PHYSICAL MODELS OF GIS OBJECTS BY RAPID PROTOTYPING

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并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Downloaded tips: This document is carefully compiled by the editor. I hope that after you download them, they can help you solve practical problems. The documents can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!地理信息系统（GIS）是一种基于计算机技术的空间数据管理和空间分析系统。

第一部分基础理论题第1章概论1.What’s your comprehension of the concepts of GIS?2.What are the difference and the relation between the basic function and the applied function of GIS?3.With the development of the modern information technique, what kind of changes has brought to the survey ing and mapping technique and geographic analysis technique?4.What are the difference and the relation between instrumental GIS and appl ied GIS?5、试将GIS的输入设备按照不同的分类方法进行分类，并说明其特点。

6、现代空间定位技术有哪些主要方法？对GIS技术的发展产生什么影响？7、网络技术的出现与发展对GIS技术产生哪些主要的变化8、说明GIS在几个不同发展阶段的标志性技术是什么，它们的出现如何促进GIS的发展？第2章地理空间数学基础1.What are the relations between the earth surface, the geoid, and the Earth spherop?2.How many coordinate systems are there to describe the geographic spatial data? What are the relations between them?3.What are the advantage and the disadvantage of describing a point on the ground by using geodetic coordinate and geocentric coordinate?4.What are the main characteristics and the applicability of the UTM Projection and the Lambert Projection?5. How to transform the elevation of the different datum?6、高斯投影的变形特征是什么？为什么常常被用作大比例尺普通地图的地图投影？7、在数字地图中，地图比例尺在含义与表现形式上有哪些变化？8、除地形分幅外，谈谈还有何种地理空间框架？他们如何进行编码？9、GPS数据如何与地图数字化数据进行集成？10、选择投影需要考虑哪些因素？如果要制作1：10万的土地利用图，该选何种类型的地图投影？第3章空间数据模型1.What are the main characters of the spatial objects?2.What’s the meaning of spatial relationship? What’s the advantage of spatial relationship in describing the spatialobjects?3、空间数据的概念模型有哪些组成部分？试分析他们之间的关系？4、试分析GIS的几种主要的数据模型各自的优缺点。

CN 11-5904/U J Automotive Safety and Energy, Vol. 11 No. 4, 2020529—537基于物理模型和支持向量机的柴油机冷却系统故障诊断算法朱观宏，宋 康，谢 辉*，陈 韬，钱振环（内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室，天津大学，天津300072，中国)摘要：为了对可监测变量少、时间尺度大、耦合性强的柴油机冷却系统的故障进行有效监测和准确诊断，设计了一种结合同步运行物理模型和小样本数据驱动的智能诊断算法。

算法中建立了一个基于冷却系统物理原理的简化模型。

利用模型实时预测的水温和实际水温的残差作为故障诊断的信息依据，并将信息输入支持向量机（SVM）进行分类，辨识故障原因。

利用GT-SUITE柴油机模型对算法进行仿真测试，在车辆故障工况下对算法进行了试验测试。

结果表明：该算法对故障的识别准确度在97 %以上，诊断用时在45 s以内，显示出该诊断算法对冷却系统故障有良好的监测能力和准确辨识的潜力。

关键词：柴油机；冷却系统；故障诊断；物理模型；支持向量机（SVM）中图分类号： TK 428 文献标识码： A DOI： 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2020.04.013Fault diagnosis algorithm of diesel engine cooling system based on physical model and support vector machineZHU Guanhong, SONG Kang, XIE Hui*, CHEN Tao, QIAN Zhenhuan ( State Key Laboratory of Combustion of Internal Combustion Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China)Abstract: An intelligent fault diagnosis algorithm was developed by using synchronous operating physicalmodel and small sample data-driven to effectively monitor and accurately diagnose the faults of the coolingsystem of diesel engine with strong coupling, large time scale and few variables to be monitored. A simplifiedphysical model that based on the physical principle of cooling system was built in the algorithm. The supportvector machine (SVM) was used to classify the fault information based on the residual of actual watertemperature of the engine and the predicted water temperature of the synchronous operating model to identifythe cause of the fault. The algorithm was tested on a precisely calibrated GT-Power diesel engine model anda real bus with fault. The results show that the identification accuracy of the algorithm is above 97%, andthe diagnosis time is within 45 s after fault occurred; the algorithm has good monitoring ability and accurateidentification potential for cooling system faults.Key words:d iesel engine; cooling system; fault diagnosis; physical model; support vector machine (SVM)收稿日期 / Received ：2020-07-09。

基于gis的数量方法与应用英文版The application of quantitative methods in GIS (Geographic Information System) is a crucial aspect of spatial analysis and decision-making. Quantitative methods in GIS encompass a wide range of techniques andapplications that involve the use of numerical data to analyze spatial patterns, relationships, and trends. These methods play a significant role in various fields such as urban planning, environmental management, transportation, and public health.One of the fundamental quantitative methods used in GIS is spatial statistics, which involves the analysis of spatial data to identify patterns and relationships. This includes techniques such as spatial autocorrelation, hot spot analysis, and spatial regression, which are used to assess the spatial distribution of phenomena and identify clusters or spatial dependencies.Another important quantitative method is networkanalysis, which is used to model and analyze transportation and utility networks. This involves techniques such as shortest path analysis, network connectivity, and location-allocation modeling, which help in optimizing routes, identifying critical network components, and planning for efficient resource allocation.Furthermore, quantitative methods in GIS also include interpolation and surface analysis, which are used to estimate values at unmeasured locations and analyze terrain characteristics. This involves techniques such as kriging, IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting), and TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) analysis, which are used to create continuous surfaces from point data and analyze elevation, slope, and aspect.The application of quantitative methods in GIS is diverse and widespread. In urban planning, GIS is used to analyze demographic data, land use patterns, and infrastructure planning. Environmental management utilizes GIS for spatial modeling of ecosystems, habitat suitability analysis, and environmental impact assessment. In publichealth, GIS is applied to analyze disease clusters, healthcare accessibility, and epidemiological studies.In conclusion, the application of quantitative methodsin GIS is essential for understanding spatial relationships, making informed decisions, and solving complex spatial problems across various domains. These methods provide valuable insights into spatial patterns and trends, andtheir application continues to grow in importance as technology advances and the need for spatial analysis becomes more critical in decision-making processes.。

