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国际经济学习题答案（国际金融）共18页word资料国际经济学习题答案国际金融部分1.不同意，至少从一般意义上来讲是如此。
经常项目盈余的含义之一是，国家的商品与服务出口大于进口。
人们可能会认为这是不好的——国家正在为出口而生产商品和提供服务，与此同时，国家却没有得到使其能够进行更多消费和国内投资的进口商品和服务。
从这一角度讲，拥有经常项目赤字却会是一件好事情——更多的进口可以使国家的国内消费和投资量超过其当前生产量。
经常项目盈余的另一个含义是，国家在进行外国金融投资——它正在建立对外国人的债权，这会增加国家的财富。
这听起来很好，但正如前面所指出的，它是以放弃当前国内消费为代价的。
经常项目赤字意味着国家对外国人债权的减少或对外国人债务的增加。
这听起来很不好，但它意味着更高水平的当前国内支出这一福利。
不同的国家在不同的时期，对这些代价和收益会有不同的重视程度。
因此，我们不能简单地认为经常项目盈余是否优于经常项目赤字。
2.交易c会导致经常项目的盈余，因为这是商品出口，该出口得到的支（交易a不会使经常项目账户发生变动，付体现于资本账户的某个项目。
因为它既是出口又是进口。
交易b导致经常项目的赤字，因为它属于进口。
交易d也会导致经常项目的赤字，因为它属于单方转移形式的流出。
交易e不对经常项目账户中的任何项目发生影响。
）3. a.商品贸易余额：330-198=132（美元）商品和服务余额：330-198+196-204=124（美元）经常项目余额：330-198+196-204+3-8=119（美元）官方结算余额：330-198+196-204+3-8+102-202+4=23（美元）b.官方储备资产变化（净值）=-官方结算余额=-23（美元）。
该国在增加其官方储备资产的净持有量。
4. a.国际投资头寸（10亿）：30＋20＋15—40—25=0（美元）。
该国既不是国际债权国，也不是国际债务国。
它持有的国外资产等于它对外国人的负债。
Chapter 9 - International Mobility of Productive FactorsObjective Questions1.Incoming direct foreign investment in a new plant in the U.S. is likely to(a)hurt the U.S. balance of payments on the capital account.(b)lower the earnings of American workers.(c)increase the rate of return to capital employed in the U.S.(d)none of the above.2.Which of the following affects the relative investment climate between two countries?(a)the general level of economic activity.(b)tax and tariff policies.(c)general institutional arrangements.(d)all of the above.3.Current U.S. tax law(a)credits in full taxes paid to foreign governments to the maximum rate of U.S. corporatetaxation.(b)allows firms to deduct foreign taxes as costs.(c)does not allow firms either cost deductions or tax credits.(d)allows firms to credit half of the foreign taxes paid.4.The international movement of investment capital is likely to(a)decrease world welfare by lowering exports.(b)increase world welfare by assisting in a more efficient distribution of factors.(c)reduce world welfare by causing bankruptcies in host countries.(d)reduce world welfare by circumventing tariff barriers.5.Total U.S. overseas foreign investment in 1994 was book valued at about(a) $450 million.(b) $600 billion.(c) $4.5 trillion.(d) $450 trillion.6.From the point of view of the national interest foreign investment will be beneficial only if(a)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(b)gross returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(c)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.(d)gross returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.7.From the point of view of the private firm foreign investment will be profitable only if(a)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(b)gross returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(c)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.(d)gross returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.8.From the point of view of the world as a whole foreign investment will increase welfare only if(a)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed net-of^tax returns at home.(b)gross returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(c)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.(d)gross returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.9.The phenomenon of transfer pricing occurs when(a)there are bilateral trade flows.(b)there is extensive use of bartering.(c)goods are sold between subsidiaries of MNCs.(d) a nation uses multiple exchange rate schemes.10.In general the impact of incoming direct investment on the host country's welfare will be(a)negative because the return to labor will be lowered.(b)positive because it results in cheaper labor.(c)positive because it raises labor productivity.(d)negative because it raises the return to capital.11.Japanese direct foreign investment in the U.S. in 1991 was(a)the largest of any nation.(b)greater than that of all other nations combined.(c)exceeded only by that of the U.K.(d)actually less than that of ten other nations.12.Which of the following statements is most justified?(a)The international movement of capital is beneficial to world welfare; labor movementnever is.(b)International labor mobility is always beneficial to world welfare; capital mobility never is.(c)Neither capital nor labor movements ever contribute to raising world welfare.