专题一细节理解题Passage 1[2017 丙卷(全国Ⅲ),A]体裁话题词数难度建议时间应用文四种消防车之旅243★★★5分钟San Francisco Fire Engine ToursSan Francisco Winery TourRunning: February 1st through April 30thThis delicious tour goes through the city on its way to Treasure Island where we will stop at the famous Winery SF. Here you can enjoy 4 pours of some of the best wine San Francisco has tooffer.(Included in ticket price)Departing from the Cannery: Tour times upon requestDuration(时长): 2 hoursPrice:$90Back to the Fifties TourRunning: August 16th through August 31stThis tour transports you back in time to one of San Francisco’s most fantastic periods, the 1950s! Enjoy fun history as we take you through San Francisco for a free taste of ice cream.Departing from the Cannery: 5:00 pm and 7:30 pmDuration: 2 hoursPrice:$90Spooky Halloween TourRunning: October 10th through October 31stJoin us for a ride through the historical Presidio district. Authentic fire gear(服装) is provided for your warmth as our entertainers take you to some of the most thrilling parts of San Francisco.Departing from the Cannery: 6:30 pm and 8:30 pmDuration: 1 hour and 30 minutesPrice: Available upon requestHoliday Lights TourRunning: December 6th through December 23rdThis attractive tour takes you to some of San Francisco’s most cheerful holiday scenes.Authentic fire gear is provided for your warmth as you get into the holiday spirit.Departing from the Cannery: 7:00 pm and 9:00 pmDuration: 1 hour and 30 minutesAdvance reservations required.1.Which of the tours is available in March?A. San Francisco Winery Tour.B. Back to the Fifties Tour.C. Spooky Halloween Tour.D. Holiday Lights Tour.2. What can tourists do on Back to the Fifties Tour?A. Go to Treasure Island.B. Enjoy the holiday scenes.C. Have free ice cream.D. Visit the Presidio district.3.What are tourists required to do to go on Holiday Lights Tour?A. Take some drinks.B. Set off early in the morning.C. Wear warm clothes.D. Make reservations in advance.Passage 2[2017 北京,D]体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文人工智能446★★★7分钟Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶的)minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence (AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics (控制论), put it this way: "If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere (干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire."A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams — yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just "switch them off" as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, "Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine." However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced (中子诱导)nuclear chain reaction.67.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .A. run out of human controlB. satisfy human’s real desiresC. command armies of killer robotsD. work faster than a mathematician68.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be ableto .A. prevent themselves from being destroyedB. achieve their original goals independentlyC. do anything successfully with given ordersD. beat humans in international chess matches69.According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to .A. help super intelligent machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beingsC. keep machines from being harmedD. avoid robots’ affecting the wo rld70.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A. It will disappear with the development of AI.B. It will get worse with human interference.C. It will be solved but with difficulty.D. It will stay for a decade.Passage 3[2017天津,B]体裁话题词数难度建议时间记叙文共享348★★★6分钟Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic (全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view.Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didn’t want to mess with that.Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo anyway. And now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting. The landscape, beautiful on its own, somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.This photo, with the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that woman who "ruined" it, now hangs on a wall in my bedroom. What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured (捕捉) and frozen on some stranger’s bedroom wall? A bedroom, after all, is a very private space, in which some woman I don’t even know has been immortalized (使……永存). In some ways, she lives in my house.Perhaps we all live in each others’ spaces. Perhaps this is what photos are for: to remind us that we all appreciate beauty, that we all share a common desire for pleasure, for connection, for something that is greater than us.That photo is a reminder, a captured moment, an unspoken conversation between two women, separated only by a thin square of glass.41.What happened when the author was about to take a photo?A. Her camera stopped working.B. A woman blocked her view.C. Someone asked her to leave.D. A friend approached from behind.42.According to the author, the woman was probably .A. enjoying herselfB. losing her patienceC. waiting for the sunsetD. thinking about her past43.In the