0-Spectrum and Energy Efficient Cooperative Base Station Doze

一、填空题：1. 文献按其加工深度不同可以划分为一次文献、二次文献和三次文献。

2. 信息素质的内涵包括信息需求、信息意识、信息知识、信息道德和信息能力。

3. 构成文献的三要素是内核、物质载体和符号系统。

4. CNKI的中文全称是中国知识基础设施工程。

5. 标准文献的主体是技术标准。

6. 期刊论文的文献出处包括期刊名称、年卷期和起止页码。

7. 在计算机信息检索中，用于组配检索词和限定检索范围的布尔逻辑运算符包括and 、or和not三种。

8. 文件ABC.001.TXT的后缀名是TXT，文件类型是文本文档。

9. 多数网页采用HTML编写，这里的HTML指的是超文本标识语言。

10. 在使用搜索引擎检索时，URL:ustc可以查到网址中带有ustc的网页。

11. 根据索引编制方式的不同，可以将搜索引擎分为索引型搜索引擎和网络目录型搜索引擎。

12. 按文献的相关度来划分，可以把文献分为核心文献、相关文献、边缘文献。

13. 检索工具具有两个方面的职能：存储职能、检索职能。

14. 利用原始文献所附的参考文献，追踪查找参考文献的原文的检索方法称为追溯法，又称为引文法。

15. 已知一篇参考文献的著录为"Levitan, K. B. Information resource management. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986"，该作者的姓是Levitan。

16. 检索语言可分为两大类：分类语言、主题词语言。

17. 在大多数情况下，检索的目的是为了找到相关文献，而不是"答案"。

18. 二八定律在期刊文献检索中的体现是：20％的期刊登载了80％的重要文献，体现这种特性的期刊是核心期刊。

19. 当计算机访问范围受到限制时，可以通过代理服务器访问外部网络。

20. PDF、VIP文件对应的打开程序分别为Adobe Reader，VipBrowser 。

新蓝光LED目标80％外部量子效率由日本松下电工（Matsushita Electric Works Ltd）与美国加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校（USCB）共同研究的计划，已开发出具有43.6％外部量子效率的发光二极管（LED）。

外部量子效率是LED亮度的指标，而其数值大约是现有设计的两倍（图1）。

研究结果是在2008年1月于加州圣荷西举行国际光学技术展览研讨会Photonics West 2008中发表。

除了亮度以外，其芯片有特别122˚宽广的光学发射角，使它适合用在照明应用。

研究员相信效率可以更为改善，而根据一位松下电工的来源透露他们的目标是80％，超过现有商业化LED 的1.5倍。

无蓝宝石基板这新LED的结构很明显的与现有普遍的设计不同，研究团队称该结构为「mega-cone」，为一个六方锥的氧化锌（ZnO），大约0.5mm高，镶嵌在GaN半导体放射层的顶端（图2）。

其放射层的后端是连接到SiO2的介电层，铝反射膜及Si芯片通过电极上。

基本上大部分的GaN LED 是平面的组件，以p-与n-型的GaN晶体堆栈在蓝宝石基板上。

根据松下电工先进技术联合实验室LED装置nBT小组发表者Akihiko Murai表示，「这独特结构的采用是以提高其光发射效率，而不是用来改善发射层内的内部量子效率」。

外部量子效率是内部量子效率的产物（在发射层内产生的光）及光从芯片所输出的效率。

研究者藉由增加后者制造更亮的LED。

有两个关键的方法来利用，首先是在发射点使用ZnO，原因是因为它2.1的高折射率。

折射率愈高，光从GaN发射层将整个反射在ZnO界面上就愈不可能。

第二点是将ZnO形成一个六方锥。

当光从芯片输出时，其锥体的形状能有效地扩大发射角。

此种形状使用ZnO晶体的技术，是在2006年由相同的团队所提出，但他们同时也使用了蓝宝石基板，而外部量子效率最大值只达到23.7％，低于预期。

Murai解释说，「我们相信其低的效率是由于蓝宝石基板的热传导系数很低、及其它的因素」。

一、单项选择1、纸质信息源的载体是（纸张）2、逻辑“与”算符是用来组配( 不同检索概念，用于缩小检索范围 )。

3、关于搜索引擎的查询规则，正确的是：（ D ）A.引号（“”）的作用是括在其中的多个词被当作一个固定短语来检索。

B.标题检索是在网页标题中查找输入的检索词，其命令一般用“title”，其格式为title：检索式。

C.站点检索是在网站地址域名中检索输入的词，其命令一般用“host”，其格式为host：检索式。

D.以上都正确。

4、以作者本人取得的成果为依据而创作的论文、报告等，并经公开发表或出版的各种文献，称为( 一次文献. )5、中国国家标准的代码是（ GB ）6、根据国家相关标准，文献的定义是指“记录有关（知识）的一切载体。

”7、利用文献后面所附的参考文献进行检索的方法称为（追溯法）。

8、如果检索结果过少，查全率很低，需要调整检索范围，此时调整检索策略的方法有（用逻辑“或”或截词增加同族概念）等9、数据检索以特定的数值为检索对象,它包括（数据、图表、公式）10、《中国学术期刊全文数据库》的词频控制应在（文摘、全文等字段检索所得的文献量过大）场合下使用11、如果打算了解最新即时的专业学术动态，一般可参考（专业学会网站）12、（雅虎 )属于目录引擎。

13、搜索含有“data bank”的PDF文件，正确的检索式为：（ "data bank" filetype:pdf )14、就课题“查找‘钱伟长论教育’一文他人引用情况而言”，选择（中国知网中的中国引文数据库），可以得到相关的结果。

