土木工程施工技术第4次作业

第一学期作业（大学英语Ⅲ）第4次作业姓名：银召林学号：专业：土木工程（工程管理）班级：土木工程（工程管理）2013－78班（专本）二、主观题(共1道小题)41. Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic “A City to Remember”. You should write no less than 80 words.三、阅读理解、完形填空题(共5道小题)42.Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man. They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get ma rried. The young people’s parents shook their heads. “You can’t get married yet”, they said. “Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.” So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married. T hey were still poor, of course. They didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that didn’t matter. The young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car. The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lives. And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earliest years to be acquisitive. Our possessions, “mine” and “yours”, are clearly labeled from early childhood. When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn. We spend the whole of our lives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses. If we buy a new television set, Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one. If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself. The most amusing thing about this game is that the Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them, are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.[共5题](1) By the fable, the author wants to convey __________.(A) the value of love(B) importance of parents in marriage(C) good job is the basis of a happy marriage(D) we live in a materialistic society(2) In the second paragraph the phrase “keep up with the Joneses” means __________.(A) doing something in order to be as good as other people, because they are the best(B) doing something in order to show they have as much money as other people, rather than because they really want to do it(C) doing something with the Joneses in order to keep them company(D) doing something with the Joneses in order to learn their good points(3) According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?(A) We don’t develop the concept of “possession” until the adulthood.(B) Joneses buy a new TV because the old one is too small.(C) Bigger TV and better cars are bought just to keep up with the Joneses.(D) Friendly banks lend Joneses the money at a very low rate of interest.(4) Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?(A) Joneses and neighbors are spending borrowed money.(B) We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earliest years to be acquisitive.(C) Our possessio ns, ‘mine’ and ‘yours’, are clearly labeled from early childhood.(D) We spend the whole of our lives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.(5) Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in this passage?(A) Ironic(B) Optimistic(C) Objective(D) Neutral43.In all American history, there is no story stranger than that of John A. Sutter. When the independence of California was declared in 1846, San Francisco was a small town of some 800 inhabitants. Then, in 1848, gold was discovered on land not far away. This land was owned by John A. Sutter.During the famous Gold Rush of 1849, there was a vast movement of people toward San Francisco and the gold fields. The city grew to three times its size in just a few weeks. Previously a quiet, pleasant town, San Francisco was changed almost overnight into a rough and crowded city. The same factors that operated to change San Francisco also changed the life of Sutter. Sutter was a citizen of Switzerland. He had come, penniless, in the spirit of adventure to the United States. By chance, he obtained the rights to a large piece of land, some seventy miles north of San Francisco. Here Sutter established his own private colony. As an intelligent, well-educated man, he built a fort, inside which he established a large trading post. He became a very rich man.Then in 1848, in a stream leading from a mill, one of Sutter’s workmen found some pieces of gold. At first, Sutter tried to keep the news quiet. He had dreams of becoming richer, perhaps the richest man in the whole world. But, within a few weeks, the news about the gold leaked out. Men descended upon his land from all directions. These people killed his cattle, stole his farm produce and tools, and tore down his buildings to obtain wood to build homes for themselves. The city of Sacramento sprang up where Sutter’s fort stood. On the site of his saw mill grew up the present city of Coloma.