Need Hierarchy 需求层次理论Self-reference criterion 自我参考标准The adoption process 接纳过程理论High-context cultures 高背景文化Low-context cultures 低背景文化Poly-chromic time 多元化时间观Mono-chromic time 单一性时间观Perception 观念1. What are the characteristics of culture?①It is not innate, but learned②The various facts of culture are interrelated-touch a culture in one place andeverything else is affected.③It is shared by the members of a group and defines the boundaries betweendifferent groups.2. What are the main contents of Need Hierarchy theory?①Self-actualization ②Esteem ③Social ④Safety ⑤Physiological3. What is the concept of adoption process? How many stages will a person undergo before he can finally purchase a new product?Adoption process─through which an individual passes from the time of his or her first knowledge of an innovation to the time of adopting or purchase of the innovation.These stages are as follows: ①awareness ②interest ③evaluation④trial ⑤adoption4. What are the adopter categories? What is the feature for early adopter?Adopter categories are classifications of individuals within a market on the basis of their innovativeness. They include innovators、early adopters, the early majority, the late majority and laggards.The future for early adopter: They tend to be younger, have higher social status and in a more favorable financial position than later adopter. They must be responsive to mass-media information sources and must learn about innovation form these sourcesbecause they cannot simply copy the behavior of earlier adopters.Unit 9Organizational behavior组织行为学Multinational Corporation 跨国公司Maquiladoras 马基拉朵拉工厂Parochialism 地方主义NAFTA 北美自由贸易协定North American Free Trade AgreementKluckhohn-Strudtbeck framework 克拉克洪─斯托特柏克构架Hofstede framework 霍夫斯诺德构架BRICS 金砖五国巴西俄罗斯印度中国南非APEC 亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation1. Identify the sic cultural dimensions in the Kluckhohn-strodtbeck framework.①Relationship to the environment ②time orientation③nature of people ④Activity orientation⑤focus of responsibility ⑥conception of space2. Explain the dimensions of national culture in Hofstede framework.①Individualism versus collectivism②power distance③uncertainty avoidance④masculinity versus femininity。
新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）Unit 8Part IExercisesI. Reading for information 。
A. Reading to find main ideas1.A2. DB. Reading to find major details3.C4. AC. Reading to find relevant facts5.C6.BII. TranslationTranslate the following sentences into Chinese.1 Katia Eliad, a Paris-based artist, was stuck in a rut. She felt blocked in her creativity, out of touch with herself and for some inexplicable reason unable to use green or blue in her abstract paintings.巴黎艺术家凯蒂亚·艾利亚德陷入停滞。
她的创造力受阻，不能发挥自己的才智，不知何因无法在抽象画中用绿色和蓝色。
2 This year will be filled with his music, but it will also be a time to re-examine the contradictions and conflicting interpretations of his brief 35-year life.今年会充满莫扎特的音乐，但今年也会重新审视莫扎特短短35年的一生带来的矛盾和冲突的看法。
