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psa
• 它是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶,也称为人类激肽释放酶是
人类腺激肽释放酶家族的成员之一编码基因位于6 号染色体的长臂,其分子结构为;4个氨基酸组成的 单链糖蛋白,具有糜蛋白酶样活性半衰期约为2.23.2天,由前列腺腺泡及导管上皮细胞合成.储存在 胞浆小体和粗面内质网和溶酶体中,通过胞吐作用 分泌入前列腺导管腔内.
2
PSA基因的转录调控
28~-23)一个GC盒,GGGCGAGT(-54~-45)和 一个雄激素应答元件AGAACAGCAAGTGCT(170~-156).PSA的启动子有两个转录起始点 (+1,+7)开放阅读框架从+44开始.雄激素通过促 进基因的转录来调节PSA基因在前列腺上皮细胞 的自然特异表达.雄激素进入前列腺上皮细胞后首 先与细胞核内的雄激素受体相结合,引起受体构象 的改变随后受体与热休克蛋白解离,受体磷酸化成 二聚体,二聚体与启动子中的雄激素应答元件结合, 促进前起始复合物的形成和PSA基因转录.
• 对于健康男性，释放入血中的PSA浓度很低，为
<4ng/ml。但是，在前列腺癌病人血清中，PSA会 同现另外的组合形式，比如PSA与蛋白C抑制剂的 组合等。PSA作为前列腺癌的特异性标志物，对前 腺癌的诊断特异性达90％〜97％。被认为是最有 价值的前列癌的肿瘤标志物，被广泛应用于前列 腺癌的筛选、诊断及治疗后的监测。
随着更灵敏的测定技术的出现和更广
泛的研究的进行,显示PSA并不是前列 腺特有的.经过免疫组织化学法证明 PSA也存在于尿道周围腺体,用反向转 录聚合酶链反应技术也证明了在肾脏, 子宫内膜及垂体中的PSA基因转录, 女 性血清中存在可检测的低水平的PSA , 女性激素依赖组织均能产生PSA 。,其 中乳腺组织是其存在和分泌的主要场 所．研究发现正常乳腺组织、乳腺癌 组织、乳腺囊肿病、乳腺的分泌物 ( 包括乳腺溢液、乳腺囊肿液和乳汁) 均存在PSA.
前列腺增生病历讨论记录范文
前列腺增生病历讨论记录范文英文回答：Prostate enlargement, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a common condition in older men. It occurs when the prostate gland, which is located just below the bladder, begins to grow in size. This can lead to various urinary symptoms, such as frequent urination, weak urine flow, and difficulty emptying the bladder completely.I first noticed the symptoms of BPH a few months ago. I had to wake up multiple times during the night to urinate, and I often felt like I couldn't completely empty my bladder. It was quite frustrating and affected my quality of life. I decided to visit my doctor to discuss my concerns.During the medical consultation, my doctor asked me about my symptoms and performed a physical examination. He also ordered some tests, including a urine analysis and aprostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, to rule out other possible causes of my symptoms, such as a urinary tract infection or prostate cancer.After reviewing the test results, my doctor confirmed that I had BPH. He explained that the prostate gland naturally grows larger with age, but in some men, the enlargement can cause urinary symptoms. He reassured methat BPH is not cancerous and that there are various treatment options available to manage the symptoms.My doctor discussed the different treatment options with me, including medication, minimally invasive procedures, and surgery. He explained the pros and cons of each option, taking into consideration my age, overall health, and the severity of my symptoms. We decided tostart with medication to see if it would help alleviate my symptoms.I have been taking medication for a few weeks now, and I have noticed a significant improvement in my urinary symptoms. I no longer have to wake up multiple times duringthe night, and I can empty my bladder more easily. I amglad that I sought medical help and that there areeffective treatments available for BPH.中文回答：前列腺增生，也被称为良性前列腺增生（BPH），是老年男性常见的疾病。