15、要从事物名称角度全面地查找互联网上的信息，可使用（主题）搜索引擎。

16、（主题检索途径）是指通过文献信息资料的主题内容进行检索的途径。

17、《中国期刊网CNKI》是（全文数据库）数据库。

18、要查找李平老师所发表的文章，首选途径为（著者途径）19、关于搜索引擎的一般查询规则，不恰当的是：（截词符通常用星号（*）表示，一般只用在词的前面。

光电英语词汇(C3)conjugate points 共轭点conjugate rays 共轭光线conjugate variables 共轭变量conjugate wave 共轭波conjugation 共轭conjunctiva 眼球结膜connecting hose 连接管connection (connexion)(1)连接(二)接头(三)接合面connection in series 串联connections of resistor 电阻的接法connector (1)连接器(二)插头(三)接线柱connector insertion loss 连接器插入损耗connector loss 联接器损失connector-induced optical conductor loss 连接器引起的光导体损耗conner cube interferometer 隅角立方镜干涉仪connuous-wave dye laser (1)连续波(2)等幅波conocave plane 凹平面conoscope (1)锥光镜(二)锥光偏振仪(三)偏光显微镜conoscopic microscopic observation 锥光偏振显微镜观察法conoscpic illumination 锥光偏振照明conservation 守恒consistency (1)一致性(二)稠性(三)稠度consitituent 组分console (1)托架(二)仪表板，控制台consonance (1)谐和(二)共鸣constan deviatin spectroscope 恒偏分光镜constand aberration 恒定像差constand angle transmission interferecnce spectroscopy 恒定角透射干涉光谱学constand current 恒电流constand velocity 等速度constand voltage 恒电压constandt angle reflectin interference spectroscoy 恒定角反射干涉光谱学constant (1)常数，恒量(二)恒定，不变constant amplitude recording 定幅记录constant angle fringes 定角条纹constant deiation spectrograph 恒偏摄谱仪constant deviation 恒偏向constant deviation fringes 恒偏向条纹constant deviation prism 恒偏棱镜constant linear velocity (cvl)线性恒速constant pressure 恒压constant speed scanning 等速扫描constant temperature 恒温constant temperature bath 恒温槽constant variant enhancement 恒变增加constantan 康铜(铜镍合金)constitutional diagram 组合图constraint 约束，制约constriction (1)颈缩(二)集聚constrigence 倒色散率constringence 倒色散系数construction of image 作图求像法constructive interference 相长干涉constructive reflection 相长反射consumption 消耗量，消耗率cont-down (1)递减计数(2)漏失计数contact (1)接触(二)触点contact angle 接触角contact blocking 光胶contact fluid 接触液contact fluorography 接触式萤光摄影机contact for flash unit 闪光灯触点contact for flash-auto control 闪光灯自控触点contact interferometer 接触干涉仪contact lens 接触透镜contact lens inserter/remover 隐形眼镜置入器/移除器contact microradiography 接触式辐射显微术contact presistance 接触电阻contact printing 接触印片contact segment 接触部分contactless pickup 无镜点传感器contactless switch 无接点开关contactor 接触器，开关contaminant 沾染物质contamination 沾染contemporary optics 现代光学content indicator 信息量显示器contention 争夺，争用conter-rotating wave 反向旋转波conterclockwise 时针方向的continental haze layer 大陆薄雾层continouous ttuning 连续扫描摄影机continous curve 连续曲线continuity 连续性continuity equation 连续性方程continuous access high speed camera 连续进入高速摄影机continuous chromatography 连续色谱法continuous emssion spectrum 连续发射光谱continuous film movement camera 连续输片摄影机continuous image 连续像continuous krypton lamp 连续？灯continuous laser 连续激光器continuous lens 连续透镜continuous medium 连续媒质continuous monitoring technique 连续监控技术continuous motion camera 连续输片摄影机continuous operation 连触转continuous spectrum 连续光谱continuous strip camera 等待型摄影机continuous variable optical attenuator 连续可变光衰减器continuous wave 续连调谱continuous-flow chromatography 进续流动色谱法continuous-wave (cw)laser 连续波雷射continuously scanning 连续扫描continuously variable maginification 连续可变放大continuously [-operating] laser 连续激光器continuum 连续谐波带continuum of states (1)连续区(2)连续光谱contionous line 连续谱线contour 连续态contour analysis 轮廓分析contour line 等高线地图contour map 轮廊投影仪contour projection charts 轮廓投影图contour projector (1)收缩量(2)收缩contourgraph (1)轮郭(2)等高级contouring 轮廓contourography 透视图法contraction 非共点变换contracureent transformation 反偏振contrapolarization (1)衬比(2)衬比度contras of phtographic plate 照相干板度contrast 对比？减系数contrast attenation factor 对比带contrast band 反衬色，对比色contrast color 衬度增强contrast control 对比控制contrast enhancement 增衬器contrast filter 对比滤器contrast improvement 反差光补contrast of fringes 条纹比contrast of luminance 发光率对比contrast rendition 对比度再现contrast reversal 反差反转contrast sensitivity 反差灵敏度contrast transfer function 对比转移函数contrast transfer function (ctf)摄像管contraster 反差如强contrat light compensating contrast micromether 反差测微计contravariant component of vector 矢量逆变分量control (1)控制(2)控制器control azimuth 控制方位control ball 控制球control board 控制板，控制台，操纵台control bus 控制汇流排control buttion 控制按钮control center (1)控制中心(2)调度中心control circuit 控制电路control disk 控制盘control element 控制元件control equipment 制设备control grid 控制栅control knob 控制钮control panel 控制板，控制盘control spring 控制弹簧control system 控制系统，制导系统control target 控制目标control unit 控制单元，控制组件control-grid aperture 控制栅孔经control-rod calibration 控制杆校准controllability 可性controllable 可控的controllable diffraction grating 可控卫射光栅controllable liquid-crystal display device 可液晶显示装置controlled doping 受控掺染controlled impurity introduction 受控掺染controller 控制器，调节器conus 圆锥，锥体conuter-rotaing wedges 反向旋转光楔convection 对流convective refraction 对流折射conventional image 寻常像converge in probability 概率收敛convergence 聚焦，会聚，辐合，收敛convergence (=convergency)(1)收敛(2)会聚(3)会聚度convergence angle 会聚角convergence mirror 聚光镜convergence of rays 光线会聚convergence ration 会聚比convergency (1)收敛(2)会聚(3)会聚度convergent (1)收敛的(2)会聚的convergent gas lens foucs 气体会聚透刽聚焦convergent irror 聚光镜convergent lens 会聚透镜convergent pencial of rays 会紧光束convergent transformation 会聚变换convergent wave 会聚波convergent-beam irradiation 会聚束辐照convergin lens 会聚透镜converging lens 会聚透镜converging light 会聚光converging meniscus 会聚凹凸透镜conversion (1)转换(2)换算conversion angle 转换角conversion conefficient 变换系数conversion efficiency 转换效率conversion efficincy 转换效率conversion factor 转换因数conversion objective 可换物镜conversion table 换算表converter (1)转换器(2)换能器(3)变流器(4)变频器converter logic 变换逻辑convertible 可换的，可变的convertible lens 可换透镜convertible objective 可换物镜convertible protar lens 可换普塔镜头convex 凸，凸面的convex lens 凸透镜convex mirror 凸镜convex-concave 凸凹形convex-concave lens 凸凹透镜convex-plane cylindrical lens 平凸柱形透镜convexity 凸度，凸性convexo-convex 双凸的conveyer 送置，conveyer belt 传送带convolution 卷积convolution code 卷积码convolution technique 卷积技术convolution theorem 卷积定理convolutiona integral 卷积积分convolutional coding 卷积编码convulsion 震动cooke eyepice 柯克目镜cooke objective 柯克接物透镜cooke triplet astigmat 柯克三相散光cooke triplet lens 柯克三合透镜cooke triplet objective 柯克三合物镜cool light 冷光coolant 冷却液，冷却剂coolant clarifier 冷却液过滤器coolants 冷媒cooled detecotr 致冷控测器cooled filter 冷却滤光片cooled infrared detectors 冷红外线探测器cooling 冷却cooling systems for lasers 雷射用冷却设备coolour solid 色体cooper pairs 古柏（电子）偶cooperative fluctuation 合作起伏cooperative target (1)合作靶(2)合作目coordinate (1)坐标(2)对等的coordinate axis 坐标轴coordinate data 坐标数据coordinate graphics 坐标图形学coordinate measuring machine 坐标测量机coordinate measuring microscope 坐标量度显微镜coordinate position 坐标位置coordinate transformation processing 坐标变换处理coordination 协调，配位coordinatography 坐标绘图仪coordinatometer 坐标测量仪coordinator 坐标方位仪copal suqare shutter 高堡式方型快门copal-leitz shutter (cls)高堡-莱兹快门coper-chloride laser 氯化铜激光器cophasing 同相位copier 复印机，复印器coplanar 共面的coplanar contact 共面接触coplanar grating 共而生coplanarity 共面生coplaner 共面的coplex line 复线copolymerization 共聚合（作用）copper (cu)铜copper cable 铜线copper foil 铜箔copper halide laser 卤化铜激光器copper halide laser system 卤化铜激光统copper oxide photocell 氧化铜光电管copper vapor-pumped duy laser 铜蒸汽抽运染料激光器copper-vapor laser 铜蒸汽激光器coppered carbon 镀铜碳copy (1)(电影) 拷贝(2)复制品copy hologram 复制全息图copy machine lenses 影印机镜头copyboard 拷贝台copying camera 复印照相机copying objective 复制物镜copy[ing] camera (1)复制照相机(2)光电复印机cor-excited 核心激发corbon monoxide laser 一氧化碳雷射cord (1)软线(2)粗条纹core (1)心，核心(2)芯core center 纤蕊中心core diameter 根径core diameter deviation 纤蕊直径偏差core storage 磁心存储器coreected cure 校正曲线coring 成核cork 软木塞cork pad 软木垫片cornea 角膜corneal electrode 角膜电极corneal radius measuring device 角膜半径测量装置corner 角膜corner cube prism 隅角棱刽，三面直角棱镜corner cube reflector 隅角立方反射器corner cuble mirror 隅角立罢反射器corner focus 角聚焦corner mirror 隅角反射镜corner prism 隅角棱镜corner reflectors array 隅角反射器阵列corner resolution 隅角分辨率corner-cube reflector 角反射器corner-cube reflectors (prisms)顶角反射棱镜cornering 僻处corning 粒化，成粒状corning glass 考宁玻离，硼圭酸盐玻离cornu mounting 考钮装置cornu prism 考钮棱镜cornu's sprial 考纽螺线cornu-double prism 柯努双棱镜cornu-jellet prism 考纽-耶鲁棱镜corona (1)电量(2)日冕(3)光圈，光环corona discharge 电晕放电corona discharge laser 电量放电管激光器coronagraph 日冕仪coronagraphic technique 日冕仪技术coronagraphy 日冕仪coronal (1)日冕的(2)光圈的，光环的coronal holes 日晚孔coronene 六苯并苯coross (1)十字形(2)交叉(3)横的corpuscle 微粒corpuscular 微粒的corpuscular emission 微粒发射corpuscular nature of light 光的微粒性corpuscular theory 微粒理论corpuscular type 粒子型correct exposure 正确曝光corrected diffraction efficiency 校正衍射效率corrected gear 校正齿轮corrected lens 适当透镜corrected value 校正值，修正值correcting collar 校正环correcting device 校正装置correcting lens 校正透镜correcting mount (1)校正环(2)校正架(3)校正座correcting plate 校正板correction (1)校正，修校(2)校正值correction curve 校正曲线correction factor 校正因数correction filter 校正滤色片correction plate 校正板correction wedge 校正光楔correction window 校正窗correction windows 修正窗correctness 正确性corrector (1)校正电路(2)校正器corrector plate 校正器板correlated color temperature 相关色温correlated colour temperature 相关色温度correlation (1)相关(2)相关性correlation analysis 相关分析correlation dectection 相关检波correlation function 相关函数correlation matrix 相关阵correlation method 相关法correlation quantity 相关量correlation spectrum 相关光谱correlatograph 相关图correlator 相关器correspondence principle 对应原理correspondence theory 对应论corrosion 腐蚀corrosion resistance of glass 玻璃抗蚀能力corrsion-resistan matterial 抗腐蚀材料corrugated metal 波状金属corrugated mirror 波纹镜corrugated pipe 波纹管corrugated wavegudie 波纹波导corrugation 波纹corundum 刚玉corundum lattice 刚玉点阵cos-type layer 余弦层cosecant (csc)余割cosine (cos)余弦cosine collector 余弦集电器cosine condition 余弦条件cosine emission law 余弦发射定律cosine law 余弦定律cosine law of illumination 照度余弦法则cosinusoidal intensity distribution 余弦强度分布cosmetic defect 外观缺陷cosmetic defects 化粧瑕疵cosmic 宇宙的cosmic dust 宇宙尘cosmic expansion 宇宙扩张cosmic laser 宇宙激光器cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic ray 宇宙射线cosmic ray telescope 宇宙线望远镜cosmic x-ary spectroscopy 宇宙x射线分光镜cosmos 宇宙cospeparation 同时分离cotangent (cot)余切cotter 销cotter pin 开尾销cotton effect 科顿效应cotton-mouton constant 柯顿穆顿常数cotton-mouton effet 科顿-穆顿效应coude 柯得coude focus (1)科得焦距(2)科得焦点(3)科得聚焦coude focusing 折轴调焦coude mounting 折轴装置coude reflector 折轴反射望远镜coude refractor 折轴折射望远镜coude spectrography 科得摄谱仪coude system 科得系统coude telescope 科得望远镜cough vacuum 低真空couled fm oscillation 耦合调频振荡coulomb 库仓coulomb damping 库仑阻尼（衰减）coulomb scatter angle 库仑散射角coulomb scattering 库仓散射coulomb's law 库仑定律coulomb's law (magnetism)磁库仑定律coulometer 库仑计coumarin dye laser 香豆素染科激光器count (1)计数(2)计算counter (1)计睥器(2)计算员counter ballast 计数管counter hand 计数器指针counter measure 对抗措施，防范措施counter modulation 反调制，解调counter