On the Origin of the UV Upturn in Elliptical Galaxies. II. Test of the HB Hypothesis

the origin of writing解析全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：文字是人类文明发展的重要标志之一，而文字的起源也一直是学者们所关注的话题之一。

关于文字的起源有许多不同的观点和理论，但目前普遍认可的观点是文字起源于图片文字（pictographs）。

据考古学家的研究，早在数千年前，人类已经开始使用象形文字来交流和记录信息。

在古代的墙画和岩石上，我们可以看到一些简单的符号和图案，这些符号和图案很可能就是古代人类最早的文字形式。

通过这些象形文字，人类可以记录狩猎的经历、祭祀的仪式、人们之间的交流等各种信息。

随着时间的推移，人类的社会逐渐发展，文字也在不断演变和完善。

据考古学家的研究，最早的文字可以追溯到约5000年前的美索不达米亚地区，这些文字被认为是世界上最早的文字形式。

而美索不达米亚地区所使用的楔形文字（cuneiform）也是世界上最早的形式文字之一，它的发明被认为是文字发展史上的重要里程碑。

除了美索不达米亚地区，古埃及和中国也是早期文字发展的重要地区。

古埃及人使用象形文字和表意文字来记录神话故事、历史事件和各种仪式。

而中国的汉字则是世界上最早的纯文字系统之一，它的发展经历了象形文字、指事文字和会意文字等阶段。

文字的起源是一个复杂而又神秘的过程。

通过对古代文字的研究，我们可以更好地了解人类的智慧和创造力。

文字不仅是一种记录信息的工具，更是连接人类文明的纽带，它为人类社会的进步和发展提供了重要支持和指导。

希望通过不断地研究和探索，我们可以更好地理解文字的力量，并将其发挥到极致。

【字数：381】第二篇示例：文字作为一种表达和记录思想的工具，是人类文明发展历程中的重要里程碑。

但是，文字是如何起源的呢？对于这个问题，学者们一直在探索和研究，也提出了各种假说和理论。

在这篇文章中，我们将尝试对文字起源进行解析，并探讨不同理论的可能性。

一种常见的关于文字起源的理论是象形文字理论。

根据这一理论，文字最早起源于古代人们通过图画来表达事物和观念。

The origin of the English word ‘Confucianism’The origin of the English word ‘Confucianism’ may be traced back to the Jesuits of the sixteenth century:Until Nicholas Trigault published his version of Ricci’s journalsin 1615, there was hardly any knowledge of, not to say debate about,Confucianism...The Jesuits were virtually the first Europeans todiscover Confucius and Confucianism, ‘the sect of the literati’ as theynot inaccurately called it...The Jesuits, representatives of Europeanvalues and intellectual methods, attempted...to understand Chineseintellectual life in terms of systems, and transmuted the tradition ofthe Ju or Chinese ‘scholars’ into an ‘-ism’, Confucianism.(Rule, 1986: 2, 195) Since then ‘Confucianism’ or its equivalents in other European lan-guages has been taken in the West as a proper name for the East Asian tradition with Confucius as its fountainhead. In fact, what is meant by ‘Confucianism’ is more a tradition generally rooted in Chinese culture and nurtured by Confucius and Confucians rather than a new religion created, or a new value system initiated, by Confucius himself alone. It is true that as a distinctive ‘school’ Confucianism began with Confucius. It was Confucius who explored deeply and elaborated extensively on the basic principles of what was to become Confucianism, and it was Confucius and his disciples who succeeded in transmitting and trans-forming their ancient culture. But it would go too far to suggest that Confucianism was ‘created’ solely by Confucius and Confucianism was sustained exclusively by the faith in Confucius. In this sense, the word ‘Confucianism’ is a misnomer for the tradition that is normally referred to as ru jia, ru jiao, ru xue or simply as ru in China and other East Asian countries. Confucius played a key role in the development of the tradi-tion which had originated long before his time. He is usually regarded as a ‘sage–teacher’ for the people or as the Sage for Confucians, but seldom as the Saviour, and never as the Lord. Confucius functioned as ‘the founder’ of the Confucian tradition in a way quite di C erent from the founders of other religious traditions.1The Origin of ruRu jia, ru jiao or ru xue may be translated roughly as ‘the doctrine, or tradition, of scholars’. To understand the nature of this doctrine or tradition, we have first to explore its root in ru. A prominent scholar of the Han Dynasty (206bce–220ce), Liu Xin (?–23ce), located the formation of ru as a profession in the early years of the Zhou Dynasty (1100?–256bce) and asserted that ru was characteristic of its devotion to the ‘six classics’ (the Book of Poetry, the Book of History, the Book of Rites, the Book of Music, the Book of Changes, and the Spring and Autumn Annals), and that as a social group and a distinctive school, ru emphasised the virtues of humaneness (ren) and righteousness (yi), followed the ancient sage–kings, and took Confucius as their master (Hanshu, 1997: 1728). However, the identification of ru with Confucian scholars was not recognised until a much later time, when Confucianism had been recognised as a prominent school with its scholars engaging with the classics and the Way of ancient Sages. What then is the original meaning of the ru?Among ancient texts, the character rufirst occurs in the Analects, where Confucius taught his disciples to be a ru of virtuous gentlemen (junzi ru), and not a morally deficient man or a vulgar ru (xiaoren ru) (Lunyu, 6:13). Some scholars, both Chinese and Western, argue that although groups of men professionally skilled in ceremonial practice existed prior to Confucius’ time, the character ru post-dated Confucius’ time and was in fact coined as a name for the followers of Confucius (Eno, 1993: 192). While we cannot engage in this debate, su A ce it now to say that there is no reason for us to disregard what is implied by the reference to the two kinds of ru in the Analects, and we have grounds for believing that as a profession or distinctive group in society, ru must have predated the time of Confucius.As mentioned above, Liu Xin gave a clear explanation to the origin of ru. He traced the origin of ru to a government o A ce (situ zhi guan, Minis-try of Education) whose function was to ‘assist the ruler to follow the way of the yin–yang and to enlighten [the people] by education’ (zhu renjun, shun yinyang, ming jiaohua, in Hanshu, 1998: 1728). There seem to have2been few debates concerning the meaning of ru before the twentieth century, and people generally accepted Liu Xin’s explanation. Following the introduction of a western scientific methodology at the beginning of the twentieth century, however, Chinese scholars started to rethink the character ru and reassess its meanings and connotations. A group of scholars followed Liu Xin to confirm that ru was indeed from a govern-ment o A ce. Zhang Binglin (1869–1936), for example, argued that all the schools which came into being during the period of Spring and Autumn (771–476bce) and the period of Warring Sates (475–221bce)originated from the imperial o A ces (wang guan) of the Zhou Dynasty. In his article Yuan Ru(‘Exploring the Origin of Ru’), Zhang pointed out that in ancient times ru was a general term with a range of references, and that there were three kinds of ru in the Zhou Dynasty: ru as a distinguished title for intellectuals or gentlemen who were equipped with skills and expertise in one or more areas of social life (shu shi); ru as a classification for those who were professionals in the six arts (rites, music, archery, carriage driving, history and mathematics); and ru as an o A cial title for those who assisted the ruler to follow the way of yin–yang and to enlighten the people by education. Zhang believed that the three kinds of ru were later disregarded and ru as a general term became a specific name for those who taught and transmitted the Confucian classics (Zhang, 1909: 56). Other modern scholars such as Kang Youwei (1858–1927) and Hu Shi (1891–1962) disagreed with Liu and Zhang with regard to the origin of ru. For them, ru did not originate in a government o A ce of the Zhou Dynasty. Based on the records that Confucius usually wore a special cap (zhangfu zhi guan), Hu Shi claimed that ru referred to the adherents (yimin) of the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–c. 1100bce) who because of their expertise in religious rituals were employed as priests by the Zhou Dynasty. When the Western Zhou Dynasty (1100?