author’s opinion, what makes the photo so alive?A. The rich color of the landscape.B. The perfect positioning of the camera.C. The woman’s existence in the photo.D. The soft sunlight that summer day.44.The photo on the bedroom wall enables the author to better understand .A. the need to be close to natureB. the importance of private spaceC. the joy of the vacation in ItalyD. the shared passion for beauty45.The passage c an be seen as the author’s reflections upon .A. a particular life experienceB. the pleasure of travelingC. the art of photographyD. a lost friendshipPassage 4[2016丙卷(全国Ⅲ),A]体裁话题词数难度建议时间应用文音乐活动183★4分钟MusicOpera at Music Hall: 1243 Elm Street. The season runs June through August, with additional performances in March and September. The Opera honors Enjoy the Arts membership discounts. Phone: 241-2742. .Chamber Orchestra: The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street, which offers several concerts from March through June. Call 723-1182 for more information. . Symphony Orchestra: At Music Hall and Riverbend. For ticket sales, call 381-3300. Regular season runs September through May at Music Hall and in summer at Riverbend. /home.asp. College Conservatory of Music (CCM): Performances are on the main campus(校园) of the university, usually at Patricia Cobbett Theater. CCM organizes a variety of events, including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet, CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra, and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music. Students with I.D. cards can attend the events for free. A free schedule of events for each term is available by calling the box office at 556-4183./events/calendar.Riverbend Music Theater: 6295 Kellogg Ave. Large outdoor theater with the closest seats under cover (price difference). Big name shows all summer long! Phone: 232-6220. .1.Which number should you call if you want to see an opera?A.241-2742.B.723-1182.C.381-3300.D.232-6220.2.When can you go to a concert by Chamber Orchestra?A.February.B.May.C.August.D.November.3.Where can students go for free performances with their I.D.cards?A.Music Hall.B.Memorial Hall.C.Patricia Cobbett Theater.D.Riverbend Music Theater.4.How is Riverbend Music Theater different from the other places?A.It has seats in the open air.B.It gives shows all year round.C.It offers membership discounts.D.It presents famous musical works.Passage 5[2016四川,A]体裁话题词数难度建议时间应用文招聘广告108★3分钟21.When will the job start?A.In May 2016.B.In May 2017.C.In September 2016.D.In September 2017.22.Who is more likely to get the job?A.Sam, English major, member of the college basketball team.B.Judy, IT staff with night classes, children’s basketball team coach.C.Ted, computer major, basketball fan, free on evenings and weekends.D.Molly, part-time programmer, high school basketball player, new mother.23.Whom should you contact if you want to apply for the job in Rockville?A.Michael.B.Jorge.C.Gauri.D.Gary.Passage 6[2015新课标全国Ⅰ,A]体裁话题词数难度建议时间应用文四场专题讲座235★★4分钟Monthly Talks at London Canal MuseumOur monthly talks start at 19:30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book. They end around 21:00.November 7thThe Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early "civil engineers".December 5thIce for the Metropolis, by Malcolm Tucker. Well before the arrival of freezers, there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering. Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells, and how London’s ice trade grew.February 6thAn Update on the Cotswold Canals, by Liz Payne. The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening. The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer. We will have a report on the present state of play.March 6thEyots and Aits — Thames Islands, by Miranda Vickers. The Thames has many islands. Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them. She will tell us about those of greatest interest.Online bookings: /bookMore info: /whatsonLondon Canal Museum12—13 New Wharf Road, London NI 9RT www.canalmuseum.mobiTel: 020 7713 083621.When is the talk on James Brindley?A.February 6th.B.March 6th.C.November 7th.D.December 5th.22.What is the topic of the talk in February?A.The Canal Pioneers.B.Ice for the Metropolis.C.Eyots and Aits — Thames Islands.D.An Update on the Cotswold Canals.23.Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames?A.Miranda Vickers.B.Malcolm Tucker.C.Chris Lewis.D.Liz Payne.Passage 7[2018 安徽合肥高三调研]体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文美国五座著名的大桥261★★5分钟Golden Gate BridgeLocated in San Francisco, the Golden Gate Bridge started in the year 1933 to connect the San Francisco Peninsula with Marin County. It was finally thrown open to public in 1937. It cost more than $35 million in the construction. Till the year 1957, the Golden Gate Bridge, at a length of 2,737 meters, was the longest suspension bridge in the world.Brooklyn BridgeThe Brooklyn Bridge is located in Brooklyn. It is one of the oldest bridges in the United States, opened in the year 1883. The length of the bridge is 1,825 meters. The bridge has been featured in several Hollywood movies.George