嵌入式系统词汇表

信息技术嵌入式系统术语Embedded System Terminology: A Comprehensive Guide.Introduction.Embedded systems are ubiquitous in modern technology, powering everything from smartphones to medical devices. Understanding the terminology associated with embedded systems is essential for effective communication and comprehension within the field. This comprehensive guide will define and explain key terms, providing a solid foundation for anyone working with or interested in embedded systems.Basic Concepts.Embedded System: A self-contained computer system designed to perform specific tasks within a larger device or system.Processor: The central processing unit (CPU) of an embedded system that executes instructions and performs calculations.Memory: The storage device used to hold instructions and data.Input/Output (I/O): The interface between the embedded system and the external world, allowing for data transfer and interaction.Design Considerations.Real-Time Performance: The ability of an embedded system to meet deadlines and respond to events within specific time constraints.Power Efficiency: The importance of minimizing power consumption in battery-powered or portable devices.Reliability: The ability of an embedded system to operate consistently and reliably over an extended period.Development Tools.Integrated Development Environment (IDE): A software package that provides a complete set of tools for developing, debugging, and testing embedded systems software.Compiler: A software tool that translates high-level code into machine instructions.Debugger: A tool that allows developers to step through code, inspect variables, and identify errors.Operating Systems.Real-Time Operating System (RTOS): An operating system designed specifically for embedded systems, providing features like task scheduling and resource management.Bare-Metal Programming: Programming an embedded system without using an operating system.Networking.Embedded Network: A network designed for embedded systems, typically using specialized protocols and hardware.Internet of Things (IoT): The network of interconnected devices that collect and share data.Safety and Security.Functional Safety: The ability of an embedded system to operate safely even in the presence of faults or errors.Cybersecurity: The protection of embedded systems from unauthorized access or damage.中文回答：嵌入式系统术语，全面指南。

A/D参见模数转换（Analog to Digital）。

ALU算数逻辑单元。

CPU 内负责执行数学运算（例如加、减等运算）、逻辑运算（例如与、或等运算）和移位操作的逻辑单元。

BCD参见二进制编码的十进制（Binary Coded Decimal）。

BOR参见欠压复位（Brown-out Reset）。

比较（Compare）这是CCP 模块的一种工作方式。

在该方式下，当定时器寄存器的值与比较寄存器中的值匹配时，器件将执行操作。

比较寄存器（Compare Register）这是一个16 位寄存器，它的值与16 位TMR1 寄存器进行比较。

当计数器的值与比较寄存器的内容匹配时触发比较功能。

并行从动端口（Parallel Slave Port，PSP)用来与单片机的8 位数据总线接口的并行通信端口。

波特率（Baud）通常用来描述串行端口的通信速率。

即每秒传输的位数（BPS）。

捕捉（Capture ）这是CCP 模块的一种工作方式。

在该方式下，当预先定义的事件发生时，定时器/ 计数器的值即被“捕捉”到CCP 寄存器中去。

捕捉寄存器（Capture Register）一个16 位的寄存器。

当捕捉事件发生时，16 位TMR1 寄存器的值将装入该寄存器。

CCP捕捉、比较、脉宽调制(PWM)。

这个模块可配置为工作在输入捕捉、定时器比较或PWM 输出方式下。

CPU中央处理单元。

其主要功能是将指令译码、确定需要的操作数和要执行的操作。

算数运算、逻辑运算和移位操作将在ALU 中执行。

采集时间（Acquisition Time，T ACQ）这是与模数转换器有关的一个术语。

采集时间就是A/D 转换器的采样保持电容充电到与之相连的模拟输入电压值所需要的时间。

当GO 位被置1 后，模拟输入通道就与采样保持电容断开，启动A/D 转换。

采样保持电容（Holding Capacitor）这是模数转换（A/D）模块中用到的一个电容，它在模数转换开始后用来“保持”模拟输入电平。

嵌入式系统词汇表Aaddress bus （地址总线）1.一个连接处理器与所有外设的，用来通讯的电子线路集。

2.地址总线被处理器用来选择在特定外设中的存储器地址或寄存器。

3.如果地址总线有n条电子线路，处理器能唯一寻址高达2^n的地址空间。

assembler（汇编编译器）一个能把人可读的汇编语言程序转换到处理器可理解和运行的机器指令的软件开发工具。

BBSP（板卡支持包）board support package.binary semaphore(二元信号)A type of semaphore with just two states. Also called a mutex.一种只有两种状态的信号。