–770bce) declined shortly before the time of Confucius, these professionals lost their privilege and social status, and became a group of people who lived on their knowl-edge and skills in rituals and ceremonies (Hu, 1953: vol. 4). In his Yuan Ru Mo (On the Origins of the Ru and Moists) Fung Yulan argued against this assumption that wearing the Shang cap did not mean that these people were adherents of the Shang. Fung further separated ru and rujia, the former being a professional group who lived on education and per-forming rituals, the latter being a distinctive school established in the Spring and Autumn period (Chen, 1996: 334).Most of the debates were concentrated on the immediate predecessors of ru that later tradition knew as Confucian scholars. Whether or not it was associated with a government o A ce, the members of ru were certainly associated with learning and education. But what was their3original profession? Recently, a number of Chinese scholars have returned to the question. Some conclude that as a profession ru refers originally to dancers and musicians in religious ceremonies of the Shang Dynasty when the worship of spirits and gods dominated the life of the people. A ru would perform various dances and play music as imprecation for a good harvest and as o C erings to gods or ancestors, and would lead ceremonies for the coming of rain during the seasons of drought. To fulfil their duties ru had to study not only the rituals proper, but also other relevant subjects such as astronomy/astrology to predict rain or drought. The character ru ( ) is said to come from the character xu ( ). Xu was composed of two parts, ‘cloud’ ( ) above sky ( ) (Yan, 1995: 50), which reveals the relation of ru to ritual dance in rain-praying. In the oracle bone inscriptions, xu was rendered as a man who is in a shower (), suggesting a ritual ablution before a ru went about his responsibilities. In chapter 38‘The Conducts of Scholars’ of the Book of Rites, we can see the importance of bathing for a Confucian scholar: ‘The scholar keeps his person free from stain, and continually bathes (and refreshes) his virtue’ (Legge, 1968, vol. 27: 407).Other etymological connections also suggest that ru were related to ritual dance, music and religious ceremonies. The character ru shares the same root with those for ‘weaklings’ and ‘cowards’, indicating that the members of ru were characterised by their softness, suppleness and flexibility. Probably for this reason, Xu Shen (58?–147?), the first Chinese philologist, defined it as such: ‘Ru means “soft.” It is the title for [Confucian] scholars (shu shi) who educated the people with the six arts’(Shuowen Jiezi Zhu, 1981: 366). Therefore, a ru was gentle and yielding rather than competitive and commanding, in contrast to a warrior who was known for his vigour in war and competition. As a master of music and dance, a ru was clearly aware of his own refinement and manners, and believed his own worth to reside in his cultivated and noble etiquette; it was this which served to distinguish the ru from common people, such as farmers, craftsmen and merchants.To summarise and assess what has been presented above, we may hypothesise that the di C erent explanations of the origins of ru might actually refer to the di C erent periods in the evolution of the groups of men who were called ru. The ru went through a number of stages before the time of Confucius. Firstly, ru referred to dancers and musicians in reli-gious rituals, who were characterised by their softness and flexibility. At this stage, ru was a special group in society whose members were roughly equivalent to what we mean by shamans, magicians and sorcerers. Secondly, ru were masters of rituals and ceremonies, who performed, or assisted the performance of, various rituals. At this stage, ru referred to4professionals expert in religious rituals, rites and ceremonies. Thirdly, ritual masters became teachers in o A cial education. To be able to look after rituals, ru must have mastered history, poetry, music, astrology, archery and mathematics which were closely related to rituals in ancient times. As experts in these areas they exercised responsibility for training young dancers, musicians and performers, and for teaching on rituals and ritual-related subjects, which earned them the title of shi( ):‘Masters/Teachers’, although they were still employed as professional priests or assistants at o A cial or non-o A cial ceremonies.Along with the decline of cultic practices and the rise of rationalism during the Spring and Autumn period, a large number of ru departed from the o A cially assigned profession, and entered various areas of social life. The ru became distinctive for their skills in state rituals and in o A cial and private education. The character ru was also gradually extended to become a specific term for those who had skills of ritual, history, poetry, music, mathematics and archery, and who lived o C their knowledge of all kinds of ceremonies and of many other subjects (Chen, 1996: 350). Among the teachers of these disciplines Confucius stood out as an outstanding ru of his time, and opened up a new course by developing and transforming the ru tradition. By the time of the Warring States period, Confucius had been recognised as the highest figure in the ru tradition, as indicated by Han Fei (280?–233bce), a leading Legalist philosopher and a well-known critic of Confucianism, ‘In the present age, the celebrities for learning are the literati [ru] and the Mohists. The highest figure of the Literati was K’ung Ch’iu [Kong Qiu]; the highest figure of the Mohists was Mo Ti’ (Liao, 1960, vol. 2: 298). Not long after that, the tradition of ru was totally identified with the doctrines clarified, elaborated and propagated by Confucius, and ‘the rituals of the ru’ and ‘the Way of Confucius’ became interchangeable in a collec-tion of the Former Han Dynasty (Huainanzi Yizhu, 1990: 501). One way or another, Confucius’ transmission and interpretation of the ancient culture and his practices of education played a major part in shaping and reshaping the ru tradition. The process involved in this transformation must be taken into account when we discuss the relationship between Confucius and ru. Therefore, whatever method one may employ in trac-ing the origin of Confucianism, one must take into account both the cultural heritage on which Confucius worked and the transforma-tion Confucius made to the ru tradition. In this sense it is misleading to simply ‘characterize Confucius and his followers through their role as masters of dance’ (Eno, 1990: 2–3). As we have pointed out above, by the time of Confucius, the ru had fundamentally changed their social and cultural functions, and therefore, should not be treated in the same way as the earlier masters of dance and music.5。