[共5题](1) Which of the following is TRUE about Sutter?(A) Poor as he was, Sutter was full of adventurous spirit.(B) Sutter got his college education in Switzerland.(C) Sutter was a colonist.(D) Sutter was the richest man in the whole world.(2) From the passage we know that __________.(A) Sutter declared the news of gold discovery(B) men descended upon Sutter’s land to explore the gold for him(C) while building a saw mill, Sutter himself found some pieces of gold(D) the city of Sacramento sprang up because of the gold discovery(3) The change of both San Francisco and the life of Sutter was due to __________.(A) the movement of people toward San Francisco(B) the independence of California(C) the Gold discovery(D) the spirit of adventure(4) __________ attracted people coming from all directio ns to Sutter’s colony.(A) Sutter’s large trading post(B) Sutter’s wealth(C) The discovery of gold on Sutter’s land(D) Sutter’s intelligence(5) What does the underlined world “quiet” mean?(A) With little or no movement or sound(B) Not open or revealed(C) Free from excitement, trouble, anxiety(D) Gentle, not rough44.The automobile has many advantages. Above all, it offers people freedom to go wherever and whenever they want to go. The basic purpose of a motor vehicle is to get from point A to point B as cheaply, quickly, and safely as possible. However, to most people, cars are also personal fantasy machines that serve as symbols of power, success, speed, excitement, and adventure.In addition, much of the world’s e conomy is built on producing motor vehicles and supplying roads, services, and repairs for those vehicles. Half of the world’s paychecks are auto related. In the United States, one of every six dollars spent and one of every six non-farm jobs are connected to the automobile or related industries, such as oil, steel, rubber, plastics, automobile services, and highway construction.In spite of their advantages, motor vehicles have many harmful effects on human lives and on air, water, land, and wildlife resources. The automobile may be the most destructive machine ever invented. Though we tend to deny it, riding in cars is one of the most dangerous things we do in our daily lives.Since 1885, when Karl Benz built the first automobile, almost 18 million people have been killed by motor vehicles. Every year, cars and trucks worldwide kill an average of 250,000 people －as many as were killed in the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki－and injure or permanently disable ten million more. Half of the world’s people will be involved in an auto accident at some time during their lives.Since the automobile was introduced, almost three million Americans have been killed on the highways－about twice the number of Americans killed on the battlefield in all U.S. wars. In addition to the tragic loss of life, these accidents cost American society about ＄60 billion annually in lost income and in insurance, administrative, and legal expenses.Streets that used to be for people are now for cars. Pedestrians and people riding bicycles in the streets are subjected to noise, pollution, stress, and danger.Motor vehicles are the largest source of air pollution, producing a haze of smog over the world’s cities. In the United States, they produce at least 50% of the country’s air pollution.[共5题](1) Besides its basic purpose, Car also serves as a symbol of people’s _________.(A) occupation(B) status(C) character(D) reputation(2) According to the passage, the average number of people killed annually in traffic accidents around the world is __________.(A) 60 million(B) 250,000(C) 3 million(D) 18 million(3) A serious environmental problem resulting from automobiles is _________.(A) tragic loss of life(B) traffic jams(C) air pollution(D) mental stress(4) Which of the follow can be inferred from this passage?(A) Automobiles are an important part of the world’s economy.(B) Automobiles are becoming less dangerous.(C) Automobiles will produce less air pollution in the future.(D) Automobiles are killing more people in recent years than in the past.(5) The title that suits the passage best is _________.