2011-12 Free-Response Review

2011年12月大学英语六级考试真题Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincoln’s famous remark, “Give me six hours to chop do wn a tree, and I will spend thefirst four sharpening the axe.” You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Way to Success__________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1–7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. For questions 8–10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Google’s Plan for World’s Biggest Online Library: Philanthropy Or Act of Piracy?In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copiesof books. So far, Google has scanned more than 10 million titles from libraries in America and Europe —including half a million volumes held by the Bodleian in Oxford. The exact method it uses is unclear; the company does not allow outsiders to observe the process.Why is Google undertaking such a venture? Why is it even interested in all those out-of-print library books, most of which have been gathering dust on forgotten shelves for decades? The company claims its motives are essentially public-spirited. Its overall mission, after all, is to “organise the world’s information”,so it would be odd if that information did not include books.The company likes to present itself as having lofty aspirations. “This really isn’t about making money.We are doing this for the good of society.” As Santiago de la Mora, head of Google Books for Europe, putsit: “By making it possible to search the millions of books that exist today, we hope to expand the frontiers of human knowledge.”Dan Clancy, the chief architect of Google Books, does seem genuine in his conviction that this is primarily a philanthropic (慈善的) exercise. “Google’s core business is search and find, so obviously what helps improve Google’s search engine is good for Google,” he says. “But we have never built a spreadsheet(电子数据表) outlining the financial benefits of this, and I have never had to justify the amount I am spending to the company’s founders.”It is easy, talking to Clancy and his colleagues, to be swept along by their missionary passion. But Google’s book-scanning project is proving controversial. Several opponents have recently emerged, ranging from rival tech giants such as Microsoft and Amazon to small bodies representing authors and publishers across the world. In broad terms, these opponents have levelled two sets of criticisms at Google.First, they have questioned whether the primary responsibility for digitally archiving the world’s books should be allowed to fall to a commercial company. In a recent essay in the New York Review of Books, Robert Darnton, the head of Harvard University’s library, argued that because such books are a common resource —the possession of us all —only public, not-for-profit bodies should be given the power to control them.The second related criticism is that Google’s scanning of books is actually illegal. This allegation has led to Google becoming mired in (陷入) a legal battle whose scope and complexity makes the Jarndyce and Jarndyce case in Charles Dickens’ Bleak House look straightforward.At its centre, however, is one simple issue: that of copyright. The inconvenient fact about most books, to which Google has arguably paid insufficient attention, is that they are protected by copyright. Copyright laws differ fro m country to country, but in general protection extends for the duration of an author’s life and for a substantial period afterwards, thus allowing the author’s heirs to benefit. (In Britain and America, this post-death period is 70 years.) This means, of course, that almost all of the books published in the 20th century are still under copyright —and the last century saw more books published than in all previous centuries combined. Of the roughly 40 million books in US libraries, for example, an estimated 32 million are in copyright. Of these, some 27 million are out of print.Outside the US, Google has made sure only to scan books that are out of copyright and thus in the “public domain” (works such as the Bodleian’s first edition of Middlemarch, which anyone can read for free on Google Books Search).But, within the US, the company has scanned both in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. In its defence, Google points out that it displays only small segments of books that are in copyright — arguing that s uch displays are “fair use”. But critics allege that by making electronic copies of these books without first seeking the permission of copyright holders, Google has committed piracy.“The key principle of copyright law has always been that works can be co pied only once authors have expressly given their permission,” says Piers Blofeld, of the Sheil Land literary agency in London. “Google has reversed this —it has simply copied all these works without bothering to ask.”In 2005, the Authors Guild of America, together with a group of US publishers, launched a class action suit (集团诉讼) against Google that, after more than two years of negotiation, ended with an announcement last October that Google and the claimants had reached an out-of-court settlement. The full details are complicated —the text alone runs to 385 pages —and trying to summarise it is no easy task. “Part of the problem is that it is basically incomprehensible,” says Blofeld, one of the settlement’s most vocal British critics.Broadly, the deal provides a mechanism for Google to compensate authors and publishers whose rights it has breached (including giving them a share of any future revenue it generates from their works). In exchange for this, the rights holders agree not to sue Google in future.This settlement hands Google the power — but only with the agreement of individual rights holders —to exploit its database of out-of-print books. It can include them in subscription deals sold to libraries or sell them individually under a consumer licence. It is these commercial provisions that are proving the settlement’s most controversial aspect.Critics point out that, by giving Google the right to commercially exploit its database, the settlement paves the way for a subtle shift in the company’s role from provider of information to seller. “Google’s business model has always been to provide information for free, and sell advertising on the basis of the traffic this generates,” points out