动物的发明过程作文英语Title: The Evolutionary Marvel: The Creation of Animals。

Introduction:In the vast tapestry of life on Earth, animalsrepresent some of the most diverse and fascinating organisms. From the microscopic tardigrades to the mighty elephants, the animal kingdom is a testament to the incredible creativity of evolution. But how did these wondrous creatures come to be? Let's delve into the captivating journey of the invention of animals.Origins of Life:The story of animal invention begins billions of years ago, in the primordial soup of Earth's early oceans. Inthis ancient milieu, simple organic molecules gradually organized themselves into more complex structures,eventually giving rise to the first single-celled organisms.These early life forms, such as bacteria and archaea, laid the groundwork for the emergence of multicellular life.The Advent of Multicellularity:Around 600 million years ago, a pivotal moment occurred in the history of life: the transition to multicellularity. This evolutionary leap allowed cells to collaborate and specialize, paving the way for the development of more complex organisms. The exact mechanisms behind this transition remain a subject of scientific inquiry, but itis clear that multicellularity provided a platform for the evolution of diverse body plans and lifestyles.The Rise of Animalia:Among the myriad forms of multicellular life, animals emerged as one of the most remarkable success stories. The precise origins of animals are shrouded in mystery, but genetic and fossil evidence suggests that they share a common ancestor with choanoflagellates, single-celled organisms with a striking resemblance to the collar cellsfound in sponges. From this humble beginning, animals embarked on a journey of innovation and diversification.Key Innovations in Animal Evolution:The evolution of animals was characterized by a seriesof key innovations that allowed for adaptation to various ecological niches and lifestyles. These innovations include:1. Symmetry: The development of bilateral symmetry provided animals with a distinct front and back, as well as a head region with sensory organs concentrated forefficient navigation and interaction with the environment.2. Tissues and Organs: The evolution of specialized tissues and organs allowed animals to perform specific functions more efficiently. From digestive systems to nervous systems, these complex structures enabled animalsto pursue diverse dietary strategies and behavioral patterns.3. Body Plans: Animals exhibit a remarkable diversityof body plans, ranging from the streamlined bodies of fishto the segmented forms of insects. These body plans are the result of millions of years of evolutionary experimentation, shaped by natural selection and environmental pressures.4. Reproduction: Animal reproduction strategies vary widely, from simple asexual reproduction to complex mating rituals. The evolution of sexual reproduction introduced genetic diversity and facilitated the rapid adaptation of populations to changing environments.5. Skeletal Systems: Skeletons provide animals with support, protection, and locomotion. From the exoskeletonsof arthropods to the internal skeletons of vertebrates, these structures play a crucial role in shaping animal form and function.Conclusion:The invention of animals stands as one of the most extraordinary chapters in the history of life on Earth. Through the relentless forces of evolution, animals haveevolved an astonishing array of forms, behaviors, and adaptations, allowing them to thrive in virtually every habitat on the planet. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of animal evolution, we gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate web of life that surrounds us. From the tiniest invertebrates to the largest mammals, each species is a testament to the power and beauty of nature's creative process.。

