Outline参考

引言又称前言，属于整篇论文的引论部分。

其写作内容包括：研究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白，理论依据和实验基础，预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义。

引言的文字不可冗长，内容选择不必过于分散、琐碎，措词要精炼，要吸引读者读下去。

引言的篇幅大小，并无硬性的统一规定，需视整篇论文篇幅的大小及论文内容的需要来确定，长的可达700~800字或1000字左右，短的可不到100字。

附件：英文版学术论文格式样张The Researches on Rs Method for Discrete Membership Functions（空一行）ZHANG Xiaoya, LI Dexiang(题目14号字加黑居中) School of Management,Sichuan University, P.R.China, 610036 (10 号字居中)yuanfengxiangsheng@(10号字加黑) (空一行)Abstract Mizumoto used to advance a fuzzy reasoning method ,Rs,which fits the……Key words IDSS,Fuzzy reasoning,……号字)(空一行)1 Introduction (一级标题12号字加黑)We know that the approaches of implementation of intelligent decision support systems(IDSS)have become variable……(正文均用10号字)(空一行)2 An ExampleAccording to the definition of Rs,we can construct the fuzzy relation matrix,as shown in table 1Table 1 A Fuzzy Relation Rs (9号字加黑居中) U2U3U10.00 0.10 0.40 0.70……0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 ……0.20 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 ……(表中用9号字).….. …………………(空一行)Figure 1 Functions of……(9号字加黑居中)3 The Improved Method(空一行)3.1 Method one (二级标题10号字加黑)…………3.1.1 Discussing about method one (三级标题10号字)…………（空一行）3.2 Method two……………………(空一行)4 Conclusion (12号字加黑)…………(空一行)References (12号字加黑居中)（空一行）[1] M.Mizumoto,H.J.Zimmermann. comparision of fuzzy reasoning methods. Fuzzy Sets andSystems ,8(1982),p253～283 (参考文献均用10号字)国际会议论文排版要求及样张关于论文1.论文的书写顺序时:标题、作者姓名、作者单位，邮箱，摘要、关键词、引言、正文、结论、参考文献。

ⅠDirections: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Honest. You should write no less than 150 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象2.诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实参考范文It Pays to Be HonestAlthough honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society. For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in the exams.Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but consumers won’t buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or even be sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot.Those who always tell truth or keep to their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job. Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later.In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest.ⅡDirections:For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic：Practice Makes Perfect. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 怎样理解“熟能生巧”？2. 例如：在英语学习中.....3. 又如......参考范文Practice Makes PerfectThe famous saying “Practice makes perfect” is widely accepted today. It means if we practice unfamiliar things again and again, we’ll be able to perform it perfectly.The practice of learning English is a good example. We are not living in an English speaking country. So, in order to learn it well, we need extra practice, such as reading English books, going to English corners, or communicating with foreigners. Only sitting at the desk cannot lead to the mastery of English.As another example, if we want to be skilled in using the computer, we also need to practice using it. Some children become little experts in computer, just because they play with it everyday. On the contrary, if we just stick to books, we will still feel confused when using computers. Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that practice makes perfect.ⅢDirections: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 有人认为读书要有选择2. 有人认为应当博览群书3. 我的看法参考范文Reading Selectively Or Extensively?Some people think when we read we should read selectively. That is to say, we should select some books we are interested in and ignore the others. Reading selectively can help us concentrate our limited time and attentionon those selected books.Others think we should read extensively. No matter what kind of book it is, we should look it over. We should read various kinds of books, whether we are interested in them or not. They maintain that reading extensively can help to enlarge our view and grasp the general knowledge in different fields.In my opinion, the two reading ways have their roles respectively in our reading. However, the disadvantages of each method are easy to see. If we only read the books we select or prefer, the framework of our knowledge may not be complete. Our knowledge would be rather limited. And if we read without selection, we may not have so much time and energy to be specialized in one particular field. Therefore, the combination of the two methods is more reasonableⅣDirections: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Harmfulness of Fake Commodities You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fake commodities）。

学术论文写作第一次测试要求：1意义）。

2、写Outline即目录，大纲（可以参考往届学生的Table of Content，之前发给大家的那几页纸也有格式）。

3、现不写reference，写biography (可参考上传的文件)，要求至少包含10本对写论文有帮助的书或期刊，其中2本为外文；要求英文（按字母顺序）在前，中文（按拼音顺序）在后。