3 That notion was first given scientific support in a 1993 article in Nature, which found that college students who listened to the first movement of Mozart’s Sonata in D Major for Two Pianos performed better on a spatial reasoning test that involved mentally unfolding a piece of paper.《自然》杂志1993年的一篇文章首次给这个说法提供了科学依据，该文章指出，在一项要求在大脑里想像如何展开一页纸的空间推理测试中，听了莫扎特“D大调双钢琴奏鸣曲”第一乐章的大学生取得了更好效果。
1、待走读生好点克里斯托夫·M·贝利托 你也许可以列出往宿家中，每天赫家和学校之间的大学走读生所享受的种森!}l}越之处。
_ 但在下面的文章中，作者试图揭示事‘清的另一面，认为走读生的生活并不如人}l!}们想像 中的那般轻松。
走读生过着一种矛盾的生活，他去学校是为了能体会一种自我探}ll}索的生 活，而实际上与父母在一起是绝对无法保持“我独立的。
你也许认为我们这些人住在家中、 每天往返学校的日子很惬意。
不用等洗衣机，牙膏用完了橱拒里有新的，更重要的是，冰箱 里塞满了食物，也不用自己付款。
不仅如此，通常还有人付电话费，即使再晚，微波炉里也 还热着食物。
你会嗤之以弃—那不是大学生活，那只是永远长不大的孩子。
也许表面上看起 来我们像被惯坏了的孩子， 但事情远没有那么简单。
住在家里的大学生过着一种矛盾的生活。
跟你们一样，我们来到大学探索自我;自我探索和有机化学一样是我们所受教育的一部分。
然而，鉴于父母监督子女的本能不会减弱，我们要保持自我独立可就不容易了。
再者，家庭 的责任也在所难免。
比方说，当父母的结婚周年纪念日正好在我们期末考试的前一天，我们 该怎么办?事实上，做一个无法脱离家庭约束的学生简直与努力跟一个你不喜欢的室友相处 一样困难。
我们的问题很复杂。
在一定程度上，我们是这个社会的二等公民。
由于你不得不 开车回家或赶最后一班车， 你很难享受俱乐部、 大学生联谊会和舞会的乐趣。
同样不幸的是， 你意识到你不能参加仅有一次的商法复习课，因为它结束得太晚。
但这还不是问题的关健: 毕竟，每个人都可以随时在朋友的宿舍里借宿。
’真正的问题在于，我们错过了那些活动， 错过了由此产生的一种友好的情嗦，这种情嗦来自于一同突击恶补工业心理学的漫漫长夜， 来自于谁跟谁上了床的瞎扯闲铆， 来自于关于 “乔治· 威尔” “亲爱的艾比” 和 的热门话题， 以及在这之后彼此对于毕业临近的真切感受的交流。
融通大学英语跨文化阅读教程4罗选民课后答案1、In many cities, a low-carbon lifestyle has become（）. [单选题] *A. more popular and more popularB. more and more popular(正确答案)C. the most popularD. most and most popular2、What _______ would you like, sir? [单选题] *A. otherB. else(正确答案)C. othersD. another3、If you do the same thing for a long time, you'll be tired of it. [单选题] *A. 试图B. 努力C. 厌倦(正确答案)D. 熟练4、_____ rooms are both large and comfortable. [单选题] *A. Jack's and Jane's(正确答案)B. Jack and Jane'sC. Jack's and JaneD.Jack and Jane5、28．—Where is Fujian Province?—It’s ________ the southeast of China. [单选题] * A．in (正确答案)B．onC．toD．at6、Modern plastics can（）very high and very low temperatures. [单选题] *A. stand(正确答案)B. sustainC. carryD. support7、As I know, his salary as a doctor is much higher_____. [单选题] *A. than that of a teacher(正确答案)B. than a teacherC. to that of a teacherD. to a teacher8、We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend. [单选题] *A. thatB. whatC. whoD. why(正确答案)9、_____ before we leave the day after tomorrow,we should have a wonderful dinner party. [单选题] *A. Had they arrived(正确答案)B. Were they arriveC. Were they arrivingD. Would they arrive10、Lucy _______ at 7:00 every day. [单选题] *A. go to schoolB. goes to school(正确答案)C. to go to schoolD. went?to?school11、I’d like to know the _______ of the club. [单选题] *A. schedule(正确答案)B. schoolC. menuD. subject12、They lost their way in the forest, and _____ made matters worse was night began to fall. [单选题] *A. thatB. itC. what(正确答案)D. which13、Don’t _______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worry(正确答案)B. worried aboutC. worry aboutD. worried14、I took?some _______of the Great Wall?in China last year. [单选题] *A. potatoesB. tomatoesC. photos(正确答案)D. paintings15、If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him to leave a _____. [单选题] *A. message(正确答案)B. letterC. sentenceD. notice16、I've never been to Africa, but that is the place（）. [单选题] *A. where I most want to visitB. in which I most want to visitC. I most want to visit(正确答案)D. that I want to visit it most17、Some people were born with a good sense of direction. [单选题] *A. 