On the Decay of the Art of Lying by Mark Twain [Sameul Clemens]ESSAY, FOR DISCUSSION, READ AT A MEETING OF THE HISTORICALAND ANTIQUARIAN CLUB OF HARTFORD, AND OFFERED FOR THETHIRTY-DOLLAR PRIZE.[*][*] Did not take the prize.Observe, I do not mean to suggest that the _custom_ of lying has suffered any decay or interruption--no, for the Lie, as a Virtue, A Principle, is eternal; the Lie, as a recreation, a solace, a refuge in time of need, the fourth Grace, the tenth Muse, man's best and surest friend, is immortal, and cannot perish from the earth while this club remains. My complaint simply concerns the decay of the _art_ of lying. No high-minded man, no man of right feeling, can contemplate the lumbering and slovenly lying of the present day without grieving to see a noble art so prostituted. In this veteran presence Inaturally enter upon this theme with diffidence; it is like an old maid trying to teach nursery matters to the mothers in Israel. It would not become to me to criticise you, gentlemen--who are nearly all myelders--and my superiors, in this thing--if I should here and there _seem_ to do it, I trust it will in most cases be more in a spirit of admiration than fault-finding; indeed if this finest of the fine arts had everywhere received the attention, the encouragement, and conscientious practice and development which this club has devoted to it, I should not need to utter this lament, or shred a single tear.I do not say this to flatter: I say it in a spirit of just and appreciative recognition. [It had been my intention, at this point, to mention names and to give illustrative specimens, but indications observable about me admonished me to beware of the particulars and confine myself to generalities.]No fact is more firmly established than that lying is a necessity of our circumstances--the deduction that it is then a Virtue goes without saying.No virtue can reach its highest usefulness without careful and diligent cultivation--therefore, it goes without saying that this one ought to be taught in the public schools--even in the newspapers. What chance has the ignorant uncultivated liar against the educated expert? What chance have Iagainst Mr. Per--against a lawyer? _Judicious_lying is what the world needs.I sometimes think it were even better and safer not to lie at all than to lie injudiciously. An awkward, unscientific lie is often as ineffectual as the truth.Now let us see what the philosophers say. Note that venerable proverb:Children and fools _always_ speak the truth. The deduction is plain--adults and wise persons _never_speak it. Parkman, the historian, says, "The principle of truth may itself be carried into an absurdity." In another place in the same chapters he says, "The saying is old that truth should not be spoken at all times; and those whom a sick conscience worries into habitual violation of the maxim are imbeciles and nuisances." It is strong language, but true. None of us could _live_ with an habitual truth-teller; but thank goodness none of us has to. An habitual truth-teller is simply an impossible creature; he does not exist; he never has existed. Of course there are people who _think_ they never lie, but it is not so--and this ignorance is one of the very things that shame our so-called civilization. Everybody lies--every day; every hour;awake; asleep; in his dreams; in his joy; in hismourning; if he keeps his tongue still, his hands, his feet, his eyes, his attitude, will convey deception--and purposely. Even in sermons--but that is a platitude.In a far country where I once lived the ladies used to go around paying calls, under the humane and kindly pretence of wanting to see each other;and when they returned home, they would cry out with a glad voice, saying, "We made sixteen calls and found fourteen of them out"--not meaning that they found out anything important against the fourteen--no, that was only a colloquial phrase to signify that they were not at home--and their manner of saying it expressed their lively satisfaction in that fact. Now their pretence of wanting to see the fourteen--and the other two whom they had been less lucky with--was that commonest and mildest form of lying which is sufficiently described as a deflection from the truth. Is it justifiable?Most certainly. It is beautiful, it is noble; for its object is, _not_ to reap profit, but to convey a pleasure to the sixteen. The iron-souled truth-monger would plainly manifest, or even utter the fact that he didn't want to see those people--and he would be an ass, and inflict totally unnecessary pain.And next, those ladies in that far country--but never mind, they had a thousand pleasant ways of lying, that grew out of gentle impulses, and were a credit to their intelligence and an honor to their hearts. Let the particulars go.The men in that far country were liars, every one. Their mere howdy-do was a lie, because _they_ didn't care how you did, except they were undertakers. To the ordinary inquirer you lied in return; for you made no conscientious diagnostic of your case, but answered at random, and usually missed it considerably. You lied to the undertaker, and said your health was failing--a wholly commendable lie, since it cost you nothing and pleased the other man.If a stranger called and interrupted you, you said with your hearty tongue, "I'm glad to see you," and said with your heartier soul, "I wish you were with the cannibals and it was dinner-time." When he went, you said regretfully, "_Must_ you go?" and followed it with a "Call again;" but you did no harm, for you did not deceive anybody nor inflict any hurt, whereas the truth would have made you both unhappy.I think that all this courteous lying is a sweet and loving art, and should be cultivated. The highestperfection of politeness is only a beautiful edifice, built, from the base to the dome, of graceful and gilded forms of charitable and unselfish lying.What I bemoan is the growing prevalence of the brutal truth. Let us do what we can to eradicate it. An injurious truth has no merit over an injurious lie.Neither should ever be uttered. The man who speaks an injurious truth lest his soul be not saved if he do otherwise, should reflect that that sort of a soul is not strictly worth