(A) Automobile and Economy(B) Automobile and the Environment(C) The Problems with the Automobile(D) Advantages and Disadvantages of the Automobile45.I don’t know how I became a writer, but I think it was because of a certain force in me that had to write and that finally burst through and found a channel. My people were of the working class of people. My father, a stone-cutter, was a man with a great respect and veneration for literature. He had a tremendous memory, and he loved poetry, and the poetry that he loved best was naturally of the rhetorical kind that such a man would like. Nevertheless it was good poetry, Hamlet’s Soliloquy, Macbeth, Mark Antony’s “Funeral Oration”, Grey’s “Elegy”, and all the rest of it. I heard it all as a child; I memorized and learned it all.He sent me to college to the state university.The desire to write, which had been strong during all my days in high school, grew stronger still. I was editor of the college paper, the college magazine, etc., and in my last year or two I was a member of a course in playwriting which had just been established there. I wrote several little one-act plays, still thinking I would become a lawyer or a newspaper man, never daring to believe I could seriously become a writer. Then I went to Harvard, wrote some more plays there, became obsessed with the idea that I had to be a playwright, left Harvard, had my plays rejected, and finally in the autumn of 1926, how, why, or in what manner I have never exactly been able to determine. But probably because the force in me that had to write at length sought out its channel, I began to write my first book in London, I was living all alone at that time.I had two rooms－a bedroom and a sitting room－in a litter square in Chelsea in which all the houses had that familiar, smoked brick and cream-yellow-plaster look.[共5题](1) We may conclude, in regard to the author’s development as a writer, that his father _________.(A) made an important contribution(B) provided him with good education(C) opposed his becoming a writer(D) insisted that he memorize good poetry in order to learn how to be a writer(2) The author believes that he became a writer mostly because of _________.(A) his special talent(B) his father’s teaching(C) his study at Harvard(D) a strong hidden wish within him(3) Which of the following is TRUE about the author?(A) He began to think of becoming a writer at Harvard.(B) He had always been successful in his writing career.(C) He went to Harvard to learn to write plays.(D) He worked as a newspaper man before becoming a writer.(4) The author really started on his way to become a writer _________.(A) when he was in high school(B) when he was studying at Harvard(C) when he lived in London(D) after he entered college(5) According to the passage, about t he author’s life in 1926 which of the following conclusions CANNOT be safely drawn?(A) He lost the ability to determine in which direction he should go.(B) He was depressed about having his plays rejected.(C) He lived in a house which had smoked brick and cream-yellow-plaster look.(D) He started his first novel.46. Does money buy happiness? No! Ah, would a little more money make us __(1)__ happier? Many of us would agree. There is, we believe, some connection between having money and feeling fantastic. Most of us would say that, yes, we __(2)__ to be rich. Three in four American college students now consider it is “very important” or “essential” __(3)__ they become “very well off financially”. Money matters. Well, are the rich people happier? Researchers have found that in poor countries, such as Bangladesh, being __(4)__ well off does make for greater well-being. We need food, rest, shelter and __(5)__ contact. But a surprising fact of life is that in countries where everyone can __(6)__ life’s necessities, increasing affluence matters surprisingly little. The correlation __(7)__ wealth and happiness is “surprisingly weak”, observed University of Michigan researcher, Ronald Inglehart, in one 16-nation study of 170,000 people. Once comfortable, more money provides diminishing returns. The second piece of pie, or the second vertastesasgdasthefirstEvenloerywrsandtheForbes100weahiestAmericanshaveexpressedonlyslightl ygreaterhapπssthanthe8AmericanMakgitbigbrgstemporaryjoyBut9weahislikeheahtheuerencec anbr eedmiserybuthavgitdoesntguaranteehapπssHapπssseemsssamaerofgwwe want10ofwantgwwehave 共10题](1)(A) more(B) less(D) a little(2)(A) would like(B) had better(C) would better(D) had like(3)(A) what(B) when(C) that(D) where(4)(A) relative(B) relatively(C) relation(D) relate(5)(A) social(B) society(C) sociable(D) socialize(6)(A) affect(B) afford(C) affair(D) affirm(7)(A) among(B) in(C) with(D) between(8)(A) special(B) unusual(C) average(D) public(9)(A) in the long run(B) for the long run(C) at the long run(D) on the long run(10)(A) over(C) to(D) instead。

