神经生物学(双语)试题及参考答案
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第二章一、名词解释1.神经胶质细胞:是广泛分布于中枢神经系统内,除了神经元以外的所有细胞。
具有支持、滋养神经元的作用,也有吸收和调节某些活性物质的作用。
2.静息电位:静息时,质膜两侧存在着外正内负的电位差,称为静息电位。
3.动作电位:在静息电位的基础上,给细胞一个适当刺激,可触发其发生可传播的膜电位波动称为动作电位。
4.阈电位:产生动作电位时,要使膜去极化是最小的膜电位,称为阈电位。
5.动作电位“全或无”现象:神经纤维的全或无现象有两点内容:①单根神经纤维的动作电位幅度不依赖刺激强度变化而变化;②动作电位在传导过程中,不因传到距离增加而衰减。
6.电压门控通道:指通道的开放或关闭与通道所在部位的膜两侧的跨膜电位改变有关,当膜电位改变时,当膜电位改变时,可引起通道蛋白构型发生改变,而使通道开放或关闭。
二、单选填空1.以下关于细胞膜离子通道的叙述,正确的是(C)A、在静息状态下,Na+、K+通道处于关闭状态B、细胞接受刺激开始去极化时,就有Na+通道大量开放C、在动作电位去极相,K+通道也被激活,但出现缓慢D、Na+通道关闭,出现动作电位的复极相2.关于细胞膜电位的叙述,错误的是(D)A、动作电位的峰值接近Na+平衡电位B、动作电位复极相主要又K+外流引起C、静息电位水平略低于K+平衡电位D、动作电位复极后,钠和钾顺电浓度梯度复原3.关于神经胶质细胞的特征,下列叙述中哪项是错误的(E)A、具有许多突触B、具有转运代谢物质的作用C、具有支持作用D、没有轴突E、没有细胞分裂能力4.神经元主要的组成和功能部分分为细胞体、树突、轴突和终末。
5.蛋白质合成仅发生在胞体和树突,轴突的蛋白质主要在胞体和近端树突合成,再通过轴浆运输等途径运到末梢。
6.轴突起始段膜的兴奋阈最低,是神经冲动的发起部位。
7.通过快速轴浆运输将膜性细胞器顺向运输到神经终末,也可以使其逆行回到胞体。
胞浆和细胞骨架蛋白质则以更慢的形式进行的顺向的慢速轴浆运输。
一、单选题(请将答案涂在答题卡上)1、支配梭内肌收缩的传出神经来自A. α运动神经元B. γ运动神经元C. Renshaw细胞D. 脊髓固有神经元E. Ia交互抑制中间神经元2、参与脊髓反射的最后公路是A. α运动神经元B. γ运动神经元C. Renshaw细胞D.脊髓固有神经元E. Ia交互抑制中间神经元3、具有运动学习功能的结构是A. 小脑B. 丘脑C. 脑桥D. 延髓E. 下丘脑4、大脑皮质运动区不包括A. 初级运动皮质B. 运动前区C. 额前皮质D. 辅助运动区E. 顶后叶皮质5、关于肌梭感受器的功能,描述错误的是A. 肌梭感受器能被肌肉牵拉刺激所兴奋B. 肌梭感受器可为γ运动神经元的传出冲动增加所兴奋C. 肌梭牵张的增加或减少都会改变感觉纤维的活动D. 肌梭不能校正α运动神经元的活动E. 肌梭是中枢神经系统了解肢体或体段相关位置和实现牵张反射的结构6、内侧运动系统的下行通路不包括A. 皮质腹侧的皮质-脊髓束B. 网状脊髓束C. 前庭-脊髓束D. 红核-脊髓束E. 顶盖-脊髓束7、对运动性运用不能患者,描述错误的是A. 不能获知一侧躯体的触觉或视觉信息B. 对于目标物体可得出正确的空间坐标C. 虽感觉完全正常,却不能以感觉指导运动D. 会否认一侧肢体是自己的,并对这侧肢体完全不加理会E. 运动不能依照正确的坐标进行8、下列那个因素会引起轴突的轴浆电阻(r a)增加?A. 轴突的直径变小B. 轴突脱髓鞘病变C. 向细胞内注射电流D. 电刺激神经纤维E. 神经纤维产生动作电位9、在运动神经元,最先爆发动作电位的部位是A. 树突B. 胞体C. 轴突的起始断-轴丘D. 轴突末梢E. 轴突中段10、痛觉信息通过何种外周初级传入纤维向中枢神经系统传导?A. Aα类传入纤维和Aβ类传入纤维B. Aα类传入纤维和Aδ类传入纤维C. Aα类传入纤维和C类传入纤维D. Aβ类传入纤维和C类传入纤维E. Aδ类传入纤维和C类传入纤维11、下列哪种物质不是直接的致痛性物质?A. K+B. H+C. ATPD. 前列腺素E. 5-HT12、以下哪种物质在伤害性刺激向背角传递过程中发挥介导作用?A. P物质B. GABAC. 乙酰胆碱D. 5-HTE. NGF13、闸门控制学说的核心是:A. 脊髓节段性调制B. 脑对脊髓的下行控制C. 多种神经递质的对抗D. 脊髓整合E. 中间神经元的存在14、下列哪种结构是痛觉下行抑制系统的组成部分?A. 海马B. 中脑导水管周围灰质C. 杏仁核D. 岛叶E. 前额叶皮质15、下列哪种神经营养因子是以非分泌方式发挥作用的?A. NGFB. BDNFC. NT-3D. CNTFE. GDNF16、以下哪种受体不能与NT-3结合?A. TrkAB. TrkBC. TrkCD. p75NTRE. GFRα-117、以下哪种蛋白不是Trk受体激活后所作用的靶蛋白?A. BadB. Bcl-2C. BaxD. CREBE. Caspase-918、关于神经营养素家族的描述哪项是错误的?A. NGF、BDNF和GDNF是神经营养素家族成员。
神经生物学思考题1.叙述浅感觉传导通路。
⑴躯干四肢的浅感觉传导通路:第 1 级神经元:脊神经节细胞→第 2 级神经元:脊髓后角(第Ⅰ、Ⅳ到Ⅶ 层)→脊髓丘脑束→第 3 级神经元:背侧丘脑的腹后外侧核→内囊→中央后回中、上部和中央旁小叶后部⑵头面部的浅感觉传导通路:第 1 级神经元:三叉神经节→三叉神经脊束→第 2 级神经元:三叉神经脊束核(痛温觉)第 2 级神经元:三叉神经脑桥核(触压觉)→三叉丘系→第 3 级神经元:背侧丘脑的腹后内侧核→内囊→中央后回下部2.叙述周围神经损伤后再生的基本过程。
轴突再生通道和再生微环境的建立→轴突枝芽长出与延伸→靶细胞的神经重支配→再生轴突的髓鞘化和成熟轴突再生通道和再生微环境的建立:损伤远侧段全程以及近侧端局部轴突和髓鞘发生变形、崩解并被吞噬细胞清除,同时施万细胞增殖并沿保留的基底膜管规则排列形成 Bungner 带,这就构成了轴突再生的通道。
同时,施万细胞分泌神经营养因子、黏附分子、细胞外基质分子等,为轴突再生营造适宜的微环境。