Mastering ArcGIS参考答案Mastering ArcGIS参考答案ArcGIS is a powerful geographic information system (GIS) software developed by Esri. It allows users to analyze and visualize spatial data, making it an essential tool for professionals in various fields such as urban planning, environmental management, and emergency response. Mastering ArcGIS, a comprehensive guidebook, provides users with the necessary skills to effectively utilize ArcGIS and its various components. In this article, we will explore some key concepts and techniques covered in Mastering ArcGIS.Data Management and AnalysisOne of the fundamental aspects of ArcGIS is data management. The software allows users to import, organize, and manipulate various types of spatial data, including shapefiles, raster images, and geodatabases. Mastering ArcGIS provides step-by-step instructions on how to create and edit these datasets, ensuring data integrity and accuracy.Spatial analysis is another crucial component of ArcGIS, allowing users to derive meaningful insights from spatial data. Mastering ArcGIS covers a range of analysis techniques, including buffering, overlaying, and interpolation. These techniques enable users to identify patterns, make informed decisions, and solve complex spatial problems.Cartography and VisualizationArcGIS offers a wide range of tools and functionalities for cartography andvisualization. Mastering ArcGIS delves into the principles of map design, teaching users how to create visually appealing and informative maps. It covers topics such as symbolization, labeling, and layout design, ensuring that users can effectively communicate their spatial data.In addition to traditional 2D maps, ArcGIS also supports 3D visualization. Mastering ArcGIS provides guidance on creating and manipulating 3D scenes, allowing users to explore their data in a more immersive and interactive manner. This capability is particularly useful for urban planners and architects, as it enables them to visualize proposed developments and assess their impact on the surrounding environment.Geoprocessing and AutomationArcGIS includes a powerful geoprocessing framework that allows users to automate repetitive tasks and streamline their workflows. Mastering ArcGIS introduces users to ModelBuilder, a graphical interface that enables the creation of complex geoprocessing models. These models can be shared and reused, saving time and effort for users.Furthermore, Mastering ArcGIS covers Python scripting, a programming language widely used in the GIS community. Python scripting allows users to extend the functionality of ArcGIS and automate tasks that are not supported by the graphical interface. By mastering Python scripting, users can unlock the full potential of ArcGIS and customize it to suit their specific needs.Spatial Analysis and Decision MakingArcGIS is not just a tool for data visualization; it also empowers users to make informed decisions based on spatial analysis. Mastering ArcGIS provides guidance on how to perform suitability analysis, site selection, and network analysis, among others. These techniques are invaluable for urban planners, environmental scientists, and business analysts, as they enable them to identify optimal locations, assess environmental impacts, and optimize transportation routes.ConclusionMastering ArcGIS is an essential resource for anyone seeking to harness the power of ArcGIS and unlock its full potential. By providing comprehensive guidance on data management, cartography, geoprocessing, and spatial analysis, it equips users with the necessary skills to effectively utilize ArcGIS in their respective fields. Whether you are a GIS professional or a student, Mastering ArcGIS will undoubtedly enhance your proficiency in this powerful software and enable you to tackle complex spatial challenges with confidence.。

The Application of ArcGIS and SketchUp in the Virtual Campus Construction——Case of Shanxi Normal UniversityJianjun LiSchool of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an, Chinalijianjun418418@Weili YangSchool of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an, Chinayangweili@Bohua YingShanghai Xian Dai Architectural Decoration & Landscape Design Research institute Co., Ltd.Shanghai, Chinayingcanada@Zhuanxia Ning; Wenjing CuiGeographical Science CollegeNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing, Chinaningzx123@Abstract— With the development of technology, three-dimensional GIS has been used in many fields. Virtual Campus is one of good applications. Shanxi Normal University was taken as the example, using SketchUp and ArcGIS in order to establish three-dimensional virtual campus, study the methods of building DEM models, 3D landscape modes and image processing. The user can view 3D-scene and make some basic spatial analysis. It will be played an important role in development planning, scientific management and the school outside image.Keywords- Virtual Campus, ArcGIS, SketchUp, spatial analysisI.I NTRODUCTIONWith the development of three-dimensional GIS (3D-GIS), the technology has been used in many areas of society. Such as digital cities, urban planning, traffic monitoring, and real estate development, hydro-geological activities, meteorological services, travel planning, and landscape design etc. The 3D GIS brings user a stunning and immersive visual effect as 2D GIS by panoramic view and other special functions. It gives us new observation of survival planet. At present, many colleges and universities have established their campus information management system, which has played certain role in the schools planning and management, but they can’t only meet the requirements of management of spatial location on the campus, the representation of panoramic view and query of interesting. So it’s imperative to establish theirs 3D virtual campus.In major cities of China, various issues have been appeared in urban development projects. Visual presentations are recognized as powerful tools for the project committee to reach consensus. 3D-GIS application prototype was developed to visualize the existing state of cities and to perform simulations of district development plan [1]. In this application, the high-resolution 3D city model is combined with the 2D urban planning database. The Application was developed based on ArcGIS10 and 3D Analyst with Arc Objects. This paper will discuss the approach and strategies establish the 3D virtual campus of Shanxi Normal University, which is helpful for the planning and management of the school.II.S OFTWARE D ESCRIPTIONConstructing the 3D GIS information systems need the modeling and platform software [2].we selected SketchUp as the modeling software and ArcGIS as the platform to build virtual campus of the Shanxi Normal University.SketchUp has been widely used by urban planer and urban designer and the Architect besides the Data model of Sketch up can easily be changed from SKP to XML, which is transmitted through internet swiftly and perfectly. So the designer can send their works to internet, and meanwhile the public can participate friendly. SketchUp can also provide physical experience to our planner, when they are working, and show them the alternate schemes in order to study, discuss and revise in three-dimensional view, and at last to get the satisfactory result.The SketchUp plug-in for GIS can easily transform date between SketchUp and ArcGIS. Using SketchUp quickly can create 3D models with textures, and transform into Multipath format. ArcGIS is developed by ESRI, very good GIS software, not only can manage spatial data, but also can edit, display and analyze it. In ArcGIS, the Multipath data format is designed to describe 3D solid surface, however it is difficult to create 3D modeling in ArcGIS by itself. Thanks to the aid of SketchUp, it can be overcome soon. At the same time, ArcScene module of ArcGIS provides 3D visualization environment and some spatial analysis functions. Thus, this laid a solid foundation for spatial analysis of the campus.ArcGIS software is geographical objects of 3D features with powerful simulating and reconstructing in macro geographical regions, while SketchUp is advanced in makingfine 3D models with texture. So it is a perfect way to use ArcGIS and SketchUp to build the 3D virtue campus.III.M ETHODSThese data are needed like 3D terrain DEM, 3D architecture model, and building texture. But now we only have CAD data of the campus. Through analysis, we designed a following process to build the virtue campus (see Fig.1).Fig.1: The process of Virtual Campus of Shanxi Normal UniversityA.Makeing DEM ModelA digital elevation model is a digital model or 3-D representation of a terrain's surface — commonly for the planet (including Earth), moon, or asteroid — created from terrain elevation data. The schools’ Topographic and elevation data getting from GPS is used to generate DEM in the constructions of Shanxi Normal University.B.Making the 3D ModelsThere are two kinds of methods to display 3D landscape in ArcScene. One is changing the dots, lines, and faces Symbol Selector to 3D model. However, this way needs 3D model to match the symbols by rotating, amplification. At this time, the model only as a graphic display, but it can not be operated. Another way is to use SketchUp modeling, and then import the Multipath into ArcGIS database, directly display [4]. In the process of construction the virtue campus, the second one was selected. (See Fig.2) C.Paint Trxture with the 3D ModelsIn order to make 3D models more realistic, we can usesome SketchUp library 3D models, as well we can give texture to the 3D models. According to the length, width of 2D model of the buildings, then paint texture photos to the architecture [5]. (See Fig.3)Besides, other objects need to be displayed, for example trees, flowers㧘plants, street light, the flag, and basketball etc. As well attention must be paid when painting the texture to the building modeling in SketchUp. If faces are turned over, the texture will lose when it is converted into Multipath format [6].IV.R ESULTSThis virtual campus is displayed in the ArcScene platform, in which we can control in and outside. The users can navigate without any scale on the campus. In addition, it is possible by defined filter rules and place marks to adapt the world with geo-tagged information in a way that they correspond to the personal interests.This virtual campus not only can display directly in Google Earth, also can display in Arc Explorer a free network 3D browse [7]. (See Fig.4 &Fig.5) It is helpful for the Shanxi normal university to positively manage and plan their campus.Fig. 2: The process of making3D modelingby SketchUp and ArcGISV.D ISCUSSIONThere are many advantages to use SketchUp and GIS than traditional way. Firstly, the 3D models can inherit the same coordinate with two-dimensional. Secondly, it is good at building large scope 3D models with authentic geographic coordinates, for example digital city [8]. Thirdly, you can find some interest information and use it as reality. The virtual campus will play an important role in planning and management of Shanxi Normal University. Its potential value still needs to be developedA CKNOWLEDGMENTIn the process of building 3D virtual campus, Yan Jinning from Shanxi Normal University, provides us with maps of the campus. Ning Zhuanxia & Cui Wenjing from Nanjing Normal University, are helped to create the 3D models of the Virtual campus. Their efforts are necessary for the construction of the campus.R EFERENCES[1] Zhang Wangf ei , Tang Jianrong , etc. Design and Realization of DigitalCampus Based on ARCGIS. Journal of Qufu Normal Univer sity, 2008, Vol.34,No.1. pp.114-116.[2] ShanNan,Kuang Mingsheng,LI Yinggang,Study on 3D GISdevelopment technology basedon SketchUp andArc GIS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 2009, Vol.18,No.4. pp.14-17.[3] Huang Xiaogang,LI Weichen,Preliminary Construction of ThreeDimensional Virtual Campus of Shanxi Normal Univers, Journal of Shanxi Normal Universit(NaturalScience Edition) 2008,Vol.22,No.2. pp.33-36[4] Jin Zhongqiu,Chen Kai,Research on modeling 3D landscape of virtualcity based on Google SketchUp, Journal of Ningbo Polytechnic, Apr,2008,Vol.12, No.2, pp.84-87.[5] Sketchup and ArcGIS : how they work together./newsletters/2006/fevereiro/Using%20Sketch Up%20and%20ArcGIS.pdf[6] Modeling a City. /[7] Xu Hanwei,Fan Xiaohu,Ren Jiayong,Zhang Zhiqiang,Research on 3DVisualization of Digital City Based on SketchUp and ArcGIS, Surveying and Mapping,2010,Vol.3, pp. 52-54.[8] ArcGIS dimensional analysis guide. ESRI China (Beijing) Co., Ltd.translation and publication.[9] Beginning a 3d Site Model in Sketchup Using Data from ArcGIS./gis/manual/arcgis2sku_fp/index.htmFig.4: The results View in the Google EarthFig.5: The results View in the Arc Explorer。