(d)Labor mobility generally raises world welfare; an exception may be when labor movementleads to the loss of substantial externalities.13.The effect of outgoing direct foreign investment on the welfare of the source country is likely to be(a)positive since total investment is raised.(b)positive since it raises the income of domestic labor.(c)negative because it lowers domestic investment and harms labor productivity.(d)positive since it increases tax flows to the government.14.The largest investor in the U.S. market is(a) France.(b) Japan.(c) Germany.(d) theU.K.15.Industrial nations engage in DFI to reduce production costs by(a)gaining access to raw materials.(b)circumventing protectionist barriers.(c)gaining access to low cost labor.(d)all of the above.16.Over time, a country that opens itself up to the global economy will(a)experience a net loss of jobs.(b)tend to experience higher annual growth rates.(c)attract less direct foreign investments.(d lower its living standards.17.When a balanced view is taken, global outsourcing by U.S. companies(a)results in a net loss of jobs.(b)discourages spending on technology upgrading.(c)reduces competitiveness of firms engaged in outsourcing.(d)creates benefits for the U.S.18.Global outsourcing(a)is a threat to living standards.(b)is an extension of the principle of comparative advantage.(c)entails more costs than benefits.(d)counters the process of globalization.。
第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学一、概念题1．约束（binding）答：在国际贸易中，约束一般是指税率的约束，即“约束”关税的税率。
约束税率是指经过谈判达成协议而固定下来的关税税率。
按关贸总协定规定，缔约各国应该在互惠互利的基础上通过有选择的产品对产品的方式，或者为有关缔约国所接受的多边的程序进行谈判，谈判结果固定下来的各国税则商品的税率为约束税率，汇总起来形成减让表，作为总协定的一个附属部分付诸实施。
按关贸总协定规定，关税减让谈判有四种减让形式来约束关税的税率：①降低关税并约束在降低了的关税水平；②约束现行关税税率；③约束在现行关税水平以上的某个关税水平；④约束免税待遇。
2．支持自由贸易的政治依据（political argument for free trade）答：支持自由贸易的政治依据是指，尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策，但从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则更重要。
现实中的贸易政策经常会由具有特殊利益关系的集团所左右，而不考虑国家的成本与收益。
虽然从理论上可以证明某些选择性的关税和出口补贴政策能够增进整体社会福利，但现实中，任何一个政府机构在制定一套干预贸易的详细计划时都有可能被利益集团所控制，从而成为在有政治影响的部门中进行收入再分配的工具。
如果上述观点正确的话，那么倡导自由贸易无疑是最好的选择。
3．集体行动（collective action）答：集体行动是指关于经济活动中个人理性并不必然导致集体理性。
如果某项活动或者福利的获得需要两个或者两个以上的人的共同努力才能完成，集体行动问题就出现了，即决策集体的每个成员必须单方面决定是否参与提供某种集体产品。
因为集体产品具有非排他性和非竞争性的特征，所以使得不为集体产品的提供付出成本的集团成员也可以获得集体产品。
集团越大，分享收益的人越多，个人的行动对集团利益的影响越小，集团内的成员“搭便车”的动机就越强烈。
这就意味着仅仅依靠个人的自愿，集体产品的供给将是不足的，集体产品不可能依靠个人的自愿提供来解决。
国际经济学课后答案第一章绪论1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。
2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。
3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。
国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。
4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。
调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。
5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响4、如果按照比较劣势的原则进行国际分工，那么会对世界生产带来什么净影响？试对下列说法加以评价：1）由于发达国家工资水平高于发展中国家，所以发达国家与发展中国家进行贸易会无利可图；2）因为美国的工资水平很高，所以美国产品在世界市场缺乏竞争力；3）发展中国家的工资水平比较低是因为国际贸易的缘故。
国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。
2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。
3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。
4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。
5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。
6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。
7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。
第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；李嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。
3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
4、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
6、在李嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。
7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
8、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。
选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、李嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。
2、要素禀赋理论由H-O定理、要素价格均等化定理和罗伯津斯基定理、斯托伯-萨缪尔森定理等构成3、要素价格均等化理论指出国际贸易通过商品价格的均等化会导致要素价格的均等化，从而在世界范围实现资源的最佳配置。
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！第二章古典国际贸易理论在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。
1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。
假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。
（1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路：（1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20（2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。