听觉B. 方向感(正确答案)C. 辨别力D. 抽象思维18、The street was named _____ George Washington who led the American war for independence. [单选题] *A. fromB. withC. asD. after(正确答案)19、Could you tell me _____ to fly from Chicago to New York? [单选题] *A.it costs how muchB. how much does it costC. how much costs itD.how much it costs(正确答案)20、Now he is _______ his homework. [单选题] *A. busyB. busy with(正确答案)C. busy with doingD. busy does21、While they were in discussion, their manager came in by chance. [单选题] *A. 抓住时机B. 不时地C. 碰巧(正确答案)D. 及时22、While my mother _______ the supper, my father came back. [单选题] *A. cooksB. is cookingC. was cooking(正确答案)D. has cooked23、He has grown rich lately. [单选题] *A. 后来B. 以后C. 终于D. 最近(正确答案)24、Mary is interested ______ hiking. [单选题] *A. onB. byC. in(正确答案)D. at25、( ) _____ New York _____ London have traffic problems. [单选题] *A. All…andB. Neither….norC. Both…and(正确答案)D. Either…or26、( ) It ___ the Chinese people 8 years to build the Dam. [单选题] *A. took(正确答案)B. costsC. paidD. spends27、- I haven't been to Guilin yet.- I haven t been there, ______. [单选题] *A. tooB. alsoC. either(正确答案)D. neither28、The plane arrived at London airport _______ Wednesday morning. [单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. atC. inD. for29、5 He wants to answer the ________ because it is an interesting one. [单选题] * A．problemB．question(正确答案)C．doorD．plan30、Mr. Bliss became the first person to die in a car accident. [单选题] *A. 事故(正确答案)B. 竞赛C. 检阅D. 交易。
新世纪大学英语阅读教程4答案（1-6单元）Unit 1PartⅠⅠ. 1-6 ADCABDⅡ.1. 我进入寿险这一行，做得还算不错。
我有幸与几个最棒的寿险推销员一起被指任为一委员会委员。
一时间我吓得要命。
2. 一般的成功人士为了将来的收获，甘坐冷板凳且推迟享受。
反观诸多快速成功者，他们期望太多且渴望一蹴而就。
当回报不能立刻兑现时，他们就变得灰心丧气，愁苦不堪。
3. 我一直在找寻那些有天赋、能自律的人。
然后培养他们的爱心和忠诚。
我招募他们，激励他们，每当我们取得成绩时，我与他们一起分享荣誉。
4. 有一次，一场盛大的开幕典礼定于周末举行，而我们的大部分家具还在商店与批发商两地之间的卡车上，距这里有数天的车程，于是我们便到外面以零售价购买了价值5000美元的货品。
这样做吞噬了我们大部分的利润，可我们不能让建筑商失望。
5. 美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯本可能被他貌似的平凡所击垮。
他出身贫寒，外表丑陋，然而却颇有建树，给世人眼中的“平凡”赋予新的涵养和尊严。
Ⅲ.1. set their sights high; achieve their goals2. is little related to; university-educated fast-trackers; self-discipline3. overpowering ego; bring out their best in people4. broaden their knowledge base5. stick with; keep your wordPart Ⅱ1. Soccer matches are all about scoring goals and being winners. In everyday life, many humans also want to achieve goals and to be winners in the game of life.2. Words about character and attitude like belief, excitement, confidence, effort and so on.3. This is because great soccer managers are praised and popular when their teams win. They are criticized and even dismissed when their teams fail to win. They know the heights of elation and the depths of despair.4. He used the humor of exaggeration to deal with the criticisms of the media.5. No, he doesn’t. He believes in the power of the team rather than the individual.Unit 2PartⅠⅠ. 1-6 CBDABCⅡ.1. 等等！我不管谁把那块馅饼切成两块，但不论谁切，都得给另一方挑选的权力。