saving. The man who tells a lie to help a poor devil out of trouble, is one of whom the angels doubtless say, "Lo, here is an heroic soul who casts his own welfare in jeopardy to succor his neighbor's;let us exalt this magnanimous liar."An injurious lie is an uncommendable thing; and so, also, and in the same degree, is an injurious truth--a fact that is recognized by the law of libel.Among other common lies, we have the _silent_ lie--the deception which one conveys by simply keeping still and concealing the truth. Many obstinate truth-mongers indulge in this dissipation, imagining that if they _speak_ no lie, they lie not at all. In that far country where I once lived, there was a lovelyspirit, a lady whose impulses were always high and pure, and whose character answered to them. One day I was there at dinner, and remarked, in a general way, that we are all liars. She was amazed, and said, "Not _all_?"It was before "Pinafore's" time. so I did not make the response which would naturally follow in our day, but frankly said, "Yes, _all_--we are all liars.There are no exceptions." She looked almost offended, "Why, do you include _me_?" "Certainly," I said. "I think you even rank as an expert." She said "Sh-'sh! the children!" So the subject was changed in deference to the children's presence, and we went on talking about other things. But as soon as the young people were out of the way, the lady came warmly back to the matter and said, "I have made a rule of my life to never tell a lie; and Ihave never departed from it in a single instance."I said, "I don't mean the least harm or disrespect, but really you have been lying like smoke ever since I've been sitting here. It has caused me a good deal of pain, because I'm not used to it." She required of me an instance--just a single instance.So I said--"Well, here is the unfilled duplicate of the blank,which the Oakland hospital people sent to you by the hand of the sick-nurse when she came here to nurse your little nephew through his dangerous illness. This blank asks all manners of questions as to the conduct of that sick-nurse: 'Did she ever sleep on her watch? Did she ever forget to give the medicine?' and so forth and so on. You are warned to be very careful and explicit in your answers, for the welfare of the service requires that the nurses be promptly fined or otherwise punished for derelictions. You told me you were perfectly delighted with this nurse--that she had a thousand perfections and only one fault: you found you never could depend on her wrapping Johnny up half sufficiently while he waited in a chilly chair for her to rearrange the warm bed.You filled up the duplicate of this paper, and sent it back to the hospital by the hand of the nurse. How did you answer this question--'Was the nurse at any time guilty of a negligence which was likely to result in the patient's taking cold?' Come--everything is decided by a bet here in California: ten dollars to ten cents you lied when you answered that question." She said, "Ididn't; _I left it blank!_" "Just so--you have tolda _silent_ lie; you have left it to be inferred that you had no fault to find in that matter." She said, "Oh, was that a lie? And _how_ could I mention her one single fault, and she is so good?--It would have been cruel."I said, "One ought always to lie, when one can do good by it; your impulse was right, but your judgment was crude;this comes of unintelligent practice. Now observe the results of this inexpert deflection of yours. You know Mr. Jones's Willie is lying very low with scarlet-fever; well, your recommendation was so enthusiastic that that girl is there nursing him, and the worn-out family have all been trustingly sound asleep for the last fourteen hours, leaving their darling with full confidence in those fatal hands, because you, like young George Washington, have a reputa--However, if you are not going to have anything to do, I will come around to-morrow and we'll attend the funeral together, for, of course, you'll naturally feel a peculiar interest in Willie's case--as personal a one, in fact, as the undertaker."But that was not all lost. Before I was half-way through she was in a carriage and making thirty milesan hour toward the Jones mansion to save what was left of Willie and tell all she knew about the deadly nurse. All of which was unnecessary, as Willie wasn't sick;I had been lying myself. But that same day, all the same, she sent a line to the hospital which filled up the neglected blank, and stated the _facts,_ too, in the squarest possible manner.Now, you see, this lady's fault was _not_ in lying, but in lying injudiciously. She should have told the truth, _there,_ and made it up to the nurse with a fraudulent compliment further along in the paper. She could have said, "In one respect this sick-nurse is perfection--when she is on the watch, she never snores." Almost any little pleasant lie would have taken the sting out of that troublesome but necessary expression of the truth.Lying is universal--we _all_ do it. Therefore, the wise thing is for us diligently to train ourselves to lie thoughtfully, judiciously; to lie with a good object, and not an evil one; to lie for others' advantage, and not our own; to lie healingly, charitably, humanely, not cruelly, hurtfully, maliciously; to lie gracefully and graciously, not awkwardly and clumsily;to lie firmly, frankly, squarely, with head erect,not haltingly, tortuously, with pusillanimous mien, as being ashamed of our high calling. Then shall we be rid of the rank and pestilent truth that is rotting the land; then shall we be great and good and beautiful, and worthy dwellers in a world where even benign Nature habitually lies, except when she promises execrable weather.Then--But am I but a new and feeble student in this gracious art; I cannot instruct _this_ club.Joking aside, I think there is much need of wise examination into what sorts of lies are best and wholesomest to be indulged, seeing we _must_ all lie and we _do_ all lie, and what sorts it may be best to avoid--and this is a thing which I feel I can confidently put into the hands of this experienced Club--a ripe body, who may be termed, in this regard, and without undue flattery, Old Masters.End11。