4、题目、大纲是合在一页纸上，电子版（发学委邮箱，由学委收齐了统一打包）和纸质版都要交的。

Note card 和Bibliography card另外做，可以手写，手写的无须打印，但是要像电子版的Note card和Bibliography card 一样要拍成电子版照片附在题目大纲的word文档后面一起上交。

每个同学的文件夹名称按此顺序命名为：班级、姓名、学号。

5、打分注重格式规范和内容的可行性，详细上交的内容见样本。

6、本次测试占学期成绩的40%，全班同学都必须做，没交的这门课得不到学分。

7、最迟上交时间：5月8日，第10周周三前（不含5月8日当天）。

周三统计上交作业情况后将公布取消本门学分名单。

学术论文写作题目、大纲、参考文献具体要求1、页面设置页边距：上边距：30mm；下边距：25mm；左边距：30mm；右边距：20mm；行间距：1.5倍行距；2、题目：三号Times New Roman体加粗3、目录：目录中各章题序的阿拉伯数字用Times New Roman体，第一级标题用小四号黑体，其余用小四号Times New Roman体。

4、参考文献顺序：英文参考书在前，中文参考书在后，以字母拼音顺序排列。

参考文献的著录均应符合国家有关标准（按GB7714—87 《文后参考文献著录规则》执行）。

以“参考文献”居中排作为标识；参考文献的序号左顶格，并用数字加方括号表示，如［1］，［2］，…，以与正文中的指示序号格式一致。

每一参考文献条目的最后均以“．”结束。

怎样撰写英语的outline好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。

不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。

接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。

1.明确文章的主旨。

一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。

选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。

比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨：• 比较和对照两个事物。

• 列出因果• 阐明或分析一个特殊方面• 列出单个或两者的论证• 提供证据并得出结论• 列出问题然后提供解决方案2.收集辅助材料。

这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。

通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。

3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。

举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。

4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。

如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。

• 一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。

5.确定主要类别。

根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。

这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。

• 当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。

例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。

6.确定论点。

每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。

这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。

一般它们是用英文字母标示的。

（比如A、B、C 等等）• 让你的第二层级比你的第一层级缩进1.27到2.54厘米• 还是用飞机发展史历史的例子，每一个分点就可以描写那个时代的发动机型号7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点。

参考文献格式
[1]陈嘉映.语言哲学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2004.
[2]刘宓庆.翻译与语言哲学[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版社,2001.
[3]张勇、王海全.中国风景名胜的名称及其文化内涵[J]. 重庆大学学报, 2002(6):16-18.
[4] Halliday, M. Exploration in the Functions of language [M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1973
[5] Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture and Translation [M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Outline
以上outline作为一个参考，用短语的形式，短语要能够总结你这部分的主要内容。

Outline主要包含Introduction, Literature Review (文献综述，即前人做过的相关研究。

)，Theory (这个看个人论文的具体情况，可以以你要研究的理论内容为标题)，Case analysis (也取决于个人论文的具体情况，标题可自拟)，Conclusion。

请于24号前发到我邮箱。

pypdf2中outline方法的用法PDF是一种广泛使用的文件格式，它提供了对文本、图像、表格和图形的统一表示。

Python中的PyPDF2库提供了一种简单的方法来处理PDF文件，包括提取文本、图像和合并PDF文件等。

其中，outline 方法在处理PDF文件时非常有用，它可以提取PDF文件的目录信息，方便用户浏览和编辑。

一、PyPDF2简介PyPDF2是一个Python库，用于读取、合并和转换PDF文件。

它提供了简单易用的API，可以方便地处理PDF文件中的文本、图像和表格等元素。

PyPDF2支持多种PDF文件格式，包括Adobe PDF和扫描PDF等。

二、outline方法概述在PyPDF2中，outline方法用于提取PDF文件的目录信息。

它返回一个包含目录信息的列表，每个目录项都是一个字典，包含标题、页面数、章节等信息。

通过使用outline方法，用户可以轻松地浏览和编辑PDF文件中的内容。

首先，需要导入PyPDF2库：```pythonimport PyPDF2```然后，打开一个PDF文件并获取其outline：```pythonpdf_file = open('example.pdf', 'rb')pdf_reader = PyPDF2.PdfFileReader(pdf_file)outline_items = pdf_reader.get_outlines()```outline_items`是一个包含目录信息的列表，每个目录项都是一个字典。