30 /arcuserBy Rex Hansen and Nick FurnessEach release since 100.0 in 2016 has tar-geted a variety of functional areas and in-dustry-specific needs. As this functionality has matured, existing users and partners have migrated from older Esri developer technology to the ArcGIS Runtime, new de-velopers have began using ArcGIS Runtime to add GIS and mapping to native apps, and developers who had been using other development tools have transitioned to ArcGIS Runtime to take advantage of the complete and robust platform available with ArcGIS.Since 100.6, each release has focused on three tracks: utilities, defense and public safety, and platform (i.e., crosscutting fea-tures that support ArcGIS functionality). The industries named in these tracks were the drivers for the development of this functionality, but the applications of those capabilities extend much more broadly to many industries.Utility NetworksNew capabilities enabled for use with online utility networks include two new trace types: loops and shortest path. Loops are areas of a network where resources can flow in either direction. They are expectedwith mesh networks but usually indicate error conditions in radial networks. Loops can be discovered using a shortest path trace. A shortest path trace identifies the shortest path between two points using a numeric network attribute or weight, such as length or cost.You can also filter elements returned from a trace to a specific asset type or output condition. If conditions are defined, every feature encountered during a trace is evalu-ated, and only elements that satisfy the con-ditions are included in the trace result.Trace results can now contain a union of all geometries of a type returned from a trace. This provides a more efficient option for displaying trace results on a map instead of iterating through multiple utility elements.Functions can now be included in a trace configuration and returned with trace re-sults, which allows you to run calculations on network attributes associated with traced features (e.g., the sum of the length of all the wire traced). Several functions can be specified for a trace. The trace function output gives you the trace function defini-tion (e.g., calculation type, network attrib-ute) as well as the function result.ArcGIS Runtime 100.9, also known as Update 9, continues to improve support for online workflows with utility networks, but also introduces key enhancements to the use of features, open data, offline maps, and raster capabilities.Version 4 of the ArcGIS Utility Network adds nonspatial object support, which enables use with telecom networks and underground electrical utilities. Nonspatial tables are now included with network sources and enumerations.Feature TilesFeature layers now use tile-based requests to fetch and display features in a map when supported by the feature service. Feature tiles enable feature layers in ArcGIS Runtime to load faster and return more features. Feature tiles use a protocol buffer binary format to reduce network latency and advanced HTTP caching semantics to improve performance. At this release, fea-ture tiles are not used to request features for display in a scene (3D).Branch Versioned Feature ServicesEnterprise geodatabases use versioning to accommodate the needs of multiuser edit-ing scenarios and long transactions. Branch versioning uses the Web GIS model to meet those needs via feature services. ArcGIS Runtime now supports branch versioning workflows through feature services. It canArcGIS Runtime 100.9 Has More Support for Feature Use, Open Data, and Offline Mapsbrowse the versions available on a feature service, choose a version to connect to or create a new one, and then display features from that version using feature layers. Edits made to the features in the feature layer are isolated to that version and protected from changes being made to other versions. ArcGIS Pro can be used to reconcile and post changes from different versions at the end of the editing process.Offline Feature-Linked AnnotationYou can now take feature-linked annotation offline from a sync-enabled feature service, add new features, update existing feature geometry and attributes, and view the au-tomatically positioned feature-linked anno-tation on the map. If you synchronize your changes with the online feature service, the annotation objects will be automati-cally updated on the server to reflect those changes. Other offline users can then syn-chronize with the feature service to obtain the updated feature-linked annotation. OGC API FeaturesThis release introduces support for OGC API Features, a new, open, multipart standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium Inc. (OGC) for sharing fea-ture data on the web. Part 1: Core of this standard describes basic capabilities for enabling read-only access to spatial data. Most of these capabilities are supported in ArcGIS Runtime and are accessible through new classes that represent an OGC feature service and feature service info as well as OGC feature tables and collections. Note that only manual cache mode is supported at this time, which means a developer must use the API to query and populate an OGC feature table with features from an OGC API Feature service.Offline MapsIn the 100.8 release, Esri delivered support for online layers in mobile map and scene packages. In the 100.9 release, a web map can now be taken offline while retaining layers that reference online services. When network connectivity is available, your app users can utilize these online services, but if there is no connection, users can keep working with their local content.A few years ago, Esri introduced support for preplanned workflows to optimize and streamline creating and delivering mapsTrace results in this example are filtered to show assets of type overhead singleand three phase switches and cabinet fuses.Developer's Sectionand data for offline use. A preplannedworkflow relies on map authors who createand publish map areas in ArcGIS Online orArcGIS Enterprise. Publishing a map areainvolves generating and storing new filesof map content, such as basemaps and fea-tures, for download.Generating and downloading a maparea can take some time. With this release,before you download the map area, youcan now check whether a map area’s pub-lishing process is complete, has failed, or isstill in progress.You can also take a map offline and avoidreceiving updates. This will disable datasynchronization on the map’s geodatabas-es and prevent associated feature servicesfrom creating synchronization replicas. Thebenefits of this option are that the burdenon the feature server is reduced, and youwill not need to unregister geodatabaseswhen they are no longer required.Mosaic RulesA mosaic rule defines how the individ-ual rasters are combined into a singlemosaicked image. With this release,mosaic rules defined in web maps, webscenes, mobile map packages, and mobile31/arcuserscene packages are honored while render-ing image service rasters. You can also override the default mosaic rules to control how overlapping areas in the mosaic are handled. In addition to how it’s displayed, the mosaic rules may affect values returned when identifying, computing a histogram, or exporting the image.Platform Improvements and ChangesNew locators were introduced with ArcGIS Pro 2.3 via the Create Locator tool and supported in ArcGIS Runtime 100.5. These locators consist of a *.loc file and *.loz file. These files are smaller, faster, easier to maintain, and offer consistency across the platform. 100.9 will be the last release to support classic geocode locators (thathave only a *.loc file), created in ArcGIS Prousing the Create Address Locator tool. Thischange only pertains to use of local loca-tors. There is no change to ArcGIS Runtimesupport for ArcGIS geocode services.For ArcGIS Runtime developers who useArcGIS Runtime Local Server, Esri has ex-tended the deprecation of ArcGIS Desktop10.x packages. Version 100.9 will be the lastrelease to support ArcGIS Desktop 10.xpackages that were created in ArcMap. Thenext ArcGIS Runtime Local Server versionwill require that packages be created withArcGIS Pro. ArcGIS Runtime Local Servercan be used with newer versions of theArcGIS Runtime SDKs for .NET, Java, and Qt.Esri has also introduced many more en-hancements to group layers, navigation,and scenes; continued to fix issues; im-proved performance, and enriched integra-tion within the platform. For more details,see the release notes at developers.esri.com for Android, iOS, Qt, .NET, and Java.Download and Get StartedTo get 100.9, go to the ArcGIS forDevelopers website (),and download the SDK of your choice. Youcan also reference it through developmenttools such as NuGet, Gradle, or CocoaPods.If you’re new to developing with ArcGISRuntime and don’t have an ArcGIS forDevelopers subscription, simply sign up fora free account and you’ll be able to accesseverything you need to develop your app.About the AuthorsRex Hansen is an Esri product managerfor ArcGIS Runtime. He has more than25 years of experience in GIS, spatial ana-lytics, and computer mapping. Recently,he has helped guide the development ofnative solutions and technologies in theGIS industry that use authoritative geo-spatial data in immersive, extended realityexperiences.Nick Furness is an Esri technical productmanager for ArcGIS Runtime SDKs foriOS and macOS. He has spent more than20 years working in GIS, building projectsthat have ranged from small mom-and-popsolutions to enterprise utility and nationalgovernment deployments. He presents atthe Esri Developer Summit, the Esri UserConference, and many other events, mostlyon ArcGIS Runtime SDKs.Sign up for a free account and access everything you need to develop your app. The grid shows tiles defined by a ArcGIS Runtime request for all features of this point feature layer from an ArcGIS feature service. This service represents usage of public transport by census tract in the northeastern United States./arcuser。