也叫互斥信号。

Breakpoint （断点）1.一个在程序中的地址，在那里程序的执行被停止，并且处理器的控制转换到了除错程序。

2.大多数除错工具提供增加与删除一个断点的机制。

CCISC（复杂指令集计算机）plex Instruction Set Computer.2.复杂指令集计算机。

对一种处理器架构的描述。

3.CISC处理器一般产生变长的指令，多种地址格式，并且仅仅有少量的通用寄存器。

4.Intel的80x86家族是是典型的CISC处理器。

5.相对于RISC而言。

context （上下文）处理器当前的状态和标志。

context switch（上下文切换）1.在多任务操作系统中,一个任务切换到另一个的过程。

2.上下文切换包括保存正在运行的任务的上下文和恢复早先保存的另一个任务的上下文。

3.做这个工作的一段代码必须具有处理器特权。

counting semaphore（计数信号）1.一种用来跟踪多个相同类型资源的信号灯。

2.仅仅在所有可用的资源都被用完了时才阻塞。

3.相对二元信号而言。

critical section（临界段）1.一段必须按次序执行的代码2.不能被中断，否则不能保证软件正确地操作。

cross-compiler（交叉编译器）1.一个运行在不同的平台上的编译器，其中之一能产生目标代码。

嵌入式系统专业术语中英文对照A:Actuator执行器A:Amplifier放大器A:Attendance员工考勤A:Attenuation衰减AA:Antenna amplifier开线放大器AA:Architectural Acoustics建筑声学AC:Analogue Controller模拟控制器ACD:Automatic Call Distribution自动分配话务ACS:Access Control System出入控制系统AD:Addressable Detector地址探测器ADM:Add/Drop Multiplexer分插复用器ADPCM:Adaptive Differential ulse Code Modulation自适应差分脉冲编码调制AF:Acoustic Feedback声反馈AFR:Amplitude/Frequency Response幅频响应AGC:Automati Gain Control自动增益控制AHU:Air Handling Unit空气处理机组A-I:Auto-iris自动光圈AIS:Alarm Indication Signal告警指示信号AITS:Acknowledged Information Transfer Service确认操作ALC:Automati Level Control自动平衡控制ALS:Alarm Seconds告警秒ALU:Analogue Lines Unit模拟用户线单元AM:Administration Module管理模块AN:Access Network接入网ANSI:American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会APS:Automatic Protection Switching自动保护倒换ASC:Automati Slope Control自动斜率控制ATH:Analogue Trunk Unit模拟中继单元ATM：Asynchrous Transfer Mode异步传送方式AU- PPJE:AU Pointer Positive Justification管理单元正指针调整AU:Administration Unit管理单元AU-AIS:Administrative Unit Alarm Indication SignalAU告警指示信号AUG:Administration Unit Group管理单元组AU-LOP:Loss of Administrative Unit Pointer AU指针丢失AU-NPJE:AU Pointer Negative Justification管理单元负指针调整AUP:Administration Unit Pointer管理单元指针AVCD:Auchio&Video Control Device音像控制装置AWG:American Wire Gauge美国线缆规格BA:Bridge Amplifier桥接放大器BAC:Building Automation& Control net建筑物自动化和控制网络BAM:Background Administration Module后管理模块BBER:Background Block Error Ratio背景块误码比BCC:B-channel Connect ControlB通路连接控制BD:Building DistributorBEF:Buiding Entrance Facilities建筑物入口设施BFOC:Bayonet Fibre Optic Connector大口式光纤连接器BGN:Background Noise背景噪声BGS: Background Sound背景音响BIP-N:Bit Interleaved Parity N code比特间插奇偶校验N位码B-ISDN:Brand band ISDN宽带综合业务数字网B-ISDN:Broad band-Integrated Services Digital Network宽带综合业务数字网BMC:Burst Mode Controller突发模式控制器BMS:Building Management System智能建筑管理系统BRI:Basic Rate ISDN基本速率的综合业务数字网BS:Base Station基站BSC:Base Station Controller基站控制器BUL：Back up lighting备用照明C/S: Client/Server客户机/服务器C:Combines混合器C:Container容器CA:Call Accounting电话自动计费系统CATV:Cable Television有线电视CC:Call Control呼叫控制CC:Coax cable同轴电缆CCD:Charge coupled devices电荷耦合器件CCF:Cluster Contril Function簇控制功能CD:Campus Distributor建筑群配线架CD:Combination detector感温，感烟复合探测器CDCA:Continuous Dynamic Channel Assign连续的动态信道分配CDDI:Copper Distributed Data合同缆分布式数据接口CDES:Carbon dioxide extinguisbing system二氧化碳系统CDMA:Code Division Multiplex Access码分多址CF:Core Function核心功能CFM:Compounded Frequency Modulation压扩调频繁CIS:Call Information System呼叫信息系统CISPR:Internation Special Conmittee On Radio Interference国际无线电干扰专门委员会CLNP:Connectionless Network Protocol无连接模式网络层协议CLP:Cell Loss Priority信元丢失优先权CM:Communication Module通信模块CM:Configuration Management配置管理CM:Cross-connect Matrix交叉连接矩阵CMI:Coded Mark Inversion传号反转码CMISE:Common Management Information Service公用管理信息协议服务单元CPE:Convergence protocol entity会聚协议实体CR/E:card reader/Encoder(Ticket reader)卡读写器/编码器CRC:Cyclic Redundancy Check循环冗佘校验CRT:Cathode Ray Tabe显示器，监视器，阴极射线管CS: Convergence service会聚服务CS:Cableron Spectrum旧纳档块化技术CS:Ceiling Screen挡烟垂壁CS:Convergence Sublayer合聚子层CSC:Combined Speaker Cabinet组合音响CSCW:Computer supported collaborative work计算机支持的协同工作CSES:Continuius Severely Errored Second连续严重误码秒CSF:Cell Site Function单基站功能控制CTB:Composite Triple Beat复合三价差拍CTD：Cable Thermal Detector缆式线型感温探测器CTNR:carrier to noise ratio载波比CW:Control Word控制字D:Directional指向性D:Distortion失真度D:Distributive分布式DA:Distribution Amplifier分配的大器DBA:Database Administrator数据库管理者DBCSN:Database Control System Nucleus数据库控制系统核心DBOS:Database Organizing System数据库组织系统DBSS:Database Security System数据库安全系统DC:Door Contacts大门传感器DCC:Digital Communication Channel数字通信通路DCN:Data Communication Network数据通信网DCP-I:Distributed Control Panel-Intelligent智能型分散控制器DCS:Distributed Control System集散型控制系统DDN:Digital Data Network数字数据网DDS:Direct Dignital Controller直接数字控制器DDW:Data Describing Word数据描述字DECT:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication增强数字无绳通讯DFB:Distributed Feedback分布反馈DID:Direct Inward Dialing直接中继方式，呼入直拨到分机用户DL:Data Link Control Layer数据链路层DLI:DECT Line InterfaceDODI:Direct Outward Dialing One一次拨号音DPH:DECT PhoneDRC:Directional Response Cahracteristics指向性响应DS:Direct Sound直正声DSP:Digital signal Processing数字信号处理DSS：Deiision Support System决策支持系统DTMF:Dual Tone Multi-Frequency双音多频DTS:Dual -Technology Sensor双鉴传感器DWDM:Dense Wave-length Division Multiplexing密集波分复用DXC:Digital Cross-Connect数字交叉连接FL:Focal Length焦距FL:Fuzzy Logic模糊逻辑FM:Faiilt Management失效管理FPA:Fire Public Address火灾事故广播FPD:Fire