可以通过遍历该列表来查看目录信息。

例如，可以打印每个目录项的标题和页面数：```pythonfor item in outline_items:if item['type'] == 'Outline':title = item['title']page_count =len(pdf_reader.get_pages(page=item['start']-1))print(f'{title}: {page_count}页')```还可以使用其他参数来提取更详细的目录信息。

大学英语高职版参考答案本参考答案旨在为高职院校的学生提供一种参考，帮助他们更好地理解和掌握大学英语课程的知识点。

请注意，以下答案仅供参考，实际考试或作业的答案可能会有所不同。

Part I Listening Comprehension（听力理解）1. A) The man is discussing the weather with his friend.B) The woman is asking for directions to the library.C) The couple is planning a weekend trip.D) The students are discussing their class schedule.2. A) The woman will take the bus to work.B) The man is going to the gym after work.C) The woman is going to the movie theater.D) The man is going to the bookstore.3. A) The man forgot his wallet at home.B) The woman is late for the meeting.C) The man is not feeling well.D) The woman has lost her keys.Part II Reading Comprehension（阅读理解）Passage 1: The Benefits of Learning English4. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a benefit of learning English?A) It opens up job opportunities.B) It helps in traveling.C) It is a requirement for higher education.D) It is necessary for watching foreign films.5. The author suggests that learning English can improveone's:A) Cooking skills.B) Communication skills.C) Driving skills.D) Painting skills.Passage 2: The Impact of Technology on Education6. What is the main idea of the passage?A) Technology has made education more accessible.B) Technology has replaced traditional teaching methods.C) Technology has made education less effective.D) Technology has no impact on education.7. The author believes that technology in education:A) Should be avoided.B) Should be limited.C) Should be embraced.D) Should be regulated.Part III Vocabulary and Grammar（词汇与语法）8. The correct form of the verb in the sentence "I wish I ___ more carefully before making the decision" is:A) had thoughtB) would thinkC) was thinkingD) have thought9. The sentence "The project was completed on time, ________ the team's hard work." requires the use of:A) due toB) thanks toC) because ofD) as a result of10. The phrase "take a rain check" means:A) to cancel an event because of rain.B) to postpone an event to another day.C) to accept an invitation with the intention of not attending.D) to decline an invitation politely.Part IV Cloze Test（完形填空）[Example sentences for reference]11. The company has decided to ________ its operations to new markets.A) expandB) contractC) suspendD) terminate12. Despite the initial setbacks, the team remained ________ and continued working towards their goals.A) optimisticB) pessimisticC) indifferentD) skeptical13. The new policy will come into ________ next month.A) effectB) useC) practiceD) servicePart V Writing（写作）14. Write an essay on the topic "The Role of English in the Globalized World". Your essay should include the following points:- The importance of English in international communication. - The influence of English on culture and education.- Your personal experience with learning English.[Sample essay outline]- Introduction: Briefly introduce the topic and its significance.- Body Paragraph 1: Discuss the role of English infacilitating international business and diplomacy.- Body Paragraph 2: Explore how English has become a mediumfor cultural exchange and educational advancement.- Body Paragraph 3: Share personal anecdotes or experiences that highlight the benefits of learning English.- Conclusion: Summarize the main points and reiterate the importance of English in today's interconnected world.请注意，以上内容仅为参考答案的一部分，实际的参考答案应包含所有题目的答案，并且每个部分的答案都应该详细、准确。

2024年大连中考点点善意暖人心英语作文（参考）English Version OutlineTitle: "A Touch of Kindness Warms the Heart in Dalian's Middle School Exams"Introduction:Start with a reflection on the significance of kindness in society and its impact on individuals.Introduce the setting of Dalian, a city known for its beauty and culture, as the backdrop for the story.Mention the context of middle school exams and the pressures students face.Body Paragraph 1:Describe an incident of kindness that occurred during the exams, such as a fellow student helping another who was feeling unwell or overwhelmed.Body Paragraph 2:Elaborate on the emotional impact of this act of kindness on the recipient and the surrounding community.Discuss how such acts can foster a supportive environment during stressful times.Body Paragraph 3:Share a personal anecdote about a time when you or someone you knew received an act of kindness during exams.Highlight the ripple effect of kindness and how it can inspire others to pay it forward.Body Paragraph 4:Explore the broader implications of kindness in education and how it can shape students' values and behaviors.Discuss the role of schools and educators in cultivating a culture of kindness.Conclusion:Summarize the importance of kindness and its profound effect on the community, especially during challenging times like exams.Reflection:Reflect on the personal growth and lessons learned from observing and experiencing acts of kindness.Express gratitude for the kindness shown by others and a commitment to spreading kindness in your own life.Chinese Version Outline标题： "点点善意暖人心：大连中考中的温情故事"引言：从社会中善意的重要性及其对个人的影响开始反思。