前列腺核磁共振评分3分
前列腺核磁共振评分3分前列腺核磁共振评分3分1. 概述前列腺核磁共振（Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging，MRI）是一种无创的影像检查方法，常用于前列腺疾病的诊断和评估。
前列腺核磁共振评分是根据MRI图像中前列腺异常的特征，对前列腺疾病进行定量评估的一种方法。
在前列腺MRI报告中，评分一般是以1分至5分进行标注，3分表示中等评分。
本文将对前列腺核磁共振评分为3分的含义、可能的疾病和进一步处理建议进行详细探讨。
2. 前列腺核磁共振评分3分的含义前列腺核磁共振评分3分表示在MRI图像中存在一定程度的前列腺异常，但异常程度较轻。
对于前列腺MRI图像评分，一般按照PI-RADS （Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System）标准进行评估，其中1分为低风险，5分为高风险。
3分属于中等风险，意味着存在一些异常，但与恶性病变关联的可能性较低。
3. 可能的疾病尽管前列腺核磁共振评分3分表示异常程度较轻，但仍可能与一些疾病相关。
以下是一些可能的疾病：3.1 前列腺增生（Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia，BPH）：BPH是一种常见的前列腺疾病，是由于前列腺组织的增生导致的。
前列腺核磁共振评分3分可能意味着前列腺组织增生程度较轻。
3.2 前列腺炎症：前列腺炎症是前列腺组织的炎症反应，常见的类型有细菌性前列腺炎和非细菌性前列腺炎。
前列腺核磁共振评分3分可能表示存在轻度的炎症反应。
3.3 前列腺结节或囊肿：前列腺核磁共振评分3分也可能表示检测到前列腺结节或囊肿，但这些异常与恶性病变关联的可能性较低。
4. 进一步处理建议在评分为3分的前列腺核磁共振报告中，通常需要进一步的处理来确定病变的性质和可能的治疗方案。
以下是一些常见的进一步处理建议：4.1 重复检查：如果前列腺核磁共振评分为3分，但仍存在一定的疑虑或不确定性，医生可能建议进行重复检查，以确认病变的性质。
前列腺ipss评分标准
前列腺ipss评分标准
列腺IPSS评分标准是评估男性前列腺疾病症状严重程度的一种方法。
IPSS是International Prostate Symptom Score的缩写，也称为国际前列腺症状评分表。
该评分标准包括七个症状，分别是尿频、尿急、尿痛、尿流弱、尿流中断、残尿感和夜尿次数。
每个症状的严重程度分为0-5分，总分为0-35分。
评分越高，症状越严重。
尿频是指白天尿量增多，尿次增多，但每次排尿量较少。
尿急是指突然感到尿意强烈，需要立即排尿。
尿痛是指排尿时感到疼痛或灼热感。
尿流弱是指排尿时尿流变弱，需要用力排尿。
尿流中断是指排尿时尿流突然中断，需要等待一段时间才能继续排尿。
残尿感是指排尿后感觉还有尿液残留在膀胱内。
夜尿次数是指晚上需要起床排尿的次数。
根据IPSS评分标准，总分0-7分为轻度症状，8-19分为中度症状，20-35分为重度症状。
轻度症状不需要治疗，中度症状可以采取药物治疗或手术治疗，重度症状需要手术治疗。
除了IPSS评分标准，还有一个评分标准叫做QoL（Quality of Life）评分，用于评估前列腺疾病对生活质量的影响。
QoL评分分为0-6分，0分表示生活质量很好，6分表示生活质量很差。
IPSS评分标准是评估男性前列腺疾病症状严重程度的一种方法，可以帮助医生制定治疗方案。
如果您有前列腺疾病的症状，建议及时
就医，接受专业的诊断和治疗。
prostate_detection nccn 前列腺筛查
Printed by Yi Zheng on 11/30/2012 9:44:07 PM. For personal use only. Not approved for distribution. Copyright © 2012 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
NCCN Guidelines Version 2.2012 Prostate Cancer Early Detection
NCCN Prostate Cancer Early Detection Panel Members Summary of Guidelines Updates (UPDATES) Introduction (PROSD-1) Baseline Evaluation (PROSD-2) Early Detection Evaluation and Follow-Up (PROSD-3)
The NCCN Guidelines are a statement of evidence and consensus of the authors regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to treatment. Any clinician seeking to apply or consult the NCCN Guidelines is expected to use independent medical judgment in the context of individual clinical ® ® circumstances to determine any patient’s care or treatment. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN ) makes no representations or warranties of any kind regarding their content, use, or application, and disclaims any responsibility for their application or use in any way. The NCCN ® Guidelines are copyrighted by National Comprehensive Cancer Network . All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and the illustrations herein may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN. ©2012.