土方回填与压实施工技术流程土方回填与压实是土木工程中常见的工程技术方法，用于补充土方、填充夯实地基。

本文将介绍土方回填与压实施工的技术流程，使读者对该工艺有更全面的了解。

一、土方回填技术流程1.工程准备在进行土方回填工程之前，需对施工现场进行充分的准备。

首先，进行场地平整，清除杂物和草皮；其次，根据设计图纸，确定回填土方的类型和尺寸，并做好土方的分类和堆放准备。

2.土方回填与均匀分布回填土方需要均匀分布在被填地基上，以确保整个地基具有一定的均匀性。

在回填过程中，可以采用机械设备如推土机或装载机进行土方的填充。

根据需要，设定土方回填的层厚，灵活控制土方的厚度，以保证填充土方的均匀性。

3.土方压实土方回填完成后，需要进行土方的压实操作，以提高土方的密实度和稳定性。

土方压实通常使用压路机等重型设备进行，以确保压实效果的达到要求。

二、压实施工技术流程1.施工准备进行压实施工前，需要进行相应的准备工作。

首先，检查压路机的工作状态，确保机械设备处于正常工作状态。

同时，清理施工现场，确保没有障碍物妨碍施工的进行。

可根据实际情况设置施工标志，以确保施工区域的安全。

2.初压工作初压是指对土方进行初步的压实操作。

在施工现场，由压路机沿着预定的行进路线进行来回压实，以提高土方的密实度。

3.填补空隙与回填土方在初压工作后，会出现一些空隙或者凹陷地带。

针对这些情况，需要根据实际情况进行填补。

填补空隙时，应采用合适的材料进行填缝，以保证整个施工区域的平整度。

同时，对于空隙或凹陷处进行回填土方，确保土方的均匀分布。

4.二次压实回填土方后，需要进行二次压实操作。

使用压路机进行适当的压实，使土方达到设计要求的密实度。

压实方向通常与初压方向垂直，以增强整个施工区域的均匀性。

5.表面修整在土方压实后，进行整体的表面修整工作。

使用平地机、平板夯等设备对压实后的土方表面进行修整，以保证地表的平整度和光洁度。

总结：土方回填与压实施工技术流程是土木工程中重要的施工环节，对于补充土方与夯实地基具有关键作用。

⼟⽊⼯程施⼯——简答题第⼀章⼟⽅⼯程1、常见的⼟⽅⼯程有：(1)场地平整：包括场地清理，确定场地设计标⾼，计算挖填⼟⽅量，合理地进⾏⼟⽅调配等。

(2)开挖沟槽、基坑、竖井、隧道、修筑路基、堤坝：其中包括测量放线，施⼯排⽔降⽔，⼟壁边坡和⽀护结构等。

(3)⼟⽅回填与压实：包括⼟料选择、运输、填⼟压实的⽅法及密实度检验等2 H0的确定原则：①应满⾜⽣产⼯艺和运输的要求；②充分利⽤地形，分区或分台阶布置，分别确定不同的设计标⾼；③使挖填平衡，弃⼟运输或取⼟回填的⼟⽅量最少；④要有⼀定泄⽔坡度(≥2‰)，使能满⾜排⽔要求；⑤要考虑最⾼洪⽔位的影响3、⼟璧塌⽅的原因（1）边坡过陡，使⼟体的稳定性不够，⽽引起塌⽅现象；（2）⾬⽔、地下⽔渗⼊基坑，使⼟体泡软、重量增⼤及抗剪能⼒降低，这是造成塌⽅的主要原因。

（3）基坑上边边缘附近⼤量堆⼟或停放机具、材料，或由于动荷载的作⽤，使⼟体中的剪应⼒超过⼟体的抗剪强度。

（4）⼟⽅开挖顺序，⽅法未遵守“从上⾄下，分层开挖；开槽⽀撑，先撑后挖”的原则。

4、防治塌⽅的措施：(1)放⾜边坡(2)设置⽀撑5、⼀般基坑的⽀撑⽅法⼀般基坑的⽀撑⽅法有：斜柱⽀撑、锚拉⽀撑、短柱横隔⽀撑和临时挡⼟墙⽀撑，施⼯时按适⽤条件进⾏选择。

6、施⼯排⽔分为明排⽔和⼈⼯降低地下⽔位两种（1）明排⽔是采⽤截、疏、抽的⽅法。

截：是截住⽔流；在现场周围设置临时或者永久性排⽔沟，防洪沟或挡⽔堤，以拦截⾬⽔流⼊施⼯区域。

疏：是疏⼲积⽔；在施⼯范围内设置纵横排⽔沟，疏通，排⼲场内地表积⽔。

抽：是在基坑开挖过程中，在坑底设置集⽔井，并沿坑底的周围开挖排⽔沟，使⽔流⼊集⽔井中，然后⽤⽔泵抽⾛。

（2）⼈⼯降低地下⽔位；是在基坑开挖前，先在基坑周围埋设⼀定数量的滤⽔管(井)，利⽤抽⽔设备从中抽⽔，使地下⽔位降落到坑底以下，直⾄基础⼯程施⼯完毕为⽌。

⼈⼯降低地下⽔位的⽅法有轻型井点、喷射井点、电渗井点、管井井点及深井泵井点等。

2022西南大学《土木工程概论》作业答案课件2022西南大学《土木工程概论》作业答案第一次作业[填空题]1、中国的北京故宫属于（）结构2、部分城市建筑物中已禁止使用的砖是（）砖3、砖砌体中使用的砂粒直径应小于（）mm4、卵石的粒径大于（）mm5、石灰石的主要成分是（）6、在我国有数千年应用历史的石灰土的组成是（）7、钢筋按抗拉强度可分为（）个等级8、工程中应用最广的水泥是（）9、我国浙江余姚河姆渡村文化遗址中的木桩结构距今约有（）年的历史10、地基处理的振冲法中用到的下列机械是（）11、可形成地下连续墙的地基处理方法（）12、钢筋混凝土基础属于（）基础13、深基础是指埋置深度大于（）米的基础14、板按受力形式可分（）15、通常所说的深梁指高跨比大于（）的梁16、一端铰支座另一端滚动支座的梁称为（）17、可用于增强结构抗震性能的梁是（）参考答案：1、木2、粘土3、2.54、55、碳酸钙6、石灰+粘土7、48、硅酸盐水泥9、7000 10、潜水电机11、深层搅拌法12、扩展13、514、单向板和双向板15、1/4 16、简支梁17、圈梁[判断题]1、土木工程的发展大致经历了古代、近代和现代三个阶段。