轴突枝芽长出与延伸:再生通道和再生微环境建立的同时或紧随其后,在损伤神经近侧轴突末梢的回缩球表面形成胚芽,长出许多新生轴突枝芽或称为丝足。
新生的轴突枝芽会反复分支,在适宜的条件下,轴突枝芽逾越断端之间的施万细胞桥长入远侧端的 Bungner 带内,而后循着 Bungner 带一每天 1mm 到数毫米的速度向靶细胞延伸。
靶细胞的神经重支配:轴突枝芽不断向靶细胞生长延伸,最终达到目的地并与靶细胞形成突触联系。
再生轴突的髓鞘化和成熟:在众多的轴突枝芽中,往往只有一条并且通常是最粗的一条能到达目的地,与靶细胞形成突触联系,其他的轴突枝芽逐渐溃变消失,而且也只有到达目的地的那条轴突才重新形成髓鞘,新形成的髓鞘起初比较细,也比较薄,但随着时间的推移,轴突逐渐增粗,髓鞘也逐渐增厚,从而使有髓神经纤维不断趋于成熟。
3.Concept and stage of memory,Types, and features of each type of memory从心理学来讲,记忆是存储,维持,读取信息和经验的能力。
神经生物学复习题答案 2021神经生物学复习题答案-2021第一章神经活动的基本过程第一章神经元和突触一、术语解释:1、神经元:神经细胞即神经元,是构成神经系统的结构和功能的基本单位。
2、突触:神经元之间进行信息传递的特异性功能接触部位称之为突触。
3.胶质细胞:除广泛分布于中枢神经系统的神经元外的所有细胞。
具有支持、滋养神经元的作用,也有吸收和调节某些活性物质的功能。
二、问答题:1.神经元的主要结构是什么?它可以分为什么类型?神经元的主要结构包括胞体(营养和代谢中心)、树突(接受、传导兴奋)、轴突(产生、传导兴奋)。
分类:1)根据神经元进程的数量:单极神经元、双极神经元、多极神经元和假单极神经元。
2)、根据树突分类:①按树突的分布情况分类:双花束细胞、a细胞、锥体细胞、星形细胞。
②按树突是否有棘突:有棘神经元、无棘神经元。
③按树突的构型:同类树突、异类树突、特异树突神经元。
3)根据轴突的长度,它们被分为高尔基Ⅰ型神经元和高尔基Ⅱ型神经元。
4)按功能联系分类:初级感觉神经元、运动神经元和中间神经元。
5)根据神经元的功能,可分为兴奋性神经元和抑制性神经元。
6)、根据神经递质分类:胆碱能神经元、单胺能神经元、氨基酸能神经元、肽能神经元。
2.简要描述突触的分类。
突触:神经元之间进行信息传递的特异性功能接触部位称之为突触。
分类:1)、根据突触连接的成分分类:轴―体、轴―树、轴―轴三种最为主要。
2)、根据突触连接的方式分类:依傍性突触、包围性突触。
3)根据突触连接的界面分类:I型突触(不对称突触)和II型突触(对称突触)。
4)根据突触囊泡的形态分类:S型突触和F型突触。
5)、根据突触的功能特异性分类:兴奋性突触、抑制性突触。
6)、根据突触的信息传递机制分类:化学突触、电突触。
3.试着描述化学突触的结构特征。
化学突触:通过神经递质在细胞之间传递信息的突触。
由突触前成分、突触后成分以及突触空间。
1)、突触前成分:神经末梢膨大的部分,含有神经递质的囊泡状结构,是递质合成、贮存和释放的基本单位,也是神经递质量子释放的基础,可分为①无颗粒囊泡②颗粒囊泡。
生物英文考试题及答案详解一、选择题1. Which of the following is not a basic unit of life?A. CellB. OrganC. TissueD. MoleculeAnswer: D. MoleculeExplanation: Molecules are the building blocks of cells but are not considered a basic unit of life. Cells, tissues, and organs are all composed of cells and are essential for life processes.2. What is the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy?A. RespirationB. FermentationC. PhotosynthesisD. TranspirationAnswer: C. PhotosynthesisExplanation: Photosynthesis is the process through which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules.二、填空题1. The genetic material in all living organisms is either _______ or _______.Answer: DNA; RNAExplanation: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two types of nucleic acids that carry genetic information in living organisms.2. The process of an organism developing from a fertilized egg to a mature individual is called _______.Answer: DevelopmentExplanation: Development refers to the series of changes that occur in an organism from the time of fertilization until it reaches maturity.三、简答题1. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?Answer: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.Explanation: The primary distinction between these two types of cells is the presence or absence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, have their genetic material dispersed in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotes, including plants and animals, have their genetic material enclosedwithin a nuclear membrane.四、论述题1. Discuss the role of DNA in the inheritance of traits.Answer: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule responsible for carrying genetic information in all living organisms. It contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases pair up with each other (A with T, and C with G) to form a double helix structure. The sequence of these bases along the DNA molecule encodes the genetic information that determines an organism's traits. During reproduction, DNA is replicated and passed on to offspring, ensuring the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next.结束语:This examination paper has covered a range of topics in biology, from basic concepts to more complex processes, aiming to test the students' understanding and application of biological knowledge. It is hoped that through this test, students can identify areas for improvement and continue to deepen their study of biology.。
生物专业外语笔试题目及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The term "gene" was first introduced by which scientist?A. Charles DarwinB. Gregor MendelC. James WatsonD. Francis Crick答案:B2. Which of the following is not a function of DNA?A. Store genetic informationB. Control cell divisionC. Direct protein synthesisD. Provide energy答案:D3. What is the basic unit of a protein?A. CarbohydrateB. LipidC. Amino acidD. Nucleotide答案:C4. The process of DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?A. G1 phaseB. S phaseC. G2 phaseD. M phase答案:B5. Which of the following is a type of genetic mutation?A. TranscriptionB. TranslationC. TransversionD. Translocation答案:C二、填空题(每空2分,共20分)6. The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA and then to _______.答案:protein7. In eukaryotic cells, the process of protein synthesis takes place in the _______.答案:cytoplasm8. The term "genome" refers to all the genetic material of an _______.答案:organism9. The process by which a fertilized egg develops into afully formed individual is known as _______.答案:development10. The study of the relationships among various species is known as _______.答案:taxonomy三、简答题(每题10分,共40分)11. Briefly describe the structure of a typical eukaryotic cell.