spectromenter (1)计数器能谱计(2)计算器光谱计counter telescope 计数器望远刽counter tube 计数管counter window 计数窗counter withstand voltage 逆向耐压counter-doping 反向掺染counter-whell printer 计数轮打印机counteraction 反作用counterbalance 抗衡counterpoise 平衡器，均衡counterpropagating laser pulse 反向传输激光脉衡countersink (1)埋头孔(2)置小窝孔counterstreaming plasma 逆流等子体counterweight 砝码counterweighted pad 配重平衡垫counting chamber 计数室couple (1)偶(2)耦合(3)联托couple axle 联动轴，临结轴couple of force 方偶coupled amplitude 耦合振富coupled camera 耦合照相机，耦合摄影机coupled cavity technique 耦合腔技术coupled exposure meter 耦合曝光表coupled matrix 耦合矩阵coupled mode 耦合模coupled modes 藕合模coupled oscillator 耦合振荡器coupled pendulum 耦合摆coupled range finder 耦合测距仪coupled rangefinder 藕合测距器coupled substitution 耦合置换coupled transition 耦合跃迁coupled wave theory 耦合波理论couplem amplitude approximation 耦合振富近似coupler 耦合器coupling (1)耦合(2)联轴节coupling amplifier 耦合放大器coupling aperture 藕合孔coupling condenser 交连原容器coupling efficiency 耦合效率coupling factor 耦合系数，耦合因数coupling layer 耦合层coupling loss 耦合损失coupling mirror 耦合镜coupling paameter 耦合参量coupling spectrum 耦合光谱coupling-ou 耦合输出course setting compass 航海罗盘covalent 共价covalent bond 共价键covalent bonding 共价键covalent crystal 共价晶体covalent groove 共价晶体covalent liquide 共价液体covariance 协方差covariant component 共变分量cover 覆盖物，罩，套cover glass (1)防护玻离罩(2)盖玻片cover plate 盖板cover-glass gauge 盖玻片测厚计cover-glass thickness 盖玻片厚度coverage (1)作用范圈，有效距离(2)视野covered wire 被覆线，包线covering power 拍摄本领cowling 罩，整流罩crack 裂纹，裂逢cracking 断裂cradle 支架craft 工艺cramer-rao inequality 克拉姆-雷奥不均匀性cramp (1)夹(2)夹住，固定crank (1)曲柄(2)手柄crank web 曲柄板cranked eyepiece 转像目镜crankshaft 曲轴crater (1)焰口(2)焊口crater lamp 点源录影灯cratering effect 焰效效应cratoer lamp 黑源录影灯creep 蠕变creep curve 蠕变曲线creepage 漏电creosote 染酚油crepuscular rays 曙莫辉光crescent (1)月牙(2)新月形的crest (1)波峰(2)层值，最大值(3)齿顶crest factor 波峰因数cretes prism 克里特棱镜crew-in filter 旋入滤光片cribbing 式支架crimson 深红色crisscross eyepiec 井字线目镜criterion (复数：criteria)判据准则criterion for image evaluation 像质评价标准critical 临界的critical absorption wavelength 临界吸收波长critical adjustment 临界调整critical angle 临界角critical angle of incidence 临界入射角critical angle refractomenter 临界角折射计critical aperture 临界孔径critical assembly 临界装置critical attenuation 临界？减critical coupling 临界藕合critical curve 临界曲线critical damper 临界阻尼器critical damping 临界阻尼critical dependence 临界依赖关系critical electric field 临界电场critical flicker frequency 临界闪变频率critical frequency 临界频率，截止频率critical fusion frequency 临界熔解频率critical illumination 中肯照度critical inversion desity 临界反转密度critical opalescence 临界乳光critical point (1)临界点(2)中肯点critical scattering 临界散射critical temperature 临界温度critical value 临界值criticality 界性，临界状况crm customer relationship management 顾客关系管理crogenic box 低温箱cron 克龙crookes radiometer 克鲁克斯辐射计cross correlation 互相关系cross direction 横向cross dispersion 交叉色散、交叉修正器cross guide line 横导线cross line 十字线分测板cross modulation 交扰调制cross nicols 正交尼科耳cross polarization 正交偏振cross prism 正交棱镜cross product 叉积，矢量积cross profile 横断面cross rail (1)横轨(2)横梁(3)横导轨cross relaxation 交叉马豫cross section 横截面cross table 十字工作台，横移动工作台cross talk resistance 抗串扰性cross wire 叉丝，十字线cross wires 叉线，十字线cross-checking 相互检验，交叉cross-coherence 互相千，交叉相千cross-correlation function 互相关函数，交叉相关函数cross-correlation method 互相关法cross-correlation theorem 互相关定理cross-coupling optical beam 交叉耦合光束cross-grating 交叉光栅cross-hair ring 十字丝环cross-hair [lines] 十字丝，交叉丝cross-like 十字形的cross-line graticule 十字线，交叉线cross-line screen 十字线屏cross-polarized target 正交偏振目标cross-pumped laser 交叉押运激光器cross-section 横截面，剖面cross-section view 横断面图cross-ship 交叉滑移cross-spectral purity 交叉光谱纯度crossbar 横杆crossbar matrix 眨横矩阵crosscorrelation 互相关，交叉相关crossed 交叉的crossed brackets 交叉括号crossed disperstion 向色散crossed grating 交叉光栅crossed lens 最小球差单透镜crossed loops 交叉环crossed nicol's mirror 正交尼科耳反射镜crossed nicol's prism 正交尼科耳凌镜crossed nicols 正交尼科耳crossed polarizer (crossed polariser)正交起偏振镜crossed prism 正交棱镜crossed prisms 正交棱面crossed-field spectrometer 正交场光谱计crosshairs 叉发crossing point 交叉点crosslink (1)交叉结合(2)交键，交联crossover (1)交叉(2)跨接(3)交叉点crossover frequency (1)交叉频率(2)分隔频率crosspoint 相交点crosstalk (1)串音，串扰(2)交调失真crosstalk effect 串音效应crosstalk image 串音像crosstalk suppression 交调失真抑制，串扰抑制crowbar (1)撬棒(2)起货钩(3)急剧短路crowbar circuit 消狐电路crowded frequency spectrum 拥挤频谱crown flint [glass] 冕牌火石玻璃crown glass 冕牌玻璃crown [glass] 晖转玻璃crstal triode 晶体三极管crt display 映像管显示器crt (cathode-ray tube)recording film 示波器记录胶片crucible 钳锅cruciform 十字形crush strength 接刮强度crust 硬表面cryanometry 天空监度测定法crygenic laser fusion fuel 冷陈激光聚变燃料cryogen 冷陈剂cryogen cooling sytem 致冷系统cryogenic coller 位温致冷器cryogenic liquide 低温液体cryogenic refrigeration 低温致冷cryogenic target 冷冻靶cryogenics 低温学，低温实验法cryolite 冰晶石cryolite film 冰晶石膜cryolite glass 冰晶石玻璃，乳色玻璃cryometer 低温计cryomicroscope 低温显微镜cryophthalmic unit 眼科冷冻仪cryosar 雪崩复合低温开关cryosistor 低温晶体管cryospectroscopy 低温光谱学cryostant 低温恒温器cryostat 低温恒温器cryostat cooler 低温恒温冷却器cryosurgery 低温手术cryotron 冷子管cryptocyanine dye 隐花青染料cryptographicaly coded card 隐图编码卡片crystal 晶体crystal crystal class 晶类crystal defect 晶体缺陷crystal detector 晶体检波器crystal diamagnetism 晶体抗磁性crystal diffraction 晶体衍射crystal diode 晶体二极管crystal display 液晶显示crystal edge 晶棱crystal field effects 晶场效应crystal field spectrum 晶场光谱crystal filter 晶体滤波器crystal frequency control unit 晶频控制装置crystal grain 晶粒crystal grating 晶栅crystal growing equipment 单结晶制造设备crystal laser 晶体激光器，固体激光器crystal lattice 晶体点阵，晶格crystal monochromator 晶体单色器crystal of high activity 易激晶体，高活性晶体crystal optics 晶体光学crystal orentation device 晶体光轴定向器crystal orientater 晶体光轴定向仪crystal orientation 晶体定向crystal oven 晶体恒温箱crystal projection 晶体投影crystal pulling furace 拉晶炉crystal quartz 晶体石英crystal space grating 晶体空间光栅crystal spectrograph 晶体摄谱仪crystal spectrometer 晶体分光计crystal structure 晶体结构crystal system 晶系crystal texture 晶体组织crystal unit 晶体振荡子crystal-controlled dc servo motor 晶控直流伺服电动机crystallgraph 检晶器crystalline (1)晶状(2)晶体的crystalline axes 晶状轴crystalline axis 晶轴crystalline grain 晶粒crystalline humor 晶状体crystalline lens 眼珠水晶体crystalline quartz 晶状石英crystallinity 结晶度，晶性crystallite 微晶crystallization 眼水晶体crystallized glasses 结晶玻璃crystallo-luminescence 结晶变光crystallogram 晶体图crystallography 结晶学crystalloid 类晶体，凝晶质crystallon 籽晶crystallorgrm 晶体衍射图crystals growing materials 结晶育成材料cube (1)立方体(2)立方，三次幕cube corner retroreflector 立方隅角返回反射器cube-corner prism 方角棱镜cubic (1)立方体的(2)立方的，三次的cubic axis 立方轴cubic ccrystal sytem 立方晶系cubic crystal structure 立方晶体结构cubic lattic 立方点阵cubical arryary 三维阵列cue light 彩色信号灯culdoscope 陷凹镜，後窟窿镜culmination (1)极点，顶点(2)中天cumulative error 累积误差cumulative ruling error 累积刻线误义cumulative time 总时间，累积时间cumulus 积云cup base 杯座cup bevel 球模倒边cup mount 杯座，碗形托座cupprous 亚铜的，一价铜的cupric 铜的，二价合的curation 屏模，帘curie 居里curie (ci)居里curie constant 居里常数，居里恒量curie point 居里点curie temperature 居里温度curium (cm)局curl (1)卷曲(2)旋转(3)旋度current (1)流动(2)电流current amplification 电流放大倍数current amplification factor 电流放大率，电流放大因素current carrier 载流子current feedback bias circuit 电流回授偏压电路current gain 电流增体current position 电流位置current stabilizer 稳流器current supply 供电current transformer (ct)电流变压器；比流器current-illuminaton 电流照度current-wave laser 电流波激光器currentless 无电流的，去激的curretn amplification 电流户大curretn breaker 断路器curretn margin 电流容限curretn sink 电流吸收currrent feedback 电流反馈cursor 游标curtain aperture 调光孔径curvature (1)曲率(2)场曲curvature of field 场曲率curvature of the field 场曲curvature of the image 像面弯曲curvature radius 曲率半径curve (1)曲的(2)曲线(3)曲线定规curve gauge 曲线规curve generator (1)粗磨面透磨机(2)曲线发生器curve generators 曲线产生机curve of magnetization 磁化曲线curve of reflection 反射曲线curved image 弯曲像curved mirror 曲面镜curved polisher 曲面抛光器curved slit 弯缝curved surface 曲面curved-crystal spectrograph 弯晶摄谱仪curver crystal camera 弯晶照相机curvilinear distortion 曲线畸变curvilinear gudie way 曲线导轨curvilinear integral 线积分curvilinerar figure 曲线图形，曲线形curvimeter 曲率计curvivity 曲率cushion (1)软垫(2)压cushion ring 垫圈cushion socket 弹簧捏座cushioning 缓冲cushon distortion 枕形畸变cusp (1)尖点(2)歧点(3)会切点cut (1)切削，切割(2)切口cut and try method 试凑法cut film (1)薄膜(2)切片cut glass 刻花玻离cut off frequency 截止频率cut off wavelength 截止波长cut-image range finder 复合焦点测距仪cut-off (1)载止(2)截频cut-off characterisstic 截止特性cut-off filter 截止滤光片cut-off frequencty 截止频率cut-off lens 切割镜片cut-off polarizer 截止偏振器cut-off potential 截止电势，截止电位cut-off region 截止区cut-off slope 截止斜率cut-off value 截止值，断开值cut-off wavelength 截止波长cut-open view 剖视图cut-out (1)中止，阻断(2)断流器cut-sheet film 切片cutaway section 剖视图cutaway view 剖视图cutback center 剪削中心cutoff 截止，断绝cuton 开启cutting 割削cutting disk 切削盘，切割盘cutting machines 切削加工设备cw dey laser 连续染料激光器cw electroluminescent light source 连续波电致发光光源cw fir laser 连续波远红外激光器cw gas laser 连续波气体激光器cw laser rader 连续波光雷达cw oscillation 连续波振荡cw visible gas laser 连续波可见气体激光器cw-hcn-laser 连续波氢氰酸激光器cw-pumped dye laser 连续波押运染料激光器cyan (1)青(2)氰基cyanic laser 氰激光器cyanide 氰化物cyanide deposit 氰化物淀积cyaniding 氰化cyanine dye 花青染料cyanine dye infrared laser 光青染料红色激光器cyanocrylate cements 青度接合剂cyanogen 氰cyanometer 青度计cyanometry 天空蓝度测定法cyanopsin 视监质cybernetic design 控制论设计cybernetics 控制论cycle (1)周(2)周波(3)周期(4)循环cycle time 周期时间，循环时间cycler 周期计cycles per second (cps)赫cyclic code 循环吗cyclic error 周期误差cyclic interferometer 环状干涉仪cyclic iterative method 循环迭代法cyclic process 循环过程cyclic[al] (1)周明的，循环的(2)环状的cycling 循环cyclodos 发送电子转换开关cyclogram 周期图表cyclograph (1)圆狐规(2)特种电影摄影机，轮转全景摄影机cycloidal gear 摆线齿轮cycloidal mass spectrometer 圆迹质谱仪cycloinverter 变向离子变频器cyclometer counter 跳字计数器cyclooctatetraene 环辛曲烯cyclophon 旋调器cycloplegics 睫允麻？剂cyclopropane 环丙烷cyclorotaion 旋转cyclotron 回旋加速器cyclotron frequency 回旋频率cyclotron radiation 回旋辐射cyclotron resonance 回旋共振cyclotron resonance detector 回旋共振探测器cyclotron resonant 回旋共振的cyclotron responsance maser 回旋共振微波激射器cylincrical lens 柱面透镜cylinder (1)圆柱体(2)圆筒(3)汽函cylinder diaphragm 圆筒光阑cylinder functions 柱函数cylindergauge 径规cylindrial harmonics 柱谱函数cylindrical & toroidal lenses 柱状透镜，环形透镜cylindrical anamorph 柱面镜形cylindrical bearing 圆筒轴承，滚柱轴承cylindrical cavity 筒形腔cylindrical coordinates 柱面坐标cylindrical lens 柱面镜cylindrical lenticulation 圆柱形透镜光栅cylindrical mirror 柱面镜形cylindrical mode 柱状波型cylindrical plug gauge 函径塞规cylindrical reflector 柱形反射器cylindrical rooler 筒形滚柱cylindrical rooler bearing 筒形滚柱轴承cylindrical surface 柱面cylindrical symmetry 柱形对称cylindrical wave 柱面波cylindrical wavefront 柱形波前cylindricity 柱面性，圆柱cylindrometer 柱径计cymometer 波频计，波长计cymoscope (1)检波器(2)振荡cystocope 膀胱镜cytospectrophotometry 细胞分光光度学czerny-turner monchromator 柴尔尼-特纳单色仪czerny-turner mounting 柴尔尼-特纳{光栅分光}装置czochralski technique 左克拉斯基技术。