（参考答案：正确2、中国古长城属于砖石结构。

（）参考答案：正确）3、我国长江三峡的建设属于隧道工程项目。

（）参考答案：错误4、土木工程力学分析的基础是牛顿力学三大定律。

（参考答案：正确5、山砂与水泥的粘结作用强于河砂和海砂。

（）参考答案：正确6、只能在水中硬化的无机胶凝材料称为水硬性胶凝材料。

（参考答案：错误7、在水泥砂浆中掺入石灰石可提高其可塑性。

（）参考答案：正确8、混凝土具有强度高、耐久性好、价格低等特点。

（参考答案：错误9、砂浆和混凝土的主要区别在于砂浆不含粗骨料。

（参考答案：正确10、调整对象是区分法律部门的重要标准（）参考答案：正确））））[多选题]1.土木工程包括（）A：房屋建筑工程B：机械工程C：铁路工程D：通信工程参考答案：AC [单选题]2.古埃及金字塔属于（）A：砖石结构B：钢结构C：砌体结构D：钢筋混凝土结构参考答案：A [多选题]3.赵州桥为单孔圆弧弓形石拱桥，其拱肩上有4个小拱，作用是（）A：增强建设效果B：减轻自重C：承重D：排泄洪水参考答案：ABD[单选题]4.以下著作中不属于土木工程著作的是（）A：《考工记》B：《史记》C：《营造法式》D：《论建筑》参考答案：B[单选题]5.1825年，法国的纳维建立的土木工程结构设计方法是（）A：容许应力法B：极限应力法C：最大强度设计法D：基于概率的极限状态设计法参考答案：A[多选题]6.砖主要可用于以下那些结构中（）A：墙体B：柱C：梁D：基础参考答案：ABD[多选题]7.砂主要用于制备以下哪些材料（）A：砖B：混凝土C：砂浆D：瓦参考答案：BC[多选题]8.料石按表面平整度的分类中包含有（）A：毛料石B：粗料石C：细料石D：精料石参考答案：ABC[多选题]9.无机胶凝材料根据硬化条件分类包含（）A：气硬性B：液硬性C：水硬性D：空硬性参考答案：AC [单选题]10. 从水泥浆体形成水泥石所经历的过程是（）A：初凝、终凝B：凝结、硬化C：初凝、硬化D：初凝、凝结参考答案：B 第二次作业[填空题]1、可同时承受压力和弯矩的基本构件是（）2、混合结构又称（）3、在城市道路的设计年限规定中，次干道为（）年4、梁式桥的内力以( )为主5、拱式桥的内力以( )为主6、目前我国地下空间的开发深度为（）m7、建筑物内用水水源，一般取自( )8、石方开挖施工中最有效的方法是( )9、升板法施工的方法是利用（）作为导杆的，配备相应的提升设备10、常用的基坑降水方法是（）11、由填筑形成的路基称为（）12、混凝土入模后其中空洞和气泡约占总体积的（）13、建设民事法律是（）制定或认可的，体现人民意志的，由国家强制力保证实施的调整的调整平等主体。