（3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。
第1章绪论重点问题:国际经济学的产生、发展、对象及其其他经济学科的关系单选1．国际经济学分析的最基本的出发点是（B）A经济增长 B经济自然增长 C制度创新的经济增长 D经济发展2．经济发展是（D）A经济结构的变革 B社会和政治体制的变革 C经济自然增长 D制度创新的经济增长3．国际经济最基本的出发点是（B ）A社会分工 B国际分工 C产业分工 D产业之间的分工和合作4．国际经济交往的主要方式是（A）A生产要跨国界流动 B国际分工 C商品跨国界流通 D开放经济第2章古典国际贸易理论重点问题：绝对利益说的基本容及其评价比较利益说的基本容及其评价单选1．在斯密的绝对优势贸易理论中，(C)。
A所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和B具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额C如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品，将同时从贸易中获益D如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业，将丧失绝对优势2．嘉图的比较优势理论指出，(B)。
A贸易导致不完全专业化B即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益C与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多D只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额3．如果一个阿根廷工人能生产3蒲式耳小麦或1辆汽车，而一个巴西工人能生产4蒲式耳小麦或2辆汽车，则(D)。
A巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷没有比较优势B阿根廷在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而巴西没有比较优势C巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在汽车生产上具有比较优势D巴西在小麦和汽车生产上都具有绝对优势，而阿根廷在小麦生产上具有比较优势4．根据比较优势原理的政策经验，一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是(B)。
A制造大量出口顺差 B以较低的机会成本进口商品而不是在国生产C本国比贸易伙伴强大 D本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势5.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( A )A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.价格的差异6.在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价( C )A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之上B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之下C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国比价之间D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国比价相同简答：1．请从国际贸易实际出发评价绝对利益说 P20斯密的绝对利益学说揭示了在自由市场经济条件下，国际贸易产生的原因在于两国之间劳动生产率的绝对差异，按照绝对利益学说的原则进行国际分工，贸易的参与者与整个世界会因此而获得利益。
国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界围的资源配置问题。
2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。
3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。
4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。
5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。
6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。
7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。
第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。
3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
4、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
6、在嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。
7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
8、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。
选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。
2、要素禀赋理论由H-O定理、要素价格均等化定理和罗伯津斯基定理、斯托伯-萨缪尔森定理等构成3、要素价格均等化理论指出国际贸易通过商品价格的均等化会导致要素价格的均等化，从而在世界围实现资源的最佳配置。
国际经济学课后答案（word版）第三章复习题(1)本国共有1200单位的劳动，能⽣产两种产品：苹果和⾹蕉。
苹果的单位产品劳动投⼊是3，⾹蕉的单位劳动产品投⼊时2。
a.画出本国的⽣产可能性边界。
b.⽤⾹蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是多少？c.贸易前，苹果对⾹蕉的相对价格是多少？为什么？答：a.本国的⽣产可能性边界曲线是⼀条直线，在400（1200/3)处与苹果轴相截，在600（1200/2）处与⾹蕉轴相截，如图2-7所⽰。
b.⽤⾹蕉衡量苹果的机会成本是3/2。
⽣产1单位苹果需要3单位的劳动，⽣产1单位⾹蕉需要2单位的劳动。
如果放弃1单位苹果的⽣产，这将释放出3单位的劳动。
这2单位的劳动可以被⽤来⽣产3/2单位的⾹蕉。
c.劳动的流动性可以使得各个部门的⼯资趋同，竞争可以使得商品的价格等于它们的⽣产成本。
这样，相对价格等于相对成本，⽽相对成本等于⼯资乘以苹果的单位劳动产品投⼊。
因为各个部门⼯资相等，所以价格⽐率等于单位产品劳动投⼊的⽐率，即⽣产苹果所需的3单位劳动与⽣产⾹蕉所需的2单位劳动⽐率。
（2）假设本国的情况和习题1相同。
外国拥有800单位的劳动，外国苹果的单位劳动投⼊是5，⾹蕉的单位产品劳动投⼊是1。
a.画出外国的⽣产可能性边界。
b.画出世界相对供给曲线。
答：a.外国的⽣产可能性边界曲线是⼀条直线，在160（800/5）处与苹果轴相截，在 800(800/1)处与⾹蕉轴相截。
如图2-8所⽰。
b.世界相对供给曲线可以由苹果和⾹蕉的相对价格和相对供给量绘出。
如图2-9。
从图2-9可以看出，苹果对⾹蕉的最低相对价格是3/2，在这个价格上，苹果的世界相对供给曲线是⽔平的。
在3/2的相对价格上，本国对苹果的最⼤供给量是400，外国对⾹蕉的供给量是800，这时，相对供给量为1/2。
只要相对价格保持在3/2和5之间，相对供给量就不变。
如果相对价格成为5，两个国家都会⽣产苹果，⾹蕉的产量为零。
这时，相对供给曲线是⽔平的。
第九章课后习题与答案：1. 战后发达国家的经济发展经历了哪儿个发展阶段？各个阶段有哪些主要特点？战后发达资本主义国家的经济发展，不论是笫二次世界大战的战胜国述是战败国，大体上都经历了四个时期：从战争结束到50年代初期的经济恢复时期；从50年代屮期到70年代初期的经济高速增长时期；从70年代小期到80年代初期的经济“滞胀”时期以及其后到90年代初期的经济调整吋期；90年代以来以美国为代表的“新经济”的产生为发展吋期。
经济恢复时期：经济恢复最为迅速的是西欧各国。
到1948年，除战败的徳国和意大利外, 西欧国家经济都恢复并超过了战前1938年的水平。
就整个西欧來说，到1950年己完全恢复到战前水平。
LI木恢复较迟，人约用了10年的时间。
经济高速增长时期：经济发展速度超过历史上任何时期；经济增长主要是靠劳动生产率的提高实现的；各国经济发展的不平衡。
经济“滞胀”时期以及经济调整时期：经济增长处于停滞状态；失业率升高；物价大幅上涨。
面临着经济“滞胀”的困境和反凯恩斯主义经济学的兴起，发达国家政府开始重新思索以往的经济政策及其失误。
自1982年经济危机后，发达国家曾出现了长达八年的经济持续增氏。
但总体看，发达国家经济已经进入了一个缓慢增长的时期。
新经济的产生与发展时期：经济知识化；经济网络化；经济全球化。
新经济推动了信息产业的大发展，促进了制度创新，但同时引发了新的社会经济问题。
2. “新经济”有哪些基木特征？其成因是什么？新经济具冇以下三个主要特征：（1）经济知识化。
即新经济条件下的经济增长是以知识为基础的。
（2）经济网络化。
纵横交错的网络系统，使得全球经济活动的时间缩短，空间缩小，频率加快，协同性增强，效益增大。
（3）经济全球化。
由于经济知识化、网络化的发展，生产要素在全球范I韦I内的组合发生了很大变化。
美国新经济的出现，是一系列因素综合作用的结果。