富羧酸基团的共轭微孔聚合物：结构单元对孔隙和气体吸附性能的影响姚婵;李国艳;许彦红【摘要】共轭微孔聚合物(CMPs)骨架中的孔和极性基团对聚合物的气体吸附性能起着重要作用.阐明聚合物中极性基团的效果对该领域的进一步发展是必不可少的.为了解决这个根本问题,我们使用最简单的芳香系统-苯作为建筑单体,构筑了两个新颖的富羧酸基团的CMPs (CMP-COOH@1,CMP-COOH@2),并探讨了CMPs中游离羧酸基团的量对其孔隙、吸附焓、气体吸附和选择性的深远影响.CMP-COOH@1和CMP-COOH@2显示的BET比表面积分别为835和765 m2·g-1.这两种聚合物在二氧化碳存储方面显示了高潜力.在273 K和1.05 x 105 Pa条件下,CMP-COOH@1和CMP-COOH@2的CO2吸附值分别为2.17和2.63 mmol·g-1.我们的研究结果表明,在相同的条件下增加聚合物中羧基基团的含量可以提高材料对气体的吸附容量和选择性.%Polar groups in the skeletons of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) play an important role in determining their porosity and gas sorption performance.Understanding the effect of the polar group on the properties of CMPs is essential for further advances in this field.To address this fundamental issue,we used benzene,the simplest aromatic system,as a monomer for the construction of two novel CMPs with multi-carboxylic acid groups in their skeletons (CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2).We then explored the profound effect the amount of free carboxylic acid in each polymer had on their porosity,isosteric heat,gas adsorption,and gas selectivity.CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 showed Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of835 and 765 m2·g-1,respectively,displaying high potential for carbon dioxide storage applications.CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 exhibited CO2 capture capabilities of 2.17 and 2.63 mmol·g-1 (at 273 K and 1.05 x 105 Pa),respectively,which were higher than those of their counterpart polymers,CMP-1 and CMP-2,which showed CO2 capture capabilities of 1.66 and 2.28 mmol·g-1,respectively.Our results revealed that increasing the number of carboxylic acid groups in polymers could improve their adsorption capacity and selectivity.【期刊名称】《物理化学学报》【年(卷),期】2017(033)009【总页数】7页(P1898-1904)【关键词】共轭微孔聚合物;羧酸;孔;气体吸附;选择性【作者】姚婵;李国艳;许彦红【作者单位】吉林师范大学,环境友好材料制备和应用教育部重点实验室,长春130103;吉林师范大学,环境友好材料制备和应用教育部重点实验室,长春130103;吉林师范大学,环境友好材料制备和应用教育部重点实验室,长春130103;吉林师范大学,功能材料物理与化学教育部重点实验室,吉林四平136000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O647Carbon dioxide is one of the main greenhouse gases that cause global issues, such as climate warming and increases in sea level and oceanacidity. Modern climate science predicts that the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will contribute to an increase ins urface air temperature of 5.2 °C between the years 1861 and 2100. Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), a process of CO2 separation and concentration can contribute to solve. For this aim, the use of porous materials tailored for selective CO2 absorption is energetically efficient and technically feasible. Among the numerous and diversified examples of novel porous materials, such as metal-organic frameworks1,2, zeolites3,4, and purely organic materials5,6 are a class of porous organic materials that allow an elaborate design of molecular skeletons and a fine control of nanopores.Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are a unique class of porous organic materials that combine π-conjugated skeletons with permanent nanopores7–10, which is rarely observed in other porous polymers. CMPs have emerged as a powerful platform for synthesizing functional materials that exhibit excellent functional applications, such as heterogeneous catalysts11,12, guest encapsulation13–15, super-capacitive energy storage devices16,17, light-emitting materials18,19, and fluorescent sensors20,21 and so on. Recently, CMPs have emerged as a designable material for the adsorption of gases, such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane22–24. Although great achievements in synthesizing CMPs have been realized, extremely high Brunauer-Emmet-Teller specific surface areas as high as 6461 m2·g−125, the other pore parameters, such as pore volume, pore size, and pore size distribution, are important in determining the gas sorptionperformance26,27. Moreover, previous work has shown the surface modification of porous polymers with polar group can significantly enhance their CO2 binding energy, resulting in enhancement in CO2 uptake and/or CO2 selectivity28–30. Carboxylic-rich framework interaction is expected due to hydrogen bonding and/or dipole-quadrupole interactions between CO2 and the functional groups of porous polymers31,32. Cooper et al.33,34 reported increasing the heat of adsorption through the introduction of tailored binding functionalities could have more potential to increase the amount of gas adsorbed. Their results demonstrated that carboxylic groups functionalised polymer showed the higher isosteric heat of sorption for CO2. Torrisi et al.35 predicted that the incorporation of carboxylic groups would lead to the higher isosteric heat, challenging the current research emphasis in the literature regarding amine groups for CO2 capture.Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization two high carboxylic groups of porous polymers and investigate their performances in CO2 storage application under high pressure and cryogenic conditions (Scheme 1, CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2). The CMPs are highly efficient in the uptake of CO2 by virtue of a synergistic structural effect, and that the carboxylic units improve the uptake, the high porosity provides a large interface, and the swellable skeleton boosts the capacity.1,3,5-Triethynylbenzene (98%) was purchased from TCI, 2,5-dibromobenzoic-3-carboxylic acid (97%) and 2,5-dibromoterephthalicacid(97%) were purchased from Alfa. Tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)methane was synthesized according to the literature36. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), copper(I) iodide (CuI) andtetra(4-bromophenyl)methane (97%) were purchased from Aladdin. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) (99.9%), triethylamine (99%), methanol (95%) and acetone (95%) were purchased from Aladdin.1H NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance III models HD400 NMR spectrometers, where chemical shifts (δ) were determined with a residual proton of the solventas standard.Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer spectrum one model FT-IR-frontier infrared spectrometer.The UV-visible analyzer was used for shimadzu UV-3600. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images were performed on a JEOL model JSM-6700 operating at an accelerating voltage of 5.0 kV. The samples were prepared by drop-casting a tetrahydrofunan (THF) suspension onto mica substrate and then coated with gold.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images were obtained on a JEOL model JEM-3200 microscopy.Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data were recorded on a Rigaku model RINT Ultima III diffractometer by depositing powder on glass substrate, from 2θ = 1.5° up to 2θ = 60° with 0.02° increment. The elemental analysis was carried out on a EuroEA-3000. TGA analysis was carried out using a Q5000IR analyzer with an automated vertical overhead thermobalance. Before measurement, the samples were heated at a rate of 5 °C min−1 under a nitrogen atmosphere. Nitrogen sorption isotherms were measured at 77 K with ASIQ (iQ-2) volumetric adsorption analyzer.Before measurement, thesamples were degassed in vacuum at 150 °C for 12 h. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method was utilized to calculate the specific surface areas and pore volume. BET surface areas were calculated over the relative pressure (p/p0) range of 0.015–0.1. Nitrogen NLDFT pore size distributions were calculated from the nitrogen adsorption branch using a cylindrical pore size model. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen sorption isothermswere measured at 298 or 273 K with a Bel Japan Inc. model BELSORP-max analyzer, respectively. In addition, carbon dioxide sorption isotherms were measured at 318 K and 5 × 106 Pa with a iSorb HP2 analyzer. Before measurement, the samples were also degassed in vacuum at 120 °C for more than 10 h.2.2.1 Synthesis of CMP containing carboxylic groupsAll of the polymer networks containing multi-carboxylic groups were synthesized by palladium(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling polycondensation. All the reactions were carried out at a fixed reaction temperature and reaction time (120 °C/48 h).2.2.2 Synthesis of CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@22,5-Dibromoterephthalic acid (107 mg, 0.33 mmol) and 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene (50 mg, 0.33 mmol) (CMP-COOH@1)/tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)methane (104 mg, 0.25 mmol) (CMP-COOH@2) were put into a 50 mL round-bottom flask, the flask exchanged three cycles under vacuum/N2. Then added to 2 mL N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 2 mL triethylamine (Et3N), the flask was degassed by threefreeze-pump-thaw cycles, purged with N2. When the solution had reached reactiontemperature, a slurry of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (23.11 mg, 0.02 mmol) in the 1 mL DMF and copper(I) iodide (4.8 mg, 0.025 mmol) in the 1 mL Et3N (CMP-COOH@1)/(CMP-COOH@2) was added respectively, and the reaction was stirred at 120 °C under nitrogen for 48 h. The solid product was collected by filtration and washed well with hot reaction solvent for 4 times with THF, methanol, acetone, and water, respectively. Further purification of the polymer was carried out by Soxhlet extraction with methanol, and THF for 24 h, respectively, to give CMP-COOH@1(claybank solid, 98 mg, 94% yield), CMP-COOH@2(olivine solid, 142 mg, 90% yield). Elemental Analysis (%) Calcd. (Actual value for an infinite 2D polymer), (CMP-COOH@1) C 67.61, H 2.35. Found: C 64.84, H 2.05. (CMP-COOH@2) C 73.03, H 3.02. Found: C 70.02, H 2.19. Carboxylic-CMP was synthesized by the Sonogashira- Higihara reaction of 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene, tetrakis(4- ethynylphenyl)methane and 2,5-dibromoterephthalic acid in the presence of Pd(0) as catalyst. These two samples were unambiguously characterized by elemental analysis confirmed that the weight percentages of C and H contents are close to the calculated values expected for an infinite 2D polymer. The CMPs were further characterized by infrared spectroscopy (Fig.1). Band soft he primary bromo and borate groups of 2,5-dibromoterephthalic acid at about 598 and 1368 cm−1are absent, respectively. From 2900 to 3200 cm−1aromatic C―H stretching bands appear. A C＝C stretching mode at 1600 cm−1is also observed. All networks show the typical C≡C and COOH stretching mode at about 2200and 1700 cm−1, respectivel y, indicating the successfulincorporation of the carboxylic and alkynyl groups into the polymer materials.Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) displayed that the CMPs adopt a spherical shape with sizes of 100–500 nm (Fig.2). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) revealed the homogeneous distribution of nanometer-scale pores in the textures (Fig.S1 (Supporting Information)). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) revealed no diffraction, implying that all the polymers are amorphous (Fig.S2 (Supporting Information)). The TGA results show that the polymers have a good thermal stability, and the thermal degradation temperature is up to ca. 300 °C (Fig.S3 (Supporting Information)). The weight loss below 100 °C is generally attributed to the evaporation of adsorbed water and gas molecules trapped in the micropores.The conjugated polymer networks were dispersed in THF to obtain UV/Vis spectra (Fig.S4 (Supporting Information)). The polymer CMP-COOH@1 shows mainly one wide absorption peak at about 396 nm. Compared to monomer 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene, with narrow absorption maxima at 305 nm, the polymer networks exhibit a large bathochromic shift of around 111 nm. CMP-COOH@2 show similar phenomenon, compared totetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)methane monomer, with absorption maxima at 325 and 345 nm, the polymer frameworks display a large bathochromic shift of around 68 and 48 nm, respectively. This indicates the effective enlargement of the π-conjugated system through the polycondensation reaction.The porosity of the polymer networks was probed by nitrogen sorption at 77 K. According to the IUPAC classification37, adsorption/desorption isotherms of two polymers showed mainly a type I isotherms. As seen in Fig.3(a), remarkably, the two polymer samples exhibit a steep uptake at a relative pressure of p/p0 < 0.1, suggesting that these samples have micropores. There is a sharp rise in the isotherm for the CMP-COOH@1 at higher relative pressures (p/p0 > 0.8), which indicates the presence of meso/macropores in the samples. These textural meso/macropores can be also found in the corresponding FE-SEM images (Fig.2(a)). However, the shape of the isotherm for the CMP-COOH@2 is significantly different from that of CMP-COOH@1, which displays a significant H2 type hysteresis loop in the desorption branch, characteristic of nanostructured materials with a mesoporous structure (Fig.3(a)). These meso/macropores can be ascribed mostly to interparticulate porosity that exists between the highly aggregated nanoparticles38.The pore size distribution calculated from nonlinear density functional theory (NLDFT) shows that the two polymer networks have relatively broad pore size distribution (Fig.3(b)). CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 showed apparent peaks in the size range 0–2 nm, whereas small fluctuations can be observed at 2–12 nm regions. The pore size distribution curves agree with the shape of the N2 isotherms (Fig.3(a)) and imply the presence of both micropores and mesopores in the two polymers. The contribution of microporosity to the networks can be calculated as the ratio of the micropore volume (Vmicro), over the totalpore volume (Vtotal). The microporosities of CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-*******************%and52.3%,respectively.Thisresultindicates that the two carboxylic networks are predominantly microporous. In addition, the BET surface area of CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 were calculated to be 835 and 765 m2·g−1 in the relative pressure range 0.015–0.1, respectively. The decreased surface area of CMP-COOH@2 compared to CMP-COOH@1 could be due to the CMPs constructed with longer connecting struts have lower BET surface areas39,40.In view of the fact that the CMPs possess two key properties generally associated with high CO2 uptake capacity, e.g., good porosity and abundant COOH sites, the CO2 adsorption of the polymers were investigated up to 1.05 × 105 Pa at both 298 K and 273 K (Fig.4(a, b)), respectively. Remarkably, CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 showed the CO2 adsorption capacities of 1.61 and 1.92 mmol·g−1 at 298 K and 1.05 × 105 Pa, respectively (Fig.4(a)). When the temperature was elevated to 273 K, the polymers CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 displayed the higher CO2 capture of 2.17 and 2.63 mmol·g−1(Fig.4(b)), respectively, which were comparable to that of other microporous hydrocarbon networks41. Despite CMP-COOH@2 with a lower surface area, but which adsorbed more CO2 probably due to it has a higher pore volume. In addition, the isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst) of the polymers was calculated from the CO2 uptake data at 273 K and 298 K by using Clausius-Clapeyron equation (Fig.4(c)). The two polymer networks show the isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption around 35.5 and 30.9 kJ·mol−1. Because there is less carboxylicacid in the structural unit, the CO2Qst of CMP-COOH@2 is lower than that of CMP-COOH@1, which is consistent with that of the previous reported polymers33,34. Moreover, the high pressure CO2 sorption properties of the two polymers were also investigated at 5 × 106 Pa and 318 K. As seen in Fig.4(d), CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 show a nearly linear increase with the increasing pressure no obviously turning point. CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 show the higher CO2 capture capacity of 498 and 434 mg·g−1 at 318 K and 5 × 106 Pa, respectively (Fig.4(d)). These results indicated that the CO2 uptake in these networks at high pressures is not dependent solely on the surface area, pore volume or polar groups in the skeletons, but also the measuring pressure have a large effect on the uptake of gas.In order to investigate the amount of carboxylic group in the network whether affects CO2 adsorption capacity of polymers. We synthesized another two carboxylic conjugated polymer with relatively low amount of carboxylic groups (scheme S1, CMP@1 and CMP@2 (Supporting Information)) based on 2,5-dibromobenzoic acid, 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene and tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)methane. They show the BET surface area of 979 and 876 m2·g−1 (Fig.S5 (Supporting Information)), respectively, which is higher to that of counterpart CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2. CMP@***********************************–2.0 nm (Fig.S6 (Supporting Information)). The decreased surface area of CMP-COOH@1 compared to CMP@1 could be due to the volume of 2,5-dibromoterephthalic acid in CMP-COOH@1 is obviously larger than 2,5-dibromobenzoic acid in CMP@1, which made the bulky benzen–carboxylic **************************************************** phenomenon can be also observed in CMP-COOH@2 and CMP@2 system. As shown in Fig.4(b), at 273 K and 1.05 × 105 Pa, polymers C MP@1 and****************************************.28mmol·g−1, respectively. The CO2 uptake value of CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 is 1.31 and 1.15-times that of the counterpart CMP@1 and CMP@2, respectively, indicating that increasing amount of carboxylic groups in the CMP networks can improve CO2 uptake. In addition, we calculated the isosteric heats of these polymers, they showed the following order (Fig.4(c)):CMP-COOH@1>CMP-COOH@2>CMP@1>************* there is less carboxylic groups in the structural units of CMP@1 andCMP@2, the CO2Qst of CMP@1 and CMP@2 is lower than that of CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2, respectively33,42. In addition, CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 show the higher CO2 capture capacity than that of CMP@1 (447 mg·g−1) and CMP@2 (402 mg·g−1) at 318 K and 5 × 106 Pa, respectively (Fig.4(d)). These results imply the amount of carboxylic groups effects BET surface area, pore volume and isosteric heats lead to different the uptake of gas.As for carbon dioxide capture, high separation properties towards CH4 and N2 are also necessary and important in gas separation applications. In order to investigate the gas adsorption selectivity of the microporous polymer networks, CO2, N2, and CH4 sorption properties were measured by volumetric metho ds at 273 K and 1.05 × 105 Pa. It was found that thetwo porous polymer networks show significantly higher CO2 uptake ability than N2 and CH4 in the whole measurement pressure range (Fig.S7 (Supporting Information)). CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivity was first evaluated by using the initial slope ratios estimated from Henry′s law constants for single-component adsorption isotherms. The CO2/CH4 selectivityofCMP-COOH@********************************** and 6.2, respectively (Table S1 and Fig.S8 (Supporting Information)). In addition, two polymers exhibited the CO2/N2 adsorption selectivity is 48.2 and 39.5, respectively (Table S1 and Fig.S9 (Supporting Information)). Meanwhile, the gas selective capture was also supported by the results from the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST), which has been widely used to predict gas mixture adsorption behavior in the porous materials43,44. Under simulated natural gas conditions (CO2/CH4, 50/50), the experimental CO2 and CH4 isotherms collected at 273 K for carboxylic CMP were fitted to the dual-site Langmuir model and the single-site Langmuir model, respectively (Fig.S10 (Supporting Information)). The calculated IAST data for carboxylic CMP are shown in Table S1. At 273 K and 1.05 × 105 Pa, CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-COOH@2 exhibit an appreciably high selectivity of CO2 over CH4 under natural gas conditions (5.5 and 5.2) (Fig.S10 (Supporting Information)), which is comparable to some reported MOPs, such as A6CMP (5.1) 45, SCMP (4.4–5.2) 30, and P-G1-T (5) 46. Furthermore, the CO2/N2 adsorption selectivities for CMP-COOH@****************************************.8at273K and 1.05 × 105 Pa (Table S1 and Fig.S11 (Supporting Information)),respectively, which is comparable to some reported MOPs, such as ALP-1(35) 38, PCN-TA (33) 47, and PCN-DC (48) 47. These excellent CO2 selective capture performance of carboxylic CMPs evaluated by IAST are consistent with the results calculated from the initial slopes method. In addition, in light of the amount of carboxylic group effect for the uptake of gas, we reasoned that it might be effective for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separations. At 273 K and 1.05 × 105 Pa, CMP@1 and CMP@2 exhibit the selectivities of CO2/CH4 (4.7 and 4.1) and CO2/N2 (32.1 and 30.5) under natural gas conditions via the IAST method (Figs.S10 and S11 (Supporting Information)), respectively, which are lower that of counterpart CMP- COOH@************************************************* carboxylic groups effects selectivity of polymers. These data implys that increasing the amount of carboxylic unit of polymers can improve the adsorption capacity and selectivity of the materials, which suggested the possibility for the surface properties of microporous polymers to be controlled to interact with a specific gas by post-modification.In summary, two carboxylic CMPs with relatively high surface area have been synthesized. The clean energy applications of the polymers have also been investigated and it was found that CMP-COOH@1 and CMP-***********************.63mg·g−1 of carbon dioxide at 1.05 × 105 Pa and 273 K, respectively, which can be competitive with the reported results for porous organic polymers under the same conditions. 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光机电信息D 统高度可控,能量稳定,所以焊接接头质量一致性好,有较高的可靠性,可对极薄的材料进行超精细焊接。