James Grimmelmann, associate professor at New York Law Scho ol. Now, he says, because of the settlement’s provisions, Google could become a significant force in bookselling.Interest in this aspect of the settlement has focused on “orphan” works, where there is no known copyright holder —these make up an estimated 5-10% of the books Google has scanned. Under the settlement, when no rights holders come forward and register their interest in a work, commercial control automatically reverts to Google. Google will be able to display up to 20% of orphan works for free, include them in its subscription deals to libraries and sell them to individual buyers under the consumer licence.It is by no means certain that the settlement will be enacted (执行) — it is the subject of a fairness hearing in the US courts. But if it is enacted, Google will in effect be off the hook as far as copyright violations in the US are concerned. Many people are seriously concerned by this —and the company is likely to face challenges in other courts around the world.No one knows the precise use Google will make of the intellectual property it has gained by scanning the world’s library books, and the truth, as Gleick, an American science writer and member of the Authors Guild, points out, is that the company probably doesn’t even know itself. But what is certain is that, in some way or other, Google’s entrance into digital bookselling will have a significant impact on the book world in the years to come.1. Google claims its plan for the world’s biggest online library is _______.[A] to save out-of-print books in libraries [B] to encourage reading around the world[C] to promote its core business of searching [D] to serve the interest of the general public2. According to Santiago de la Mora, Google’s book-scanning project will _______.[A] make full use of the power of its search engine [B] help the broad masses of readers[C] revolutionise the entire book industry [D] broaden humanity’s intellectual horizons3. Opponents of Google Books believe that digitally archiving the world’s books should be controlled by_______.[A] non-profit organisations [B] the world’s tech giants[C] multinational companies [D] the world’s leading libraries4. Google has involved itself in a legal battle as it ignored _______.[A] the copyright of the books it scanned[B] the interest of traditional booksellers[C] the differences of in-print and out-of-print books[D] the copyright of authors of out-of-print books5. Google defends its scanning in-copyright books by saying that _______.[A] making electronic copies of books is not a violation of copyright[B] it displays only a small part of their content[C] it is willing to compensate the copyright holders[D] the online display of in-copyright books is not for commercial use6. What do we learn about the class action suit against Google?[A] It ended in a victory for the Authors Guild of America.[B] It could lead to more out-of-court settlements of such disputes.[C] It failed to protect the interests of American publishers.[D] It was settled after more than two years of negotiation.7. What remained controversial after the class action suit ended?[A] The change in Google’s business model.[B] The compensation for copyright holders.[C] The commercial provisions of the settlement. [D] Google’s further exploit ation of its database.8. While _______________________________, Google makes money by selling advertising.9. Books whose copyright holders are not known are called _______________________________.10. Google’s entrance into digital bookselling will treme ndously _______________________________ in thefuture.Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D], and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11. [A] Listen to the recorded notes while driving. [B] Cancel the trip to prepare for the test.[C] Prepare for the test after the wedding. [D] Review his notes once he arrives in Chicago.12. [A] The woman will help the man remember the lines.[B] The woman will prompt the man during the show.[C] The man lacks confidence in playing the part.[D] The man hopes to change his role in the play.13. [A] Arranging a bed for a patient. [B] Rescuing the woman’s uncle.[C] A complicated surgical case. [D] Preparations for an operation.14. [A] He is too busy to accept more responsibility. [B] He is interested in improving his editing skills.[C] He is eager to be nominated the new editor. [D] He is sure to do a better job than Simon.15. [A] He has been successfully elected Prime Minister.[B] He has already reached the retirement age.[C] He has left his position in the government. [D] He made a stupid decision at the cabinet meeting.16. [A] This year’s shuttle mission is a big step in space exploration.[B] The shuttle flight will be broadcast live worldwide.[C] The man is excited at the news of the shuttle flight.[D] The man is well informed about the space shuttle missions.17. [A] At an auto rescue center. [B] At a car renting company.[C] At a mountain camp. [D] At a suburban garage.18. [A] He listened to some serious music. [B] He bought a stereo system.[C] He got his speakers fixed. [D] He went shopping with the woman.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. [A] Providing aid to the disabled. [B] Selling products made for left-handers.[C] Promoting products for manufacturers. [D] Printing labels for manufactured goods.20. [A] About half of them are unavailable on the market.[B] The kitchenware in his shop is of unique design.[C] All of them are manufactured in his own plant.[D] Most of them are specially made for his shop.21. [A] They specialise in one product only. [B] They have outlets throughout Britain.[C] They run chain stores in central London. [D] They sell by mail order only.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. [A] It publishes magazines. [B] It is engaged in product design.[C] It sponsors trade fairs. [D] It runs sales promotion campaigns.23. [A] The woman’s company failed to make payments in time.[B] The ad specifications had not been given in detail.[C] The woman’s company made last-minute changes.[D] Organising the promotion was really time-consuming.24. [A] Run another four-week campaign. [B] Give her a 10 percent discount.[C] Extend the campaign to next year. [D] Cut the fee by half for this year.25. [A] Calm down and make peace. [B] Improve their promotion plans.