总的来看，可以将这些因素概括为以下几个方面：（1）信息技术革命。
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade TheoryMultiple Choice Questions1. The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs are dismantled andremoved,(a) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decrease.(b) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will increase.(c) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasing nationaleconomic welfare.(d) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing nationaleconomic welfare.(e) None of the above.Answer: C2. The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be made from removing tariffsand other trade distortions. These gains will be found by a decrease in(a) world prices of imports.(b) the consumption distortion loss triangle.(c) the production distortion loss triangle.(d) Both (b) and (c).(e) None of the above.Answer: E3. It is argued that special interest groups are likely to take over and promote protectionist policies,which may lead to an increase in national economic welfare. This argument leads to(a) a presumption that in practice a free trade policy is likely to be better than alternatives.(b) a presumption that trade policy should be shifted to Non-Governmental Organizations, so as tolimit taxpayer burden.(c) a presumption that free trade is generally a second-best policy, to be avoided if feasiblealternatives are available.(d) a presumption that free trade is the likely equilibrium solution if the government allows specialinterest groups to dictate its trade policy.(e) None of the above.Answer: A4. The optimum tariff is(a) the best tariff a country can obtain via a WTO negotiated round of compromises.(b) the tariff, which maximizes the terms of trade gains.(c) the tariff, which maximizes the difference between terms of trade gains and terms of trade loses.(d) not practical for a small country due to the likelihood of retaliation.(e) not practical for a large country due to the likelihood of retaliation.Answer: E5. The optimum tariff is most likely to apply to(a) a small tariff imposed by a small country.(b) a small tariff imposed by a large country.(c) a large tariff imposed by a small country.(d) a large tariff imposed by a large country.(e) None of the above.Answer: B6. The prohibitive tariff is a tariff that(a) is so high that it eliminates imports.(b) is so high that it causes undue harm to trade-partner economies.(c) is so high that it causes undue harm to import competing sectors.(d) is so low that the government prohibits its use since it would lose an important revenue source.(e) None of the above.Answer: A7. The existence of marginal social benefits which are not marginal benefits for the industry producingthe import substitutes(a) is an argument supporting free trade and non-governmental involvement.(b) is an argument supporting the use of an optimum tariff.(c) is an argument supporting the use of market failures as a trade-policy strategy.(d) is an argument rejecting free trade and supporting governmental involvement.(e) None of the above.Answer: D8. The domestic market failure argument is a particular case of the theory of(a) the optimum, or first-best.(b) the second best.(c) the third best.(d) the sufficing principle.(e) None of the above.Answer: B9. The difficulty of ascertaining the right second-best trade policy to follow(a) reinforces support for the third-best policy approach.(b) reinforces support for increasing research capabilities of government agencies.(c) reinforces support for abandoning trade policy as an option.(d) reinforces support for free-trade options.(e) None of the above.Answer: D10. The authors of the text believe that(a) second-best policy is worse than optimal policy.(b) special interest groups generally enhance national welfare.(c) national welfare is likely to be enhanced by the imposition of an optimal tariff.(d) market Failure arguments tend to support free-trade policy.(e) there is no such thing as national welfare.Answer: E11. The simple model of competition among political parties long used by political scientists tends tolead to the practical solution of selecting the(a) optimal tariff.(b) prohibitive tariff.(c) zero (free-trade) tariff.(d) the tariff rate favored by the median voter.(e) None of the above.Answer: D12. The median voter model(a) works well in the area of trade policy.