双极激光系统对焊接构件的尺寸和几何形状没有限制。

(No .47)LED 前照灯将应用于高光束车灯丰田汽车公司于2007年5月上市的“雷克萨斯LS600h ”为全球首部配备LED 前照灯的车型。

LED 前照灯在2007年秋季成为了德国奥迪“R8”的选配件,2008年夏季还将在美国通用汽车的“豪华版凯迪拉克凯雷德”上配备。

雷克萨斯LS600h 仅在低光束车灯使用了白色LED ,而R8和凯雷德的低光束车灯和高光束车灯都将使用白色LED 。

关于白色LED 的制造商,专家认为雷克萨斯LS600h 为日亚化学工业、R8为美国Philips L umileds Lighting ,Cadillac Escalade Platinum 为德国欧司朗光电半导体。

(No.48)欧司朗成功推出照明用250lm 白色LED德国欧司朗光电半导体公司(OSRAM Opto SemiconductorsGmbH )宣布,将从2008年初开始销售1枚芯片可获得250lm (驱动电流1.4A 时)光通量的白色LED “Diamond DRAGON ”。

该产品的输入功率为5～8W ,为1～3W 级“Platinum DRAGON ”和10W 级“OSTAR ”之间的型号。

新产品采用热阻抗大幅降至2.5K/W 的SMT 封装(11mm ×6.7mm ×4.2mm ),由于可承受的焊接温度高达175℃,所以可以用于空间狭小、难以进行冷却的场合。

另外,由于采用了硅树脂材料透镜,可以利用回流焊炉进行焊接。

新产品寿命为50000h 以上,发光效率为52lm/W (25℃,驱动电流1.4A 条件下)。

除白色以外,今后还计划增加灯泡色等其它颜色。

该公司计划把该产品提供给聚光灯、嵌入式吸顶灯、汽车白天行车灯“DRL (Daytime RunningLig ht )”以及后雾灯等用途。

论文集锦We ig h t e d Ha r d Co m b in a t io n fo rCo o p e r a t ive S p e c t r u m S e n s in g in Co g n it ive R a d io Ne t w o r k sLi Jia jun1,2,Tan Zhe nhui1,2,Ai Bo1,Y ang Shan11State Key Laboratory of Rail Traf c Contro l and Safety,Beijing Jiaotong Univers ity,Beijing100044,P.R.China2Research Institute of Broadband Wireles s Mobile Co mmun ications,Beijing Jiaotong Univers ity,Beijing100044, P.R.ChinaAbstr act:Weighted one bit hard combination for cooperative spectrum sensing is proposed in this paper.Two thresholds are adopted to divide the possible energy value into three weighted regions. If the energy value falls into the corresponding region,it will be judged as“1”,no information or“0”.When the pr obability of false alar m is constrained to be constant,the objective is to maximize the probability of detection.The optimization problem is simplified by separating th e weight of the mid dle region into sever al intervals.Simulation results show that the sensing perfor mance of the proposed scheme is much better than that of the traditional one bit har d combination scheme and almost the same as that of the equal gain combination(EGC)scheme. Moreover,compared with the traditional one bit hard combination,fewer average sensing bits are required to transmit to the data fusion center with the proposed method.Key wor ds:cognitive radio;cooperative spectrum sensing;har d combination;the pr obability of detection I.INTRODUCTIONCognitive radio(CR)is a promising technique to improve the spectral efficiency of the wireless netwo rks[1].As one of the mo st impor tant com ponents of CR,spectrum sensing enables the secondary users to adapt to the environment by detecting the spectrum holes without causing interference to the primary network.C oo per ativ e sp ectr um s ensin g h as been proposed as a solution to combat the multipath fading or shadowing effects[2-4].Information from the cooperative secondary users is combined in the fusion centre to make the final decision. Traditional one-bit hard decision for cooperative spectrum sensing has been investigated in[3-5], in which secondary users exchange only one-bit decisions rather than the sensing statistics.Soft combination in cooperative spectrum sensing has been proposed in[6-7],which outperforms one-bit hard decision.However,the soft combination scheme requires much more overhead,e.g.the perf ect channel state inf ormation between theprimary users and secondary users are required for the maximum ratio combination(MRC).Double-threshold energy detection has been studied in [9-11].In[9],only the secondary uses with enough information send their local1-bit decisions to the data fusion centre.As a result,the average sen sing bits decr eases at the expense of the sensing performance loss.Re-detection is needed when the energy detection value falls into the middle region[10].Therefore the sensing period will last a long time to achieve a good detection performance.In[11],only the secondar y user with the highest energy detection value makes the decision using the conventional energy detection method if all the cooperative secondary detection values fall into the middle region.Otherwise,the sensing process is the same as[9].However,it is not realistic to assume that the data fusion centre knows the highest energy detection value and the sensing performance is almost the same as that of the traditional one-bit hard combination when the probability of false alarm is larger than0.001.I n this pap er,the weig hted on e bit har d combination scheme f or cooperative spectrum sensing is proposed.Two thresholds are adopted to divide the observation energy value into three weighted regions:“1”and“0”or no information. The corresponding weights of each region and the thresholds are joined optimized to maximum the probability of detection in the fusion centre. The weight of the middle region is separated into several in tervals to simplify the optimization pr ob lem.Sim ulation r es ults sho w that ou r proposed scheme has much better performance than that of the traditional one-bit hard scheme. Meanwhile the average sensing bit of our proposed method is the same as that of[9]with the same double thr esholds.And the prop osed scheme exhibits almost the same performance as the EGC scheme.The rest of this paper is organized as follows:In Section II.the weighted one bit hard combination scheme is proposed and system perf ormance is evaluated analytically.Numerical results are presented and compared with the traditional one bit hard combination and EGC schemes in Section III.Finally,Section IV concludes the paper.II.SYSTEM MODELA.Local Spectr um Sensin gThe binary hypothesis test for spectrum sensing at the nth time instant is formulated as:1:()():()()()H r n w nH r n x n w n==+(1) where r(n)is the signal to be detected,x(n)is theprimary signal with powerσx2,and()w n is the complex additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)with zero-mean and varianceσn2.Without loss of generality,it is assumed that all the powers of thelocal noise are the same andσn2is normalized to be1.Hand H1denote the hypotheses corresponding to the absence and presence of the primary signal respectively.The local decision statistic is given by21|()|MnS r n==∑(2) where M is the number of samples.When there is only noise present,21|()|MnS w n==∑(3) Then the prob ability of f alse alarm can be expressed as[8](,)22()()2fMP P SMλΓλΓ=>=(4) where(,)Γis the incomplete gamma function,()Γis the gamma f unction andλis the final threshold of the local detector to decide whether there is a primary user present.When there is primary signal present,211|()()|MnS x n w n===+∑(5)The probability of detection can be expressed as [12,Eq.2.1-124]论文集锦12()(2,)d M P P S Q M λγλ=>=(6)where 222/2/2x n xγσσσ==denotes th e signal to no is e r atio (SNR ),221()/2(,)(/)m x a m bQ a b x x a e ∞+=∫1()d m I ax x is the generalized Marcum ’s Q function and 1()m I denotes the modi ed Bessel function of the rst kind.In a fading channel,we have()()d d d P P f γγγγ′=∫(7)where ()f γis the probability density function(PDF)of SNR.B.Cooper ative Spectr um Sensin gSuppose there are N secondary users to perform cooperative spectrum sensing.As shown in Figure 1,two thresholds (12,λλ)are designed for one-bit hard combination of the proposed cooperative spectrum sensing,which divides the whole range of the decision statistic of the local spectrum sensing into three regions.The following weights are adopted in our proposed scheme:ω0=0,ω1,ω2=1.In the fusion centre,if the energy value falls into the corresponding region,it will be judged as "1",no information or "0".And the decision rule adopted is given by211110N N D other wiseω+= (8)where 1N is the number of local detectors the energies of which are greater than 1λand less than 2λ,2N is the number of local detectors the energies of which are greater than 2λ.Obviously,1ωshould be more than 11/N and less than 1.1λ2λ1ω12=ω00=ωFig.1the structure of the weighted cooperativespectrum sensing with two thresholdsLet 2f Q be the probability that one or mor e observation local energy values are greater than 2λand 1f Q be the probability that more th an 111/N ω=%observation local energy values ar e greater than 1λand less than 2λ.Here,x is the largest integer that is no more than x .W e have22021(0|)1(1)Nf f Q P N H P ===(9)111201012212(0|)(|)()(1)(1)Nf j N jNf f Nf j N Njf f Q P N H P Nj H NP P j P P P ======+∑∑%%(10)where f n P is the probability that the local energyvalue is greater than n λand according to (4)0(,)22()()2n fn n M P P S M λΓλ=>=ΓΓ(11)We have12(,())22n fn M MP λΓ=Γ(12)where Γ-1(,)denotes the inverse of the incompletegamma function.Then the probability of false alarm in the fusion centre can be expressed as12f f f Q Q Q =+(13)Suppose all the channels between the primaryu ser and s eco nd ary user s are ind epen dent identically distributed.The probability of detection in the fusion centre can be expressed as12212121(1)(1)()(1)N Nd d d Nj Njd d d d j N Q P P N P P P P j==++∑%(14)where dn P is the probability that the local energyvalue is greater than n λwhen there is primary present according to (6)and (7).Therefore,the objective of the sensing problem is to find the optimal ω1,λ1and λ2to maximize d Q .In CR systems,the probability of false alarmQ f is designed to be constant.So the optimization problem can be formulated as121,,121{(,,)}max d Q λλωλλω(15)Subject to12f f f Q Q Q +=(16)11/1N ω≤<≤(17)2101f f P P <<<(18)As described above,when the number of the cooperative users N is fixed,1ωcan be divided into N-1intervals,each interval optimization problem can be written as,max 12max{(,)},2,,di di i i Q Q i N λλ==L (19)Subject to12f i f i f Q Q Q +=(20)11/1/(1)ii ω<(21)1N i =%(22)2101f i f i P P <<<(23)According to (9)-(13)and (20),1i λcan be written as a function of 2i λ,i.e.12()i i f λλ=.Then thereis only one variable to maximize 12(,)d i i i Q λλ.Although it is hard to get the analytical form of 2()i f λespecially when N is very large,1i λcan be obtained by finding the root of (20)for a given 2i λ.Therefore the optimal threshold and weight are derived by searching,which can be done of ine in practice.If the thresholds are selected r andomly,the probability of detection of the proposed scheme may be even worse than the traditional one-bit hard combination.The optimal thresholds of each interval are searched as follows:1)Choose initial 2()f i Q k =,k=1.2)Calculate 2()i k λaccording to (9),(11)and (12).3)Calculate 1()i k λaccording to (10)-(13).4)Ob tain ()di Q k accord ing to (14)or thesimulation.5)Let 22(1)()f i f i Q k Q k +=+.If 2(1)f i Q k +<f Q ,k=k+1,go to step 2.Else,nd ,max di Q .After getting each local maximum ,max di Q ,i =2,…,N,the global optimum of the probability of detection ismax 2,max ,max max{,,}d d dN D Q D =L (24)Let 00{}P P H =and 11{}P P H =.The average number of the sensing bits can be calculated as:100110111111(()|)(1(()|))(()|)(1(()|))l Navg l Nll Nl NlNlP N N l H K P lP N N l H NlP N N l H P lP N N l H ======+=∑∑(25)Consequently,the normalized average numberof sensing bit is010********{|}{|}avgK K P P S H NP P S H λλλλ==<<<<(26)where 1λand 2λare the optimal thresholds of ourproposed scheme.III.SIMULA TION RESULTSI n or der to illustr ate our theoretical r esults,computer simulations are carried out.The number of cooperative secondary users and the number of samples adopted are N=4and M=100.“OR ”rule is employed for the traditional one-bit hard combination.The equal gain combination (EGC)[7]is employed for the soft combination.It is assumed that the fading coef cient of the primary signal keeps constant during the energy detection progress.Figure 2and Figure 3show the probability of missed detection vs.average SNR over Rayleigh channels for the proposed weighted one-bit hard combination,traditional one-bit hard combination and EGC schemes when the probability of false alarm Q f is equal to 0.01and 0.05respectively.论文集锦Th e o ptimal thr esho lds and weigh t 1ωare obtain ed numerically as descr ibed in Section II,which can be done offline in practice.It is shown that o ur pr opo sed scheme has m uch better performance than the traditional one-bit hard combination scheme and approaches to the EGC scheme.When Q f is constrained higher,the performance of the proposed method is closer to the EGC scheme.Table I Optimal thresholds under Rayleigh channelsSNR(dB)-15-10-50Q f =0.05λ1120.440120.911120.496120.849Q f =0.05λ2140.123138.991139.971139.123Q f =0.01λ1127.558127.675127.920127.125Q f =0.01λ2149.173148.917148.437150.327Table I lists the optimal thresholds and 1N %of ourproposed scheme over Rayleigh channels.Then the theoretical probability of false alarm Q f can be obtained from (9),(10)and (12).Fig.4presents the-15-12-9-6-3010-310-210-110Averag e SNR (dB)th e p r o b o b i l i t y o f m i s s e d d e t e c t i o n 1-Q dWeighte d 1-bitTraditiona l1-b it EGCFig.2Q m Vs.average SNR under Rayleighchannels when Q f =0.01-15-12-9-6-3010-410-310-210-110Averag e SNR (dB)th e p r o b o b i l i t y o f m i s s e d d e t e c t i o n 1-Q dWeighted 1-bitTrad itio nal 1-bit E GCFig.3Q m Vs.average SNR under Rayleighchannelswhen Q f =0.05-15-10-500.010.020.030.040.050.06S N R(dB)Q fthe or y Q f =0.05sim ula tion Q f =0.05the or y Q f =0.01sim ula tion Q f =0.01Fig.4Theoretical and simulated Q f with the optimalthresholds over Rayleigh channels-15-12-9-6-3010-410-310-210-110Ave ra ge SNR (dB)t h e p r o b o b i l i t y o f m i s s e d d e t e c t i o n 1-Q dFixed Weighte d 1-bit Q f =0.05fixe d We ighte d 1-bit Q f =0.01Optim al Weighte d 1-bit Q f =0.05Optim al Weighte d 1-bit Q f =0.01Fig.5Q m Vs.average SNR with xedand optimal thresholds-15-10-500.70.750.80.850.90.9511.051.1A vera ge SNR (dB)N o r m a l i z e d a v e r a g e s e n s i n g b i t Traditona l1-bitWeighte d 1-bit A WGN Weighte d 1-bit R ayle ighFig.6Normalized average sensing bit Vs.averageSNR when Q f =0.05-15-10-500.70.750.80.850.90.9511.051.1A vera ge SNR (dB)No r ma l i z e da v e r a g e s e n s i n gb i t Tradit ona l 1-bitWeighte d 1-bit A WGN Weighte d 1-bit Ra yleighFig.7Normalized average sensing bit Vs.averageSNR when Q f =0.01theo r etical an d sim u lated Q f with t he list parameters.It is clear that our proposed scheme described in Section 2is pr acticab le and Q f remains constant after the optimization.Figure 5plots the performance of the proposed scheme with the optimal thresholds and fixed thresholds.The xed thresholds and weight for the proposed is set to be 11/21ω≤<,1λ=127.6747,2λ=148.9174when Q f =0.01and 11/21ω≤<,1λ=120.849,2λ=139.123when Q f =0.05.It can be seen that the proposed method with the fixed thr esh olds an d weight alm ost h as the same performance with that with the optimal thresholds and weight.This indicates that the proposed method is also applicable in the case that the channel conditions between the primary user and secondary user are different.Figure 6and Figure 7show the normalized sensing bits for our proposed method and the traditional 1-bit hard combination method.The thresholds used are the optimal thresholds over Rayleigh fading channels.It can be observed that fewer average sensing bits are needed to transmit to the data fusion centre compared with traditional 1-bit hard combination method.Because there is no bit transmitted to the data fusion centre when the energy value falls into the middle region,the average sensing bits are the same as [9]with the same thresholds.IV .CONCLUSIONSW eighted one-bit hard combination for cooperativespectr um sensing has been pr opo sed in this paper.Three regions with two thresholds,which are allocated with weights,have been adopted to m aximize the probability of detection.The weight of the middle region has been separated into several intervals to simplify the optimization problem.Simulation results have demonstrated that the probability of detection of the proposed scheme improves much more than that of the conventional one-bit hard combination.It also has shown thatthe probability of detection of the proposed scheme approaches to that of the EGC scheme,while fewer average sensing bits are transmitted to the data fusion centre compared to the conventional one bit hard combination method.Acknowledg ementsThis work is supported in part by the Hi-tech research and development program of China (2009AA011805),National Natural Science Fou ndation of China (61032002),the Important National Science and Technology Speci c Projects of China (2009ZX03003-007)and the Joint State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Railway Ministry of China (60830001).References[1]HAYKIN S.Cognitive Radio:Brain-empowered WirelessCommunications,Selected Areas in Communications [J].IEEE Journal on,2005,23(2):201–220.[2]GANESAN G,LI Ye.Cooperative Spectrum Sensing inCognitive Radio Networks[C]//Proceedings of DySPAN 2005.Baltimore,Maryland USA:IEEE Press,2005:137–143.[3]GHASEMI A,SOUSA E S.Collaborative SpectrumSensing for OpportunisticAccess in Fading Environments [C]//Proceedings of DySPAN 2005.Baltimore,Maryland USA:IEEE Press,2005:131–136.[4]RENZO M Di,GRAZIOSI F,SANYUCCI F.CooperativeSpectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks over Correlated Log-Normal Shadowing [C]//Proceedings of VTC 2009-Spring.Barcelona,Spain:IEEE Press,2009:1–5.[5]MISH RA S M,SAH AI A ,BROD ERSE N R W.Cooperative Sensing among Cognitive Radios [C]//Proceedings of ICC ’06.Istanbul,Turkey:IEEE Press,2006:1658–1663.[6]YUAN Y,ANXIN L,KAY AMA H.Study on Soft DecisionBased Cooperative Sensing in Cognitive Radio Network [C]//Proceedings of VTC 2009-Fall.Anchorage,Alaska USA:IEEE Press,2009:1–5.[7]MA Jun,ZHAO Guodong,LI Ye.Soft Combination andDetection for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks [J].Wireless Communications,IEEE论文集锦Transactions on,2008,17(11):4502–4507.[8]DIGHAN F F,ALOUINI M S,and SIMON M K.Onthe Energy Detection of Unknown Signals over Fading Channels[C]//Proceedings of ICC’03,Anchorage,Alaska USA:IEEE Press,2003:3575–3579.[9]SUN Chunhua,ZHANG Wei,Letaief K B.CooperativeSpectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radios under Bandwidth Constraints[C]//Proceedings of WCNC2007.Hong Kong:IEEE Press,2007:1–5.[10]WU Jinbo,LUO Tao,YUE Guangxin.An EnergyDetection Algorithm Based on Double-Threshold in Cognitive Radio Systems[C]//Proceedings of ICISE’09, Nanjing,China:IEEE Press,2009:493–496.[11]DUAN Lili,ZHANG Lei,CHU Yujun,et al.CooperativeSpectrum Sensing with Double Threshold Detection Based on Reputation in Cognitive Radio[C]//Proceedings of WiCom’09.Beijing,China:IEEE Press,2009:1–4. [12]PRAOKIS J G.Digital Communications[M].4th ed.New Y ork,McGraw-Hill,2001.Bio grap hiesLi J iaju n,received his B.S.degree in communication engineering from Beijing Jiaotong University in2007.He is currently working toward the Ph.D degree in communication and information system in Beijing Jiaotong University.His current research interests include cognitive radio networks and cooperative networks.Email:jiajunlisun@Tan Zh enh u i,received his PhD degree in Communi-cation and Information System from Nanjing Institute of Engineering(present Southeast University)in1987.He is now working in Beijing Jiaotong University as a professor. He is member of the state863Hi-Tech Project’s Specialists Committee for three consecutive tenures,member of the evaluation group of the Commission for Academic Degree Affairs of the State Council,member of the Commission for Academic Degree Affairs of Beijing,fellow of China Association of Communications,deputy director of the Committee for Automation of China Association of Railways,member of Committee for Academic Exchanges of China Association of Railways,and member of the editorial boards of both Chinese Journal of Electronics,Journal of the China Railways Society,Transprotation System Engineering and Information,Chinese Railways,and Research on Metropolitan Rail Transportation.His research interest is mainly in communication and information systems,including digital mobile communications,spread spectrum communications, adaptive ltering algorithms,and applications of digital signal processing(DSP)in communications,etc.Email:zhhtan@ Ai Bo,received a B.S.Degree from Engineering College of Armed Police Force in1997,a Master and Dr.degree from Xidian University in2002and2004in China,respectively. From2005to2007,he worked as a Post Dr.research fellow in Dept.of E\&E,state key lab.on microwave and digital communications in Tsinghua University in China and graduated with great honors of Excellent Postdoctoral Research Fellow in T singhua University.He is now working in Beijing Jiaotong University as an associate professor.He is an editorial committee member of journal of Wireless Personal Communications,Recent Patents on Electrical Engineering, Compu ter Si mulati ons,In format ion an d El ect ro nic Engineering,an IEEE Senior member and a senior member of Electronics Institute of China(CIE).His current interests are the research and applications of OFDM techniques with emphasis on synchronization,HPA linearization techniques, radio propagation and channel modeling,GSMRailway systems.Email:boai@Y a ng Sh an,re ceive d his B.S.degre e in comm unic ation engineering from Jilin University in2005,the M.S degree in communication and information system from Beijing Jiaotong University in2008.He is currently working toward the Ph.D degree in communication and information system in Beijing Jiaotong University.His current research interests include resource management in heterogeneous wireless network. Email:06120210@。

different energy,same loveEnjoy a unique driving experience with the 145hp E-Techfull hybrid engine.* depending on battery charge status and driving style - WLTP data, March 2023.More Clio than ever after 30 years of success, new Renault Clio E-Tech full hybrid injects new energy.The overhaul of the Renault identity is reflected in the sportinessof its esprit Alpine version andthe sharper brand light. Inside are biobased and recycled materials, comfort and connectivity.2145hp E-Techfull hybridenginebiobasedand recycledmaterialsup to 900 kmof drivingrange*301 Lbootvolumeesprit Alpineversionup to 17 driver-assistancesystemsinteractive menudownload the PDFequipment and engines accessories01. design02. driving pleasure 03. on-board experience 04. multimedia 05. advanced driver-assistance systems 06. customisation3a new impetusNew Renault Clio E-Tech full hybrid unveils a distinctive and stimulating style: enlarged front grille with chrome, new full LED lights at the front and rear, and sculpted sides. The sportiness is expressed in every detail, with the esprit Alpine version and its shadow grey F1® blade.The Nouvel R diamond logo and the half-diamond daytime running lights accentuate the modernityof the design, providing a bold and distinctive look.The esprit Alpine interior stamps its identity, with the blue top-stitching on the upholstery, the embroidered motif on the upper seatback,the aluminium pedal unit and the Alpine door sill. The dashboard and the seats adorned with a French flag badge and the blue/white/red stitching on the steering wheel givea nod to the esprit Alpine DNA.01. design72% recycled textile in the esprit Alpine upholsteryblue/white/red top-stitching on the steering wheelIn the esprit Alpine version, the 17” Alpine engraved, F1 inspired wheels enhance the model’s sports personality*.4*blue centre cap or grey centre cap depending on body colour.menu ↑E-Tech full hybridIn town, the electric driving allows you to achieve up to 40% fuel savings(4). The battery recharges during deceleration and braking. 02. driving pleasure(1) depending on the state of charge of the battery and driving style / Renault internal source / 2023.(2) up to 550 miles range with a full tank, according to WLTP data.(3) 67.3 mpg of fuel consumption and 96 g to 97 g/km of CO2 emissions, certified values depending onversion / according to WLTP data / UTAC source / March 2023.(4) for an E-Tech full hybrid engine compared to an internal combustion engine, according to WLTP Cityprotocol / UTAC & IDIADA source / September 2022.5E-Techfull hybrid145 hpup to900 kmof driving range(2)up to80%electric drivingin town(1)from4.2L/100 kmfuel consumption(3)up to60 kmin electric mode(1)from96 g/kmCO2 emissions(3)menu ↑next-generation comfortTake a seat in a contemporary interior featuring coatings made from biobased materialsand a steering wheel stamped with the new Renault identity. Personalise the driving experience with the three multi-sense modes.Created from the partnership with Tencel™, the coatings of the upholstery, doors and dashboard contain 60% plant fibres(1), with the wood used guaranteed to come exclusively from sustainably managed European forests.techno version upholstery(1) in techno version only.6more welcomingthan everThanks to its feel for comfortand roominess, the rear provides excellent knee room of 16.5 cmand optimal headroom to accommodate both childrenand adults.Enjoy the generous boot volume of 301 L*. Adjust the 1/3-2/3 bench seat very easily for available space of up to 1,006 L in the configuration with three seats folded down.7(1) standard on esprit Alpine version.* on E-Tech.menu ↑04. multimediaresolutely connectedNew Renault Clio E-Techfull hybrid connects you to the remote services you need. Enjoy the easy link connected system and its 9.3" multimediatouch screen (1), with on-boardnavigation and wireless smartphone replication.The customisable 10"(2)digitalinstrument cluster keeps essential driving information in your direct view.Stay permanently connected thanks to the wireless inductioncharger (3), located in the central storage space, to recharge your smartphone at any time without having to plug it in.The wireless replication compatible with Android Auto™ and Apple CarPlay™ shows all of your apps, playlists, podcasts and calls on the multimedia screen(1) 7” touch screen on evolution and techno, 9.3” on esprit Alpine.(2) 7” on evolution, 10” on techno and esprit Alpine. (3) standard on techno and esprit Alpine versions.Android Auto™ is a trademark of Google Inc. Apple CarPlay™ is a trademark of Apple Inc.8menu ↑up to 17* advanced driver- assistance systemsAs part of the human firstprogram, new Renault Clio E-Tech full hybrid offers up to 17* advanced and innovative driver-assistance systems.05. advanced driver-assistance systemsadaptive cruise controlThe system keeps a safe followingdistance from the vehicle in front of you. It activates the brakes if you get too close and accelerates when the road is clear again.blind spot warningEnabled at speeds over 9mph, thissystem uses warning lights to alert you to the presence of vehicles that are not visible in your field of vision.rear view cameraThis system provides a rear view on the screen when you engage the reverse gear. Superimposed outlines make your manoeuvres easier and safer.rear cross traffic alertWhen reversing, the system warns you of a risk of collision with a vehicle.lane keeping assistThis system corrects the angle of the steering wheel, returning the vehicle to its lane unless you have indicated.automatic emergency brakingWarns the driver of an imminent risk of frontal collision with a stationary vehicle, at low speeds. Triggers automaticemergency braking to avoid or mitigate a collision.driver-assistance systems • hill start assist• safe following distance warning • speed limiter • cruise control• adaptive cruise control park assist systems • front parking sensors • rear parking sensors • side parking sensors • rear view camerasafety• lane departure warning • lane keeping assist • blind spot warning• rear cross parking alert• automatic main-beam/dipped headlights activation• automatic emergency braking • road sign recognition • road sign recognition and speeding alert9* up to 17 adas features across the range. see equipment list to see what is available as standard by version.menu ↑colours06. customisationglacier white (nmp)shadow grey (mp)pearl black (mp)flame red (mp)valencia orange (mp)iron blue (mp)ceramic grey (p)nmp: non-metallic paint.mp: metallic paint.p: pearlescent10menu ↑interior trimsevolution- 7” touchscreen with easy link & navigation- 7” digital driver display- synthetic leather steering wheel- grey fabric seatstechno (evolution +)- Arkamys six speaker audio system- tinted rear windows- multi-sense including ambient lighting- 60% biobased upholstery, mixed black/ grey and textured coated black fabric with copper strip- wireless phone chargeresprit Alpine (techno +)- 10” digital driver display- 9.3” touch screen with easy link and built in nav- esprit Alpine enveloping fabric seats with sustainable fabric synthetic leather and Alpine detailing- heated seats and heated steering wheel- adaptive cruise control, blind spot warning and rear cross traffic alertdownload the interior trims andequipment PDF (6 MB)11upholsteryhubcaps and wheel rims16" boa vista blackdiamond-cut alloy wheel 17" monastella diamond cut alloy 17" esprit Alpine diamond cut alloygrey textile upholstery with 3D patterntextile upholstery and black/grey texturedcoated textile with copper top-stitching grey textile upholstery and black texturedcoated textile with blue top-stitching12menu ↑download the accessories brochure PDF (6 MB)accessoriessemi-electric retractable towbar packDo you want your vehicle to look its best? The innovative Renault semi-electric towbar system allows you to deploy this in just a few seconds. When folded, it becomes invisible and perfectly protects the design of your vehicle.esprit Alpine premium floor matsReaffirm the sporty look of your new Clio E-Tech in the esprit Alpine version with a distinctive signature featuring the exclusive marking of the Alpine logo on the driver's and front passenger's side mats, the premium quality carpet and the blue top-stitching.quickfix roof barsQuick and easy to install completely safely and without any tools needed,thanks to the innovative quickfix attachment system. Ideal for adding a bicycle rack, ski rack or roof box and increasing your vehicle's carrying capacity.underbody lightingThis lighting means no more getting lost in a poorly lit car park. You will be able to easily identify your vehicle as you approach it, as the LED ambient underbody lighting and the dipped headlights turn on automatically.rear view cameraAdd this rear view camera to your vehicle's multimedia screen,giving you greater comfort when manoeuvring. When in reverse gear you'll see the area behind your vehicle directly on the screen.13menu ↑download the engines PDF (6MB)E-Tech engines* unleaded petrol (E10).14E-Tech full hybrid 145fuelunleaded petrol (E10) + full hybrid maximum power (hp)/revs (rpm)145/5,600maximum torque (Nm)/revs (rpm)144/3,600205battery (kWh)1.2kerb weight (kg)1,323dimensions and volumes* door mirrors folded.dimensions in (mm).8332,5836371,9791,4401,798*1,9881,4644,05315boot volume (litres)E-Tech full hybridmax with tyre inflation kit301 max bench seat folded down with tyre inflation kit1,006menu ↑Renault careserviceWe are always by your sideto make your driving experience easier and save you time with the maintenance of your Renault: online quotes and appointments, fixed price packages, maintenance contracts, insurance and assistance, personalised My Renault programme, etc. Take advantageof our simple and fast solutions tailored to your needs.find out more about Renault care service16deEvery precaution has been taken to ensure that the contents of this brochure were accurate and up-to-date at the time of its release. This document has been created using pre-production and prototype models. In line with its policy of continuous product improvement, Renault reserves the right to modify the specifications, vehicles and accessories described and featured at any time. Any such modifications are communicated to Renault dealers as quickly as possible. Depending on the country of sale, versions may differ and some equipment may be unavailable (standard, optional or accessories). Please contact your local dealer for the latest information. For reasons to do with the medium, the colours featured in this document may differ slightly from those of the actual paintwork or interior trim. All rights reserved. Reproduction in any format and by any means of all or part of this brochure is prohibited without prior written authorisation from Renault.Publicis – photo credits:– October 2023.17Renault recommends menu ↑。