[C] Stop negotiating for the time being. [D] Reflect on their respective mistakes.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. [A] They are looked after by animal-care organizations.[B] They sacrifice their lives for the benefit of humans.[C] They look spotlessly clean throughout their lives.[D] They are labeled pet animals by the researchers.27. [A] They may breed out of control. [B] They may cause damage to the environment.[C] They may behave abnormally. [D] They may affect the results of experiments.28. [A] When they are no longer useful. [B] When they become ill.[C] When they become escapees. [D] When they get too old.29. [A] While calling for animal rights, they allowed their kids to keep pet animals.[B] While holding a burial ceremony for a pet mouse, they were killing pest mice.[C] While launching animal protection campaigns, they were trapping kitchen mice.[D] While advocating freedom for animals, they kept their pet mouse in a cage.Passage TwoQuestions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.30. [A] They contribute most to it. [B] They often find fault with it.[C] They take it for granted. [D] They are crazy about it.31. [A] Tidal restlessness. [B] Historical continuity.[C] Heat and light. [D] Economic prosperity.32. [A] They are adventurers from all over the world. [B] They lack knowledge of the culture of the city.[C] They find the city alien to them. [D] They have difficulty surviving.Passage ThreeQuestions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33. [A] A murder mystery. [B] A football game.[C] A political debate. [D] A documentary.34. [A] It help s broaden one’s horizons.[B] It enhances family relationships.[C] It is a sheer waste of time. [D] It is unhealthy for the viewers.35. [A] He watches T.V. programs only selectively. [B] He doesn’t like watching sports programs.[C] He c an’t resist the temptation of T.V. either. [D] He is not a man who can keep his promise. Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.In the past, one of the biggest disadvantages of machines has been their inability to work on a micro-scale. For example, doctors did not have devices allowing them to go inside the human body to (36) ________ health problems or to perform (37) ________ surgery. Repair crews did not have a way of (38) ________ broken pipes located deep within a high-rise (39) ________ building. However, that’s about to change. Advances in computers and biophysics have started a microminiature(超微) (40) ________ that allows scientists to envision — and in some cases actually build — microscopic machines. These devices promise to (41) ________ change the way we live and work.Micromachines already are making an impact. At Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, research scientists have designed a 4-inch silicon chip that holds 700 tiny (42) ________ motors. At Lucas NovaSensor in Fremont, California, scientists have perfected the world’s first microscopic blood-pressure sensor. Threaded through a person’s blood (43) ________, the sensor can provide blood pressure readi ngs at the valve of the heart itself.(44) ______________________________________________________________________. Auto manufacturers, for example, are trying to use tiny devices (45)______________________________________________________________. Some futurists envision nanotechnology (纳米技术) also being used to explore the deep sea in small submarines, or even to launch finger-sized rockets packed with microminiature instruments.There is an explosion of new ideas and applications. So, (46)______________________________________________________________________.Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.Leadership is the most significant word in today’s competitive busines s environment because it directs the manager of a business to focus inward on their personal capabilities and style. Experts on leadership will quickly point out that “how things get done” influences the success of the outcomes and indicates a right way and a wrong way to do things. When a noted leader on the art of management, Peter Drucker, coined the phrase “Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things,” he was seeking to clarify the distinctions he associates with the terms.When Stephen Covey, founder and director of the Leadership Institute, explored leadership styles in the past decade, he focused on the habits of a great number of highly effective individuals. His Seven Habits of Highly Effective People became a popular bestseller very quickly. His ideas forced a reexamination of the early leadership paradigm(范例), which he observed centered on traits found in the character ethic and the personality ethic. The former ethic suggested success was founded on integrity, modesty, loyalty, courage, patience, and so forth. The personality ethic suggested it was one’s attitude, not behavior, that inspired success, and this ethic was founded on a belief of positive mental attitude. In contrast to each of these ideas, Covey advocates that leaders need to understand universal principles of effectiveness, and he highlights how vital it is for leaders to first personally manage themselves if they are to enjoy any hope of outstanding success in their work environments. To achieve a desired vision for your business, it is vital that you have a personal vision of where you are headed and what you value. Business leadership means that managers need to “put first things first,” which implies that before leading others, you need to be clear on you r own values, abilities, and strengths and be seen as trustworthy.47. To be good leaders, managers must pay close attention to their own _____________________.48. According to Peter Drucker, leaders should be good at _____________________.49. The personality ethic suggests that people are likely to succeed if they have _____________________.50. According to Stephen Covey, leaders who hope to achieve outstanding success need first of all to_____________________.51. Good leadership requires one to know one’s own strengths and be able to win people’s_____________________.Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.What’s the one word of advice a well-meaning professional would give to a recent college graduate? China? India? Brazil? How about trade?When the Commerce Department reported last week that the trade deficit in June approached $50 billion, it set off a new round of economic doomsaying. Imports, which soared to $200.3 billion in the month, are subtracted in the calculation of gross domestic product. The larger the trade deficit, the smaller the GDP. Should such imbalances continue, pessimists say, they could contribute to slower growth.But there’s anot her way of looking at the trade data. Over the past two years, the figures on imports and exports seem not to signal a double-dip recession — a renewed decline in the broad level of economic activity in the United States — but an economic expansion.The rising volume of trade — more goods and services shuttling in and out of the United States — is good news for many sectors. Companies engaged in shipping, trucking, rail freight, delivery, and logistics (物流) have all been reporting better than expected results. The rising numbers signify growing vitality in foreign markets — when we import more stuff, it puts more cash in the hands of people around the world, and U.S. exports are rising because more foreigners have the ability to buy the things we produce and market. The rising tide of trade is also good news for people who work in trade-sensitive businesses, especially those that produce commodities for which global demand sets the price — agricultural goods, mining, metals, oil.And while exports always seem to lag, U.S. companies are becoming more involved in the global economy with each passing month. General Motors sells as many cars in China as in America each month. While that may not do much for imports, it does help GM’s balance sheet — and hence makes the jobs of U.S.-based executives more stable.One great challenge for the U.S. economy is slack domestic consumer demand. Americans are paying down debt, saving more, and spending more carefully. That’s to be expected, given what we’ve been through. But there’s a bigger challenge. Can U.S.-based businesses, large and small, figure out how to get a piece of growing global demand? Unless you want to pick up and move to India, or Brazil, or China, the best way to do that is through trade. It may seem obvious, but it’s no longer enough simply to do business with our friends and neighbors here at home.Companies and individuals who don’t have a strategy to export more, or to get more involved in foreign markets, or to play a role in global trade, are shutting t hemselves out of the lion’s share of economic opportunity in our world.52. How do pessimists interpret the U.S. trade deficit in June?[A] It could lead to slower growth of the national economy.[B] It reflects Americans’ preference for imported goods.[C] It signifies a change in American economic structure.[D] It is the result of America’s growing focus on domestic market.53. What does the author say about the trade data of the past two years?[A] It indicates that economic activities in the U.S. have increased.[B] It reflects the fluctuations in the international market.[C] It shows that U.S. economy is slipping further into recession.[D] It signals decreasing domestic demand for goods and services.54. Who particularly benefit from the rising volume of trade?[A] People who have expertise in international trade.[B] Producers of agricultural goods and raw materials.[C] Consumers who favor imported goods and services.[D] Retailers dealing in foreign goods and services.55. What is one of the challenges facing the American economy?[A] Decreasing productivity. [B] People’s reluctance to spend.[C] Competition from overseas. [D] Slack trade activities.56. What is the author’s advice to U.S. companies and individuals?[A] To import more cheap goods from developing countries.[B] To be alert to fluctuations in foreign markets.[C] To increase their market share overseas.[D] To move their companies to where labor is cheaper.Passage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.A recurr ing criticism of the UK’s university sector is its perceived weakness in translating newknowledge into new products and services.Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured. We should take this concern seriously as universities are key in the national innovation system.However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialisation activity.When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions of the past decade have helped transform the performance of UK universities. Evidence suggests the UK’s position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders.This type of uneven distribution is not peculiar to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In the UK, research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities receive 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and licence income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialisation work creates differences between universities.The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximise the impact of their research efforts. These universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise in order to build greater confidence in the sector.Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of research commercialisation spilling out of our universities. There are three dozen universities in the UK which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialisation work.If there was a greater coordination of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle.57. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialisation?[A] They have lost their leading position in many ways.[B] They fail to convert knowledge into money.[C] They do not regard it as their responsibility.[D] They still have a place among the world leaders.58. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities’ performance in commercialisation?[A] It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way.[B] It does not reflect the differences among universities.[C] It indicates their ineffective use of government resources.[D] It masks the fatal weaknesses of government policy.59. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that “policy interventions” (Line 1. Para. 4) refers to ______.[A] concentration of resources in a limited number of universities[B] government aid to non-research-oriented universities[C] compulsory cooperation between universities and industries[D] fair distribution of funding for universities and research institutions。

