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许式英语复习二一．词类（一）名词（noun—n.）(内容在“许式英语复习一”里)（二）动词(verb—v.) （同上）（三）代词(pronoun—pron.)：可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词九类。
1．指示代词this, that, these, those在句中可用作：1）主语This is Jane. That is Bob.This is a telephone. That is a TV set. This /That is not / isn‘t a computer.―Is this a telephone?‖ ―Yes, it is.‖―Is that a computer?‖ ―No, it is not / isn‘t. It is a TV set.‖These are cars. Those are buses. They are not / aren‘t jeeps.―Are these buses?‖ ―No, they are not. They are cars.‖Those are newspapers. They are not / aren‘t magazines.―What are those?‖ ―They are newspapers.‖2) 宾语You should always keep this in mind. 我们应当经常记住这一点。
Better take that with you. 最好把那个带着。
3) 表语My idea is this. 我的意见是这样。
4) 定语For these reasons we have to cancel the trip. 由于这些原因，我们只好取消这次旅行。
2．1)作主语要用主格。
（注意动词be 要随不同的人称和数而变化，即: I am,you are, he is, she is, it is, we are, you are , they are.。
号顿市安谧阳光实验学校牛津高中英语M6语法专项复习（二）虚拟语气一、语气的定义和种类l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：（1）陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。
What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!（2）祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。
如:Open the door, please。
请打开门。
（3）虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
如：If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。
May you succeed! 祝您成功！二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。
如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。
在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。
如:If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。
如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。
(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。
)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。
现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。
如：If my brother were here, everything would be all right.要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没问题了。
高考英语总复习：专题二长难句突破1.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication witha probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.答案where 考查定语从句。
设空处引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词a spot。
把先行词还原到从句后为:It could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth in the spot.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语,所以要用关系副词where引导。
2.(2020课标全国Ⅰ)Data about the moon's composition, such as how ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.答案much;its 第一个逗号前是句子的主语部分,中心词是Data。
第二个逗号后的could help是句子的谓语动词,whether引导的是宾语从句。
ice作“冰”讲时是不可数名词,应该用much修饰。
第二个空表达:它的(中国的)计划,应该用形容词性物主代词its修饰。
3.(2020课标全国Ⅲ) he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and (point) down the river.答案When/As;pointed 当他向江岸边的村民们打听那位传奇画家住在哪里时,他们微笑并指向江的下游。
语法专题复习二：状语从句学习内容➢状语从句的分类➢状语从句引导词➢状语从句实战题一、状语从句的分类概念：在复合句中，充当状语的从句就是状语从句。
分为九大类：1.时间状语从句Adverbial clause of time2.地点状语从句Adverbial clause of place3.条件状语从句Adverbial clause of condition4.原因状语从句Adverbial clause of reason5.目的状语从句Adverbial clause of purpose6.结果状语从句Adverbial clause of result7.让步状语从句Adverbial clause of concession8.比较状语从句Adverbial clause of contrast9.方式状语从句Adverbial clause of manner二、状语从句的引导词1.时间状语从句引导词when/as（当…的时候）, while（当…的时候）, before（在…之前），after （在…之后） since (自从…以来)until/ till（直到…时候）；not...until （直到…时候才）by the time (在…之前)once (一旦)as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant一…就…hardly…when/before; no sooner…than…; scarcely…when…刚/一…就…the first time(第一次); the second time（第二次）；..., the last time (最后一次)；every time （每一次）, each time（每一次）, next time（下一次）；…2.地点状语从句WhereWherever3.条件状语从句if，unless （if not )；when 在…的情况下as long as…; so long as…只要on (the) condition that…只要only if 只要If only 但愿；用虚拟语气in case…Suppose/Supposing (that)Providing/ Provided that…（可用虚拟语气）Imagine that…On the assumption that…Given that…祈使句/名词短语(相当于if 条件状语从句), + and/or +…（相当于主句）4.原因状语从句because/ as; in thatfor 不能放句首since/ now that 说话者双方都知道的原因seeing that…; 鉴于；考虑到considering that 考虑到；因为when 虽然，然而，可是for fear that…唯恐5.目的状语从句… so that… (从句中要有情态动词can, could, may; might; will; would等) … in order that… (从句中要有情态动词can, could, may; might; will; would等)6.