Public Derice消防设施FR:Frequency Response频响FRD:Fire Resis tamt Damper防火阀FRS:fire resistant shutter防火卷帘FSK:Frequency Shift Keying移频键控FSU:Fixed Subscriber Unit单用户固定台FTHD:Fixed temperatute Heat Detector定温控测器FTP:Foil Tnisted Pair金属箔双绞电缆FTTB:Fiber To The Building光纤到大楼FTTC:Fiber To The Curb光纤到路边FTTH:Fiber To The Home光纤到家庭FW:fire Wall防火墙FWHM:Full Width Half Maximum脉冲的半高宽度I:Interference串扰TOPIA:Intruder Alarm防盗报警ICMP:Internet Control Message Protocol控制信息协议IDC:Insucation Displacement Connection绝缘层信移连接件IDS:Industrial Distribution System工业布线系统IFC:Intelligent Fire Controller照明智能控制器ILD:Inject Light Diode注入式激光二极管IM:Impedance Matching阻抗匹配IMA:Interactive Multimedia Association交互式多媒体协议IM-DM:Intensity Modulation-Direction Modulation直接强度调制IN:Information Network信息网IO：Information Outlet信息插座IOS:Intelligent Out Station智能外围站IPEI:International Portable国际移动设备标识号IPTU:Indoor Pan&Tilt Unit室内水平俯仰云台IPUI:International Portable User Identity国际移动用户标识号ISD:Ionization Smoke Detector离子感烟探测器IT:Information Technology信息技术ITU:International Telecommunications Union国际电信联盟ITU-T:原名CCITT，是国际电信联盟的一个委员会III:Interactive Tevevision交互式电视JJJ-Discussion conference system即席发言系统L:Lens摄像机镜头TOP LAN:Local Area Network局域网LAPB：Link Access Procedure-Balanced链路接入规程----平衡LAPD:Link Access Procedure D-channel D信道链路访问协议LCD:Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示屏LCL:Longituchinal Conrorsion Loss纵模变换损耗LCN:Local Communication Network本地通信网LCS:Lower order Connection Supervision低阶连接监视LD:Laser Diode激发二极管LE:Local Exchange本地交换网LED:Light Emittirng Diode发光二极管LIU：Lightguide Interconnection Unit光纤互连装置LLC:Logic Link Control Layer逻辑链路控制层LLME:Low Layer Management Entity低层管理实体LM:Lerel Modulation电平调节LNA:Low Noise Amplifier低噪音放大器LOF:Loss Of Frame帧丢失LOI:Low Order Interface低阶接口LOP:Loss Of Pointer指针丢失LOS:Loss Of Signal信号丢失LO-TCM:Low Order Tandem Connection Monitor低阶通道串联连接监视器LOVC:Low Order Virtual Container低阶虚容器LPA:Lower order qath Adaptation低阶通道适配LPC:Lower order Path Connection低阶通道连接LPOM:Low-order Path Overhead Monitor低阶通道开销监视器LPP:Low-order Path Protection低阶通道保护LPT:Lower order Path Termination低阶通道终端LSBCM:Laser Base Current Monitor激光器偏流监视LSUT:Low -order path Supervision Unequipped低阶通道监控未装载终端LTC:Londline Trunk Coutroller有线线路分配器LU:Line Unit线路单元MAC:Medium Access Control Layer介质访问控制层TOP MBMC:Multiple Burst Mode Controller多突发模式控制器MCF:Message Communication Function消息通信功能MD:Mediation Device中介设备MFPB:Multi-Frequency Press Button多频按键MIB:Management Information Base管理信息库MIC：Mediu Interface Connector介质接口连接器MIO:Multiuser Information Outlet多用户信息插座MLM：Multi-Longitudinal Mode多纵模MM:Mobile Management移动管理MMDS:Maltichanned Microware Distribution System多路微波分配系统MMO:Multionedia Outlet多媒体插座MN-NES:MN-Network Element System网元管理系统MN-RMS:MN-Region Management System网络管理系统MO:Managed Object管理目标MSA:Multiplex Section Adaptation复用段适配MS-AIS:Mutiplex Section-Alarm Indication Signal复用段告警指示信号MSOH:Multiplex Section Overhead复用段开销MSP:Multiplex Section Protection复用段保护MS-RDI:Multiplex Section-Remote Defect Indication复用段远端缺陷指示MST:Multiplex Section Termination复用段终端MSU:Multi-Subscriber Unit多用户单元MTIE:Maximum Time Interval Error最大时间间隔误差MMM:Multiplexer灵活复接器NNN:New DataFlag新数据标识NDFA:Niobium-Doped Fiber Amplifier掺铌光纤放大器NE:Network Element网元NEXT：Near End Crosstalk近端串扰NMS:Network Management System网络管理系统NNE:Non-SDH Network Element非SDH网元NNI:Network Node Interface网络节点接口NPI:Null Pointer Indication无效指针指示NWK:Network Layer网络层NZ-DSF:Non Zero-Dispersion Shift Fiber非零散位移光纤OAM&P:Operation Administration,Maintenance and Provisioning运行、管理、维护和预置OAM:Operation,Administration and Maintenance操作、管理和维护OBFD：Optical Beam Flame Detector线型光速火焰探测器OC-N:Optical carrier level-N光载波级NOCR:Optical Character Recogmition光学字符识别OEIC:Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit光电集成电路OFA:Optical Fiber Amplifier光纤放大器OHP:Overhead Processing开销处理OLT:Optical Line Terminal光纤线路终端ON:Orerall Noise总噪声ONU:Optical Network Unit光纤网络单元OOF:Out Of Frame帧失步OOP:Object Oriental Programming面向对象程序设计OS:Operating System操作系统OSC:Oscillator振荡器OSI:Open Systems Interconnection开放系统互连OTDK：Optical Time Doman Reflectometer光时域反射线OTDM:Optical Time Division Multiplexing光时分复用PA:Power Amphfier功率放大器TOP PA:Power Amplifier功率放大器PABX:Private Auntomatic Branch Exchange程控数字自动交换机Paging :无线呼叫系统PAL:Pinhole Alc Lons针孔型自动亮度控制镜头PARK:Portable Access Rights Key移动用户接入权限识别码PAS:Public Address System公共广播音响系统PBX:Private Brancn exchange程控用户交换机PC:Pan unit&control云台及云台控制器PC:Proximinty Card接近卡PCM:Pulse Code Modulation脉冲编码调制PCS:Personal Communication Service个人通讯服务PDFA:Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier掺镨光纤放大器PDH:Plesiochronous digital Hierarchy准同步数字系列PDN:Public data network公用数据网PDS:Premises Distribution Systemn建筑物结构化综合布线系统PF:Pressurization Fan加压风机PG:Pressure Gradient压差式PID:Passire Infrared Detector被动式红外传感器PJE:Pointer Justification Event指针调整事件PLC:Programmerable Logic Controller可编程控制器PM:Power Matching功率匹配PMS:Prooerty Management system资源管理系统PO:Pressure Operated压强式POH:Path Overhead通道开销PPI:PDH Physical InterfacePDH物理接口Preamplification:前置放大PRI:Primany Rate Interface基群速率接口PRM:Patter Recogniton