华中师范大学物理学院物理学专业英语仅供内部学习参考！2014一、课程的任务和教学目的通过学习《物理学专业英语》，学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法，进而具备基本的阅读理解物理学专业文献的能力。

通过分析《物理学专业英语》课程教材中的范文，学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科的研究内容和主要思想，提高学生的专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿的能力。

培养专业英语阅读能力，了解科技英语的特点，提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度；掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇，基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读；达到一定的笔译水平。

要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。

要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。

二、课程内容课程内容包括以下章节：物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论三、基本要求1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量（约1200~1500词/学时），要求正确理解原文。

2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物，要求基本理解原文主要内容。

3.掌握基本专业词汇（不少于200词）。

4.应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献，并能简单地进行写作的能力。

四、参考书目录1 Physics 物理学 (1)Introduction to physics (1)Classical and modern physics (2)Research fields (4)V ocabulary (7)2 Classical mechanics 经典力学 (10)Introduction (10)Description of classical mechanics (10)Momentum and collisions (14)Angular momentum (15)V ocabulary (16)3 Thermodynamics 热力学 (18)Introduction (18)Laws of thermodynamics (21)System models (22)Thermodynamic processes (27)Scope of thermodynamics (29)V ocabulary (30)4 Electromagnetism 电磁学 (33)Introduction (33)Electrostatics (33)Magnetostatics (35)Electromagnetic induction (40)V ocabulary (43)5 Optics 光学 (45)Introduction (45)Geometrical optics (45)Physical optics (47)Polarization (50)V ocabulary (51)6 Atomic physics 原子物理 (52)Introduction (52)Electronic configuration (52)Excitation and ionization (56)V ocabulary (59)7 Statistical mechanics 统计力学 (60)Overview (60)Fundamentals (60)Statistical ensembles (63)V ocabulary (65)8 Quantum mechanics 量子力学 (67)Introduction (67)Mathematical formulations (68)Quantization (71)Wave-particle duality (72)Quantum entanglement (75)V ocabulary (77)9 Special relativity 狭义相对论 (79)Introduction (79)Relativity of simultaneity (80)Lorentz transformations (80)Time dilation and length contraction (81)Mass-energy equivalence (82)Relativistic energy-momentum relation (86)V ocabulary (89)正文标记说明：蓝色Arial字体（例如energy）：已知的专业词汇蓝色Arial字体加下划线（例如electromagnetism）：新学的专业词汇黑色Times New Roman字体加下划线（例如postulate）：新学的普通词汇1 Physics 物理学1 Physics 物理学Introduction to physicsPhysics is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry,and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.Core theoriesThough physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity).For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) 【艾萨克·牛顿】.University PhysicsThese central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.Classical and modern physicsClassical mechanicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and pneumatics.Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light.Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.Modern PhysicsClassical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of1 Physics 物理学observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale.For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified.The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics.Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena.The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion in a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation.Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.Difference between classical and modern physicsWhile physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.Albert Einstein【阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦】contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with space-time and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.Max Planck【普朗克】, Erwin Schrödinger【薛定谔】, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved space-time, with which highly massiveUniversity Physicssystems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.Research fieldsContemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Lev Landau (1908–1968)【列夫·朗道】, who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.Condensed matter physicsCondensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the super-fluid and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials,and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics.Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his research group—previously solid-state theory—in 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics.Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.Atomic, molecular and optical physicsAtomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules.1 Physics 物理学The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as fission and fusion are considered part of high-energy physics.Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light.Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.High-energy physics (particle physics) and nuclear physicsParticle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them.In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators,detectors, and computer programs necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles.Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and fields are described by the Standard Model.●The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) thatinteract via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces.●Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons,W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively).●The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2012CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.University PhysicsAstrophysics and Physical CosmologyAstrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleo-synthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle (On a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the Universe are the same for all observers). Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model (the standard model of Big Bang cosmology) of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.Current research frontiersIn condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quantum computers.In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. Particle accelerators have begun probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the super-symmetric particles, after discovery of the Higgs boson.Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory1 Physics 物理学of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.Many astronomical and cosmological phenomena have yet to be satisfactorily explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the baryon asymmetry, the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies.Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving complexity, chaos, or turbulence are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sand-piles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections.These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of pattern formation in biological systems.Vocabulary★natural science 自然科学academic disciplines 学科astronomy 天文学in their own right 凭他们本身的实力intersects相交，交叉interdisciplinary交叉学科的，跨学科的★quantum 量子的theoretical breakthroughs 理论突破★electromagnetism 电磁学dramatically显著地★thermodynamics热力学★calculus微积分validity★classical mechanics 经典力学chaos 混沌literate 学者★quantum mechanics量子力学★thermodynamics and statistical mechanics热力学与统计物理★special relativity狭义相对论is concerned with 关注，讨论，考虑acoustics 声学★optics 光学statics静力学at rest 静息kinematics运动学★dynamics动力学ultrasonics超声学manipulation 操作，处理，使用University Physicsinfrared红外ultraviolet紫外radiation辐射reflection 反射refraction 折射★interference 干涉★diffraction 衍射dispersion散射★polarization 极化，偏振internal energy 内能Electricity电性Magnetism 磁性intimate 亲密的induces 诱导，感应scale尺度★elementary particles基本粒子★high-energy physics 高能物理particle accelerators 粒子加速器valid 有效的，正当的★discrete离散的continuous 连续的complementary 互补的★frame of reference 参照系★the special theory of relativity 狭义相对论★general theory of relativity 广义相对论gravitation 重力，万有引力explicit 详细的，清楚的★quantum field theory 量子场论★condensed matter physics凝聚态物理astrophysics天体物理geophysics地球物理Universalist博学多才者★Macroscopic宏观Exotic奇异的★Superconducting 超导Ferromagnetic铁磁质Antiferromagnetic 反铁磁质★Spin自旋Lattice 晶格，点阵，网格★Society社会，学会★microscopic微观的hyperfine splitting超精细分裂fission分裂，裂变fusion熔合，聚变constituents成分，组分accelerators加速器detectors 检测器★quarks夸克lepton 轻子gauge bosons规范玻色子gluons胶子★Higgs boson希格斯玻色子CERN欧洲核子研究中心★Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像，核磁共振ion implantation 离子注入radiocarbon dating放射性碳年代测定法geology地质学archaeology考古学stellar 恒星cosmology宇宙论celestial bodies 天体Hubble diagram 哈勃图Rival竞争的★Big Bang大爆炸nucleo-synthesis核聚合，核合成pillar支柱cosmological principle宇宙学原理ΛCDM modelΛ-冷暗物质模型cosmic inflation宇宙膨胀1 Physics 物理学fabricate制造，建造spintronics自旋电子元件，自旋电子学★neutrinos 中微子superstring 超弦baryon重子turbulence湍流，扰动，骚动catastrophes突变，灾变，灾难heterogeneous collections异质性集合pattern formation模式形成University Physics2 Classical mechanics 经典力学IntroductionIn physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces. The study of the motion of bodies is an ancient one, making classical mechanics one of the oldest and largest subjects in science, engineering and technology.Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. Besides this, many specializations within the subject deal with gases, liquids, solids, and other specific sub-topics.Classical mechanics provides extremely accurate results as long as the domain of study is restricted to large objects and the speeds involved do not approach the speed of light. When the objects being dealt with become sufficiently small, it becomes necessary to introduce the other major sub-field of mechanics, quantum mechanics, which reconciles the macroscopic laws of physics with the atomic nature of matter and handles the wave–particle duality of atoms and molecules. In the case of high velocity objects approaching the speed of light, classical mechanics is enhanced by special relativity. General relativity unifies special relativity with Newton's law of universal gravitation, allowing physicists to handle gravitation at a deeper level.The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is associated with the physical concepts employed by and the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz【莱布尼兹】, and others.Later, more abstract and general methods were developed, leading to reformulations of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These advances were largely made in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they extend substantially beyond Newton's work, particularly through their use of analytical mechanics. Ultimately, the mathematics developed for these were central to the creation of quantum mechanics.Description of classical mechanicsThe following introduces the basic concepts of classical mechanics. For simplicity, it often2 Classical mechanics 经典力学models real-world objects as point particles, objects with negligible size. The motion of a point particle is characterized by a small number of parameters: its position, mass, and the forces applied to it.In reality, the kind of objects that classical mechanics can describe always have a non-zero size. (The physics of very small particles, such as the electron, is more accurately described by quantum mechanics). Objects with non-zero size have more complicated behavior than hypothetical point particles, because of the additional degrees of freedom—for example, a baseball can spin while it is moving. However, the results for point particles can be used to study such objects by treating them as composite objects, made up of a large number of interacting point particles. The center of mass of a composite object behaves like a point particle.Classical mechanics uses common-sense notions of how matter and forces exist and interact. It assumes that matter and energy have definite, knowable attributes such as where an object is in space and its speed. It also assumes that objects may be directly influenced only by their immediate surroundings, known as the principle of locality.In quantum mechanics objects may have unknowable position or velocity, or instantaneously interact with other objects at a distance.Position and its derivativesThe position of a point particle is defined with respect to an arbitrary fixed reference point, O, in space, usually accompanied by a coordinate system, with the reference point located at the origin of the coordinate system. It is defined as the vector r from O to the particle.In general, the point particle need not be stationary relative to O, so r is a function of t, the time elapsed since an arbitrary initial time.In pre-Einstein relativity (known as Galilean relativity), time is considered an absolute, i.e., the time interval between any given pair of events is the same for all observers. In addition to relying on absolute time, classical mechanics assumes Euclidean geometry for the structure of space.Velocity and speedThe velocity, or the rate of change of position with time, is defined as the derivative of the position with respect to time. In classical mechanics, velocities are directly additive and subtractive as vector quantities; they must be dealt with using vector analysis.When both objects are moving in the same direction, the difference can be given in terms of speed only by ignoring direction.University PhysicsAccelerationThe acceleration , or rate of change of velocity, is the derivative of the velocity with respect to time (the second derivative of the position with respect to time).Acceleration can arise from a change with time of the magnitude of the velocity or of the direction of the velocity or both . If only the magnitude v of the velocity decreases, this is sometimes referred to as deceleration , but generally any change in the velocity with time, including deceleration, is simply referred to as acceleration.Inertial frames of referenceWhile the position and velocity and acceleration of a particle can be referred to any observer in any state of motion, classical mechanics assumes the existence of a special family of reference frames in terms of which the mechanical laws of nature take a comparatively simple form. These special reference frames are called inertial frames .An inertial frame is such that when an object without any force interactions (an idealized situation) is viewed from it, it appears either to be at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line. This is the fundamental definition of an inertial frame. They are characterized by the requirement that all forces entering the observer's physical laws originate in identifiable sources (charges, gravitational bodies, and so forth).A non-inertial reference frame is one accelerating with respect to an inertial one, and in such a non-inertial frame a particle is subject to acceleration by fictitious forces that enter the equations of motion solely as a result of its accelerated motion, and do not originate in identifiable sources. These fictitious forces are in addition to the real forces recognized in an inertial frame.A key concept of inertial frames is the method for identifying them. For practical purposes, reference frames that are un-accelerated with respect to the distant stars are regarded as good approximations to inertial frames.Forces; Newton's second lawNewton was the first to mathematically express the relationship between force and momentum . Some physicists interpret Newton's second law of motion as a definition of force and mass, while others consider it a fundamental postulate, a law of nature. Either interpretation has the same mathematical consequences, historically known as "Newton's Second Law":a m t v m t p F ===d )(d d dThe quantity m v is called the (canonical ) momentum . The net force on a particle is thus equal to rate of change of momentum of the particle with time.So long as the force acting on a particle is known, Newton's second law is sufficient to。

第1篇一、基础知识1. 什么是GIS？请简述GIS的主要功能。

解析：GIS（地理信息系统）是一种将地理空间数据与属性数据相结合，用于捕捉、存储、分析、管理和展示地理空间信息的系统。

GIS的主要功能包括数据采集、数据存储、数据处理、数据分析和数据可视化。

2. 请解释以下概念：矢量数据、栅格数据、拓扑关系。

解析：- 矢量数据：以点、线、面等几何对象表示地理空间实体，适用于表示清晰的边界和形状，如道路、河流、行政区划等。

- 栅格数据：以网格的形式表示地理空间信息，每个网格单元包含一个或多个属性值，适用于表示连续的地理现象，如遥感影像、地形高程等。

- 拓扑关系：描述地理空间实体之间的相互关系，如相邻、包含、连接等，用于提高空间数据的查询和分析效率。

3. 请简述ArcGIS软件的主要组件。

解析：ArcGIS软件主要包括以下组件：- ArcGIS Desktop：用于数据采集、编辑、分析、管理和可视化。

- ArcGIS Server：用于发布GIS服务和应用程序。

- ArcGIS Online：提供云基础上的GIS服务、应用程序和地图。

- ArcGIS API for Developers：用于开发GIS应用程序。

二、ArcGIS Desktop操作1. 如何创建一个新的地图文档？解析：在ArcGIS Desktop中，可以通过以下步骤创建一个新的地图文档：- 打开ArcGIS Desktop。