结果状语从句…so…that…结果…such…that…结果…, so that…结果7.让步状语从句although/ though ( as 的替换); whileeven if; even thoughwhether…or…no matter + wh-word (who, what, when, how, where…) （只引导状语从句） wh-word+ ever (名词性、状语从句均可）whereas/while 然而8.比较状语从句as…as…not so…as……the same …as…The + 比较级…; the + 比较级…than……no less …than 同…一样…no more …than…同…不一样9.方式状语从句as 按照as if, as though三、状语从句实战题(一)在空格中填入合适的连词或动词形式1.She hadn’t stayed in the country for weeks _______ a strong earthquake struck it.2.We won’t start the project __________ all the preparations ____________________ （make）.3.We ___________________（finish）conducting the survey by the time this semester __________ （end）.4.The famous movie star ___________________ (reach) the airport ______________ the fans_______________ (begin) to scream.5.Please let me know ________________ you get the results of the exam.6.You’d better make special marks ___________________ you have difficulty understanding them.7.Why did you choose to go to the theatre by taxi ________________you had such a nice car at hand?8.Tim is in good shape physically _______ he doesn't get much exercise.9.Today, we will begin ________we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.10.The scientist does not study nature ________ it is useful to do so. He studies it because he takes pleasure in it.11.By the time children _________ up to three years, they _________________(speak) a little Chinese.12.Bookshops can often host readings and other cultural events ________ you don't feel like reading in them.13.Liquids are like solids ______________ they have a definite volume.14.We hadn’t met for 20 year s, but I recognized her ______________ I saw her.15.I will accept any job _________________ I don’t have to get up early.(二) 单项选择1．—It’s a long time _________I saw you last.—Yes, and what a pity it is now that it will be a long time __________we see each other again.A. before; sinceB. since; whenC. since; beforeD. when; before2. _________ tomorrow, our ship will set out for Macao.A. However the weather is likeB. However is the weather is likeC. Whatever is the weather likeD. Whatever the weather is like3. I’d like to study law at university ______ my cousin prefers geography.A. thoughB. asC. whileD. for4. _______ I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive.A. AsB. SinceC. IfD. While5. Help others whenever you can, _________ you will make the world a nicer place to live in.A. andB. orC. unlessD. but6. Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be, ________ the way they actually are.A. asB. orC. butD. and7. You’d better not leave the medicine ________ kids can easily get at it.A. even ifB. whichC. whereD. so that8. __________ unemployment and crime are high; it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.A. BeforeB. WhereC. UnlessD. Until9. She had just finished her homework ________ her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.A. whenB. whileC. afterD. since10. It just isn’t fair, ________ I was working as a waiter last month, my friends were lying on the beach.A. wheneverB. thoughC. forD. while11. ---Take a cigarette, please.--- No, thanks. It’s three years ________ I smoked.A. beforeB. sinceC. afterD. when12. --- It cost me 30 yuan to get here.--- Well, it was crazy of you to take a taxi ________ you could come by bus as well.A. unlessB. whenC. ifD. because13. You are certain to live your dream ________ you make great efforts and lay emphasis on improvements inefficiency.A. on condition thatB. as far asC. even thoughD. in case14 I don’t know ________. If he ________, I’ll let you know.A. if Mr. Wang come; comesB. when Mr. Wang will come; will comeC. if Mr. Wang will come; comesD. whether Mr. Wang comes; comes15. _______ the day went on, the weather got worse.A. WithB. SinceC. WhileD. As16. ______ I met him, he was working as a secretary in a big company.A. Since the first timeB. The first timeC. The first time whenD. For the first time17. I have brought my tennis things along in case