●Brief introductionOfficially on falling on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, the Dragon Boat Festival is also known as Double Fifth Day. While many stories regarding its origin abound, the most popular and widely accepted version regards Qu Yuan, a minister during the Warring States Period (475 - 221 BC).Legend of the Dragon Boat Festival's OriginThe dragon Boat Day is the festival in China which is celebrated on May 5th in the lunar calendar.We uaually eat sticky rice wrapped up in bamboo leaves on Dragon Boat Day in memory of one hermit named Qu Yuan in Chinese history, who is a poet and is respected because of his loyalty to his country.●Origin and MythsAt the end of the Zhou Dynasty, the area we now know as China had fallen into a state of fragmentation and conflict. While the Zhou dynasty had ruled for several centuries, several other states, originally feudal domains, tried to carve out their own kingdoms. The state of Qin would eventually emerge the victor and unify all of China under one rule for the first time in history.Qu Yuan served as minister to the Zhou Emperor. A wise and articulate man, he was loved by the common people. He did much to fight against the rampant corruption that plagued the court-- thereby earning the envy and fear of other officials. Therefore, when he urged the emperor to avoid conflict with the Qin Kingdom, the officials pressured the Emperor to have him removed from service. In exile, he traveled, taught and wrote for several years. Hearing that the Zhou had been defeated by the Qin, he fell into despair and threw himself into the Milou River. His last poem reads:Many a heavy sigh I have in my despair, Grieving that I was born in such an unlucky time. I yoked a team of jade dragons to a phoenix chariot, And waited for the wind to come, to sour up on my journey As he was so loved by the people, fishermen rushed out in long boats, beating drums to scare the fish away, and throwing zong zi into the water to feed braver fish so that they would not eat Qu Yuan's body.CustomsDragon Boat raceTraditions At the center of this festival are the dragon boat races. Competing teams drive their colorful dragon boats forward to the rhythm of beating drums. These exciting races were inspired by the villager'svaliant attempts to rescue Chu Yuan from the Mi Lo river. This tradition has remained unbroken for centuries。