- 选择“文件”菜单中的“新建”选项。

- 选择“地图”类型，然后点击“确定”。

- 在弹出的“新建地图”对话框中，输入地图文档的名称，选择保存位置，然后点击“保存”。

2. 如何添加图层到地图文档中？解析：在ArcGIS Desktop中，可以通过以下步骤添加图层到地图文档中：- 打开地图文档。

- 在“内容”窗口中，右键点击“图层”或“组”，选择“添加数据”。

- 在弹出的“添加数据”对话框中，选择数据源，如文件、数据库或网络，然后选择要添加的图层，点击“添加”。

写在前面春回大地，万象更新，在这春意盎然的时节里，新一期《图书馆最新资源速递》又如期与您见面了。

根据广大读者的需求，今年我馆在购置中文期刊时，新增订了近200种，为了方便您查找，我们已编制了《河海大学图书馆2008年度馆藏中文期刊目录》，并分发给各单位。

同时，我们将这近200种新增订的中文期刊目录单独列出，编辑在本辑《图书馆最新资源速递》的最后，以节省您查找新刊的时间。

本期继续报道外文会议录信息，希望我们的外文会议录专集对您查找会议文献有所帮助。

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本期供稿人员：周冰杨小莉宋艺丁马大勇郑林吴丽娣刘忠锦邓鸣超杨露曦熊易胡玲玲吴立志王唏红封丽陆艳洪建河海大学图书馆读者服务部2008. 4.3目录20 社会科学（C 社会科学总论） (5)中文期刊 (5)27 经济、经济学（F 经济） (9)中文期刊 (9)中文图书 (16)31/34 政治、社会生活/法律、法学（D 政治、法律） (17)中文期刊 (17)中文图书 (22)37 文化、科学、教育、体育（G 文化、科学、教育、体育） (27)中文期刊 (27)41 语言、文字学（H语言、文字） (29)中文期刊 (29)50 自然科学（N 自然科学总论） (31)中文期刊 (31)51-54 数学/力学/物理学/化学（O 数理科学和化学） (33)中文期刊 (33)中文图书 (36)外文期刊 (36)55-56 天文学/地球科学（P 天文学、地球科学） (58)中文期刊 (58)外文期刊 (60)58 生物科学(Q 生物科学) (87)中文图书 (87)65 农业科学（S 农业科学） (88)中文期刊 (88)中文图书 (89)外文期刊 (90)71-86 技术科学（T/X 工业技术/环境科学、安全科学） (91)中文期刊 (91)中文图书 (104)外文期刊 (136)外文会议录 (195)河海大学图书馆2008年新增中文现刊馆藏目录 (253)20 社会科学（C 社会科学总论）中文期刊社会科学[月刊]=Jornal of Social Sciences/上海社会科学院.—10期，2007年.—上海：上海社会科学院《社会科学》编辑部，（200020）.15.00元ISSN 0257-5833 CN 31-1112索书号：C/5 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容新苏南模式与两新·组织党建运行机制——以江苏昆山市为实例…………………王世谊 (4) 政府在公民维权中的指导责任和接受监督……………………………………………汤啸天(16) 地方政府考核：双重委托人失效及其政策含义………………………………徐风华王俊杰(25) 泛长江三角洲：世界第六大都市圈未来“一体两翼·新格局…………………………张颊瀚(34) 税费改革后农村公共服务提供机制的比较研究——基于湖北与浙江农村的调查………………………………………………………………………………伏玉林符钢战(40) 论上海发展面临的虚拟经济膨胀问题…………………………………………………高炜宇(47) 社会情境理论：贫困现象的另一种解释…………………………………………………周怡(56) 浦东新郊区建设和人口城市化再推进研究……………………………………………孙嘉丰(63) 后形而上时代的“沟通主义法律观”——啜法律的沟通之维》代译序………………邓正来(69) 单位人格刑事责任沦纲……………………………………………………………………杜文(72) 沦行政行为的代表性…………………………………………………………樊明亚赖声利 (80) 对我国学前教育改革若干问题的文化观照……………………………………………华爱华(87) 《沦语》：孔子弟子博弈之成果——兼谈战国后期儒家八派之争及荀卿的态度……李露平(96) 中西和谐社会思想之异同：经济学说史的视角………………………………………钟祥财(105) 清末新政对民生问题的恶性操作与社会矛盾的激化…………………………………陆兴龙(115) 《月令》；农耕民族的人生模型……………………………………………………………薛富(123) 书生立武勋——湘军功成的内在因素…………………………………………………李志茗(134) 塞上海柴拉报势考略……………………………………………………………………褚晓琦(147) 墓惠与商道：近代上海慈善组织兴起的原因探析……………………………………汪华(154) 走向·间性哲学·的跨文化研究…………………………………………………………周宁(162) 空间，性别与认同——女性写作的·地理学·转向…………………………………陈惠芬（170）月西方理论和方法解析中国古代诗词——叶嘉莹中西诗学研究之阐释……………徐志啸（183）法商研究[双月刊]=Studies in LAW And Business/中南财经政法大学.—第1期，2008年.—武汉市：《法商研究》编辑部，（430073）.18.00元ISSN 1672-0393 CN 42-1664/D索书号：C5/73 馆藏地：本部四楼本期目录内容“美国对华铜版纸案”述评——基于反补贴申诉的考察……………………李仲平李炼(3) 美国反补贴法适用探析——以对“非市场经济国家”的适用为考察对象…………徐泉(10) WTO法律体系下实施“双反”措施的合法性研究——由“美国对华铜版纸案”引发的思考………………………………………………………………………………………臧立(16)从立法中心主义转向司法中心主义?——关于几种“中心主义”研究范式的反思、延伸与比较……………………………………………………………………………………喻中(22) 转化型抢劫罪主体条件的实质解释——以相对刑事责任年龄人的刑事责任为视角………………………………………………………………………………………刘艳红(29) 论我国股权激励的本土创新——股权分置改革视野下的反思与重构………………官欣荣(42) 论以人为本的“人”……………………………………………………………………胡锦光(48) 限时刑法探究……………………………………………………………………………黄明儒(55) 农民土地产权资本化经营实现的法律保障……………………………………………李丽峰(61) 城市土地节约利用法律制度：现状、问题与对策……………………………………王文革(69) 论现行保证制度的局限及其完善——以成本收益分析为中心………………………许德风(78) 保护传统文化的政策目标论纲…………………………………………………………黄玉烨(86) 我国新能源与可再生能源立法之新思维………………………………………………杨解君(92) 美国监管影响分析制度述评……………………………………………………………马英娟(98) 论犯罪的相对性——从绝对理性到相对理性…………………………………………张建军(107) 基于信息的荐证广告之法律规制——以保健品广告为中心…………………………吴元元(113) 环境罚款数额设定的立法研究…………………………………………………………程雨燕(121) 委托调解若干问题研究——对四个基层人民法院委托调解的初步考察……………李浩(133) 中国法律史研究思路新探………………………………………………………………邓建鹏(141) 中国法学会商法学研究会2007年年会综述…………………………………………冯兴俊(147) 第十五届全国经济法理论研讨会综述…………………………………………………管斌(153)复印报刊资料·社会学[月刊]Sociology.—第2期，2008年.—北京：中国人民大学书报资料中心，（100086）.10.00元ISSN 1001-344X CN 11-4250/C索书号：C91/3 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容理论研究中国社会发展范式的转换：普遍性与特殊性……………………………………………刘新刚(3) 欧洲社会模式的反思与展望……………………………………………(英)安东尼·吉登斯(10) 分支学科自我行动与自主经营——理解中国人何以将自主经营当作其参与市场实践的首选方式……………汪和建(21) 声望危机下的学术群体——当代知识分子身份地位研究……………………………刘亚秋(37) 中国城市教育分层研究(1949-2003) …………………………………………………郝大海(51) 法律执行的社会学模式——对法律援助过程的法社会学分析………………王晓蓓郭星华(63) 社会发展系统打造农村现代职业体系的创新探索——武汉农村家园建设行动计划和实践的社会学分析之一……………………郑杭生(69) “活着的过去”和“未来的过去”——民俗制度变迁与新农村建设的社会学视野…………………………………杨敏(76) 社会问题解决社会问题的关键：协调好社会各群体之间的关系…………………………………李强(87) 环球视窗美国式的贫困与反贫困...........................................................................