PSA的检测及临床意义
三、临床意义
• PSA作为前列腺癌的肿瘤标记 • 前列腺癌（PCa）的一个早期特征是基细胞 层和基底膜的分裂。正常腺体结构的这一 个损坏允许PSA直接进入血液循环，导致 PSA升高。
• 总PSA参考范围：PSA检测前列腺癌的参 考范围是<4.0ng/ml.但在正常人与前列腺患 者之间存在较大范围的交叉。约25%已明 确诊断为前列腺癌的患者，其PSA水平在 4.0ng/ml以下。而良性前列腺疾病的患者有 50%的人会超过4.0ng/ml. 美国癌症协会推 荐：当PSA值在4-10时，患者有25%患前 列腺癌的机会，当PSA>10时，患前列腺癌 的风险上升到67%。并建议，当一个年龄 大于50岁并预期至少还能存活10年的男人， 每年都应做一次PSA测定。
• 其中，PSA-ACT是血清中C-PSA的主要构 成形式，也是目前免疫学方法能测到的主 要成分.其它几种结合形式，由于抗原决定 部位被掩蔽，不能为检测抗体所识别。
• 在精液中,PSA还与Ｃ蛋白抑制物构成复合 物。
二、检测
• 目前检测的方法主要有放射免疫法、ELISA 法及发光法。放射免疫法应用较早，其检 测灵敏度高，准确性也较好。ELISA法的检 测试剂国内外都有生产。
• 2.PSA为单链糖蛋白,分子量为32～34Kd,由 237个氨基酸残基组成。编码PSA的mRNA 全长为1729bp。PSA为一种中性丝氨酸蛋 白激酶,有酶的活性,但活性水平较低,能溶解 精液中的蛋白质,在精囊包的分裂和精液的 液化上发挥生理作用。PSA能刺激前列腺 癌细胞产生活性氧,该效应有浓度依赖 性,PSA浓度愈高,刺激作用愈明显,而抗PSA 抗体可抑制PSA的刺激作用。F-PSA在血液 中的半衰期为110min,而TPSA的半衰期则 为2～3d。
psa工作流程
psa工作流程（原创版）目录1.PSA 工作流程概述2.PSA 工作流程的具体步骤3.PSA 工作流程的优点和应用场景正文【PSA 工作流程概述】PSA（Prostate-Specific Antigen）工作流程是一种检测前列腺特异性抗原的方法，用于筛查和诊断前列腺癌。
PSA 是一种由前列腺上皮细胞产生的蛋白质，当前列腺发生癌变时，PSA 的水平通常会升高。
因此，PSA 检测成为了前列腺癌早期诊断的重要手段。
本文将详细介绍 PSA 工作流程的具体步骤、优点以及应用场景。
【PSA 工作流程的具体步骤】PSA 工作流程主要包括以下几个步骤：1.采集血样：首先，需要从患者手臂静脉采集血液样本。
2.测序：将采集到的血液样本送往实验室进行测序。
测序过程中，会对 PSA 的水平进行定量检测，以评估患者前列腺癌的风险。
3.分析结果：实验室工作人员会分析测序结果，根据 PSA 的水平判断患者是否存在前列腺癌的风险。
通常，PSA 水平高于 4ng/mL 时，医生会建议患者进行进一步的检查，如前列腺穿刺活检等。
4.跟踪监测：对于存在前列腺癌风险的患者，医生会建议定期进行PSA 检测，以便及时发现病情变化。
【PSA 工作流程的优点和应用场景】PSA 工作流程具有以下优点：1.非侵入性：相较于前列腺穿刺活检等侵入性检查方法，PSA 检测更加安全、便捷。
2.早期诊断：PSA 检测可用于前列腺癌的早期诊断，提高治愈率和生存质量。
3.可重复性：PSA 检测结果具有较好的稳定性，便于医生对患者病情进行跟踪监测。
4.适用范围广：适用于 50 岁以上的中老年男性，特别是有前列腺癌家族史、慢性前列腺炎等疾病的人群。
总之，PSA 工作流程作为一种非侵入性的前列腺癌筛查方法，具有较高的诊断价值。
然而，需要注意的是，PSA 水平的升高并不一定意味着患有前列腺癌，还需结合其他检查结果和临床表现进行综合判断。
前列腺癌 CARCINOMA OF PROSTATE
• 2.保护因素：
三、病理
（一）病理类型
•
前列腺腺癌最为多见。70%发生于外周带，85%以 上的病例为多灶。前列腺癌其他的组织类型还有前列 腺移行细胞癌、前列腺小细胞癌、淋巴瘤和肉瘤等。 • 前列腺上皮内瘤变（prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia ,PIN）分为PIN1,PIN2,PIN3三个级别，高 级别的上皮内瘤变（HGPIN）可被视为前列腺癌的癌前
4. 前列腺穿刺活检 前列腺系统性穿刺活检是诊断前列腺癌最 可靠的检查。
(1)前列腺穿刺时机 因前列腺穿刺出血影响影像学临床分期。 因此，前列腺穿刺活检应在MRI之后，在B超等 引导下进行。
(2)前列腺穿刺指征 ①直肠指检发现结节，任何PSA值。 ②B超发现前列腺低回声结节或／和MRI发现 异常信号，任何PSA值。 ③PSA>10ng／m1，任何f/t PSA和PSAD值。 ④PSA 4～10ng／m1，f/t PSA异常或PSAD值异 常。 PSA 4～10ng／m1，如f/t PSA、PSAD值、影像 学正常，应严密随访。 (3)前列腺穿刺针数 系统穿刺活检得到多数医师认可。10针以上 穿刺的诊断阳性率明显高于10针以下，并不明 显增加并发症。