Washington BridgeAlso known as the Hudson River Bridge, the George Washington Bridge which connects Fort Lee with Manhattan came into use in 1931 after a construction period of almost 4 years. It is a two-level suspension bridge.Mackinac BridgeThis is the third biggest suspension bridge in the world at a length of 8,038 meters. The architect of this bridge was Dr. David B. Steinman who directed the construction of the bridge which started in the year 1954 and opened to the public in 1957. People using this bridge are charged a certain amount of money.Navajo BridgeLocated in Arizona, this bridge crosses the Colorado River and is almost 250 meters long. The construction of this bridge started in the year 1927, ending two years later and costing $390,000. In the 1990s a second bridge was built which was opened to the public in 1995. The first bridge is still used by pedestrians now.21.What do we know about the Golden Gate Bridge?A. It consists of two bridges.B. It costs the least of the five bridges.C. It is the longest suspension bridge in the world.D. It takes about 4 years to complete the construction.22.Which of the following bridges was built the earliest?A. Golden Gate Bridge.B. Brooklyn Bridge.C. George Washington Bridge.D. Navajo Bridge.23.What will you do if you drive across Mackinac Bridge?A. Have to pay some money.B. Use the second bridge.C. Cover nearly 250 meters.D. See the statue of Dr. David B. Steinman.Passage 8[2018陕西部分学校摸底检测]体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文使用抗生素的负面影响276★★★6分钟A new study has found the amount of antibiotics(抗生素)given to farm animals is expected to increase by two-thirds over the next 15 years.Researchers are linking the growing dependence on the drugs to the increasing need for meat, milk and eggs.However, the drugs could quicken the development of antibiotic-resistant infections(感染).Such infections are already a major public health concern in the United States.The World Health Organization(WHO) notes when people stop living in poverty(贫困), the first thing they want to do is eat better, rather than earn more money.For most people, that means their diet should contain more meat.With the rapid development of Asia, people there are eating nearly four times as much meat,milk and other milk products as they did 50 years ago.To meet the need,farmers have put many animals into smaller spaces.As the animals are crowded together, the easiest way to deal with the problem of crowding is to give them antibiotics.It’s clear that antibiotics help animals stay healthy in crowded environments and grow faster.But bacteria can develop resistance to the drugs gradually.Nowadays, doctors find antibiotics that once worked against the infections no longer work.The bacteria have learned ways to fight against the drugs.The heavy use of antibiotics in farm animals is responsible for the growth of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Each year in the United States, at least two million people get antibiotic-resistant infections and at least 23,000 die from these infections.Europe has banned the use of antibiotics to encourage animal growth.And the United States is hoping to persuade farmers to stop using antibiotics for that purpose.28.What accounts for the increasing amount of antibiotics given to farm animals?A. The desire for new drugs.B. The less effective antibiotics.C. The outdated farm technology.D. The need for more various foods.29.What do most people want to do first when they get rid of poverty according to the WHO?A. Making a lot of money.B. Focusing more on health.C. Having more meat in their diet.D. Living in a better environment.30.What can be inferred from the passage?A. Antibiotics do harm to animals.B. Antibiotics help animals stay healthy.C. Antibiotics are used heavily in Europe.D. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria spread to people.31.What’s the passage mainly about?A. The negative effect of antibiotics on farm animals.B. The advantages of using antibiotics.C. The reason for banning the use of antibiotics.D. A new way of raising farm animals.Passage 9[2018广东广州高三调研]体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文电动交通工具343★★★7分钟Petrol and diesel cars may still dominate our roads,but their days are numbered.A recent university study found that current electric cars could be used for 87 per cent of daily car journeys in the US.That figure could rise to 98 per cent by 2020.One hurdle to the widespread adoption of electric cars has been"range anxiety"—drivers’ concerns about running out of juice on a journey.While petrol stations are conveniently located across national road systems,the necessary network of electric charging stations is still being developed.Thatsaid,charging points are becoming increasingly common throughout the USA.Attitudes towards electric vehicles have changed quite considerably over the last few years.Not that long ago,electric cars were met with distrust,and their large price tags drove customers away.Thanks to improvements in battery capacity,recharging times, performance and price, the current generation of electric cars is starting to persuade