**The Veil of Illusion**In the labyrinth of human perception and consciousness, there lies a deceptive veil – the veil of illusion. It is a shroud that obscures the truth and leads us astray in a world of false appearances and misleading mirages.Illusion is not a benign trick of the light but a powerful force that can shape our beliefs and actions. Consider the ancient myth of Narcissus, who was so entranced by his own reflection in the pool that he failed to recognize the shallow nature of his self-obsession. His story serves as a cautionary tale, highlighting how easily we can be trapped by the allure of an illusory image of ourselves or the world around us.Like a mist that blurs the landscape, illusion clouds our judgment and distorts our understanding. The tale of the Trojan Horse is a prime example. The Greeks presented the Trojans with a seemingly harmless gift, but behind its deceptive exterior lay a hidden army. This event reminds us that illusions can mask hidden dangers and that we must be vigilant in our attempts to pierce through the veil.However, the veil of illusion is not impenetrable. History is replete with instances of individuals who have managed to lift it. The scientific revolution, for instance, saw pioneers like Galileo and Newton challenging the prevailing illusions of their time. Through rigorous observation and experimentation, they exposed the false beliefs and replaced them with a more accurate understanding of the natural world.In a society often driven by consumerism and media-driven ideals, the veil of illusion is thicker than ever. The relentless pursuit of material possessions and the artificial standards of beauty and success presented to us often create a false sense of reality. But it is in moments of reflection and critical thinking that we can begin to unravel the threads of illusion.In conclusion, the veil of illusion is a persistent challenge that we must constantly strive to overcome. It is a barrier that separates us from the truth and hinders our growth and enlightenment. By remaining vigilant, questioning the status quo, and seeking knowledge, we can gradually lift this veil and glimpse the reality that lies beneath. Only then can we truly navigate the complex journey of life with wisdom and clarity.。