Method模式识别法PSC:Protection Switching Count保护倒换计数PSD:Photoelectric Smoke Detector光电感烟探测器PSD:Protection Switching Duration保护倒换持续时间PSK:Phase Shift Keying移相键控PSNT：Ponver Sum Next综合近端串扰PSPDN:Packet switched Public Data Network公众分组交换网PSTN:Public Switch Telephone Network公用交换电话网PU:Pick Up拾音器PVC:Polyvingl chloride聚氯乙烯PVCS:Public video conferring system公用型会议电视系统PWS:Power system电源系统ITU-T:International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Sector国际电信联盟-电信标准部R:Receiver终端解码器TOP R:Reverberator混响器RC:Radio Communication移动通信RC:Room's Coefficient房间系数RCU:Remote Control Units终端控制器RDI:Remote Defect Indication远端失效指示REG:Regenerator再生器Resolution:清晰度RF:Radio Frequency射频RHE:Romote Head End远地前端RMC:Repeater Management Controller天线信道控制器RMS:Root Mean Square均方根值RMU:Redundancy Memory Unit冗佘存贮器RORTD:Rate Of Rise Thermal Detector差温探测器RR:Reverberation Radius混响半径RS:Reflected sound反射场RSOH:Regenerator Section Ouerhead再生段开销RSSI:Radio Signal Strength IndicatorRST:Regenerator Section Termination再生段终端RSU:Remote Subscriber Unit远端用户单元RT:Real Time实时RT:Reverberation Time混响时间RWS:Remote Workstation远端工作站S:Sprinkler分配器TOP S:Stereo 双声道S:Strike 电子门锁SAA:Sound Absorption Ability吸声能力SAR:Segmetation and reassembly sublayer拆装子层SATV:Sate Llite卫星电视SBS:Synchronous Backbone System同步信息骨干系统SBSMN:SBS SBS Management Network系列传输设备网管系统SC:Smart Card智能卡SC:Subscriber Connector(Optial Fiber Connector)用户连接器（光纤连接器）SC:Supervisong Center中央站监控中心管理中心SCADA:监控和数据采集软件SCB:System Control Board系统控制板SCC:System Control&Communication系统通信控制SC-D:Saplex sc commector双ISC连接器SCD:Sound Console Desk调度台SCPC:Single Chnanel Per Carrier卫星回程线路SCS:Stractured Cabling System结构化布线系统SD:Signal Degraded信号劣化SD:Smoke damper排烟阀SD:Smoke Detector感烟探测器SD:System Distortion系统失真SDCA:Synchronization DCA同步数据通讯适配器SDMA:Spaee Division Multiplex Access容分SDXC:Synchronous Digital Cross Connect同少数字交叉连接SE:Sound Energy声能SEC:SDH Equipment Clock SDH设备时钟SED:Sound Energy Density声能密度SEEF:Smoke Extractor Exhaust Fan排烟风机SEMF:Synchronous Equipment Management Function同步设备管理功能SES:Severely Errored Second严重误码秒SESR:Severely Errlred Second Ratio严重误码秒比率SETPI:Synchronous Equipment Timing Physical Interface同步设备定时物理接口SETS:Synchronous Equipment Timing Source同步设备定时源SF:Spur Feeder分支线SF:Subscribers Feeder用户线SFN:Sound Field Nonunifornity声场不均匀度SFP:Sound Field Processor声场处进器SI:Sound Installation音响设备SI:Sound Insulation隔音SICS:Simultaneous Interpretation Conference system同声传译系统SIPP:Service Interface and protocol processing unit业务接口和协议处理单元SLC:Sate llite Commumication卫星通信SLI:Synchronous Line Optical Interface同步线路光口板SLIC:Subscriber Line Interface Controller用户线接口控制器SLM:Signal Label Mismatch信号标记失配SM:Synchronous Multiplexer同步复用器SMF:System management function系统管理功能SMS:SDH Management Sub-Network SDH管理子网SNA:System Network Architecture系统网络建筑SNI:Service Node Interface业务节点接口SNK:Sighal To Noise Ratio信噪比SOA:Semiconductor Optical Amplifier半导体光放大器SOH:Section Overhead段开销SONET:Synchronous Optical Network同步光网络SPF:Service Port Function业务口功能SPI:SDH Physical InterfaceSDH物理接口SPL:Sound Pressure Level声压级SRL:Stractural Return Loss结构器波损耗SS:Shock sensors震动传感器SS:Sound Source音源SS:Sprinkler System自动喷水灭火系统SSB:Single Side Band单边带调制SSM:Synchronous Status Message同步状态信息SSU:Scan and Signal Unit扫描及信号单元ST:Straight Tip直通式光纤连接器ST:Subscribers Tap用户分支器STB:Set -Top-Box机项盒STC:Short-Term Card计时票STE:Signaling Transfer Equipment信令转换设备STG:Synchronous Timing Generator同步定时发生器STI:Surface fransfer Inpedane表面传输阻扰STI:Surface Tranfer Inpedance表面传输阻抗STM-N:Synchronous Transport Module level-N同步传送模块等级N SU:Subscriber Unit 用户单元SV:Smoke Vent排烟器SVCS:Sound Veinforcement System扩声系统T:Teletext可视图文TOP T:Terminal终端机TA:Trunk Amplifier干线放大器TC:Telecommunication Closet通信插座TC:Transient Characteristic瞬间特性TCI:Trunk cabling interface星形连接TCP/P:Transmission Control Protocol Inter-network Protocol传输控制协议/网间协议TCS:Tele Communication System通信系统TCS:Telecommunication System通讯系统TD:Ticket Dispemser发卡机TDD:Time Division Dual时分双工TDEV:Time Deviation时间偏差TDM:Time Division Multiplexing时分复用TDMA:Time Division Multiple Address时分多址TDS:Time division switching时分交换结构TELEX:用户电报电传TEP:时间/事件软件TF:Transfer Function传送功能TFCC:Transmission frequenay Characteristic传输频率特性TGNP:The Greatest Noise Power最大噪声功率TIM:Trace Identifier Mismatch追踪识别符失配TM:Termination Multiplexer终端复用器TMN:Telecommunication Management Network电信管理网TMN:Telecommunication Management Network电信管理网TNL:Total Noise Level总噪声级TO:Telecommunications Outlet通信插座TP：Tunst Pair对绞线TR:Token Ring令牌网TSI:Timeslot Interxhange时隙交换TSU:Time Switching Unit时隙交换单元TTF:Transport Terminal function传送终端功能TTS:Tri Technology Sensor三鉴传感器TU:Tributary Unit支路单元TUG:Tributary Unit Group支路单元组TU-LOM:TU-Loss Of Multi-frame支路单元复帧丢失TUP:Tributary Unit Pointer支路单元指针TUPP:Tributary Unit Payload Process支路净荷处理UAT:Ultra Aperture Terminal超小口径卫星地面接收站UL：Underwriters Laboratory担保实验室UU:Unidirectional Microphines单指向性传声器VV:Vacant auditoria空场VCI:Virtual chammel identifier虚信道标识VCS:vIdeo conferphone system会议电视系统VI:Video interphone可视对讲门铃Video switchers图象切换控制器Videotext:可视图文VOD:Video on demand视频点播VSAT:Very Small Aperture Terminal甚小口径天线地球站。