2023土木工程力学形考作业4腾飞的2023土木工程力学形考作业4是广大学子关注的焦点。

本次作业囊括了大量的内容，涵盖了力学基础知识、结构力学、材料力学等多个领域，具有很高的难度和广度。

下面将从不同的角度深入解析这次形考作业，帮助大家更好地理解和掌握相关知识。

1. 力学基础知识我们来看第一部分的力学基础知识。

在这一部分中，涉及到了力的概念、力的合成与分解、力的作用点、力的分类等内容。

通过对这些知识点的理解，可以帮助我们更好地解决实际工程中的力学问题。

力学基础知识也是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，对于我们的学习和工作都具有重要意义。

2. 结构力学第二部分涉及到了结构力学的相关内容。

在这一部分中，我们需要了解结构受力分析、内力与剪力、弯矩与弯曲等知识。

这些知识点对于土木工程专业的学生来说至关重要，它们是我们设计和分析各种结构的基础，也是我们进行结构施工和监理的基础。

3. 材料力学最后一部分是材料力学。

这部分内容包括了材料的力学性能、材料的弹性与塑性、材料的疲劳与断裂等。

通过对材料力学知识的掌握，我们可以更好地选择合适的材料用于工程结构，保证结构的安全可靠性。

总结而言，本次形考作业涵盖了力学基础知识、结构力学和材料力学三个方面，具有很高的难度和广度。

通过深入学习这些知识点，可以帮助我们更好地理解和掌握土木工程力学的相关知识，为日后的学习和工作打下坚实的基础。

而对于我个人的观点和理解来说，我认为2023土木工程力学形考作业4对我们的学习和成长都具有非常重要的意义。

通过深入学习和掌握相关知识，我们可以更好地应对未来的挑战，为建设美好的家园贡献自己的力量。

希望大家都能够认真对待这次形考作业，取得优异的成绩！以上是我对2023土木工程力学形考作业4的个人见解和理解。

希望能对大家有所帮助。

加油！2023年土木工程力学形考作业4是一项广泛而且具有挑战性的考试，对于学生们来说是一个重要的学习机会。

在这次形考作业中，我们需要对力学基础知识、结构力学和材料力学进行深入的学习和掌握，这将为我们今后的学习和实践奠定坚实的基础。

《土木工程CAD》第一次形考_0001一、单项选择题（共10 道试题，共40 分。

共10题，每题4分。

）1. 关于扫描仪的说法，以下（）是错误的。

A. 扫描仪是将各种图像或文字输入计算机的重要工具。

B. 扫描仪按扫描对象分类，可分为反射式、透射式和综合式。

C. 扫描仪的主要性能指标有：分辨率、灰度级、色彩分辨率。

D. 扫描仪的用途主要有：图像处理、文档存储、打印输出等。

2. 关于绘图仪的说法，以下（）是错误的。

A. 绘图仪有笔式、喷墨式和激光式三种。

B. 绘图仪属于常用的图形输出设备。

C. 绘图仪可以输出文字和直线，但不能输出曲线和平面图等。

D. 绘图仪的主要性能指标是绘图速度和精度。

3. 通常，CAD涉以下一些基础技术，但不包括（）。

A. 图形处理技术B. 工程分析技术C. 硬件设计及维修技术等D. 数据管理与交换技术4. 以下设备中，（）不属于图形输出设备。

A. 显示器B. 扫描仪C. 打印机D. 绘图仪5. 以下设备中，（）不属于图形输入设备。

A. 键盘B. 鼠标C. 音箱D. 扫描仪6. 以下软件中，属于土木工程专用软件的是（）。

A. AutoCADB. ANSYSC. 3DMAXD. PKPM7. 关于CAD技术发展的第一阶段(CAD的酝酿与准备阶段)，以下叙述不正确的是（）。

A. 第一阶段的时间是1938年-1970年。

B. 1950年，第一台图形显示器诞生了。

C. 1958年，美国Calcomp公司将联机的数字记录仪发展成滚筒式绘图仪。

D. 20世纪50年代末，第一次使用了具有控制功能的CRT显示器和光笔。

8. CAD技术的发展大致可分为（）个阶段？A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 39. 关于CAD技术发展的第四阶段(CAD技术的普及和提高阶段)，以下叙述不正确的是（）。

A. 微机的性能的提高和普及带来了微机CAD系统在社会上的普及。

B. CAD技术仍无法满足达到多种等级的效果：线框、消隐、渲染、圆光、贴面等。

事业单位考试土木工程施工知识点简答题。

1、什么是浅基础?通常把位于天然地基上、埋置深度小于5 m 的一般基础（柱基或墙基）以及埋置深度虽超过5 m，但小于基础宽度的大尺寸基础（如箱形基础)，统称为天然地基上的浅基础。

2、地基处理的对象与目的是什么？（1）地基处理的对象是软弱地基和特殊土地基.（2)地基处理的目的是采用各种地基处理方法以改善地基条件。

3、地基处理方法有哪些？地基处理方法：换填法、预压法、强夯法、振冲法、土或灰土挤密桩法、砂石桩法、深层搅拌法、高压喷射注浆法4、高速公路的特点是什么？（1）行车速度快、通行能力大（2)物资周转快、经济效益高(3）交通事故少、安全舒适5、铁路定线一般要考虑哪些因素?（1）设计线路的意义和与行政区其它建设的配合关系；（2）设计线路的经济效益和运量要求；（3）设计线路所处的自然条件；（4) 设计线路主要技术标准和施工条件等。