拟南芥T-DNA插入突变纯合体的鉴定余振洋（高山山、潘红芳）、09级生技1班、200900140156、2011/12/14摘要本实验通过CTAB法提取目的拟南芥的DNA，再用三引物法PCR扩增所需的目的基因后，用电泳检测该拟南芥是否为转基因的拟南芥，并判断其是纯合突变还是杂合突变。

关键词拟南芥;T-DNA；突变纯和体1．引言T-DNA是根癌农杆菌Ti质粒上的一段DNA序列，它能稳定地整合到植物基因组中并稳定地表达。

T—DNA在植物中一般都以低拷贝插入，多为单拷贝。

单拷贝T-DNA一旦整合到植物基因组中，就会表现出孟德尔遗传特性，在后代中长期稳定表达，且插入后不再移动，便于保存。

T—DNA插入突变在反向遗传学和功能基因组学研究中发挥着重要作用。

，T—DNA插入突变能方便地进行正向和反向遗传学研究，因而受到重视。

同时，基因组测序工作的完成使得从位点到表型的反向遗传学研究成为可能，从而使通过T—DNA插入技术构建突变体来研究功能的反向遗传学技术逐渐取代了传统的化学诱变、图位克隆等技术。

借助于农杆菌介导的遗传转化技术，T—DNA插入技术已被广泛应用于拟南芥等模式植物的突变体库构建中。

以T—DNA作为插入元件，不但能破坏插入位点基因的功能，而且能通过插入产生的功能缺失突变体的表型及生化特征的变化，为该基因的研究提供有用的线索。

由于插入的T—DNA序列是已知的，因此可以通过已知的外源基因序列，利用反向PCR、TAIL-PCR、质粒挽救等方法对突变基因进行克隆和序列分析，并对比突变的表型研究基因的功能。

还可以利用扩增出的插入位点的侧翼序列，建立侧翼序列数据库，对基因进行更全面的分析。

由此可见，T—DNA 插入标签技术已成为发现新基因、鉴定基因功能的一种重要手段。

CTAB法提取植物叶片中的DNA是我们常用的方法。

通常采用机械研磨的方法破碎植物的组织和细胞，由于植物细胞匀浆含有多种酶类(尤其是氧化酶类)对DNA的抽提产生不利的影响，在抽提缓冲液中需加入抗氧化剂或强还原剂(如巯基乙醇)以降低这些酶类的活性。

Workplace English (From Workplace English & Office Talk, LiveABC)Teacher : Grace Dahan Institute of TechnologySep. 12, 2011Company Hierarchy (公司階層)[ˋhaɪə͵rɑrkɪ]＃Resume (履歷表) 填寫姓名、身高、生日、住址、年齡、教育背景、工作經驗等等。

＃Cover letter (求職信)一種聲明(statement)，通常寫你在哪裡看到這個工作，為什麼你要這個工作，你有經驗適合這份工作，希望有機會可以和他們面談。

應徵作業員是不需要寫cover letter (除非公司要求)。

＃Autobiography (Professional biography)My name is X X X . There are 4 people in my family. My father is a Chemistry teacher. He teaches chemistry in senior high school. My mother is an English teacher. She teaches English in the university. I have a younger brother, he is a junior high school student and is preparing for the entrance exam.I like to read English story books in my free time. Sometimes I surf the Internet and download the E- books to read. Reading E- books is fun. In addition, it also enlarges my vocabulary words because of the advanced technology and the vivid animations.I hope to study both English and computer technology because I am interested in both of the subjects. Maybe one day I could combine both of them and apply to my research in the future.Unit OneLooking for a Job●Before looking for a job1.Where can you find a job ad?2.What do you need to prepare when you look for a job?3.What qualities are attractive / unattractive to employers?4.What steps does an employer take when hiring someone?●Possible sources for job ad.Click (v) the places where job ads can be found□newspaper □coupon □headhunter □the Internet □job board □flyers □company Web sites●According to Jerry’s description, complete his resume.Jerry Smith 140 Main StreetColumbus, Ohio 45708 (740) 555-3416**********************Position applied for: Sales RepresentativeExperienceJuly 2001 to presentPosition: Sales representative, NBT Electronics, Columbus, Ohio﹡Sell cutting-edge technology to individual and corporate clientsAug 2000 to June 2001Position: Clerk (part-time) J&C music store, Dayton, Ohio﹡Set up multimedia displays, stocked merchandise (商品庫存)Education1997 to 2001 Dayton University Dayton, OhioBachelor of Business AdministrationSummary of skillsComputer : creating spreadsheets (試算表) and making Web pagesLanguage : French (advanced)(Key words : Main street, 555-3416, Sales representative, NBT Electronics, Clerk, 2001, Business Administration, making Web pages, French)ExerciseA: Cover Letters : Complete the following letter with the words providedB: Resumes : Fill in the blanks with the words in the following resumes.C. Professional Biography : Fill in the blanks with the words provided.Reading comprehension:1.What does critical mean in the context of the passage?A.The author often complains about things.B.The author thinks about things carefully.C.The author hardly thinks about things.D.The author seldom gives his opinions.2.Which of the following statement is NOT true?A.Robert has his own Web site.B.Robert studies in the United States.C.Robert is interested in saving time.D.Robert can barely speak English.Vocabulary:1. 履歷表: resume2. 求職信: cover letter3. 實習生: intern4. 推薦人: reference5. 有價值的: valuable6. 聲譽好的: reputable7. MIS: management information system8. 科技: technology9. 自傳: professional biography 10. 晉升: advancement 11. 助理: assistant 12. 專員: specialist 13. 資格: qualification 14. 廣告: advertisement 15. 證書: certificate 16. 教育: education 17. 職位: position 18. 報告: report 19. 低階的: entry-level 20. 資料分析: data analysisUnit TwoJob Interview●Get ready:1.What are the most frequently asked questions in a job interview?2.How should you prepare for a job interview?3.How do you normally introduce yourself?4.What kinds of questions should you ask in a job interview?●An interviewer may ask1. Tell me about yourself.2. What do you know about our company?3. What can you offer(提供) to our company? Why should we hire(僱用) you?4. What made you come looking for a job at our company?5. Why are you leaving your present job?6. Describe an ideal working environment?7. If I spoke to your previous supervisor, what would he or she say about you?8. What are your weak/strong points?9. What makes a good boss or leader?10. What compensation (報酬) would you expect if we offer this position to you?●An interviewee may ask1. Do you need a copy of my resume (履歷表)?2. What qualifications are you looking for in the person who will fill this job?3. How much travel is involved (包含)?4. What would you expect me to accomplish (完成) in this job?.5. What future opportunities might be available for a person who is successful in this position?6. If I am offered this position, how soon will you need by response?7. What are the benefits(福利) of working for this company?●Tips for interviewees1.準時：提早抵達已熟悉現場狀況，達到情緒穩定的效果。