~(not) 1. res. The unary bitwise-NOT operator in C and various related languages. Sometimes confused with the logical NOT operator !, though their functions are very different. Make sure you use the right one; your compiler won't know to warn you of the error. EXAMPLE: If 16-bit x is 0x0123, ~x is 0xFEDC; !x is 0 (Boolean false).2. symb. A prefix used on schematic diagrams and in logic equations to indicate active low signals. μC/O(micro-kos) N. A real-time operating system for small microcontrollers. Derived from a two-part expository article in Embedded Systems Programming in May–June 1992, this little RTOS took on a life of its own with the publication of a book-length treatment of the subject by creator Jean Labrosse. Now in the operating system's second release (μC/OS-II), the revised book includes complete source code and explanations of everything it does. 1-WireN. A low-cost bidirectional serial communications bus requiring just a single wire to implement. An asynchronous, half-duplex, single-master component bus, 1-Wire minimizes device pin count by using extra on-chip circuitry to enable each 1-Wire component to communicate serially (over a shared connection) with other 1-Wire devices. Compatible serial EEPROMs, A/D converters, temperature sensors, and other devices are available. Electrical features include low data rates (about 16 kbps, max), flexible voltage and timing requirements, long maxium distances (up to 1,000 feet), and optional parasitic powering of slaves. Each 1-Wire device has a unique 48-bit serial number, so multiple slaves can share the same bus. See also I2C, SPI.HISTORY: The 1-Wire protocol was invented by Dallas Semiconductor, which holds a related patent.A representation of the circuitry used to connect 1-Wire devices. 1489(fourteen eighty-nine) num. An obsolete chip used to receive RS-232 signals.A 1970s part originally from Motorola, the 1489 was a line receiver thattranslated the +/-15 V RS-232 levels to TTL signals. Now replaced bycombined receiver/transmitter chips such as the MAX232 from Maxim.4004(four thousand four) num. The first microprocessor. Invented by Intel (amemory company at the time) in 1971, the 4004 was the world's firstgeneral-purpose microprocessor. A far cry from modern processors, the4004 had a 12-bit instruction pointer, forty six 8-bit opcodes, and sixteen4-bit registers. The 4004 was a 16-pin DIP part, containing about 2,000 transistors. See also Busicom.The world's first single-chip processor.8051(eighty fifty-one) num. An 8-bit microcontroller family. The original 8051was designed in the late 1970s by Intel. Its many variants are still popularwith embedded systems developers and are now available from multiple suppliers. Related chips include Siemens' 80C517, TI's TMS370, and the80251.8N1(as letters and numbers) abbr. A common flavor of serial communicationsthat features 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit. Other specifications havethe same format, with E and O indicating even and odd parity, respectively.This information is normally coupled with the number of data bits persecond, such as 9600 bps or 57.6 kbps.A/D convertern. A hardware device that reads an analog signal—typically a voltage—compares it to a reference signal, and converts the resulting percentage to a digital value. Short for analog-to-digital converter. Abbreviated ADC. The reference signal represents 100%. An n-bit A/D converter has a maximum value of 2**n - 1 and a resolution of Vref/2**n. See also D/A converter.active lowadj. Denotes a logic device or circuit where a logic 1 is a lower voltage than a logic 0.address busn. A set of wires connected to a processor and all of the peripherals with which it communicates, for the purpose of selecting a specific memory location or register within a particular peripheral. If the address bus contains n electrical lines, the processor can address up to 2**n unique locations. Address decoding logic between the processor and the devices connected to the bus select the proper device, typically based on the uppermost bits. application softwaren. Software that is specific to a particular embedded system. Such application-specific code is generally built on a layered architecture of reusable components, such as a real-time operating system andnetwork-protocol stack or other middleware. If there is no such architecture, then this term may not be used. The application software is unlikely to be reusable across embedded platforms, simply because each embedded system has a different application.application-specific integrated circuitn. A piece of custom-designed hardware in a mass-produced chip. Abbreviated ASIC.assemblern. A software development tool that translates human-readable assembly language programs into machine-readable code that the target processor can understand and execute.USAGE: Assembler also can mean assembly language, as in, "I wrote that part of the code in assembler."assembly languagen. A human-writable form of a processor's native instruction set. In its typical form, each line of assembly code represents a single CPU instruction. The human-readable representation of each opcode is called a mnemonic.GetHexByte:call SerialReceive ;get new byte from serial portaddlw 0xBF ;add -'A' to ASCII high bytebtfss STATUS,C ;check if positiveaddlw 0x07 ;if not, add 17 ('0' to '9')addlw 0x0A ;else add 10 ('A' to 'F')movwf HexByte ;save nibbleswapf HexByte,F ;move nibble to high positioncall SerialReceive ;get new byte from serial port addlw 0xBF ;add -'A' to ASCII low byte btfss STATUS,C ;check if positive addlw 0x07 ;if not, add 17 ('0' to '9') addlw 0x0A ;else add 10 ('A' to 'F') iorwf HexByte,F ;add low nibble to high nibble movf HexByte,W ;put result in W reg returnAn example of an assembly language subroutine for the PIC16F877 microcontroller. The code reads two ASCII bytes from the serial port, interprets them as hex digits (0 ... F), and combines them to form a byte of binary data.BASIC StampN. A tiny single-board computer manufactured by Parallax based on an 8051, PIC, or other microcontroller. The BASIC Stamp is about the size of a postage stamp (hence the name) and executes a variant of BASIC called PBASIC. Inexpensive, self-contained, and easy to program, they're used in education and simple embedded systems that require little horsepower but rapid delivery.A BASIC Stamp collection. bidirectionaladj. Describes a type of device or bus that supports two-way data transfers. To reduce wiring, connectors, and pin counts, it's common to share data on one bus. Data can move from device A to B or from B to A, though not at the same time. Contrast with unidirectional.EXAMPLE: A bidirectional data bus is present on pretty much every microprocessor. A single bus transfers data to and from memory and I/O. Control signals police the transfers, ensuring that there are no attempts to transfer data in both directions at the same time.big-endianadj. A data representation for a multibyte value that has the most significant byte stored at the lowest memory address. Note that only the bytes are reordered, never the nibbles or bits that comprise them. Every processor stores its data in either big-endian or little-endian format. Sun's SPARC, Motorola's 68k, and the PowerPC families are all big-endian. The Java virtual machine is big-endian as well. Similarly, every communications protocol must define the byte order of its multibyte values. TCP/IP uses big-endian representation. EXAMPLE: If the 32-bit value 0x12345678 is located at address 1000d in memory, its most significant byte, 0x12, would be found at location 1000d. Location 1001d would contain the next most significant byte, 0x34; location 1002d would contain 0x56; and location 1003d would contain the least significant byte, 0x78. binary semaphore n. A type of semaphore with just two states. Often used to guarantee mutual exclusion. Compare to mutex.board support packagen. Part of a software package that is processor or platform dependent. Abbreviated BSP. Typically, sample source code for the BSP is provided by the package developer. To port the larger package, only the code in the board support package must be modified. Most commercial real-time operating systems have a BSP to make porting easy.bond-out processorn. A special version of a processor that has some of the internal signals brought out to external pins. Bond-out processors are designed to be used within an in-circuit emulator and are not typically used in any other kind of system.breakpointn. A location in a program at which execution is to be stopped and control of the processor switched to the debugger. Mechanisms for creating and removing breakpoints are provided by most debugging tools. See also tracepoint, hardware breakpoint. C99N. A 1999 update to the international standard for the C programming language. The updated standard is formally known as ISO/IEC 9899: Programming Languages—C. From an embedded systems programming perspective, one of C99's most exciting enhancements is built-in definition of signed and unsigned integer data types of 8, 16, and 32 bits. (They are typedef'd as uint8_t, int8_t, uint16_t, etc. in the platform-specific library header file stdint.h.) The C99 standard also recognizes C++-style comments (//) and makes several other long-overdue language improvements. USAGE: In standard C, the size of primitive types short, int, and long are only loosely defined. On one platform, an int can be 16 bits; on another, 32 bits. For many years, embedded systems programmers have defined their own typedefs for fixed-sized signed and unsigned integers. Finally, standard