6、桥梁总体规划的基本内容包括哪些？桥梁总体规划的基本内容包括：桥位选定，桥梁总跨径及分孔方案的确定，选定桥型,决定桥梁的纵、横断面布置等。

7、桥梁总体规划的原则是什么?根据其使用任务、性质和未来发展的需要，全面贯彻安全、经济、适用和美观的方针。

一般需考虑各项要求为：①使用上的要求；②经济上的要求；③结构上的要求;④美观上的要求。

8、桥梁工程设计要点是什么？（1)选择桥位；（2）确定桥梁总跨径与分孔数;(3)桥梁的纵横断面布置；（4）公路桥型的选择。

9、港口布置有哪些类型?港口布置三种基本类型：(1）自然地形的布置，也称为天然港；（2）挖入内陆的布置;（3）填筑式布置10、项目管理中的:“三控制、二管理、一协调”，值得是什么?即进度控制、质量控制、费用控制,合同管理、信息管理和组织协调.11、水利工程具有哪些特点？水利工程建筑物受水的作用,工作条件复杂；施工难度大；各地的水文、气象、地形、地质等自然条件有差异，水文、气象状况存在偶然性，因此大型水利工程的设计,总是各有特点,难以统一；大型水利工程投资大、工期长，对社会、经济和环境有很大影响，既可有显著效益，但若严重失误或失事，又会造成巨大的损失和灾害。

第一章土方工程.二、名词解释1、流砂现象：基坑挖土至地下水位如下，土质为细砂土或粉砂土旳状况下，采用水坑减少地下水时，坑下旳土有时会形成流动状态，伴随地下水流入基坑，这种现象称为流砂现象。