如何写好Response to review——发表SCI文章实战发表文章有不少步骤，走走停停，有时候会因为得到审稿人的赏识和认可开心不已，当然也会因为意见尖锐，无法修改而苦恼不已，下面我总结了一些例子，看看如何回答 review report 里面的问题，所有内容均是自己文章投稿的真实过程，希望对大家有所帮助。

1. 关于 Cover letter整理了一份一般的格式，大体都是这样，呵呵Dear EditorDr. Yinon Rudich Nov. 25, 2009JGRManuscript Number: 2009JD013023,“Gross primary production estimation from MODIS data with vegetation index and photosynthetically absorbed radiation in maize”Enclosed is the revised ve rsion of the paper entitled “Remote estimation of gross primary production in maize, coniferous forest and grassland using MODIS images”. We appreciated the thorough reviews provide by the journal and the positive response of both two reviewers that found the research of this manuscript is suitable for JGR. Below is our response to their comments resulting in a number of clarifications.RegardsDr. Chaoyang Wu**************2. 关于 Response 细节最根本的一个要求是事实就是，有什么说什么，不要企图遮遮掩掩，也不要回避，对意见一般先要礼节性的感谢或者同意，然后再做出修改。

2011年12月（B级）考试全真卷Part Ⅱ Vocabulary & StructureSection A 答案：（CBCAD,DBDAB）16. We will have to pay them a large ____C___ of money for their service.A. sizeB. setC. amountD. series17. I’d appreciate it if you could tell me how ___B____ the machine.A. operateB. to operateC. operatingD. operated18. I’m sorry to tell you that the materials（材料费）you wanted are _C______.A. taken off（起飞、脱下、离开）B. put up （建造、举起）C. sold out （售完）D. got off （下车）19. It is obvious that these small businesses are _____A__ need of technical support.A. inB. onC. withD. to20. ___D_____ I am concerned, it is important to get a job first.A. As long as 和什么一样长B. As well as 也、和什么一样C. As soon as 一……就…… D. As far as就什么而言、至于21. Some companies might not let you rent a car ____D__ you have a credit card.A. whereB. becauseC. sinceD. unless22. In his opinion, success in life mainly ____B__ on how we get along with other people.A. keepsB. dependsC. insistsD. spends23. We ___D_____ building the bridge by the end of next month.A. are finishingB. have finishedC. would finishD. will have finished24. Our company’s service is _____A_ in nearly 80 countries around the world.A. available 可利用的、有效的B. natural 天生的、不做作的C. relative 相关物D. careful 仔细的、小心的25. It was in Jonson’s hotel __B___ the business meeting was held last year.2A. thisB. thatC. whatD. whichSection B答案：(+er,+ly,+ed,+er,前面+will,difference,be tested,+ing,+al,+d)26. To start your own business is usually (cheap) ____Ch_eaper____ than to buy one. 27. The foreign professor spoke slowly and (clear) ___clearly____ so that we could follow him.28. The money (borrow) ___borrowed_____ from the bank has already been paid back. 29. The (manage) ____manager_ said that their company wouldn’t be responsible for the loss of the goods.30. When we get his telephone number, we (tell) _will_____tell_ you immediately.31. It won’t make any (different) __difference____ whether he comes to the meeting or not.32. The machine should (test) _be___tested_____ before it is put to use. 33. We look forward to (meet)第3页共6页____meeting___ you and wish you every success in your career.34. My (person) _____personal experience suggests that we should contact the customers first.35. After the lecture yesterday, they (realize) ____realized_ how important company culture was.Part ⅢReading Comprehension答案：(CAABB,BCCBA,)Task 1A car is made up of more than 30,000parts. Each part in a new car is as weak as a baby. So a new car requires proper care and servicing. If you’re unfamiliar with the parts, you have to read through the owner’s instructions carefully.First of all, the brakes（刹车）of your car are important for safety（安全）reasons. Having them checked regularly can reduce the risks of accidents. Another important thing to consider is engine care. Always remember that4the life and performance of your car engine depend on the engine oil. Replace the engine oil when recommended. If you feel the engine is very hot especially during summer it is probably because the cooling system doesn’t work well. You’d better get the cooling system serviced before the start of summer.In a word, timely and proper servicing is an important task for car owners. Good servicing can not only extent the life of your newborn baby, but also ensure your safety, and the safety of those who share the road with you.36. To get familiar with the parts of a new car, the owner should _______.A. regard the car as a newborn babyB. have the car serviced before driving itC. read through the instructions carefullyD. examine all of the parts of the new car37. The brakes should be checked regularly ________.A. to avoid accidentsB. to raise第5页共6页speed C. to reduce cost D. to save gas38. For a car engine to work long and well, the owner should _______.A. replace the engine oil as recommendedB. reduce the use of the car in summerC. clean the engine parts regularlyD. change the brakes frequently39. It is recommended to have the cooling system checked when ________.A. you buy a new carB. summer is comingC. the engine oil is replacedD. the brakes are out of order40. The last paragraph tells us that the purpose of carefully servicing a car is ______.A. to let you sell your car at a good priceB. to extend its life and ensure safetyC. to reduce the cost of car servicingD. to make the car run faster6Task 2Ticket-booking policiesGeneral policies*Once the flight ticket has been issued, the name on the ticket cannot be changed.