•（1）PSA检查频度 美国泌尿外科学会(AUA)和美国临床肿瘤学会 (ASCO)建议50岁以上男性每年应接受例行DRE、PSA 检查。对于有前列腺癌家族史的男性人群，应该从 45岁开始进行每年一次的检查。
•（2）PSA检查时机
PSA检测应在前列腺穿刺一个月后，前列腺按摩
后一周，直肠指检、膀胱镜检查、导尿等操作48小 时后，射精24小时后进行。PSA检测时应无急性前列 腺炎、尿潴留等疾病。
•①游离PSA：前列腺癌与前列腺增生相比，tPSA高， fPSA低，故fPSA／tPSA越低，前列腺癌可能性越高。国 内推荐fPSA／tPSA>0.16为正常值。
Prostate Specific Antigen检测手册说明书
190.31 - Prostate Specific AntigenOther Names/AbbreviationsTotal PSADescriptionProstate Specific Antigen (PSA), a tumor marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate, can predict residual tumor in the post-operative phase of prostate cancer. Three to 6 months after radical prostatectomy, PSA is reported to provide a sensitive indicator of persistent disease. Six months following introduction of antiandrogen therapy, PSA is reported of distinguishing patients with favorable response from those in whom limited response is anticipated.PSA when used in conjunction with other prostate cancer tests, such as digital rectal examination, may assist in the decision-making process for diagnosing prostate cancer. PSA also, serves as a marker in following the progress of most prostate tumors once a diagnosis has been established. This test is also an aid in the management of prostate cancer patients and in detecting metastatic or persistent disease in patients following treatment.HCPCS Codes (Alphanumeric, CPT© AMA)ICD-10-CM Codes Covered by Medicare ProgramIndicationsPSA is of proven value in differentiating benign from malignant disease in men with lower urinary tract signs & symptoms (e.g., hematuria, slow urine stream, hesitancy, urgency, frequency, nocturia & incontinence) as well as with patients with palpably abnormal prostate glands on physician exam, and in patients with other laboratory or imaging studies that suggest the possibility of a malignant prostate disorder. PSA is also a marker used to follow the progress of prostate cancer once a diagnosis has been established, such as detecting metastatic