张锐(89) 索引 (92)英文目录 (96)领导科学[半月刊]=Leadership Science—第21期，2007年.—河南：领导科学杂志社编辑出版，（450002）.3.80元ISSN1003-2606 CN41-1024/C索书号： C93/8 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容领导科学界的首要政治任务…………………………………………………………本刊编辑部（1）学习贯彻十七大精神把思想和行动统一到党的十七大精神上来——在2007年度省领导与社科葬专家学者座谈会上的讲话…………………………………………………………………………………徐光春（4）新一届中央领导集体治国理政的新方略(上) …………………………………………姜平（9）理论前沿关于领导、发展、以人为本的关系解读…………………………………………………王伟凯（ll）领导方法有效解决集体上访问题的思考与实践…………………………………………………陈丰林（14）引导信访户从“上访路”走上“致富路”………………………………………………邱金义（16）增强班子合力关键要合理分工…………………………………………………………枣甘（13）高校党建工作进网络的探索…………………………………………………张进超詹爱琴（17）市县领导欠发达地区构建和谐社会的着力点……………………………………………………丁善余（20）拓展农业发展思路的五种渠道…………………………………………………………盛高攀（22）乡镇领导推进乡镇党委和谐班子建设的途径……………………………………………………王晓宏（23）乡镇党委如何统揽工作全局……………………………………………………………刘久正（25）职工论坛建立体现科学发展观要求的干部政绩考核机制………………………………………盛克勤（30）组织部门信访工作机制探索……………………………………………………………钟群妹（26）用人之道有效规范干部选任初始提名工作……………………………………………李明辉韩振松（32）如何用好有过失的干部…………………………………………………………………蒋红波（34）办公室领导办公室工作如伺体现科学发展观要求…………………………………………………王合清（36）怎样在被动服务中求得主动……………………………………………………………方黎（38）学术动态中国领导科学研究会2007年年会将在上海市召开 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(44)名家在线科学大家平民本色——记中国测绘科学研究院名誉院长、中国工程院院士刘先林眉 (56)群星闪烁 (59)公务员管理提高公务员考试科学性 (61)加强县乡公务员队伍建设必须从优化人员结构入手 (63)“在线学习”引领干部培训“网络化” (66)事业单位聘用制推行中常见问题与对策分析 (68)如何做好当前外国专家管理与服务工作 (68)西部地区海外引才的一道亮丽风景线 (70)巧用职称评聘“杠杆”支撑人才活力 (72)人才资源配置流动人员人事档案管理难点与对策 (74)搞好毕业生人事档案管理 (77)县域人才开发如何与国际化接轨 (79)集团文化建设落地的关键点 (80)国有企业“二线”人员的开发 (81)简明定位“薪”事不再重重 (83)公备员在受处分期间受到新的处分，处分期如何计算 (85)未满服务期辞职应如何承担违约责任 (86)27 经济、经济学（F 经济）中文期刊世界经济[月刊]=The Journal of World Economy /中国经济学会中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所．—第2期，2008年2月．—北京：《世界经济》编辑部，（100732）．15.00元ISSN1002-9621 CN11—1138/F索书号：F1/45本期目录内容国际贸易与国际投资研发全球化与本土知识交流：对北京跨国公司研发机构的经验分析…………………………………………………………………梁正，薛澜，朱琴，朱雪炜(3) 区际壁垒与贸易的边界效应…………………………………………赵永亮，徐勇，苏桂富(17) 国际金融国际分工体系视角的货币国际化：美元和日元的典型事实……………………徐奇渊，李婧(30) 存在金融体制改革的“中国模式”吗…………………………………………………应展宇等(40) 宏观经济学习惯形成与最优税收结构…………………………………………………………邹薇，刘勇(55) R&D溢出渠道、异质性反应与生产率：基于178个国家面板数据的经验研究……………………………………………………………………………高凌云，王永中(65) 中国经济三种自主创新能力与技术进步：基于DEA方法的经验分析……………李平，随洪光(74) 经济史明代海外贸易管制中的寻租、暴力冲突与国家权力流失：一个产权经济学的视角……………………………………………………………………………………郭艳茹(84) 会议综述第一届青年经济学家研讨会(YES)综述 (95)经济与管理研究[月刊]=Research on Economics and Management/首都经济贸易大学．—第2期，2008年2月．—北京：《经济与管理研究》编辑部，（100026）．10.00元ISSN1000-7636 CN11—1384/F索书号：F2/8本期目录内容会议纪要努力探索中国特色国有公司治理模式——中国特色国有公司治理高层论坛综述 (5)专题论坛改革开放与国有经济战略性调整………………………………………………………王忠明(13) 股权多元化的国有控股公司治理结构特点及其构建………………………………魏秀丽(21) 剩余权的分配与国企产权改革……………………………兰纪平，罗鹏，霍立新，张凤环(28) 企业创新需求与我国自主创新能力的形成：基于收入分配视角………………………张杰，刘志彪(33) 集成创新过程中的三方博弈分析……………………………………………宋伟，彭小宝(38) 创新与企业战略制定模式的演进………………………………………刘鹏，金占明，李庆(43) 企业管理大型国际化零售企业经营绩效的影响因素分析………………………………蔡荣生，王勇(49) 跨团队冲突与组织激励机制分析………………………………………………李欣午(54) 运用基尼系数增强企业薪酬制度的公平性……………………………王令舜，马彤(59) 三农研究乡村旅游发展的公共属性、政府责任与财政支持研究……………单新萍，魏小安(64) 论失地农民长效保障机制的构建………………………………………………魏秀丽(69) 资本市场外资银行进入与东道国银行体系的稳定性：以新兴市场国家为例………………张蓉(74) 挤兑风险与道德风险的权衡：显性存款保险制度下最优保险范围的制定…冯伟，曹元涛(80) 贸易经济在反倾销中对出口商利益的考量………………………………………………金晓晨(86) 我国加征出口关税政策思辨…………………………………………夏骋祥，李克娟(90) 名刊要览公司治理和并购收益 (94)规制——自由化的必由之路：以色列电信市场1984-2005 (94)金融与收入分配不平等：渠道与证据 (94)特别主题论坛：重新审视组织内部和组织自身的“污名”问题 (95)经济理论与经济管理[月刊]= Economic Theory and Business Management.—第11期，2007年.—北京：《经济理论与经济管理》编辑部，（100080）.8.00元ISSN 1000-596X CN 11-1517/F索书号：F2/12 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容深入贯彻落实科学发展观的经济视阈……………………………………………………张雷声(5) 科学发展观与中国特色社会主义经济理论体系的创新与发展…………………………张宇(9) 关于转变经济发展方式的三个问题……………………………………………………方福前(12) 统筹城乡协调发展是落实科学发展观的重大历史任务………………………………秦华(16) 中国进出口贸易顺差的原因、现状及未来展望………………………………王晋斌李南(19) 劳动力市场收入冲击对消费行为的影响………………………………………杜凤莲孙婧芳(26) 中国经济增长中土地资源的“尾效”分析……………………………………………崔云(32) 货币需求弹性、有效货币供给与货币市场非均衡模型解析“中国之谜”与长期流动性过剩……………………………………………………………………………………李治国 (38) 全流通进程中的中国股市全收益率研究………………………………………陈璋李惊(45) 金融体系内风险转移及其对金融稳定性影响研究……………………………………许荣(50) 金融衍生品交易监管的国际合作……………………………………………………谭燕芝等(56) 税收饶让发展面临的挑战及我国的选择………………………………………………张文春(61) 区域产业结构对人民币升值“逆效应”的影响………………………………………孙伯良(66) 企业社会责任管理新理念：从社会责任到社会资本……………………………………易开刚(71) 关于建设创新型国家的讨论综述………………………………………………………杨万东(76)经济理论与经济管理[月刊]= Economic Theory and Business Management.—第1期，2008年.