critics.Plug-in cars will soon give internal combustion engine models a run for their money.As well as advancements on the road, electric vehicles are taking to the seas and skies.Electric boats are among the oldest methods of electric travel,having enjoyed several decades of popularity from the late 19th to the early 20th century before petrol-powered outboard motors took over.Now, the global drive for renewable energy sources is bringing electric boats back.Steps towards electric air travel are also being made, with Airbus and NASA among the organizations developing and testing battery powered planes.The experiments could soon make commercial electric flight a reality.Electric vehicles do not produce any emissions.Were the US to act on the study’s findings and replace 87 per cent of its cars with electric vehicles, it would reduce the national demand for petrol by 61 per cent.However,because of the production processes and the generation of electricity required to charge these vehicles, they cannot claim to be completely emission-free.That said,as many countries continue to increase their use of renewable energy sources,electric vehicles will become even cleaner.32.Which is the best title for this passage?A. My Dream CarB. History of Electric CarsC. Problems with Petrol CarsD. Driving into the Future33.As used in Paragraph 2,the underlined word "hurdle" means .A. aimB. barrierC. consequenceD. step34.In the past, why did many people refuse to buy the electric cars?A. They were not good value.B. They were very poorly made.C. They were not widely promoted.D. They couldn’t travel at a high speed.35.What is the function of Paragraph 4?A. To introduce the history of electric travel.B. To explain why the world needs more electric cars.C. To show why more people have interest in electric cars.D. To describe different ways electric vehicles can be used.Passage 10[2017四川五校高三联考]体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文真空吸尘器的发展史328★★★6分钟The history of vacuum cleaners(真空吸尘器) in the UK dates back to the early 1900s.Hubert Cecil Booth started the first vacuum cleaner company in the UK, known as the British Vacuum Cleaner Company. It wasn’t long, however, before William Henry Hoover, who had already experienced success with his vacuum cleaners in America, made headway in the vacuum cleaner market in the UK and became more successful than Booth.Hoover’s vacuum cleaners in the UK became such a success that ‘to hoover’ quickly became equal to vacuuming. Some of the earliest domestic vacuum cleaners in the UK used simple reusable cloth bag designs whereby the vacuum cleaner simply collected dust in the bag. Once the bag was full, you could empty and re-attach it to the vacuum cleaner.For decades after their introduction, vacuum cleaners in the UK were a luxury item that only the upper class could afford. After World War Ⅱ,however, they became common among the middle class. This was especially true for vacuum cleaners in the UK, because the popularity of carpets means sweeping is not an easy or effective means of carpet cleaning.In 1952, Hoover made the Constellation available to the public for the first time. Hoover designed it so that people could place the vacuum cleaner in the center of the room and then work around it. After about 20 years of selling these vacuum cleaners in the UK, Hoover stopped the Constellation in 1975.Advances to upright and cylinder vacuum cleaners in the UK continued, enabling vacuum cleaners to become more efficient and effective. The 1990s saw the introduction of the first bagless domestic vacuum cleaners in the UK. Despite many an industry fears consumers would not be prepared to pay the high price, bagless vacuum cleaners became a big success in the UK.As for the future, vacuum cleaners in the UK are expected to become even more energy-efficient.28.What can be inferred from the first paragraph?A.Hoover entered the UK vacuum cleaner market before the 1900s.B.Hoover’s vacuum cleaners were more advanced than Booth’s.C.Hoover’s vacuum cleaners were very popular in the UK market.D.Vacuum cleaners were invented later in the UK than in America.29.What was the cloth bag on the earliest domestic vacuum cleaners used for?A.Decorating the vacuum cleaners.B.Making the vacuum cleaners more efficient.C.Lightening the vacuum cleaners.D.Collecting dust.30.What was the most remarkable characteristic of the Constellation?A.It was only used by the upper class.B.Its design allowed the user to work around it.C.It was upright and cylinder.D.Its price was extremely high at the time.31.We can learn from the passage that bagless vacuum cleaners .A.were so popular that they could fulfill all UK customers’demandsB.were the most energy-efficient vacuum cleaners.C.were not accepted by the UK customersD.were expensive when they made their first public appear-ance in the UKPassage 11体裁话题词数难度建议时间应用文名人演讲词313★★6分钟You may be familiar with the following famous people, but have you heard of their graduation speeches, in which they either share their unforgotten experiences or give you some great inspiration?Michael Dell, University of Texas at AustinAnd now you’ve