(b) is not intuitively reasonable.(c) tends to result in biased tariff rates.(d) does not work well in the area of trade policy.(e) None of the above.Answer: D13. The fact that trade policy often imposes harm on large numbers of people, and benefits only a fewmay be explained by(a) the lack of political involvement of the public.(b) the power of advertisement.(c) the problem of collective action.(d) the basic impossibility of the democratic system to reach a fair solution.(e) None of the above.Answer: C14. Protectionism tends to be concentrated in two sectors:(a) agriculture and clothing.(b) high tech and national security sensitive industries.(c) capital and skill intensive industries.(d) industries concentrated in the South and in the Midwest of the country.(e) None of the above.Answer: A15. Judging by the changes in the height of tariff rates in major trading countries, the world has beenexperiencing a great(a) trade liberalization.(b) surge of protectionism.(c) lack of progress in the trade-policy area.(d) move towards regional integration.(e) None of the above.Answer: A16. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was organized as a successor to the(a) IMF.(b) UN.(c) UNCTAD.(d) GATT.(e) The World Bank.Answer: D17. The WTO was established by the ____________of multilateral trade negotiations.(a) Kennedy Round(b) Tokyo Round(c) Uruguay Round(d) Dillon Round(e) None of the above.Answer: C18. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 has generally been associated with(a) falling tariffs.(b) free trade.(c) intensifying the worldwide depression.(d) recovery from the worldwide depression.(e) Non-tariff barriers.Answer: C19. A trade policy designed to alleviate some domestic economic problem by exporting it to foreigncountries is know as a(n)(a) international dumping policy.(b) countervailing tariff policy.(c) beggar thy neighbor policy.(d) trade adjustment assistance policy.(e) None of the above.Answer: C20. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization have resulted in(a) termination of export subsidies applied to manufactured goods.(b) termination of import tariffs applied to manufactures.(c) termination of import tariffs applied to agricultural commodities.(d) termination of international theft of copyrights.(e) None of the above.Answer: E21. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization have resulted in(a) the establishment of universal trade adjustment assistance policies.(b) the establishment of the European Union.(c) the reciprocal trade clause.(d) reductions in trade barriers via multilateral negotiations.(e) None of the above.Answer: D22. Trade theory suggests that Japan would gain from a subsidy the United States provides its grainfarmers if the gains to Japanese consumers of wheat products more than offsets the losses to Japanese wheat farmers. This would occur as long as Japan(a) is a net importer in bilateral trade flows with the United States.(b) is a net importer of wheat.(c) has a comparative advantage in wheat.(d) has an absolute advantage in producing wheat.(e) None of the above.Answer: B23. Countervailing duties are intended to neutralize any unfair advantage that foreign exporters mightgain because of foreign(a) tariffs.(b) subsidies.(c) quotas.(d) Local-Content legislation.(e) None of the above.Answer: B24. Throughout the post-World War II era, the importance of tariffs as a trade barrier has(a) increased.(b) decreased.(c) remained the same.(d) fluctuated wildly.(e) demonstrated a classic random walk with a mean-reversion tendency.Answer: B25. In 1980 the United States announced an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union in response tothe Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This embargo was mainly resisted by(a) U.S. grain consumers of bread.(b) U.S. grain producers.(c) foreign grain producers.(d) U.S. communists.(e) None of the above.Answer: B26. Export embargoes cause greater losses to consumer surplus in the target country(a) the lesser its initial dependence on foreign produced goods.(b) the more elastic is the target country’s demand schedule.(c) the more elastic is the target country’s domestic supply.(d) the more inelastic the target country’s supply.(e) None of the above.Answer: D27. The strongest political pressure for a trade policy that results in higher protectionism comes from(a) domestic workers lobbying for import restrictions.