names were assigned in the C99 updated language standard. If you don't have a C99-compliant compiler and library at your disposal, you can typedef these constants yourself. Now that C99 has standardized their names, we strongly recommend that you make your fixed-size type names comply. central processing unit n. The part of a processor that executes instructions.checksumn. A numerical check value calculated from a larger set of data. A checksum is most often used when sending a packet of data over a network or other communications channel. One checksum formula is a simple addition, withoverflow ignored, wherein the bytes of the packet are added together into avariable of a fixed size/width (say, 16 bits) as they are sent. The checksum istypically sent at the end of the packet and used at the receiving end toconfirm the integrity of the preceding data. See also Internet checksum.compilern. A software-development tool that translates high-level language programsinto the machine-language instructions that a particular processor canunderstand and execute. However, the object code that results is not yetready to be run; at least a linker or link-step must follow.A simplified example, showing the results of compiling the contents of two source modcorresponding object files.complex instruction set computern. Describes the architecture of a processor family. Abbreviated CISC.So-called CISC processors generally feature variable-length instructions andmultiple addressing formats and have a small number of general-purposeregisters. Intel's 80x86 family is the quintessential example of CISC.Contrast with reduced instruction set computer.complex programmable logic devicen. A larger, more capable PLD. Abbreviated CPLD. Each CPLD typicallyconsists of several programmable logic blocks plus a matrix of programmable interconnecting paths. CPLDs can be used to create largerand more advanced logic circuits than PLDs but are generally smaller andless flexible than FPGAs.A CPLD is typically a single-chip collection of PLDs plus a switch matrix. contextn. The current state of the processor's registers and flags. The context mustbe saved when an interrupt occurs or when an operating system selects anew task to run and preempts the previously running task.context switchn. The process of switching from one task to another in a multitaskingoperating system. A context switch involves saving the context of therunning task and restoring the previously saved context of the other. Thepiece of code that does this is necessarily processor specific.counter/timern. A common peripheral that counts either external events (counter mode) orprocessor cycles (timer mode). Virtually every microcontroller has one ormore on-board counter/timers. Most operate in a vast number of modes;some have dozens of control registers (Motorola's TPU has more than 50).Counter/timer hardware has more uses than can be imagined, including asinput devices to count events, as outputs to drive pulse-width modulationdevices, and as internal units to create regular interrupts for RTOS context switching.counting semaphoren. A type of semaphore with more than two states. A counting semaphore is typically used to track multiple resources of the same type. An attempt to take a counting semaphore is blocked only if all of the available resources are in use.CRC(as letters) abbr. See cyclic redundancy code.critical sectionn. A sequence of instructions that must be executed in sequence and without interruption to guarantee correct operation of the software. If the instructions are interrupted, a race condition might occur. cross-compilern. A compiler that runs on a different platform from the one for which it produces object code. Often even the processor architecture/family of the host and target platforms differ. D/A convertern. A hardware device that takes a set of bits, typically from a processor, as input and produces an analog signal proportional to the digital input as output. Short for digital-to-analog converter. Abbreviated DAC. D/A converters might be as simple as an array of resistors configured in the typical "R-2R" fashion or a hybrid module that generates very precise results with many bits of resolution. A simple use is to vary the intensity of a lamp (another approach that avoids the messy analog world is a pulse-width modulator that uses different switching rates and pulse lengths to control intensity). See also A/D converter. data bus n. A set of electrical signals connected to the processor and all of the memory and peripheral devices with which it communicates for the purpose of transferring data between them. When the processor wants to read (write) the contents of a memory location or register within a particular peripheral, it sets the address bus pins appropriately and receives (transmits) the contents on the data bus. One unit of data is transferred in each memory cycle.deadlinen. In a real-time system, the time at which a particular set of computationsor data transfers must be completed. There are typically consequences associated with missing a deadline. If the deadline absolutely, positivelymust be met every time or else, it is called a hard deadline. Hard deadlineshave dire consequences when missed. Other deadlines are said to be soft deadlines.deadlockn. An unwanted software situation in which an entire set of tasks is blocked,waiting for an event that only a task within the same set can cause. If adeadlock occurs, the only solution is to reset the involved set of tasks or theentire system. However, it is usually possible to prevent deadlocksaltogether by following certain software-design practices. Consult anoperating systems textbook for details.A key condition for deadlock is a circular wait, such as that shown here. debug monitorn. A piece of embedded software that has been designed specifically for useas a debugging tool. It usually resides in ROM and communicates with adebugger via a serial port or network connection. The debug monitorprovides a set of primitive commands to view and modify memory locationsand registers, create and remove breakpoints, and execute your program. Aremote debugger with knowledge of the command format communicateswith the debug monitor and combines these primitives to fulfill higher-levelrequests like program download and single-step.debuggern. A tool used to test and debug software. A typical remote debugger runson a host computer and connects to the target through a serial port or over a network. Using the debugger, you can download software to the target for immediate execution. You can also set breakpoints in the code and examine the contents of specific memory locations and registers.device drivern. A software module that hides the details of a particular peripheral and provides a high-level programming interface to it. Each device driver is typically a piece of operating system-specific software that makes it possible for application software to attach to, read and write data from, and change the behavior of the peripheral device. The more complex the operating system environment, the more likely it is that the device driver code will have to conform to a certain high-level API. For example, Windows and Unix both require every network device driver to conform to a common API. device programmer n. A tool for programming EPROMs, PLDs, nonvolatile memories, and other electrically programmable devices. Typically, the programmable device is inserted into a socket on the device programmer, and the contents of a memory buffer are then transferred into it. So-called gang programmers create several devices from the same image simultaneously. digital filtern. A filter that's implemented digitally. A digital filter accepts digital inputs (typically samples read from an A/D converter) and produces digital outputs. The data is processed in firmware running on a DSP. [more] digital signal processorn. A device that is similar to a microprocessor, except that the internal CPU has been optimized for use in applications involving discrete-time signal processing. Abbreviated DSP. In addition to standard microprocessor instructions, DSPs usually support a set of specialized instructions, like multiply-and-accumulate, to perform common signal-processing computations quickly. A Harvard architecture, featuring separate code and data memory spaces, is commonly used to speed data throughput. Common DSP families include Texas Instruments' 320Cxx and Motorola's 5600x series.direct memory accessn. A technique for transferring data directly between two peripherals (usually memory and an I/O device) with only minimal intervention by the processor. Abbreviated DMA. DMA transfers are managed by a third device called a DMA controller, which shares the memory bus with the processor. Unused memory cycles are stolen by the DMA controller. The processor is only involved, via an interrupt, once the entire block of data has been transferred. In that way, the processor is freed to do other things and overall throughput is increased.down countern. A counter that counts down, from its maximum value toward zero. Contrast with up counter.DRAM(dee ram) abbr. A type of RAM that maintains its content only as long as the data stored in the device is refreshed at regular intervals. Short for Dynamic Random Access Memory. The repetitive row by column refresh access cycles are usually performed by a peripheral called a DRAM controller. If this isn't done every few milliseconds, some or all of the data stored in the memory can be lost. DRAM is much cheaper per byte than SRAM because it requires just one transistor per bit rather