M7 U1 词汇讲解+练习Part 1 单词拓展1.barely /ˈbeəli/ adv. 刚好；仅仅，勉强可能；几乎不；刚才拓展：当never, seldom, few, little, barely, hardly, scarcely, rarely, no, not 等含有否定意义的副词及其构成的短语放在句首，句子要用部分倒装，即把be动词/情态动词/助动词提至主语前面。

2.appointment /əˈpɔɪntmənt/ n. 约定，约会；任命，委任；职务拓展：appointment n.约会;预约;任命,委任→appoint vt.任命;委派;指定;约定→appointed adj.指定3.make one’s fortune 发财拓展：fortune n.大笔的钱,财富;运气→fortunate adj.幸运的→fortunately adv.幸运地→【反】misfortune n.不幸→unfortunate adj.不幸的;令人遗憾的→unfortunately adv.不幸地;令人遗憾地4.reliable /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ adj. 可信赖的，可依靠的；拓展：*rely vi. 依靠，依赖，信任，信赖→reliable adj. 可依靠的，可信赖的→【同】depend vi. 依靠，依赖，信任，信赖5.worthwhile /ˌwɜːθˈwaɪl/ adj. 值得花时间（或花钱、努力等），重要的，令人愉快的(2) 拓展：*worthy adj.配得上的→worth adj.值……→worthwhile adj.值得做的，值得花费时间/金钱的→【反】worthless adj. 没有价值的；没有用的练习：词条搭配意义和用法worthwhile It’s worthwhiledoing...It’s worthwhile to do...值得做……worth be worth+n.值得……,值……be worth doing“某事值得被做”,要用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

Road AccidentsDirections:Road accidents are a serious problem in modern life. In this part, you are required to write within 40 minutes a composition of no less than 200 words about road accidents. Your composition should be based on the following outline.Outline:1. Losses caused by road accidents2. Suggested ways to reduce road accidents3. My commentsRoad AccidentsIn the past five years the number of road accidents has been on the rise in big cities. Whenever they happen, the people involved are either injured or killed. They cause great losses both to the country and to the victims’ families. Therefore, it is urgent that we do something to reduce traffic accidents and make our roads safe.There are several ways I think to cut down the accident rate. In the first place, the government should take effective measures to improve road conditions. For example, more funds ought to be invested in building new highways and many of theold narrow streets in cities widened or reconstructed. Secondly, local authorities should educate people in every possible way to comply with traffic regulations. Finally, pedestrians should be very careful whenever crossing busy streets.In my opinion, the above mentioned ways are essential to avoid traffic accidents. With the number of cars continuing to rise, the roads in cities are getting more and more crowded. But if everyone does his part and observes traffic rules, the road will be safer to all of us. I trust traffic conditions will be improving though we still have a long way to go.作文5：Directions:Stress is a natural part of modern life. In this part, you are required to write within 40 minutes a composition of no less than 200 words about "Stress in Modern Life" (现代生活中的压力). You are to state briefly the relationship between stress and modern life and the different attitudes towards stress. At the end of your composition you should draw your own conclusion.Stress in Modern LifeAs everyone knows, stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. As the pace of modern life continues to increase, we are always feeling on the go from morning till night. And it is hard to slow down. It seems to us that everyone around us is aggressive. Therefore, whatever one does, he feels under stress all the time. It is clear that stress has much to do with the life in a competitive society.Different people, however, think of stress quite differently. Some believe that stress is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. They are of the opinion that a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and to give purpose to life. Others argue that stress contributes to one’s mental decline and hence endangers his health. According to them, relaxation, the opposite of stress, is essential for a healthy mind and body.Personally, I’m in favor of the former view. I think it is impossible to avoid stress when one is entirely devoted to the career he pursues. In my opinion, it is only when the stress gets out ofcontrol that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.注：be on the go 忙碌五：观点评论式作文作文1：Directions:A. Title: Air TravelB. Time limit: 40 minutesC. Word limit: about 200 wordsD. Your essay should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.E. Your essay should be based on the information given below.现在许多人愿意乘飞机旅行。