or persistent disease in patients who may require additional treatment. PSA testing may also be useful in the differential diagnosis of men presenting with as yet undiagnosed disseminated metastatic disease.LimitationsGenerally, for patients with lower urinary tract signs or symptoms, the test is performed only once per year unless there is a change in the patient’s medical condi tion.Testing with a diagnosis of in situ carcinoma is not reasonably done more frequently than once, unless the result is abnormal, in which case the test may be repeated once.ICD-10-CM Codes That Do Not Support Medical NecessityAny ICD-10-CM code not listed in either of the ICD-10-CM covered or non-covered sections. Sources of InformationLaboratory Test Handbook, 3rd edition, pp.338-340.Cooner WH, Mosley BR, Rutherford CL, et al. Prostate Cancer Detection in a Clinical Urological Practice by Ultrasonography, Digital Rectal Examination and Prostate Specific Antigen. J.Urol.1990; 143: 1146-1154.。
前列腺核磁评分标准
前列腺核磁评分标准
前列腺核磁共振评分标准是一种用于评估前列腺疾病严重程度的系统。
它是根据前列腺核磁共振图像中的特征来判断病变的程度和位置。
以下是常用的前列腺核磁共振评分标准之一：
1. PI-RADS（Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System）评分系统：该评分系统是由国际前列腺磁共振工作组（PI-RADS）制定的，用于评估前列腺癌的概率。
该系统将前列腺磁共振图像分为五个级别，从1到5，分别表示：1级-非疑似癌变；2级-低疑似癌变；3级-中度疑似癌变；4级-高度疑似癌变；5级-极高度疑似癌变。
根据这些级别，医生可以更好地评估前列腺癌症的风险，制定更合适的治疗方案。
值得注意的是，不同医院和医生可能使用不同的前列腺核磁评分标准，因此具体评分标准还需根据具体情况而定。
前列腺穿刺活组织检查术
前列腺穿刺活组织检查术前列腺穿刺活组织检查术（prostate needle biopsy）是诊断前列腺肿瘤（prostate tumor）的重要方法，是术前获取前列腺疾病病理诊断的唯一方法。
经直肠超声（transrectal ultrasound, TRUS）用于引导前列腺穿刺活检，大大提高了穿刺的准确性和阳性率。
一、适应证（一）血清前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigen, PSA）大于10ng/ml（正常参考值：0～4 ng/ml）。
（二）PSA 4～10ng/ml，游离PSA（free prostate specific antigen, fPSA）与PSA比值小于15％者。
（三）直肠指检有可疑结节或经直肠超声检查有异常回声者。
（四）前列腺癌（prostate cancer）治疗过程中随访。
（五）既往前列腺穿刺活检病理为高级别前列腺上皮内肿瘤（prostate intraepithelial neoplasm, PIN），需进行重复活检（repeat biopsy）。
（六）既往前列腺穿刺活检病理未发现肿瘤，但PSA仍进行性升高者。
二、禁忌证（一）泌尿生殖系统感染急性期。
（二）严重出血性疾病，糖尿病血糖控制不良者。
（三）严重血尿。
（四）合并严重的其他系统疾病，全身情况较差。
（五）骨关节疾病，不能耐受膀胱截石位或胸膝位者。
（六）严重直肠肛门疾病。