答案:A typical eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that contains the genetic material, a cell membrane that encloses the cell, cytoplasm where organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus perform various functions, and other structures like lysosomes and a cytoskeleton.12. Explain the concept of natural selection and its importance in evolution.答案:Natural selection is the process by which individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to their offspring. It is a key mechanism of evolution, leading to adaptation and the diversity of life forms.13. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?答案:Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Prokaryotes are generally smaller and simpler in structure compared to eukaryotes.14. Describe the process of photosynthesis and its significance for life on Earth.答案:Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose or other organic molecules. It is significant for life on Earth as it provides oxygen and is the primary source of energy for most food chains.四、论述题(每题20分,共20分)15. Discuss the impact of genetic engineering on modern agriculture and medicine.答案:Genetic engineering has revolutionized agriculture by enabling the development of crops with improved resistance to pests and diseases, better tolerance to environmental stresses, and enhanced nutritional content. In medicine, it has facilitated the production of recombinant proteins and vaccines, the development of gene therapies, and the advancement of personalized medicine based on genetic profiles.结束语:本试题旨在考察学生对生物专业外语知识的掌握程度以及应用能力,希望同学们能够通过本试题加深对生物学基本概念和原理的理解,并在实际应用中不断进步。
1、你认为Aβ学说前景如何?说明理由。
(赫荣乔)从阿洛斯·阿尔茨海默1906年对AD患者脑的实验性报道到Glenner 和Masters1984年关于β淀粉样蛋白的生化分析,1987年对于APP的分离,90年代初期对于APP病源性变异的认识,“淀粉样蛋白假说”在过去的20年在学术界中已取得了确定的地位。
随着EFOAD有关Aβ产生的基因的正染色体变异(特别是Aβ42)的认识,关于迟发性AD的风险因子APOE-ε4,这个因子似乎能影响Aβ的聚集和清除(例如从脑中排出)的概念也建立了起来。
有些在各个独立的数据库中已经显现出遗传学联系得基因有着在基因水平和功能水平做进一步探索的价值。
生物学研究提示另外的几种蛋白可能在AD的产生和清除上也起关键作用,包括那些能影响β和γ分泌酶活性的蛋白(例如neprilysin、IDE和PLAU), 以及那些能够影响Aβ从脑中排出的蛋白(例如α2M and LRP).基于各个独立的旨在对新的AD基因定位的基因组筛选研究结果,期待另有一个同APOE 相似的单个AD风险性基因似乎是不合理(Warwick Daw 等, 2000).大部分余下的基因都只与AD发病风险有小到中等的关系。
它们之间可能存在交互作用,并不是一个单一的风险因子。
这些普通变量在AD的发病因素上的作用较以前预测的小是可能的。
AD的疾病类型是多种多样的,某些迟发性/早发性AD可能会由于一些少见的或现在还未知的途径引起神经元降解,同那些在EFOAD中发现的情况相似,而同一般的多态性易感的结果相反。
所以不能只依靠AB学说就全部解释。
随着更多更成熟的在基于家族史和病例对照统计分析方法和饱和基因SNPs数目的增多以及更多的基因数据库的出现将会加强有关基因的分析的进行。
第二,更大量的和更确定的AD病例的收集也会使分析更为方便。
最后,能够有效预测和检验编码和非编码SNPs的能力的不断增强也能对旨在证明DNA变异的疾病相关性的病原结果的研究提供帮助。