(b) domestic workers lobbying for export restrictions.(c) domestic workers lobbying for free trade.(d) domestic consumers lobbying for export restrictions.(e) domestic consumers lobbying for import restrictions.Answer: A28. The average tariff rate to data on dutiable imports in the United States is approximately(a) 5 % of the value of imports.(b) 15% of the value of imports.(c) 20 % of the value of imports.(d) 25% of the value of imports.(e) more than 25% of the value of imports.Answer: A29. In 1990 the United States imposed trade embargoes on Iraq’s international trade. This would inducesmaller losses in Iraq’s consumer surplus the(a) less elastic Iraq’s demand schedule.(b) more elastic Iraq’s demand schedule.(c) greater is Iraq’s dependence on foreign products.(d) more inelastic is Iraq’s supply schedule.(e) None of the above.Answer: B30. The World Trade Organization provides for all of the following except(a) the usage of the most favored nation clause.(b) assistance in the settlement of trade disagreements.(c) bilateral tariff reductions.(d) multilateral tariff reductions.(e) None of the above.Answer: C31. Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade disputes?(a) World Bank(b) World Trade Organization(c) International Monetary Organization(d) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(e) The League of NationsAnswer: B32. The WTO’s int ervention against clean air standards(a) has earned it universal approval.(b) was done in order to limit national sovereignty.(c) has resulted in much criticism.(d) has resulted in much criticism among professional economists.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. Under U.S. commercial policy, the escape clause results in(a) temporary quotas granted to firms injured by import competition.(b) tariffs that offset export subsidies granted to foreign producers.(c) a refusal of the U.S. to extradite anyone who escaped political oppression.(d) tax advantages extended to minority-owned exporting firms.(e) tariff advantages extended to certain Caribbean countries in the U.S. market.Answer: A34. Under U.S. commercial policy, which clause permits the modification of a trade liberalizationagreement on a temporary basis if serious injury occurs to domestic producers as a result of the agreement?(a) Adjustment assistance clause(b) Escape clause(c) Most favored nation clause(d) Prohibitive tariff clause(e) None of the above.Answer: B35. Today U.S. protectionism is concentrated in(a) high tech industries.(b) labor-intensive industries.(c) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.(d) computer intensive industries.(e) capital-intensive industries.Answer: B36. The reason protectionism remains strong in the United States is that(a) economists can produce any result they are hired to produce.(b) economists cannot persuade the general public that free trade is beneficial.(c) economists do not really understand how the real world works.(d) the losses associated with protectionism are diffuse, making lobbying by the public impractical.(e) None of the above.Answer: D37. An issue never confronted effectively by GATT, but considered an important issue for WTOis that of(a) the promotion of freer World trade(b) the promotion of freer World commodity trade(c) the promotion of freer World services trade(d) the lowering of tariff rates(e) None of the above.Answer: C38. The political wisdom of choosing a tariff acceptable to the median U.S. voter is(a) a good example of the principle of the second best.(b) a good example of the way in which actual tariff policies are determined.(c) a good example of the principle of political negotiation.(d) is not evident in actual tariff determination.(e) None of the above.Answer: D39. A game-theory explanation of the paradox that even though all countries would benefit if each chosefree trade, in fact each tends to follow protectionist policies is(a) Trade war(b) Collective action(c) Prisoner’s dilemma(d) Benefit—Cost analysis(e) None of the above.Answer: C40. When the U.S. placed tariffs on French wine, France placed high tariffs on U.S. chickens. This is anexample of:(a) deadweight losses(b) multilateral negotiations(c) bilateral trade negotiations(d) international market failures(e) none of the aboveAnswer: E41. The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the domestic clothing industry is best explainedby the fact that(a) this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor(b) this industry is an important employer of low skilled labor(c) most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poor countries.(d) a politically well organized sector in the U.S.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: DEssay Questions1. Developing countries have often attempted to establish cartels so as to counter the actual orperceived inexorable downward push on the prices of their exported commodities. OPEC is the best well known of these. How are such cartels expected to help the developing countries? At times importing countries profess support for such schemes. Can you think of any logical basis for such support? How are cartels like monopolies, and how are they different from monopolies. Why is therea presupposition among economists that such schemes are not likely to succeed in the long run?Answer: Such cartels are expected to shift the exporters’ terms of trade in their favor. Also they are expected to produce the maximum profit, which the market will bear. Importing countriesmay benefit from the price stability generated by the cartel. Cartels are like monopolies inthat their total output is the same as that which would be generated by a single monopoly.They differ from monopolies in that the monopoly profits need to be divided among theproducing countries, which have different cost structures.2. The United States appears at times to have a totally schizophrenic attitude toward protectionism. TheUnited States was the country that proposed the establishment of the World Trade Organization as early as the late 1940s, and was also the only industrialized country that refused to ratify this at that time. The United States has consistently argued on the side of multinational free trade in GA TT Rounds, and yet maintains many protectionist laws such as those which reserve oil shipments from Alaska to U.S. flag carriers. How can you explain this apparent lack of national consistency on this issue?Answer: This reflects the fact that international trade typically has many winners and relatively fewer, but politically powerful losers. Short of guaranteed (constitutional?) non-conditional compensatory mechanisms, the basic conflict between these two groups willalways be there.3. Presumably, since the United States is a large country in many of its international markets, a positiveoptimum tariff exists for this country. It follows therefore that when any legislator or government official who promotes zero-tariff free trade policies, is by definition not acting in t he public’s best interest. Discuss.Answer: Technically this is true. However, this is true only within the context of a generally myopic view of international relations. If the tariff imposing country is large enough tomake a substantial difference in its welfare by seeking an optimum tariff, then it cannothope to remain invisible, as its policies are substantially harming its trade partners.Foreign repercussions are almost a certainty. In such a “game” it is not at all certain thatseeking the optimum tariff dominates alternative strategies.4. It may be demonstrated that any protectionist policy, which effectively shifts real resources to importcompeting industries or sectors will harm export industries or sectors. This may, for example, happen by the strengthening U.S. dollar in the foreign exchange market. Would you propose therefore that export industries lobby against protectionism in International Trade Commission proceedings? What of consumer advocates? Discuss the pros and the problems of such a suggestion.Answer: Actually this is an interesting idea. It is well known that the public interest is put on hold as the ITC considers only the squeaky wheels of those allegedly hurt by trade. While“consumers” may be too amorphous a group to successfull y organize and pursue apolitical agenda, the exporters and consumer advocates may be able to form a counterweight to the import competing industries.5. It is argued that the United States would be foolish to maintain a free-trade stance in a world inwhich all other countries exploit child or prisoner labor, or are protectionist. On the other