—北京：《经济理论与经济管理》编辑部，（100080）.8.00元ISSN 1000-596X CN 11-1517/F索书号：F2/12 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼本期目录内容经济热点中国宏观经济形势与政策：2007—2008年………………………中国人民大学经济学研究所(5) 理论探索出口战略、代工行为与本土企业创新——来自江苏地区制造业企业的经验证据…张杰等(12) FDI在华独资化的动因——基于吸收能力的分析……………………………秦凤鸣张中楠(20) 学术前沿主权财富基金的发展及对21世纪初世界经济的影响………………………宋玉华李锋(27) 公共经济环境税“双重红利”假说述评……………………………………………………………司言武(34) 基于合谋下的税收征管激励机制设计………………………………………………岳朝龙，等(39) 金融研究内生货币体系下房价波动对货币供求的冲击…………………………………丁晨屠梅曾(43) 基于DEA的中小企业债务融资效率研究………………………………………曾江洪陈迪宇(50) 区域经济地区经济增长中的金融要素贡献的差异与金融资源配置优化——基于环北部湾(中国)经济区的实证分析…………………………………范祚军等(54) 工商管理基于价值链的预算信息协同机制研究………………………………………………张瑞君，等(59) 公司特征、行业特征和产业转型类型的实证研究……………………………王德鲁宋学锋(64) 国际经济基于市场体系变迁的中国与欧洲银行业发展比较……………………………胡波郭艳(70) 动态与综述我国发展现代农业问题讨论综述………………………………………………………王碧峰(75) 全国马克思列宁主义经济学说史学会第十一次学术研讨会纪要……………………张旭(80)国有资产管理[月刊]= State assets management /中国人民共和国财政部.-第1期，2008年.—北京：《国有资产管理》杂志社，(100036) .10.00元ISSN 1002-4247 CN 11-2798索书号：F2/51 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容贯彻落实科学发展观开创中央企业又好又快发展新局面.................................李荣融（4）努力做好新形势下的监事会工作..................................................................黄丹华（8）资产评估行业发展的重要里程碑...............................................................朱志刚（13）加快评估立法步伐加强评估法律体系建设................................................石秀诗（15）资产评估行业将进入新的发展时期............................................................李伟（16）提升资产评估执业质量促进资本市场健康发展..........................................李小雪（17）评估准则对中国不动产及相关资产评估的作用..............................埃尔文.费南德斯（18）发挥评估准则对中国资产评估行业健康发展的作用.......................................林兰源（20）正确发展适合中国国情的评估准则..........................................格来格.麦克纳马拉（21）财政部国资委关于印发《中央企业国有资本收益收取管理暂行办法》的通知 (22)财政部关于印发《中央国有资本经营预算编报试行办法》的通知 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(55)国有公司治理结构存在的问题及其法律风险防范……………………………………王玉宝（61）加强对外投资及多种经营监管…………………………………………………………张凯（64）盈余管理对企业有益性的探讨…………………………………………………………葛晓红（66）国有企业引进战略投资者的策略……………………………………………屈艳芳郭敏（68）促进我国企业内部控制的建设………………………………………………张宜霞文远怀（71）企业年金信托管理的治理结构研究(一) ……………………………………李连仁周伯岩（74）美英国家政府绩效考评对我国的启示与借鉴…………………………………………聂常虹（76）复印报刊资料·外贸经济、国际贸易[月刊]=Economy of Foreign Trade And Internaional Trade.—第1期，2008年.—北京：中国人民大学书报资料中心，（100086）.11.00元ISSN 1001-3407 CN 11-4289/F索书号：F7/17 馆藏地：西康校区四楼本期目录内容本刊综述2007年国际贸易与我国对外贸易问题综述………………………………………………王亚星(3) 研究与探讨试论新贸易理论之新……………………………………………………………郭界秀朱廷捃(9) 比较优势理论的有效性：基于中国历史数据的检验……………………………………管汉晖(14) 制度分析视角中的贸易开放与经济增长——以投资效率为中心……………………盘为龙(23) 国际贸易、外国直接投资、经济增长对环境质量的影响——基于环境库兹涅茨曲线研究的回顾与展望…………………………胡亮潘厉(30) 贸易政策贸易模式与国家贸易政策差异…………………………………………………………曹吉云(37) 分工演进对贸易政策的影响分析——基于交易成本的考虑…………………张亚斌李峰(44) 中国贸易结构的变化特点、决定要素以及政策建议……………………………………章艳红(50) 专题：进出口贸易二元经济结构、实际汇率错位及其对进出口贸易影响的实证分析……………………吕剑(56) 人民币汇率波动性对中国进出口影响的分析……………………………………谷宇高铁梅(66) 中国对外贸易出口结构存在的问题……………………………………………………魏浩(75) 服务贸易国际知识型服务贸易发展的现状、前景及我国对策分析……………………潘菁刘辉煌(80) 国际服务外包趋势与我国服务外包的发展……………………………………李岳云席庆高(86) 文摘加快我国资本输出和经济国际化的建议......................................................裴长洪(90) 双赢的中美经贸关系缘何被扭曲...............................................................李若谷(91) 索引 (93)英文目录 (96)复印报刊资料·市场营销 [月刊]=Marketing.—第2期，2008年.—北京：中国人民大学书报资料中心，（100086）.6.00元ISSN 1009-1351 CN 11-4288/F索书号：F7/26 馆藏地：西康校区四楼视点营销资讯 (4)特别关注激情燃烧的岁月——行将远去的2007…………………………………………………刘超等(6) 营销创新数字营销上路……………………………………………………………………………岳占仁(12) 手机广告：精准营销的黄金地段…………………………………………………………王浩(15) 论坛营销分析中小企业网上营销安全问题分析...............................................................潘素琼(17) 如何克服电子邮件营销中的广种薄收.........................................................郝洁莹(19) 国产洗发水何以走出迷局? (21)营销人物校长茅理翔………………………………………………………………………………叶丽雅(23) 营销策略博客营销策略……………………………………………………………………………缪启军(26) 企业社会责任标准下的出口营销策略转变……………………………………于晓玲胡日新(29) 品牌管理品牌管理的价值法则……………………………………………………………………辰平(30) 品牌延伸：中国企业需要补课……………………………………………………………曾朝晖(33) 渠道管理渠道模式：一半是火焰一半是海水………………………………………………………钱言(36) 弱势品牌渠道拓展之路…………………………………………………………吴勇毅陈绍华(39) 销售管理销售经理管控销售队伍的四种工具……………………………………………………谢宗云(41) 遭遇难题，见招拆招……………………………………………………………虞坚老树(44) 销售冠军是怎样炼成的——专访苏宁朝阳路店店长刘玉君…………………………齐鹏(47) 成功策划“右手之戒”成就戴比尔斯 (49)拉芳舍一个休闲餐饮王国扩张之谜……………………………………………………王翼(51) 阿尔迪最赚钱的“穷人店”………………………………………………………………杨育谋(53) 个案解读LG巧克力手机得失之间…………………………………………………………………林景新(56) 南京菲亚特：四面楚歌……………………………………………………………………陈宇祥(58) 奥克斯：反思“三大败笔”…………………………………………………………………刘步尘(62)财经科学[月刊]=Finance And Economics—第4期，2007年.—成都：《财经科学》编辑部，（610074）.8.00元ISSN1000-8306 CN51-1104/F索书号： F8/19 馆藏地：本部四楼江宁二楼。