than four to six; however, it has longer access times. DRAM's lower cost per byte makes it attractive whenever large amounts of RAM are required. Many systems include both types: a small block of SRAM (a few kibibytes) along a critical data path and a much larger block of DRAM (mebibytes perhaps) for everything else. DSP(as letters) abbr. See digital signal processor.EEPROM(double-ee prom) abbr. A type of ROM that can be erased electronically and reprogrammed in-circuit (or with a device programmer). Short for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. From the programmer's perspective, EEPROM is very similar to flash memory. The biggest difference is that the bytes (words) of an EEPROM can be erased individually.electromagnetic spectrumn. The entire range of possible frequencies, from DC to gamma rays andbeyond. The spectrum is measured in terms of wavelength or frequency, where wavelength in meters = 3 × 10**8/frequency in hertz. AM radio is at the low end of the spectrum, from 500 kHz to 1.6 MHz; FM radio is around 100 MHz, cell phones at 800 MHz, radar from 2 to 14 GHz, and visible light around 10**6 GHz.The electromagnetic spectrum. embedded C++n. A subset of the C++ programming language that is optimized for embedded systems use and supported by some compiler vendors. Abbreviated EC++.embedded systemn. A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as in the case of an antilock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer.EXAMPLE: Microwave ovens, cell phones, calculators, digital watches, VCRs, cruise missiles, GPS receivers, heart monitors, laser printers, radar guns, engine controllers, digital cameras, traffic lights, remote controls, bread machines, fax machines, pagers, cash registers, treadmills, gas pumps, credit/debit card readers, thermostats, pacemakers, blood gas monitors, grain analyzers, and a gazillion others.emulator1. See in-circuit emulator.2. n. Any debugging tool that pretends to be a system resource and adds additional functionality or remote visibility. See also ROM emulator. endiannessn. The attribute of a hardware or software architecture that indicates how multibyte values are represented and stored. The two possibilities are called big-endian and little-endian.HISTORY: The origin of the odd terms big-endian and little-endian can be traced to the 1726 book Gulliver's Travels, by Jonathan Swift. In one part of the story, resistance to an imperial edict to break soft-boiled eggs on the little end escalates to civil war. (The plot is a satire of England's King Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church.) A few hundred years later, in 1981, Danny Cohen applied the terms and the satire to our current situation in IEEE Computer (vol. 14, no. 10).EPROM(ee-prom) abbr. A type of ROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once erased, an EPROM can be reprogrammed with a device programmer. Short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.A window in the device allows ultraviolet radiation to enter the device and reset the ROM circuitry to its initial state. executablen. A file containing object code that is ready for execution on the target. All that remains is to place the object code into a ROM or download it via a debugging tool. field-programmable gate arrayn. A logic chip that has thousands of internal gates and can be programmed. Abbreviated FPGA. FPGAs are especially popular for prototyping integrated circuit designs. However, once the design is finalized, hard-wired chips called ASICs are often used instead for their faster performance and lower cost.The internal structure of an FPGA.firmwaren. Executable software that is stored within a ROM. USAGE: This term is interchangeable with embedded software and sometimes is used even when the executable is not stored in ROM.flash1. v. To download new firmware into a flash memory. A bootloader typically facilitates this process by communicating with a program on the host, erasing the flash memory, and writing the new code. The sector of the flash memory that contains the bootloader's code must not be overwritten in the process.2. See flash memory.flash memoryn. A RAM-ROM hybrid that can be erased and rewritten under software control. Abbreviated flash. Flash is an in-circuit programmable nonvolatile memory segmented into blocks called sectors. Each sector can be individually erased, then the data within it rewritten. Flash memory is common in systems that require nonvolatile data storage at very low cost. In some cases, a large flash device can be used instead of a disk drive. Although there is a theoretical limit to the number of times a flash memory can be erased and rewritten successfully, this limit is seldom reached in practice. [more] USAGE: To capitalize or not to capitalize? That is indeed the question. Although it makes little sense to capitalize, the practice is quite widespread. We recommend against it. ForthN. A niche programming language originally designed for real-time control of telescopes. An ANSI standard since 1994 (X3.215). Forth has a simple syntax and many keywords, unlike C/C++ and similar languages, which are the opposite. Forth programs are made up of many small procedures, and math is via RPN. These procedures are compiled, though Forth has no compiler in the traditional sense. Forth is essentially just a collection of procedures, called words, and an interpreter. Nowadays, Forth is used primarily to test and debug hardware and bring up systems. Only about 2% of the subscribers of Embedded Systems Programming reported using Forth regularly in a 2001 survey.Interestingly, some Unix workstations boot a small Forth interpreter before the rest of the operating system. One such environment is Sun's Open Boot, which provides Forth programming capabilities right out of ROM and a small bootloader that enables the operating system to be manually or automatically loaded and run from a disk drive or over a network. IEEE 1275 defines a standard based on Open Boot.fuzzy logic1. n. A methodology that makes it possible to make decisions based only on ambiguous or imprecise input data. Fuzzy logic can be implemented in software or hardware. As a first step, the possible inputs are grouped into sets. Decisions are then made based on the partial membership of inputs in these sets (according to fuzzy set theory), rather than the specific values of the input signals. The overlap of these partial set memberships results is a specific decision.2. n. A multivalued set theory. Contrast with Boolean logic.geartooth Hall effect sensorn. A Hall effect sensor and a magnet packaged together for easy use in detecting the rotation of a gear. As each geartooth passes by the sensor, a pulse is output. A counter can be connected to count these pulses and software can then determine the speed of the gear's rotation.general-purpose computern. A combination of computer hardware and software that serves as a general-purpose computing platform. PCs, Macs, and Unix workstations are the most popular modern examples. Contrast with embedded system. See also basic input/output system. general-purpose I/On. Customizable input/output pins on a microcontroller. Abbreviated GPIO. By wiring the hardware appropriately and configuring the GPIO port in software, one pin can be used as input to read a switch, another as an output to control a status LED, and a pair to serve as clock and data for a serial EEPROM.glitchn. An unwanted, spurious logic pulse of very short duration. Any unwanted,erratic, and generally nonreproducible behavior of a system is termed a glitch. Most result from poor timing or bad combinatorial design.A glitch is also the standard excuse for a single irreproducible failure. Experienced developers know that the phrase, "It must've just been a glitch," really means, "I have no idea what just happened, but maybe if I ignore it, the problem will go away." Unfortunately, it seldom does.glue logicn. The address decoding and other messy circuitry (or programmable logic) that ties together a system. It's called glue logic because it's what holds the entire system together. GNU toolsn. A broad generic name for the popular GNU compiler (gcc), debugger (gdb), binutils, and related software development tools. Gray code N. Any of several possible mappings of the integers from 0 to 2**n - 1 to a set of n-bit binary values such that only 1 bit differs between each successive binary value. The mapping that's typically used is formally known as binary reflected Gray code. Generating a set of that form involves starting with 0...000b and always flipping the rightmost bit that will give a new value.Applications abound. Consider a shaft encoder with a 4-bit parallel output. Encoders use brushes or optical techniques to report position; these are mechanical and, therefore, imperfect implementations. An encoder that outputs normal binary, if positioned between 3 (0011b) and 4 (0100b), might dither with 3 bits changing. The processor might read (serially) 0011b (3), 0100b (4), or 0111b (7)—the latter a hugely incorrect value. If a Gray code is used, the data will dither between 0010b (3) and 0110b (4); the only possible values seen by the computer are those two, both of which are off by one from each other, and either of which is a reasonable approximation of the position. EXAMPLE: n = 3: { 000b, 001b, 011b, 010b, 110b, 111b, 101b, 100b } HISTORY: Named for Bell Labs engineer Frank Gray, who developed a binary reflected code for use in communication and later patented their use for shaft encoders in 1953, though such codes were known to others in the late 1800s.。