三、术前准备（一）器械准备前列腺穿刺活检所需的器械和药品包括经直肠超声仪、活检枪、消毒穿刺包（内含穿刺针、5ml注射器、纱布、手术巾）、安尔碘溶液、2％利多卡因、4%甲醛等。
（二）患者准备。
1．前列腺穿刺活检是创伤性检查，应在术前向患者及家属说明检查的必要性和可能出现的并发症，签署手术同意书。
2．会阴部皮肤准备。
3．手术日进半流质，术前排空大便，经直肠穿刺者，术前清洁灌肠。
（三）术前用药1．术前口服抗菌药物3d。
2．术前1W停用抗凝药物。
常见肿瘤英文名
常见肿瘤英文名在医学领域，疾病的英文名称具有重要的作用，因为它不仅方便专业人士进行国际交流和学术研究，而且有助于病人更好地理解自身状况并获取相关的健康信息。
肿瘤是一种常见的疾病，其英文名也各异，下面将列出并解释一些常见的肿瘤型疾病的英文名称。
1. Breast Cancer：乳腺癌乳腺癌是女性身体最常见的肿瘤类型之一，对全球女性健康产生了巨大影响。
乳腺癌发生在乳腺的细胞中，病灶可以通过纤维腺体组织迅速蔓延。
2. Lung Cancer：肺癌肺癌是世界上最常见的癌症之一，特别的是，烟草烟雾是其主要的诱因。
肺癌的英文名就是Lung Cancer，其中“Lung”是肺，“Cancer”是癌症。
3. Leukemia：白血病白血病是一种对多种血细胞造成影响的癌症，更多的影响了白细胞的正常功能。
"Leukemia" 是其英文名，其中“Leuk”指的是白色，"emia"则指的是血液。
4. Melanoma：黑色素瘤黑色素瘤，通常是一种发生在皮肤上的恶性肿瘤，来源于黑色素制造的细胞。
"Melanoma"的英文名来自于希腊语“melas”，意味着黑色，"oma"则是肿瘤的意思。
5. Ovarian Cancer：卵巢癌卵巢癌是发生在女性卵巢的癌，也是妇科癌症中最常见的死因之一。
英文名"Ovarian Cancer"中，"Ovarian"是指卵巢，"Cancer"是指癌症。
6. Prostate Cancer：前列腺癌前列腺癌是发生在男性身体内的前列腺，是男性最常见的癌症类型之一。
前列腺癌的英文名就是"Prostate Cancer"。
7. Colorectal Cancer：大肠癌大肠癌，是发生在结肠或者直肠的癌症，是全球死亡率最高的癌症之一。
它的英文名字就是“Colorectal Cancer”。
go prostate protect 的作用
主题：go prostate protect 的作用随着人们对健康的重视程度不断提高，越来越多的人开始关注和关心前列腺健康。
go prostate protect 作为一种针对前列腺健康的保健品，其作用备受关注。
本文将介绍 go prostate protect 的作用及其对前列腺健康的重要性。
一、 go prostate protect 是什么go prostate protect 是一种专门针对前列腺健康的保健品，由多种天然植物提取物经过科学配比而成。
其中包含了多种有效成分，如淮山、樱桃樹皮、葡萄籽提取物等，这些成分都具有一定的维护前列腺健康的功效。
二、 go prostate protect 的作用1. 缓解前列腺炎症：前列腺炎是影响男性健康的一种常见疾病，会给患者带来莫大的痛苦。
go prostate protect 中的多种成分对缓解前列腺炎症具有显著的效果，可以有效减轻炎症带来的不适感。
2. 促进前列腺血液循环：良好的血液循环对于维护前列腺健康非常重要。
go prostate protect 中的樱桃樹皮等成分具有促进血液循环的作用，可以有效改善前列腺血液供应，有利于前列腺健康。
3. 调节激素水平：激素水平的失衡会对前列腺健康产生负面影响。
go prostate protect 中的淮山等成分具有一定的激素调节作用，可以帮助维持正常的激素水平，有利于前列腺健康。
4. 提高免疫力：go prostate protect 中的葡萄籽提取物等成分富含抗氧化物质，可以有效提高机体免疫力，有助于预防前列腺相关疾病的发生。
5. 减少尿频尿急：尿频尿急也是前列腺问题带来的不适症状之一。
go prostate protect 的多种成分对尿频尿急具有一定的缓解作用，可以有效改善患者的症状。
三、 go prostate protect 在前列腺健康中的重要性前列腺健康对男性来说至关重要，而 go prostate protect 作为一种能够维护前列腺健康的保健品，具有重要的作用。
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*
Scores 2 - 4: Low-grade cancer *
Scores 5 - 7: Intermediate- (or in the middle-) grade cancer. Most prostate cancers fall into this category.