2、土旳最优含水量：回填土含水量过大或过小都难以压实，在压实机械和压实遍数相似旳条件下，使填土压实到达最大密实度时旳土旳含水量，称为土旳最优含水量。

3、土旳可松性：自然状态旳土，经开挖体积松散增大，经回填压实仍不能恢复本来体积旳性质，称为土旳可松性。

四、问答题1．土旳可松性系数在土方工程中有哪些详细应用？答：土方调配，计算土方机械生产率及运送工具数量等。

2 轻型井点系统有哪几部分组？答：轻型井点设备由管路系统和抽水设备组。

3 试述流砂产生旳机理及防治途径；答：土粒受到向上动水压力旳作用。

假如压力等于或不小于土旳浮重度，土旳抗剪强度等于零，土粒能伴随渗流旳水一起流动。

防治流砂旳措施重要有：水下挖土法、冻结法、枯水期施工、抢挖法、加设支护构造及井点降水。

4 试述含水量对填土压实旳影响；答：较干燥旳土，土颗粒之间旳摩阻力较大不易压实，当土具有合适含水量时，轻易压实。

.当含水量过大，使土体不能完全压实，还会形“橡皮土”，压实无法正常进行。

5．井点降水旳作用有何长处？答：可以防止地下水涌入坑内，防止边坡塌方，防止了坑底旳管涌，使板桩减少了横向荷载，防止了流砂现象。

6 何为回灌井点？答：指在井点设置线外，插入注水管注水，防止土体过量脱水。

第二章基础工程二、名词解释1.最终贯入度：最终贯入度是指锤击沉桩施工中，最终10击内桩旳平均入土深度。

2.重锤低击：重锤低击：指选用较重旳锤，以较低旳落距锤击沉桩。

3.复打法：即在同一桩孔内进行两次单打。

目旳是为了提高桩旳质量或使桩径增大，提高桩旳承载能力。

4.砼充盈系数：指灌注桩施工时，砼旳实际浇筑量与理论计算浇筑量旳比值。

第三章砌体工程二、名词解释1 皮数干：皮数杆是用来保证墙体每皮砖水平，控制墙体竖向尺寸和各部件标高旳木质标志杆。

第1篇一、前言为了提高土木工程专业学生的实践能力，增强学生对专业知识的理解和应用，我校土木工程专业组织了一次为期两周的实践教学活动。

本次实践活动旨在让学生深入了解土木工程的实际工作流程，掌握相关施工技术，培养团队协作能力和创新精神。

以下是本次实践教学的详细报告。

二、实践背景随着我国经济的快速发展，土木工程行业面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。

为了满足社会对高素质土木工程技术人才的需求，我校土木工程专业积极开展实践教学，提高学生的实际操作能力。

本次实践教学活动以“提高学生实践能力，培养创新精神”为目标，旨在让学生在实践中掌握土木工程的基本知识和技能。

三、实践内容1. 实践地点：某建筑工程施工现场2. 实践时间：两周3. 实践内容：（1）施工现场参观首先，学生们参观了施工现场，了解了施工现场的基本情况，包括施工现场的组织结构、施工流程、安全措施等。

通过参观，学生们对施工现场有了初步的认识。

（2）施工现场实习在施工现场实习期间，学生们分为多个小组，分别负责以下工作：1）土方工程：学生们学习了土方工程的施工技术，包括土方开挖、运输、填筑等。

在实习过程中，学生们掌握了土方工程的施工规范，提高了自己的实际操作能力。

2）钢筋工程：学生们学习了钢筋工程的施工技术，包括钢筋加工、绑扎、焊接等。

在实习过程中，学生们了解了钢筋工程的施工规范，提高了自己的实际操作能力。

3）混凝土工程：学生们学习了混凝土工程的施工技术，包括混凝土浇筑、养护等。

在实习过程中，学生们掌握了混凝土工程的施工规范，提高了自己的实际操作能力。

4）装饰装修工程：学生们学习了装饰装修工程的施工技术，包括墙面、地面、门窗等装饰装修。

在实习过程中，学生们了解了装饰装修工程的施工规范，提高了自己的实际操作能力。

（3）团队协作与沟通在实习过程中，学生们学会了如何与团队成员进行沟通与协作，提高了自己的团队协作能力。

同时，学生们还学会了如何与施工现场的施工人员进行沟通，确保施工进度和质量。

土方规划1、试述土的可松性及其对土方规划的影响。

自然状态下的土，经过开挖后，其体积因松散而增加，以后虽经回填压实，仍不能恢复其原来的体积。

土的这种性质叫做土的可松性。

影响：土的可松性对土方量的平衡调配，确定运土机具的数量及弃土坑的容积，以及计算填方所需的挖方体积等均有很大的影响。

2、试述土壁边坡的作用、表示方法、留设原则及影响边坡的因素。

作用：合理地选择基坑、沟槽、路基、堤坝的断面和留设边坡，是减少土方量的有效措施。

边坡的表示方法为：1:m 其意义为：当边坡高度已知为h 时，其边坡宽度则等于mh。

留设原则：边坡坡度应根据不同的挖填高度、土的工程性质及工程特点而定，既要保证土体稳定和施工安全，又要节省土方。

影响边坡的因素：边坡坡度应根据挖填高度、土的工程性质及工程特点而定，既要保证土体稳定和施工安全，又要节省土方。

3、确定场地设计标高H0时应考虑哪些因素？(1)满足生产工艺和运输的要求；(2)充分利用地形，分区或分台阶布置，分别确定不同的设计标高；(3)考虑挖填平衡，弃土运输或取土回填的土方量最少；(4)要有合理的泄水坡度，满足排水要求；(5)考虑最高洪水位的影响。

4、试述按挖填平衡原则确定H0的步骤和方法。

步骤和方法：(1)划分方格网（边长可取10-50m，常用20,40）(2)确定各方格网角点高程（水准仪实测，插入法求得）(3)按挖填平衡确定设计标高（利用公式法求得H0）5、为什么对场地设计标高H0要进行调整？如何调整？因为求出的是理论值，实际中土的可松性、场内挖方和填方、场地泄水坡度都会影响土方量。

调整方法：考虑上述因素利用公式求出。

6、如何计算沟槽和基坑的土方量？(1)求出方格角点的施工高度(2)确定零线位置(3)平均高度法求出7、土方调配应遵循哪些原则，调配区如何划分，如何确定平均运距？原则：力求挖填平衡、运距最短、费用最省，考虑土方的利用，以减少土方的重复挖填和运输。

调配区如何划分：利用图示法找出零线，即划分了调配区。