we _________ time for a game tomorrow.A. shall haveB. haveC. will haveD. are going to have18. She always went swimming when she was young, __________.A. no matter how cold was itB. no matter how cold it wasC. no matter it was coldD. however it was cold19. He was such a hero ________ many young people are inspired to learn from.A. thatB. whenC. whichD. as20. If you put a stone in the way of an ant, it will go around, over, under or on top, without stopping, until it findsa way to get ________ it needs to be.A. whatB. howC. whichD. where21. Peter bought a map as soon as he got to Los Angeles ________ he lost his way there.A. as thoughB. now thatC. even ifD. in case22. Most people have to get to a point where they don't have a choice ________ they will change something.A. sinceB. beforeC. whileD. once23. ________ you can learn to appreciate the challenges in life, you will find inner strength.A. WhenB. WhileC. BeforeD. Unless24. Careful studies have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _________ directed.A. howeverB. whenC. soD. as25. We will visit Europe next year ______________ we have enough money.A. lestB. untilC. unlessD. provided26. I’ve already told you that I am going to buy it, ___________.A. however much it costsB. however does it cost muchC. whatever does it costD. whatever much it costs27. I am sure he is up to the job __________ he would give his mind to it.A. if onlyB.in caseC. untilD. unless28. ___________ her faults, she is Arnold’s mother. Don’t be so rude to her.A. WhateverB. WhicheverC. No matter whatD. No matter which29. Why do you want a new job __________you’ve got such a good one already?A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when30. Even though it doesn’t feel like a fairy tale, I still feel like I am living in a cartoon with him every day__________ we can lie down and live a carefree life.A. whereB. whichC. whatD. when。
语法复习十五：名词（一）名词的数名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。
1、可数名词单数变复数：①一般加s ：lesson → lessons, pen → pens②以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o结尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, hero → heroes但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo → kilos, piano → pianos, radio → radios, ph oto → photos, zoo → zoos③以辅音字母+ y 结尾的改y为i，再加es ：city → cities, story → stories④以f 或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es ：knife → knives, leaf → leaves但有些以f 结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：belief → beliefs, roof → roofs, safe （保险箱）→ safes, proof（证据）→ proofs, chief → chiefs, handkerchief → handkerchiefs2、有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况：①单复数形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, means②不规则变化：man → men, woman → women, goose → geese, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, child → children, mouse → mice, ox → oxen。
但是，German → Germans③复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law → daughters-in-law, grown-up → grown-ups, woman teacher → women teachers, man driver → men drivers3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题①物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。
语法作业一、用符号准确划分下列句子成分。
1．他们在开会。
2．这位农业专家有着丰富的经验。
3．皇帝的新装精致、华丽。
4．他踱着步子。
5．我们学习白求恩的共产主义精神。
6．我已经落得很远了。
7．这篇散文赞美春的活力。
8．他家的家境很困难。
9．你说什么？10．这个故事挺可怕。
11．这所学校有了新变化。
12．六千名代表汇集北京。
13．他成为一名作家。
14．他终于成为一名优秀的作家。
15．色彩鲜艳。
16．这件衣服的色彩真鲜艳。
17．家里来了客人。
18．他家里来了很多客人。
19．我的故乡是长春。
20．今天的农民过着富裕的生活。
21．这是一本好书。
22．我们都有美好的理想。
23．花园里开着鲜艳的花朵。
24．海水的咸度很高。
25．人们在这无鱼无草的海水里，竟能自由游弋。
26．石拱桥的桥洞成弧形。
27．赵州桥非常雄伟。
28．死海的形成是自然界变化的结果。
29．他不相信社会上的各种谣言。
30．这位老人慢慢走上台阶。
二、选择题1．选出对下边句子成分分析正确的一项是（）十几年来，延安机场上送行的情景时时出现在眼前。
A．这个句子的主语中心语是“情景”，谓语中心语是“出现”，宾语是“在眼前”。
B．这个句子的主语中心语是“延安机场”，谓语中心语是“出现”，补语是“在眼前”。
C．这个句子的主语中心语是“情景”，谓语中心语是“出现”，补语是“在眼前”。
D．这个句子的主语是“十几年来”，谓语是“延安机场送行的情景常常出现在眼前”。
2．主谓短语充当谓语的一项是（）A．他身材高大。
B．他的身材高大。
C．他有高大的身材。
D．身材高大的就是他。
3．下列句子中只有一个是错误的，请找出来。
（）A．这件事情，使我明白了一个深刻的道理。
B．从这件事情中，使我明白了一个深刻的道理。
C．通过这件事情，我明白了一个深刻的道理。
D．白花不含色素，但组织里面含有空气，会把光束全部反射出来，所以呈现白色。
4．下列句中，划线部分与例句划线部分在结构和充当句子成分方面都相同的一句是（）例句：大家都觉得这种做法不合适。