*
Scores 8 - 10: High-grade cancer (poorly-differentiated cells)
People who are at higher risk include:
*African-American men, who are also likely to develop cancer at every age * Men who are older than 60 *Men who have a father or brother with prostate cancer
*
Possible problems after the surgeries include difficulty controlling urine or bowel movements and erection problems.
RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation therapy uses high-powered x-rays or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells.
Delayed or slowed start of urinary stream *
Dribbling or leakage of urine, most often after urinating *
Slow urinary stream *
Straining when urinating, or not being able to empty out all of the urine *
The PSA blood test is often done to screen men for prostate cancer. Because of PSA testing, most prostate cancers are now found before they cause any symptoms.
Other people at risk include:
*Men exposed to agent orange exposure * Men who abuse alcohol * Farmers * Men who eat a diet high in fat, especially animal fat * Tire plant workers *Painters * Men who have been exposed to cadmium
The symptoms listed below can occur with prostate cancer (Most of the time these symptoms are caused by other prostate problems that are not cancer):
*
Prostate cancer Cancer - prostate; Biopsy - prostate; Prostate biopsy; Gleason score
Last reviewed: September 23, 2010.
Prostate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate gland. The prostate is a small, walnut-sized structure that makes up part of a man's reproductive system. It wraps around the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. Causes, incidence, and risk factors
SURGERY
Surgery is usually only recommended after a thorough evaluation and discussion of the benefits and risks of the procedure.
*
Surgery to remove the prostate and some of the tissue around it is an option when the cancer has not spread beyond the prostate gland. This surgery is called radical prostatectomy. It can also be done with robotic surgery.
A common problem in almost all men as they grow older is an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH). This problem does not raise your risk of prostate cancer. Symptoms
Prostate cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer in men of all ages and is the most common cause of death from cancer in men over age 75. Prostate cancer is rarely found in men younger than 40.
The PSA blood test will also be used to monitor your cancer after treatment. Often, PSA levels will begin to rise before there are any symptoms. An abnormal digital rectal exam may be the only sign of prostate cancer (even if the PSA is normal).
Prostate cancer that has spread may be treated with drugs to reduce teo remove the testes, or chemotherapy.
Surgery, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy can interfere with sexual desire or performance. Problems with urine control are common after surgery and radiation therapy. These problems may either improve over time or get worse, depending on the treatment. Discuss your concerns with your health care provider.
In the early stages, talk to your doctor about several options, including surgery and radiation therapy. In older patients, simply monitoring the cancer with PSA tests and biopsies may be an option.
The Gleason grade is how aggressive the prostate cancer might be. It grades tumors on a scale of 1 - 5, based on how different from normal tissue the cells are.
There are two reasons your doctor may perform a prostate biopsy:
*
Your PSA blood test is high. See also: PSA *
A rectal exam may show a large prostate or a hard, irregular surface. Because of PSA testing, prostate cancer is diagnosed during a rectal exam much less often.