*Ticket is non-refundable（不能退款的）.*Please review your itinerary（行程安排）immediately. If any problems arise before or during your trip, you must call our booking offices right away. If you wait until you return, it’s too late.*There are times when we are unable to confirm a booking. in that case we will attempt to reach you by phone and email. You must call us back within 48 hours or we may not be able to offer you the booking price.Change policies*If you change your booking, airlines may charge a fee-$150 to $ 200.*Some tickets do not allow any changes. Need to change or cancel your trip? Visit our website to check the fees and rules before you第7页共6页decide.Cancellation policies*If you cancel our booking you will not receive any money back.*You may apply part of your ticket price towards future travel (for a limited time, usually a year).41. According to the policies, the name on the ticket cannot be changed once the ticket is _______.A. bookedB. issuedC. cancelledD. confirmed42. If you have any problems during a trip, you should _______.A. ask for a refundB. change your itineraryC. call the booking officeD. returen the ticket to the office43. What happens when your ticket booking cannot be confirmed?A. You should make other booking immediately.8B. You can change your booking free of charge.C. You will be informed by phone and email.D. You will still enjoy the booking price.44. If you want to change a booking, you may have to pay _______.A. 10% of the booking priceB. a fee of $150 to $200C. half the ticket priceD. a fixed fee45. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the cancellation polices?A. You can use part of the ticket price for future travel.B. You can refund the money from the booking office.C. You can keep the booking effective for one year.D. You cannot cancel your booking in any cases.第9页共6页Task 3答案：(bank account,cheaper,cash machines,UK,pay)If you are staying in the UK for more than 6 months, it may be usefu to open a UK bank account. There are a lot of asvantages of having a UK current (checking) account: Paying billsMany landlords prefer to colect rent directly from a bank account.You may be able to obtain cheaper services if you pay bills directly from a bank account, e.g. telephone/gas/water/electricity.If you are given a chequebook, you can also write cheques as a safe way of paying for things.CashYou can easily obtain money frm cash machines, or pay derectly from your account using a debit card（借记卡）.Saving moneyIt is generally cheaper to use a UK account than it is to pay by credit card（信用10卡）or withdraw（提取）cash from a foreign bank.EmploymentIf you work in the UK, some employers require you to have a bank account so that you can get your pay.Task 4答案：（IP,KA,GO,MF,HB）A ─Employee relationsB ─ Basic saaryC ─Night shiftD ─ Attendance book E─Human resourcesmanagementF ─ Work permitG ─Employment injury insuranceH ─ Housing fundI ─ Annual salaryJ ─ Year-end honusK ─Contract of service L ─Contract of serviceM ─ Sick leaveN ─ Coffee brakO ─Unemployment insuranceP ─Minimjum wage Q─Quality managementExamples: (L) 员工考核（E）人力资源管理Task 5答案：（10years,Production Engineersl,Assistant Words Manger,responsible,strongly recommed）Dear Mr. Brown,Thank you for your letter of 6 September reagrding Mr. John Green who has been employed by this company for the past 10 years.Mr. Green served his apprenticeship（学徒）with Vichers Tools Ltd. In Manchester, followed by a three-yrear course of engineering for Production Engineersl he is technically well-qualified and for the past five yrear has been our Assistant Works Manageer responsible for production and related the past five years has been our Assistant Works Manager responsible for production and related business in our Sheffield factory. In all his job duties he has shown himself to be hard-working, responbile and in every way a very dependable employee.I can strongly recommend Mr. Green as Ifeel sure that if he were to be chosen to manage your factory in Nairobi he would bring to his work a true atmosphere of teamwork, which would be found necessary and helpful by all who would work with him.Sincerery yours,Tom Smith 56. How ong has Mr. Green been employed by the writer’s company?For____________________________________.57. What kind of course did Mr. Green take?A three-year course in engineering for _______________________________.58. What job position has Mr. Green held in the past five years?_____________________________________ ___________________.59. What does the writer think of Mr. Green as an employee?He is hard-working, _______________________ and dependable.60. What is the purpose of this letter?To ________________________ Mr. Green to manage a factory in Nairobi.Part ⅣTranslation-English into Chinese 答案：（CDCB）61. With fuel prices going up, car buyers are changing their idea of buying a car.A. 燃料的价格正在随着购车者买车想法的改变而上涨。

2014-09-05李莫愁博士实验万事屋提示：请点击标题下方蓝色"实验万事屋",添加关注后,发"嗯"可以查看我们之前的文章。

总结了一部分万能的套话,足以体现我们对杂志社编辑和审稿人的尊重。

1、According to the associate editor and reviewers’ comments, we havemade extensive modifications to our manuscript and supplemented extra data to make our results convincing.2、In this revised version, changes to our manuscript were all highlighted within the document by using red colored text.3、Thank you for your nice comments on our article. According to yoursuggestions, we have supplemented several data here and corrected several mistakes in our previous draft. Based on your comments, we also attached a point-by-point letter to you and the other two reviewers. We have made extensive revisions to our previous draft. The detailedpoint-by-point responses are listed below.4、Thanks for your help. We feel really sorry for our carelessness.5、Thank you for your reminding. You and the other two reviewers’comments are all of great importance to our article. All of these comments have contributed a lot to improve the quality of our article. After this revision, we have written a point-by-point response letter to you as you can see above. Meanwhile, we also wrote a point-by-point response letter to the other two nice reviewers to acknowledge their helps and denote where we made revisions.6、We feel great thanks for your professional review work on our article. Asyou are concerned, there are several problems that need to be addressed. According to your nice suggestions, we have made extensive corrections to our previous draft. We have added necessary data to supplement ourresults and edited our article extensively. The detailed corrections are listed below.7、We feel sorry that we did not provide enough information about XXXX.8、it is really a giant mistake to the whole quality of our article. We feel sorryfor our carelessness. We have corrected it and we also feel great thanks for your point out.9、thanks for your suggestions. We feel sorry for our poor writings, however,we do invite a friend of us who is a native English speaker from USA help polish our article. Due to our friend’s help, the article was edited extensively. And we hope the revised manuscript could be acceptable for you.10、thanks for your careful checks. We are sorry for our carelessness.Based on your comments, we have made the corrections to make the unit harmonized within the whole manuscript.11、your suggestion really means a lot to us. Yes, it would be more understandable if we XXX.12、According to your suggestion, we have corrected the "XXX" into "XXX".13、thanks for your correction. It was indeed a serious grammatical error. And we have corrected it according to your suggestion.14、thanks for your suggestions. We feel sorry for the improper wording. We have used "XXXX" as you suggested.15、According to the reviewer’s com ments, we have revised the manuscriptextensively. If there are any other modifications we could make, we would like very much to modify them and we really appreciate your help. "xxxx" is a journal of great popularity and prestige. We hope that our manuscript could be considered for publication in your journal. Thank you very much for your help.总结了一部分万能的套话,以体现我们对杂志社编辑和审稿人的尊重。

问题回答题目MikeWorking Capital 1.每期Working Captial只记incremental变化量。

2.Tax & Tax on benifit of CA取决于支付时间 ，当期还是滞后。

3.（1+nominal DR）=(1+inflation R)(1+real DR)4.当不同科目有不同inflation R时，使用名义利率。

5.当不同科目采用实际现金流时，使用实际利率。

6.无论用名义，还是实际，得到的NPV差别不大。

原因：CA节税不受通胀影响；2.working capital的时差效应2012‐06‐Q12012‐12‐Q12013‐06‐Q12013‐12‐Q12014‐06‐Q12014‐12‐Q4★Equivalent annual cost 1.PV of cash flows2.Cumulative present value factor：举例查表3年12%的值为2.4023.Equivalent annual cost = PV / Equivalent annual cost4.比较2个项目，那个净现金流出少，表示成本低，则选哪个2012‐06‐Q1★ROCE计算1.Total before‐tax cash flow ‐ Total depreciation = Total accounting profit2.Average annual profit = Total accounting profit / N年3.Average investment = （初期投资+末期残值）/24.ROCE (ARR) = Average annual profit / Average investment = %2012‐12‐Q1★Interest Rate增长影响1.客户融资成本变高，购买大宗商品预期利息支付额变高，购买欲望下降。

2.公司融资成本变高，Kd变高，导致WACC变高。