accomplished something great and important here, and it’s time for you to move on to what’s next. But you must not let anything prevent you from taking those first steps and pursuing your dreams...You must also commit to the adventure. Just have faith in the skills and the knowledge you’ve been blessed with and go.J.K. Rowling, Harvard UniversityHalf my lifetime ago, I was striking an uneasy balance between my ambition and the expectation from my parents who were not rich... But what I feared most for myself at your age was not poverty, but failure. The fact that you are graduating from Harvard suggests that you don’t know well about failure,you might be driven by a fear of failure quite as much as a desire for success.Steve Jobs, Stanford UniversitySometimes life’s going to hit you in the head with a brick. Don’t lose faith...Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work, and the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking, and don’t settle.Bill Gates, Harvard UniversityWe need as many people as possible to have access to the advanced technology to lead to a revolution in what human beings can do for one another. They are making it possible not just for national governments, but for universities, smaller organizations, and even individuals to see problems, see approaches and deal with the world’s inequities(不公平) like hunger, poverty, and so on.1.Who wanted to express "Keep fighting for what you believe in"?A. Michael Dell.B. J.K. Rowling.C. Steve Jobs.D. Bill Gates.2.What Michael Dell said is to urge us to .A. listen to our heartB. pursue our dreamsC. create our own journeyD. learn from our mistakes3.What can we learn from what J.K. Rowling said?A. Don’t live your life in regret.B. Go all out to achieve your goals.C. What matters most to J.K. Rowling in life.D. Learn from every failure and experience.4.What did Bill Gates suggest people do?A. Take responsibility for their own behavior.B. Make a contribution to the progress of society.C. Make a joint effort to deal with some global problems.D. Master as much advanced technology as possible.Passage 12体裁话题词数难度建议时间说明文西方观念的变化331★★★6分钟The last thing Caitlin Hipp would have expected as she prepared to turn 28 years old was to be living at home with her parents. But through working as a part-time skating instructor and restaurant server, she isn’t able to earn enough to live anywhere other than home.To some degree, multigenerational households(家庭) have always been a part of American life. However, the number of young adults who have been moving back in with their parents — or never leaving home in the first place — has been growing steadily.UBS Financial Services released a report that even suggests one reason for the growing number of young adults still living at home could be that their family doesn’t want them to leave.The report shows that 74 percent of millennials(千禧一代) get some kind of financial support from their parents after college. It finds that millennials have redefined the ties that connect parents and children. Millennials see their parents as peers(同龄人), friends and instructors. Nearly three quarters talked with their parents more than once a week during college. In return, their parents happily provide financial support well into adulthood, helping fund everything for them.Stuart Hoffman, chief economist for the PNC Financial Group in the US, said the number of young adults striking out on their own fell during the Great Recession. Although job growth for millennials since 2014 has improved, that doesn’t necessarily mean that millennials are starting to fly the nest. He said, "They may like living at home and being able to save money.""There’s no doubt it has held back household formation and purchases of things people spend money on related to household formation and perhaps related to child-raising," Hoffman explained. "But they are probably traveling more and eating out more if they don’t have a house expense or marriage. I don’t know if it represents a change in moral values. But it’s much more common for adult children to live in their parents’ homes because it’s becoming part of the culture."1.What can be learned about Caitlin Hipp?A. She is in her thirties.B. She is ambitious for her career.C. She can barely make ends meet.D. She prefers living with her parents.2.What’s the reason for young adults’ living at home according to UBS Financial Services?A. The lack of job opportunity.B. Their parents’ need for them.C. The high pressure from modern life.D. Their parents’ overprotection of them.3.What does Hoffman think of young adults’ livi ng at home?A. It will never go out of fashion.B. It may allow of more travel chances.C. It results from the change in moral values.D. It goes against America’s cultural development.4.What is the author’s purpose of writing this passage?A. To introduce different types of living arrangements.B. To stress the importance of financial independence.C. To inform people of a social phenomenon in the US.D. To explain why American young adults still live at home.答案Passage 1本文是一篇应用文,介绍了旧金山的四种消防车之旅。
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