Blood in the urine or semen *
Bone pain or tenderness, most often in the lower back and pelvic bones (only when the cancer has spread)
Signs and tests
Prostate biopsy is the only test that can confirm the diagnosis. Tissue from the prostate is viewed underneath a microscope. Biopsy results are reported using something called a Gleason grade and a Gleason score.
The following tests may be done to determine whether the cancer has spread:
Scores 2 - 4: Low-grade cancer *
Scores 5 - 7: Intermediate- (or in the middle-) grade cancer. Most prostate cancers fall into this category.
*
Scores 8 - 10: High-grade cancer (poorly-differentiated cells)
People who are at higher risk include:
*African-American men, who are also likely to develop cancer at every age * Men who are older than 60 *Men who have a father or brother with prostate cancer
*
Possible problems after the surgeries include difficulty controlling urine or bowel movements and erection problems.
RADIATION THERAPY
Radiation therapy uses high-powered x-rays or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells.
Delayed or slowed start of urinary stream *
Dribbling or leakage of urine, most often after urinating *
Slow urinary stream *
Straining when urinating, or not being able to empty out all of the urine *
The PSA blood test is often done to screen men for prostate cancer. Because of PSA testing, most prostate cancers are now found before they cause any symptoms.
Other people at risk include:
*Men exposed to agent orange exposure * Men who abuse alcohol * Farmers * Men who eat a diet high in fat, especially animal fat * Tire plant workers *Painters * Men who have been exposed to cadmium
The symptoms listed below can occur with prostate cancer (Most of the time these symptoms are caused by other prostate problems that are not cancer):
*
Prostate cancer Cancer - prostate; Biopsy - prostate; Prostate biopsy; Gleason score
Last reviewed: September 23, 2010.
Prostate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate gland. The prostate is a small, walnut-sized structure that makes up part of a man's reproductive system. It wraps around the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. Causes, incidence, and risk factors
SURGERY
Surgery is usually only recommended after a thorough evaluation and discussion of the benefits and risks of the procedure.
*
Surgery to remove the prostate and some of the tissue around it is an option when the cancer has not spread beyond the prostate gland. This surgery is called radical prostatectomy. It can also be done with robotic surgery.
A common problem in almost all men as they grow older is an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH). This problem does not raise your risk of prostate cancer. Symptoms
Prostate cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer in men of all ages and is the most common cause of death from cancer in men over age 75. Prostate cancer is rarely found in men younger than 40.
The PSA blood test will also be used to monitor your cancer after treatment. Often, PSA levels will begin to rise before there are any symptoms. An abnormal digital rectal exam may be the only sign of prostate cancer (even if the PSA is normal).
Prostate cancer that has spread may be treated with drugs to reduce teo remove the testes, or chemotherapy.
Surgery, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy can interfere with sexual desire or performance. Problems with urine control are common after surgery and radiation therapy. These problems may either improve over time or get worse, depending on the treatment. Discuss your concerns with your health care provider.
In the early stages, talk to your doctor about several options, including surgery and radiation therapy. In older patients, simply monitoring the cancer with PSA tests and biopsies may be an option.
The Gleason grade is how aggressive the prostate cancer might be. It grades tumors on a scale of 1 - 5, based on how different from normal tissue the cells are.
There are two reasons your doctor may perform a prostate biopsy:
*
Your PSA blood test is high. See also: PSA *
A rectal exam may show a large prostate or a hard, irregular surface. Because of PSA testing, prostate cancer is diagnosed during a rectal exam much less often.
Blood in the urine or semen *
Bone pain or tenderness, most often in the lower back and pelvic bones (only when the cancer has spread)
Signs and tests
Prostate biopsy is the only test that can confirm the diagnosis. Tissue from the prostate is viewed underneath a microscope. Biopsy results are reported using something called a Gleason grade and a Gleason score.
The following tests may be done to determine whether the cancer has spread: