实用口译unit 4 Memory in Interpreting

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世纪商务英语口译教程Unit 4

Unit Four
Enquiry, Offer and Counter-offer
询盘、报盘和还盘
Contents
1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section
Memory Training 记忆力训练
Note-taking Skills 笔记技巧
Macao → CN
■ The U.S. import from Japan 记录为：
美←日（US ← J）
■ Hong Kong’s return to China 记录为：
CN ← HK
■ Increase by 60 percent 记录为：
60%↗
■ 提高人民生活水平记录为：
生↗
■ 环境日益恶化记录为：
29 47 41 38 97 49 73 32 45 87 59 67 64 94 28 36 83 29 27 35 62 67 28 14 93 29 74 57 62 86 75 49 73 43 75 93
在口译中，我们常常运用笔记帮助记忆。这是生理和心理两方面的原因：一方面，人的记忆力是有限的，俗话说“好记性不如烂笔头”，适当地依靠笔记可以减轻脑记的负担；另一方面，人在紧张的状态下，遗忘的速度要比平时快。但是，笔记只是一个辅助手段，切不可贪多求全，不可为笔记而笔记。否则，就会 “见树不见林”，忽略了讲话者的中心思想。一般认为，二者的比例应该是“七分脑记，三分笔记”。
II. Sentence Interpreting 句子口译 Directions: Work in groups of four and interpret the sentences.

Unit 4 note-taking

Use symbols
(P 61). + － < > ≤ ≥ ≈ = ≠ × ∵ ∴
Practice
In-class exercises 5.3 & 5.4 (tourism), 6.5 (health) After-class exercises: 5.5, 6.3, （5.3 ）At this October time when Beijing is offering us its charming autumn scenery in the freshest air and clearest weather, the 15th General Assembly Session of the WTO is officially opened here. On behalf of the Chinese government, I would like to extend our sincere welcome to all the guests here and express our warm congratulations on the convening of this session.
For many years, the WTO has made active and effective efforts for the promotion of tourism prosperity and development around the world. The WTO has become a specialized agency of the United Nations. We would like to offer our sincere congratulations. We believe this WTO general assembly session will gibe a major push to the further prosperity and development of tourism in the world. Finally, I wish the 15th … every success.

Unit 2 Memory in interpreting (interpreting skills

Are you a born interpreter?
Ex. 3: Shopping list
Memory in interpreting
Question: What are supposed to be bought?
Memory in interpreting
一、记忆：译员的看家本领
Memory in interpreting
Are you a born interpreter? Ex. Watch carefully the following images forDo not write.
Memory in interpreting
机的中央处理器。 3. 长时记忆（long-term memory），也称永久记忆
（permanent memory）口译员保存知识的仓库，既包含一般的语言知识和非语言知
识（如百科知识、个人经验等），也包括操作型技能等。
Memory in interpreting
二、记忆：三种类型与功能
口译员的短时记忆依赖环境并有所取舍，其操控、能动作用也因此得到显现，“短时”能力具体表现在： 1. 听音、辨音、寻义（即完成音义匹配）以期理解源语发出者意欲表达的意义； 2. 一边用脑实施“短时”信息加工和信息存/取，一边构建语篇意义或建立命题网络以期完成目的语（或译入语）的构建和产出。
Memory in interpreting
然而“短时”能力或行为的实现又离不开长时记忆的支持。
Memory in interpreting
二、记忆：三种类型与功能
总之，瞬时记忆是口译的基本前提，短时记忆是口译任务赖以实施的关键，长时记忆是口译任务得以顺利完成的资源保证。
Memory in interpreting

Unit 2 Memory in interpreting (interpreting skills)

Are you a born interpreter?
Ex. 3: Shopping list

Memory in interpreting

Question: What are supposed to be bought?
Memory in interpreting

一、记忆：译员的看家本领
Memory in interpreting

3. 推理式信息组合记忆 Rearranging information
Memory in interpreting

3. 推理式信息组合记忆 Rearranging information示例
Memory in interpreting

3. 推理式信息组合记忆 Rearranging information示例

Memory in interpreting

二、记忆：三种类型与功能
1. 瞬时记忆（instant memory），也称感觉记忆（sensory memory或sensory store）大脑中最短的记忆。 2. 短时记忆（short-term memory）信息处理的关键环节，在口译记忆中起主导作用，就像计算机的中央处理器。 3. 长时记忆（g-term memory），也称永久记忆（permanent memory）口译员保存知识的仓库，既包含一般的语言知识和非语言知识（如百科知识、个人经验等），也包括操作型技能等。

Are you a born interpreter?
Ex. 2: Brands

Memory in interpreting

Question: Can you give the names of the brands in that picture?

Unit 4 Note-Taking in Interpreting

Unit 4 Note-Taking in Interpreting
Review of Effort Model

SI=L+M+P+C

CI (Phase I)=L+N+M+C CI (Phase II)=Rem+Read+P

Symbols for Note-Taking
Tips
Example 4

中美两国在世界上具有很大的影响，两国人民都希望保持和发展健康、稳定的关系。这种关系有利于亚太地区，乃至世界其他地区的和平、稳定和繁荣。

Both China and the United States exert a considerable influence in the world, and the two peoples wish to maintain and develop healthy and stable ties. Such a relationship is also beneficial to peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region and the rest of the world.
2-2

不仅海外华侨和具有中国血统的外国公民的孩子有学习汉语的动机，而且许多非中国血统的外国人也有学习汉语的积极性，这一点足以让人惊讶。

Surprisingly enough, not only overseas Chinese and the children of foreign citizens of Chinese origin are motivated to learn Chinese, but also many foreigners of non-Chinese origin are learning Chinese actively.

实用经贸英语口译Unit (4)

段落视译 Sight Interpretation

1. 以管理规范为基石，以市场拓展为平台，以产品创新为砥柱，以技术进步为桥梁，以品质卓越为保障，以现代一流企业的运作水平为管理目标。

Preparing --Sentences Interpreting B. Chinese to English

3. 新型的企业文化鼓励“张弛有度” 的企业环境。这种张弛结合的理念是指把严格控管与最大限度的个人权利相结合从而使企业家的才能得到充分发挥，同时也避免企业文化陷入混乱。

The new entrepreneurial culture encourages the “loose and tight” environment. The idea is to combine tight controls with maximum individual authority to allow entrepreneurship to flourish without the culture edging into chaos.
Preparing --Skills Presentation
Two Types of Pre-interpreting Preparation

Long-term Preparation Short-term Preparation
What and How to Prepare in the Long Run
Preparing
What Is Corporate Culture?
Corporate culture or organizational culture is an idea in the field of organizational studies and management which describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values (personal and cultural values) of an organization.

访谈口译

Unit 4 Interpreting Interviews 访谈口译 4-2-4
I think a massive educational campaign is the only thing conceivable at the moment that can help. Doing nothing about it would be criminal. The only thing you can do is to convince people that they are better off knowing that not knowing.
经营之道 Business Management 4-3-4
The Chinese take time to learn if their prospective(预期的，未来的） business contacts（接触，关系，熟人） are really reliable, for example, by inviting them to a party and socializing with（交往，esults: 取得预期成果；a prospective client: 可能成为客户的人；be unhappy about the prospective loss 对可能出现的损失感到不快 Leave oneself little time for socializing 给自己留下极少的社交活动时间； The first government-to-government contact between the two nations,两国政府间首次接触，the contacts at city hall：在市政厅（府）里的熟人
Unit 4 Interpreting Interviews 访谈口译 4-1-3

实用职英文写作教程Unit 4 Memorandums

这个例子是John Martin 向Elizabeth Green提出的出国访学的日程安排及相关航班和费用安排的备忘录。
这是一则在同事间送递的备忘录。理查· 布朗将去欧洲做推销旅行。他给总经理助理米歇尔· 斯密斯写了一份关于日程安排的备忘录。该备忘录叙事简洁明了、条理清晰、语言规范、措辞得当，显示了发件人良好的职业素养，是一篇很好的备忘录范例。
Memo message
• 备忘录正文部分通常包括：开头（opening）、主体（body）和结尾（closing）。可长可短，可正式或非正式，但一般不超过两页，可以有附件。正文后面往往没有签名（signature），但个别的也有签名。有些大公司或机构会准备有打印好的备忘录纸笺，纸笺上端通常印有公司或机构的名称或标语（ Logo）并印有开头部分：To, From, Date 和Subject，在每次写备忘录时只需填入具体内容即可。备忘录可以是纸质的，也可以是电子版的。打印或书写备忘录时，通常有两种格式：缩进式和齐头式，前者每段首行缩进，后者每一行顶格左边对齐。
Useful Sentences
1. Thank you for your attention and cooperation. 感谢您的关注与合作。 2. I should appreciate your understanding and cooperation. 对于您的理解和合作，我深表感激。 3. Please arrange for our agreed applying material ten days before the date of my visit. 请在我拜访之前十天将申请材料准备好。 4. Could you also please arrange flights and hotel accommodation? 另外，能否请你安排航班和旅行住宿？ 5. I shall be grateful if I can have this as soon as possible. 请尽快安排，谢谢。 6. In general, I felt that the lab needs much new equipment and renovation.总的来说，我觉得实验室需要很多新设备及升级改造。 7. I would like to inform you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory room. 在此想提醒你们一下，目前我们每个寝室都需要一部固定电话。 8. I hope that great attention will be paid to this request and the people concerned can solve it as soon as possible. 我希望将你们能关注这个请求，也希望有关人员能尽快解决这个问题。 9. All members of staff are reminded that the office is a NO SMOKING AREA and that smoking is restricted to the coffee lounge and smoking area. 所有职员应记住，办公室是无烟区，吸烟请到咖啡休息室或抽烟区。 10. I want you to know that deviations from these rulings will be hard to sell. 我必须忠告各位，在目前任何与这项决定相左的意见将不予授受。

口译技巧3-记忆训练

澳大利亚和中国在生态环境上有很大的差别，我认为原因很多。首先是由于中国的人口密度较大，其次是经济情况不同。澳大利亚的经济主要依靠第一和第三产业，比如农业、旅游业，它们对环境的污染相对较小；而中国的经济更依赖于第二产业（工业），第二产业对环境污染最大。另外，澳大利亚是一个发达国家，在经济上有能力制定比较严格的环境保护法规。第三是历史的原因。虽然澳大利亚的土族居民有六万多年的历史，但是他们是游牧民族，所以对生态环境没有重大影响。澳大利亚重要的人类活动只有两百年的历史。在中国，重要的人类活动已有几千年之久。第四，中国的环境保护还没有受到应有的重视。第五个原因是澳大利亚人和中国人的社会文明意识有所不同。
横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（ compare & contrast）、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列（sequencing）、列举（simple listing）、提出问题解决问题（problem-solution）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有： to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile 等；表示对比的词汇有： likewise, as well asቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ in common with, both, similarly，compared to等；表示对照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的则有： so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等。

英汉口译Memory-in-Interpreting

• B. 议论性话语：表达主观看法和评价，不是为了阐明知识，而是为了论证是非。
• 为了达到阐明知识或表述观点的目的，人们常用的方法包括“举例，比较，分类，概括”等
• 表达方法都具有清晰的思路和严密的结构，尤其是一轮的构成要素非常明显，级论点，论据与论证。典型的结构包括“总（观点）-分（论据）-总（结论）”结构或“总（观点）-分（论据）”结构，论据可以是实例，数字，故事，观点等。
Strategies of memory in Interpreting
• 1. Physical memorization 信息视觉化（某种情形，环境，地理位置的描述或介绍类口译材料）
• 2. Outlining the material 信息逻辑化（论证类，介绍类讲话）
• 3. the mixing of the information reasoning 推理式信息组合记忆（信息量大，内容枯燥，话语连贯性较差的材料）
补充：语言表达的三种结构类型
• 1. 叙事结构： • 基本要素：时间地点人物和事件（
when, where, who and what），而事件的发展过程就是逻辑线索，也就是说我们需要弄清楚怎么样以及为什么 (how and why)。
• 2. 描述结构 • 亦称为描写性话语，即用形象生动的语言
具体描绘人物，事物，景物等。
• 描写性的表达可能是记叙文的一部分，也可能是单独的描写文章。
• 针对描写性结构，译员需利用描述文字的可视化特点，学会抓住线索，就能进行形象直观的脱形抓意，准确储存源语信息。
• 3. 论证性结构：
• A。说明性话语：解释事物特点、结构、功能或性质，属于客观范畴；
Types of memories

Interpreting英语口译

Memory Training
Encoding, storage and retrieval
Categorization, generalization and comparison Mnemonics and aids to memory
Pr茨：中国富豪不应关门搞慈善
so as to understand the links between pieces of information. Doing logical analysis is aimed at enhancing the retention of information in one’s memory. Listening has to be very active, coupled with anticipation of what the speaker is going to say.
Practice texts
American University
Mission: A global outlook, practical idealism, a passion for public service: They're part of American University (AU) today, and they were in the air in 1893, when AU was chartered by Congress. American University is a private doctoral institution situated in a residential neighborhood of northwest Washington, D.C. Our total fall 2008 enrollment was 12,186, with 6,023 degree-seeking undergraduates, 3,297 degree-seeking graduate students, 1,667 law students, and 1,199 students in non-degree certificate programs, Washington Semester, or AU Abroad. AU has six major schools and colleges: College of Arts and Sciences, Kogod School of Business, School of Communication, School of International Service, School of Public Affairs, and Washington College of Law.

Unit 4 Note-taking in interpreting (I) (interpreting skills)

Note-taking in interpreting (I)
练习2： Can you take notes?
Exhibitions are the most cost efficient way to bring products to market and those responsible for organizing exhibitions are dedicated to protecting that cost advantage.
Note-taking in interpreting (I)
interpreting skills
Contents

Interpreting skills Note-taking in interpreting (I) Developing Vocabulary and Expressions

Note-taking in interpreting (I)
三、口译笔记不是听写
听写的要求是让学生记录听到的每一个词，还要保证拼写和标点符号的准确。听写时，学生有机会听到原文不止一遍，还有时间校对。这样的听雪成果出来是人人看得懂，也没有语法拼写错误的原文记录。而做口译笔记是个完全“自我”的过程。口译员决定记录内容的取舍，用融合了文字、标记、还有口译这本人自创的符号等进行记录，最后完成的作品是口译员本人才看得懂的“天书”。口译结束之后，笔记也就失去了效用。
Homework

1. Revise the interpreting skills in this unit. 2. Practice the interpreting skills. 3. Read the Pre-interpreting readings and learn the new words.

英汉口译Memory in Interpreting

? 译员在大脑里形成大体框架，并用不同方式对不同的说明方法进行整理，如分类时用数字表示不同类型，比较时可以用表格来突出彼此差异
? Exercise: Czech and Hong Kong
? Memory could be obtained by finding the logical relationship among information.
Strategies of memory in Interpreting
? 1. Physical memorization 信息视觉化（某种情形，环境，地理位置的描述或介绍类口译材料）
? 2. Outlining the material 信息逻辑化（论证类，介绍类讲话）
? 3. the mixing of the information reasoning 推理式信息组合记忆（信息量大，内容枯燥，话语连贯性较差的材料）
? Logical relationship models are: Generalization 概括 Classification 分类 Cause-effect 因果 Compare ＆contrast 对比对照 Sequencing 按照时间, 空间, 步骤, 重要性的顺序排
列
Simple listing 列举 Problem-solution 提出问题—解决问题
Memory in Interpreting
Memory in Interpreting
? Memory is one of the major elements affecting the process of storing and conveying information.
? Lack of mnemonic capacities may prevent people from getting access to sources of information quickly and exactly.

英07《英语口译》H-4

Unit 4Memory4.1 Memory in Interpreting4.1.1 Interpreter’s memory is important:●“memory” vs. “note-taking”⏹No chance of taking notes⏹Note-taking ＝supplement to memory≠substitute fro memory要求：→→→4.1.2 In terpreters’ memory is trainable●LTM vs. STM⏹Long-term memory (LTM)a learning process.an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge.⏹short-term memory (STM)seven "chunks).●Working Memory⏹LTM (K)+ STM运作记忆：（工作记忆、活动记忆）根据信息加工的特点，在认知过程中，外部刺激经过编码进入记忆系统后，要与已经储存的信息进行比较，并找出与之接近的匹配模式。

这样，长时记忆中存储的一部分信息就再次活动起来，在当前的加工中起作用，这一部分记忆就是运作记忆。

可以认为运作记忆是短时记忆概念的扩充和发展。

⏹[ Prerequisites ]4.2 Memory Training4.2.1 Ability to concentrate●Digit Span⑴Forward repetition⑵Backward repetition4.2.2 Gist retelling and logical analysis⑴Vertical analysislayers⑵Horizontal analysislinks●Generalization to sum up; in summary; in conclusion; in brief; in short; on the whole●Sequencing first; second; furthermore; before; preceding; during; when; finally;meanwhile●C ompare likewise; as well as; in common with; both; similarly; compared to●Contrast on the other hand; on the contrary; otherwise; instead; still; yet; whereas;differently●Cause-effect so; since; because; as a result; consequently; lead to4.2.3 Retrieval cues⑴ Time / Space markerchronological ordersequence of event⑵Generalization/ Categorizationheadings to embrace the supportive detailsgrouping based on comparison (similarities)⑶ Visualizationforming a picture in mind.4.2.4 Speech-type analysis⑴Narrative speechBeginning —settingMiddle —developmentEnd —conclusion / purpose (significance)[ Practice ]TitanicSouthamptoncolossalwater-tight compartmentlook-outcollisionimmensetremblingfaintliner⑵Argumentative speechIntroduction —propositionMiddle —evidence: reasons + explanationsConclusion —reaffirming[ Practice ]skyscraperman-made hazardhigh-rise buildingdismantleecologista cluster ofparking-lot capacitylavishsanitation facilities⑶Descriptive speechsensory detailsfunctions and features[ Practice ]Vancouvermaplehuesapsyruplandscapepalate⑷Ceremonial speechcanned speeches[ Practice ]bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new China Radio InternationalChina National RadioChina Central Televisioncompatriot⑸ Promotional speechMultimedia Presentations.Visual aidsPresentation software programs⑹Conversational speechSimple / Casual / Relaxed〔附〕：礼仪演说常用语祝酒辞speech of proposing a toast欢迎词welcome speech / address开幕词opening speech / address / remarks闭幕词closing speech / address / remarks尊敬的市长先生：Respected / respectable/ honorable /esteemed / distinguished Mr. Mayor陛下Your / His / Her Majesty殿下Your / His / Her Highness / Excellency / Royal Highness阁下Your / His / Her Honor / Excellency夫人Madam关于“祝酒词”：May I propose a toast to the health of…Now, allow me to propose a toast to our friendship and cooperation.I would like to propose a toast to…I would like to ask all of you present to join me in raising your glasses to…May I raise my glass with guests present in a toast to the health of …May I ask you to join me in a toast to …./ Please allow me to propose a toast to…Let’s give a toast to…/ Let’s drink a toast to …/ Here is to your good health.表示祝福：I wish everybody here good health, a successful career and very best luck in the coming new year.Finally, I wish this annual meeting a complete success and wish all of you a pleasant stay in Beijing.I want to extend my personal earnest welcome to all of you and sincerely hope that your visit here will be rewarding.我祝愿……圆满成功，并祝各位在……过得愉快。

口译

Conference Address 1*欢迎/开幕/闭幕词welcome/opening/closing speech*开/闭幕式opening/closing ceremony*签字仪式signing ceremony*宣布......开幕declare…open; declare the commencement/ opening of …*宣布……闭幕declare the conclusion/ closing of…*拨冗光临take the time off o ne’s busy schedule*祝……圆满成功wish…a complete success感谢大家从百忙中拨冗光临今天的年会.I’d like to thank you for sparing time for today’s annual conference.我现在宣布,第14届妇女儿童权利保障论坛正式开幕!Now I declare the opening of the 14th Forum on the Protection of Children’s and Wom en’s Rights!我预祝本届中非经济合作论坛取得圆满成功.I wish this Forum on Sino-African Economic Cooperation a complete success.C-E (2)17:05*尊敬的各位来宾,*女士们,先生们:*在这个美好的季节里,第七届20国集团财长和央行行长会议在中国举行。

我谨代表中国政府和人民，对会议的召开表示热烈的祝贺！向与会的各国财长和国际金融机构的代表，表示热烈的欢迎！*Distinguished Guests,*Ladies and Gentlemen,*I wish to express, on behalf of the Chinese government and people,warm congratulations on the convocation of the Seventh G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting in this beautiful season in China. I warmly welcome all the participating finance ministers, central bank governors and representatives of international financial institutions.*这次会议确定以“加强全球合作：实现世界经济平衡有序发展”为主题，具有重要意义。

中级口译教程-梅德明-第四-句子精炼_2-16单元

句子精炼( Sentences in Focus )Unit 2 接待口译（机场迎宾、宾馆入住、宴会招待、参观访问）1. This is a fantastic airport, absolutely one of the top-notch international airports.（这个机场太美了，绝对是一个顶尖的国际机场。

）2. I’m very bad with a jet-lag. But I will be all right in a couple of days.（我倒时差很慢，但两天后自然就回复了。

）3. I’d like to have a 7 o’clock morning call, breakfast sent up to my room, laundry done, some documents photocopied, an express mail sent out, and something like that.（我要早上7点钟叫醒，早餐送到我房间，衣服要熨，文件要复印，邮件要快递，诸如此类的事情需要服务。

）4. We all maneuvered successfully to get our job done, so to speak.（可以说我们每个人都成功的使我们的使命得以完成。

）5. Let’s delight ourselves completely in the foods that Mother Nature grants us.（让我们尽情享受大自然赋予我们的食物吧。

）6. 我要是没认错的话，您一定是从伦敦来的泰莱科教授吧。

(You must be Prof. Tallack from London, if I’m not mi staken.)7. 我是海通集团人力资源部经理。

(I’m manager of Human Resources, the Haitong Group.)8. 感激您不辞辛劳，从百忙之中抽空来我公司指导。

英语数字口译及练习

Unit four Figures in Interpreting教学目的：1. 了解中英数位表达及分段方式的差异，通过单纯数字、带单位的数字及带数字的句子口译练习，初步掌握中英数字互译的方法和技巧；2. 熟悉有关国际商务和世界贸易的相关词汇、表达，以及有关背景知识；3. 通过模仿或模拟口译实践提高英语表达和运用能力。

教学重点：1. 中英数位表达差异；2. 数字中英互译的三阶段练习；3. 国际贸易与经济全球化的常用词汇和表达；4. 与世界贸易相关的背景知识及用语表达。

I. 有关数字的各种表达及注意事项1. 整数的译法和读法迅速无误识别数字的前提是必须能够流利地读出数字。

要从读两位数起，然后练习读三位和四位数乃至五位或六位以上的数字。

其中两位和三位数的读法是读所有数字的基础。

英文数字中的每一个逗点的读法也要牢记：有一个逗点读“thousand”，两个逗点读“million”，三个逗点读“billion”。

还要清楚，每个逗点间由三位数组成。

英文数字中的第四位数、第七位数、第十位数是很关键的数位。

1,234 读作：one thousand,two hundred and thirty-four4,567,809 读作：four million,five hundred and sixty-seventhousand,eight hundred and nine5,678,120,000 读作：five billion,six hundred and seventy-eight million,one hundred and twe nty thousand 百位数和百位数以上的数的读法英国人和美国人不同，英国人在百位数和十位数之间用and,美国人常常不用。

126 读作one hundred(and)twenty-six3,862 读作three thousand, eight hundred(and)sixty-two489,932 读作four thousand(and)eight-nine thousand,nine hundred(and)thiety-two以one开始的较大数字，通俗的用法或表示大概数字时，可用不定冠词a代替one,如：He's written a thousand poems.“千”有时可转换成“百”来表示，尤其在通俗用法中，如：The fee is about eleven hundred yuan.（费用约一千一百元。

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Normal spoken delivery: 120—220 words/min
The more “meaningful” the information, the shorter it takes for it to be committed to memory and the easier it is to remember.
2. Skill Training
2. 口译记忆的常用方法：记忆的基本手段：声觉记忆、视觉记忆、意义记忆。成像法：visualization，即把源语语篇的意义框架想象成一副图像，或把源语语篇所叙述的情景还原成思维中的视觉影像。较易掌握的方法：有的语篇是以时间顺序为线索的，如发言人回顾历史、讲述经历时，往往有一个开头、发展、结尾的顺序；
2. Theoretical Framework
记忆训练的必要性：
Daniel Gile：交传包括两个阶段：听取和理解信息阶段以及信息重组阶段
2. Theoretical Framework
第一阶段：听取和理解信息阶段 I=L+M+N I=口译 L=听取并分析源语信息 M=从听到信息到以笔记形式存储信息所需要的短期记忆 N=笔记第二阶段：信息重组阶段 I=Rem+Read+P 在这一阶段，译员从短期记忆中提取并解构源语信息(Rem)，读取笔记(Read)，然后重新产出译语信息(P)。
Long segment of information Dense information Proper names Figures unfamiliar Lack of logical links Lack of background knowledge Lack of interest
实用口译
Unit 4
Memory In Interpreting
Outline

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introduction Theoretical framework Skill training Interpretation Practice Performance Appraisal
1. Introduction
What is the most difficult things to remember in interpreting?
An
Experiment to Check
The most difficult things to remember in interpreting are:
2. Theoretical Framework
2. 记忆的分类：瞬时记忆 (instant memory), 也称感觉记忆 (sensor memory): 持续时间很短。短时记忆 (short-term memory), 记忆容量为7+-2个互不关联的信息单位，且始终处于活跃状态，不需要被激活。长时记忆 (long-term memory), 也称永久记忆 (permanent memory) 可以长达数日、数月乃至数年，记忆容量几乎是无限的，但需要被激活。工作记忆 (Working memory), 是短时记忆与长时记忆中被激活的部分的结合。
Direction: Listen to the following passages, then retell in your own words in the same language the information you have just heard. Exercise 1:
金福实业有限公司从一个打火机五金塑料作坊起步，发展成为现在相当规模的实业公司。这个过程的确来之不易，是经过了十年艰苦努力，不断开拓，广聚人才和发展原始积累而成。我们近几年新发展的塑料包装瓶盖，拥有世界最先进的注塑系统及成型模具。我们先进的技术、舒适洁净的工作环境、科学的管理方法、勇于开拓进取和至诚待客的精神，受到所有客户的一致好评。在这里我代表公司全体员工向曾经给予过和即将给予我们关心和支持的人们表示深深的诚挚的谢意！我们将秉承一贯以诚待人的经营作风，戒骄戒躁，在愈演愈烈的经济大潮中与您携手共进。同时，欢迎您择日莅临指导工作，谢谢！
有的语篇是以逻辑论证为线索的，要么先说观点，再细说理据1、2、3点，要么先陈述原因，再得出结论。 argument
语篇成像法举例：
中国承担着越来越多与本国国力相符的国际责任。我国已经兑现对联合国《千年宣言》的承诺,向 120多个发展中国家提供了经济援助,累计免除49个重债穷国和最不发达国家的债务。我们向发生地震、海啸等灾害的国家积极捐资捐物,并派遣多支医疗队和救援队赴当地实施人道救助。中国积极参加联合国国际维和行动,是安理会常任理事国中派出维和人员最多的国家,累计向24项联合国维和行动派出上万人次,中国维和官兵甚至付出了生命的代价。
2. Skill Training
Three ways of training memory 1. Shadow-speaking 2. Retelling in the original language 3. Retelling in the target language
Retelling exercises:
2. Skill Training
comparison (noticing the differences as well as similarities between different things, facts, or events); noticing the time-markers or spatial barometers which often indicate the sequence of an event; description of a scene, or the shape and size of a substance.
2. Skill Training
口译记忆的技巧：
1. 口译记忆的原则口译过程中经选择后的记忆对象主要包括：主题词、关键词、逻辑联系，这三者综合起来就构成了源语语篇的意义框架。为提高记忆存储的效率，有必要对记忆的信息进行“条块化”处理。口译记忆可以借助口译笔记的辅助，从而提 Байду номын сангаас记忆的准确性。
Memory training (1) Encoding, storage and retrieval Psychologists tell us that memory involves encoding, storage and retrieval of information. Forgetting may mean the material was never encoded; it may mean the information was not stored; or it may reflect retrieval difficulties.
———杨洁篪外长第十一届中国发展高层论坛年会演讲
2. Skill Training
发言人每个语段的开头、结尾都应成为记忆的重点。 1) 开头往往包含了整个语段的主题，结尾往往是呈现结论、总结的部分 2) 只有记好了开头和结尾，译员才能清楚地把握好本节口译是从哪里开始说起，说到哪里为止。
2. Skill Training
2. Skill Training
Memory training: (2) Categorization, generalization and comparison People believe memory can be fortified by consciously resorting to tactics (retrieval cues) such as categorization (grouping items of the same properties, origins, first letters, etc.); generalization (working out some headings to embrace the supportive details);
2. Theoretical Framework
3) 理解记忆及意义记忆—口译“工作记忆”的核心
译员一定要注意对源语意义的分析、整合，并有意识地分析讲话者的思路，以便建立起记忆中各个意义模块之间的联系。
4) 强化口译记忆练习—提高信息的提取速度记忆中信息检索和提取的速度和可能性取决于记忆的激活程度，而激活程度又取决于记忆使用的频率和使用的新近程度。
2. Skill Training
有的语篇是以空间次序为线索的，如发言人介绍景点、说明构造时，往往遵循由上而下、由里而外的空间次序； spatial barometers
有的语篇是以分类为线索的，由总到分，由大类到小类。 categorization
有的语篇是以对比，比较为线索的，先说相似之处，再说不同之处；comparison
2. Theoretical Framework
“记词”还是“记意”？译员运用的主要是意义记忆的方式：在听辩理解的过程中注意分析并整合发言人语词所表达的意义，并把它作为记忆存储和提取的对象。 3. 口译记忆的运作方式 1) 听辩理解过程中的“有意识的”筛选---缩小记忆的量去粗取精，留存有意义的信息。 2) 对记忆的信息进行“条块化”处理---扩大记忆的容量言语的记忆主要采取以“命题”为单位的意义储存的方式。 “以命题为单位的意义模块”可以包括一句话、一个语段、乃至一个语篇的意思。
the interpreter concentrates on both meaning and the words used
2. Theoretical Framework