hand, Ricardo’s classic demonstration of the sources and effects of comparative advantage cogently demonstrates that regardless of other country policy, free trade remains the first best policy for a country to follow, since it will maximize its consumption possibilities (conditional upon other country policies). Explain. Discuss the contradiction with the argument in the preceding paragraph.Answer: In the context of the Ricardian model, it is true that gains from trade are strictly a result of world terms of trade, which differ from domestic marginal rates of substitution. In such aworld, the reason why foreign goods are cheap is of no concern to domestic consumers.However, in a world which allows for large-scale labor migration, ignoring laborconditions abroad may ultimately result in living standards for domestic workers to bedragged down.Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory 105 6. It has been claimed that foreign governments have attempted to influence votes in the U.S. thatwould promote policies of protectionism within the U.S. On the surface this appears to be totally illogical and counter intuitive, as this would presumably lessen the possibilities of foreigners’ exports to the U.S.Answer: This would make sense only if the form of protectionism is a tariff. However, if it is a quota, then the scarcity rents may be captured by established foreign producers. Hence,the reaction of the Japanese to automobile quotas was to dramatically increase the high-end, highly profitable automobiles. This would be even more self-evident if theprotectionism took the form of a V oluntary Export Restraint (VER), or a detailedformalized bilateral cartel, such as the old Multi-Fibre Agreement.Quantitative/Graphing ProblemsAssume that Boeing (U.S.) and Airbus (European Union) both wish to enter the Hungarian market with the next new generation airliner. They both have identical cost and demand conditions (as indicated in the graph above).1. Assume that Boeing is the first to enter the Hungarian market. Without a government subsidy whatprice would they demand, and what would be their total profits?Answer: $12 Million, $162. What is the consumer surplus enjoyed by Hungarian consumers of Boeing aircraft in the abovesituation?Answer: $8 Million3. Suppose the European government provides Airbus with a subsidy of $4 for each airplane sold, andthat the subsidy convinces Boeing to exit the Hungarian market. Now Airbus would be the monopolist in this market. What price would they charge, and what would be their total profits?Answer: $10 Million, and $36 Million9596 Krugman/Obstfeld •Seventh Edition4. What would be the cost of the subsidy to European taxpayers?Answer: $24 Million5. What happens to the Consumer Surplus of Hungarian customers as a result of this subsidy?Answer: An increase of $10 Million.6. What is the revenue gain or loss for Europe as a whole (including taxpayers)?Answer:A gain of $12 Million.7. The U.S. producer Boeing, and the European Airbus are contemplating the next generation mid-sized fuel efficient generation of air carrier. If both produce their respective models, then each would lose $50 million (because the world market is just not large enough to enable either to capture potential scale economies if they had to share the world market). If neither produce, then each one’s net gain would of course be zero. If either one produces while the other does not, then the producer will gain $500 million.(a) What is the correct strategy for either company?Answer: enter the market first. Then the other company knows that if it also enters, it will not be able to cover costs.(b) What is the correct strategy for a government seeking to maximize national economic welfare?Answer: Subsidize its producer. If this allows it to enter first, then we get the same solution as answer (a) above.(c) If a national government decides to subsidize its aircraft producer, how high should be thesubsidy?Answer: Any figure above $50 million (e.g. $55 million). This would promise positive profits regardless of the decision of the competitor. The “winner” then may turn out to be thatcountry whose voters are least sensitive to on-the-books, transparent subsidies given torich corporations (these subsidies will have to continue year after year until the othercountry stops its subsidies).96。