2024年高中生物会考题目及解答英文版2024 High School Biology Exam Questions and Answers1. What is the function of the mitochondria in a cell?- Answer: The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.2. Describe the process of photosynthesis.- Answer: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.3. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?- Answer: Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis is a form of cell division that produces four genetically different daughter cells.4. Explain the role of enzymes in biological reactions.- Answer: Enzymes act as catalysts in biological reactions, speeding up the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.5. How does the circulatory system function in the human body?- Answer: The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body using the heart, blood vessels, and blood.6. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in ecosystems.- Answer: Biodiversity is crucial for maintaining the balance of ecosystems, as it increases the resilience of the environment and provides various ecological services.7. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA?- Answer: DNA is a double-stranded molecule that stores genetic information, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule that helps in protein synthesis.8. Describe the process of protein synthesis.- Answer: Protein synthesis involves the transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated into a specific sequence of amino acids to form proteins.9. Explain how natural selection leads to evolution.- Answer: Natural selection is the process by which organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time.10. What is the role of the immune system in the human body?- Answer: The immune system protects the body from pathogens and foreign invaders by recognizing and destroying them through a complex network of cells and proteins.This document provides a brief overview of the 2024 High School Biology exam questions and answers, covering various topics in the field of biology.。
神经生物学试题交感神经兴奋引起的4F反应:fight,fright,flee,sex 强烈的动员机体,以牺牲机体长时程健康为代价实现短时间的应答2.边缘系统(limbic system)边缘系统包括边缘叶,相关皮质及皮质下结构。
Broca规定的边缘叶包括围绕脑干和胼胝体的环状结构,包括扣带回,杏仁核,海马,海马旁回,皮质包括额叶脏部,岛叶,颞极。
皮质下结构包括杏仁核,海马,上丘,下丘,丘脑前核。
功能是嗅觉,内脏,自主神经,内分泌,性,学习,记忆,摄食3.习惯化(habituation):是程序化学习中非联合学习的一种,是机体对非伤害性的重复刺激的应答会随着刺激次数的增加而逐渐减弱,在细胞水平上,神经细胞接受电刺激,突出后运动神经元的EPSP会随着刺激次数的加而逐渐减小。
习惯化能让动物学会分辨刺激,从而忽略这种刺激,在其生存过程中去除对其生命活动非必要的应答活动。
4.一般躯体感觉:是多种感觉的总称,至少包括4种,痛觉,温度觉,触-压觉,本体感觉,还可能包括痒觉。
即除视、听、嗅、味、前庭平衡外的所有感觉。
感受器遍布全身,可以感受多种刺激。
5.化学感受器:是能感受机体内环境和外部的化学刺激并将刺激转化为神经冲动传入中枢。
感受器分布在鼻腔、口腔的黏膜,舌,眼结膜,生殖器官黏膜,内脏壁,血管壁,神经系统的某部。
6.意向性震颤:是小脑脊髓受伤后,不能完成精巧动作,在运动进行过程中因肌肉抖动而把握不住方向。
尤其在精细动作的终末出现震颤,称为意向性震颤。
早期为细小震颤,加重后表现为剧烈抖动。
震颤从动作开始起,在进行过程中加重,在动作的终末震颤明显,动作结束后停止。
7.突触(synapse):是感受器与中间神经元,中间神经元之间,中间神经元与效应器之间传递信息的特化结构,是神经冲动特异性传导得以实现的转化装置。
8.神经干细胞:是来源于胚胎细胞,胎儿和成人未分化的,多潜能的,可自我更新的细胞,能够分化成星形胶质细胞,神经细胞,少突胶质细胞。