1.TDP--Thermal Design Power 散热设计功耗2.SMBus ---System Management Bus 系统总线3.GPIO---General Purpose Input Output 通用输入/输出或总线扩展器4.SIO--超级输入输出芯片5.SO-DIMM--小外形双列内存模组6.DIMM--Dual-Inline-Memory-Modules,即双列直插式存储模块7.SPI--Serial Peripheral Interface--串行外设接口8.IDE--微型计算机智能接口，是现在普遍使用的外部接口，主要接硬盘和光驱，传输模式有以下三种：PIO(Programmed I/O)模式、DMA(Driect Memory Access)模式、Ultra DMA(简称UDMA)模式9.AMT---主动管理技术10.POST--通电自检程序11.HDMI--High Definition Multimedia Interface高清晰度多媒体接口12.CRT ---Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管13.DAC --Digital Analog Converter 数模转换器14.DDC --Display Data Channel—I2C bus interface betweena display and a graphics adapter. 显示数据通道15.DVI --Digital Visual Interface —video interface standard developed by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). 数字可视化界面16.EFT --Electrical Fast Transient 电快速瞬变17.EMI --Electro magnetic Interference 电磁干扰18.ESD --Electrostatic Discharge 静电放电19.ExpressCard--A PCMCIA standard built on the latest USB 2.0 and PCI Express buses.20.GBE --Gigabit Ethernet 千兆以太网21.LPC-- Low Pin-Count Interface: a low speed interface used for peripheral circuits such as Super I/O controllers, which typically combine legacy-device support into a single IC. 低针脚数接口22.LVDS --Low-Voltage Differential Signaling 低压差分信号23.PCI Express (PCIe)--Peripheral Component Interface Express – next-generation high speed Serialized I/O bus 24.PCI Express Lane --One PCI Express Lane is a set of 4 signals that contains two differential lines for Transmitter and two differential lines for Receiver. Clocking information is embedded into the data stream.25.SATA --Serial ATA attachment: serial-interface standard for hard disks26.SDVO--Serial Digital Video Out—proprietary technology introduced by Intel. to add additional video signaling interfaces to a system. 连续数字式录影27.T.B.D. --To be determinedB --Universal Serial Bus29.x1, x2, x4, x16 x1 refers to one PCI Express Lane of basic bandwidth; x2 to acollection of two PCI Express Lanes; etc.. Also referred to as x1, x2, x4, x16 link.30.ASIC（专用集成电路）Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. A piece of custom-designed hardware in a chip. 专用集成电路。