我心目中的科学家英语作文范文In my view, scientists are akin to modern-day alchemists, weaving intricate narratives of discovery within the fabric of the universe. They are the navigators of the unknown, wielding curiosity as their compass and reason as their sail. Let me take you on a journey through the corridors of my mind, where the portrait of a scientist unfolds in vibrant hues of intellect and ingenuity.Imagine a world where equations dance across chalkboards like cosmic ballets, where the language of atoms whispers secrets only the keenest ears can decipher. This is the realm of the scientist, where every question is a breadcrumb leading to the banquet of knowledge. They are the architects of understanding, building bridges between the tangible and the intangible.At the heart of scientific inquiry lies a relentlesspursuit of truth. It is a quest fueled not by ego, but by an insatiable hunger to unravel the mysteries of existence. From the microscopic dance of particles to the grandorchestration of galaxies, scientists peer through the veil of ignorance, seeking to illuminate the darkness with the torch of reason.Yet, amidst the chaos of experimentation and the labyrinth of data, there exists a quiet humility. For every answer uncovered reveals a dozen new questions, each more tantalizing than the last. The scientist is a humble pilgrim, journeying ever deeper into the unknown, guided by the twin beacons of curiosity and skepticism.But make no mistake, theirs is not a solitary endeavor. Science is a tapestry woven from the threads of collaboration and cooperation. Across continents and disciplines, scientists join hands in a symphony of discovery, harmonizing their efforts to conquer the frontiers of knowledge. In this global chorus, no voice is too small, no contribution too insignificant. For it is in diversity that the true power of science resides, drawing strength from the myriad perspectives that illuminate the path forward.And yet, for all their brilliance, scientists are not immune to the foibles of humanity. Egos clash like tectonic plates, and dogma can obscure the light of reason. But in the crucible of debate and discourse, truth emerges triumphant, tempered by the fire of scrutiny.So, what then defines the essence of a scientist? Is it the accolades adorning their walls or the equations etched in their minds? Perhaps it is neither, but rather the spark of curiosity that ignites their soul. For in the end, it isnot the destination that defines us, but the journey we undertake in pursuit of understanding.In my eyes, the scientist is more than a mere mortal; they are the custodians of curiosity, the stewards of skepticism, and the architects of enlightenment. They are the poets of the cosmos, crafting verses of truth in the language of the universe. And as long as there are questions left unanswered, their quest shall endure, a testament to the indomitable spirit of human intellect.。

2021考研英语双语阅读：解救冰川新尝试（2021最新版）作者：______编写日期：2021年__月__日2021考研英语双语阅读:解救冰川新尝试The recognition of the urgency of the climate crisis has stepped up a gear in the last fewyears, but with one depressing report on the global issue after another, you can be forgivenfor feeling overwhelmed and wondering what can actually be done?过去几年内人类越来越意识到气候危机的紧迫性，但看到接二连三的关于全球问题的令人沮丧的报告，你能否原谅自己不知所措不知道能真正做点什么?In the run-up to the recent UN climate action summit in New York, the first annual GlobalClimate Restoration Forum was held, to discuss emerging technologies, radical ideas, andoccasionally controversial methods of tackling global heating.最近在纽约召开联合国气候行动峰会前夕，举办了首次年度全球气候恢复论坛，讨论新兴技术、创新想法以及偶尔有争议的解决全球变暖的方法。

From ways to claw back CO2 emissions to how to stop the rapidly melting poles, geoengineering – once the remit of mad scientists and terrible sci-fi disaster movies – is beingconsidered in a whole new light.其中包括减少二氧化碳排放的方法，以及如何阻止两极冰川快速融化，曾经只被疯狂科学家和可怕的科幻灾难片提到的“地球工程”现在正以全新形式进入人类视野。

用以小见大写法写事物650字英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Writing Effective Essays Through the Small to Large MethodAs a student, one of the most challenging aspects of essay writing is finding an engaging and coherent way to develop your ideas. Many teachers emphasize the importance of having a clear thesis statement, supporting evidence, and a logical structure. However, the process of actually constructing an essay that meets these criteria can be daunting. This is where the "small to large" method comes into play – a technique that has greatly improved my ability to write cohesive and insightful essays.The small to large method involves starting with a specific, tangible example or detail and gradually expanding outward to broader concepts and ideas. This approach is particularly effective for descriptive and analytical essays, as it allows the writer to draw the reader in with a relatable, concrete image or scenario before exploring the deeper layers of meaning and significance.For instance, let's say you are tasked with writing an essay on the importance of environmental conservation. Instead of beginning with a broad, generic statement about climate change or deforestation, you could start with a vivid description of a particular ecosystem or species that has been impacted by human activity. Perhaps you could paint a picture of aonce-thriving coral reef now bleached and lifeless due to rising ocean temperatures, or a majestic redwood forest reduced to a barren clearing by unsustainable logging practices.By grounding your essay in a specific, tangible example, you immediately capture the reader's attention and establish an emotional connection to the subject matter. From there, you can gradually expand your focus, using the initial example as a launching point to discuss the broader environmental issues at play, the underlying causes, and the potential consequences if action is not taken.The small to large method not only helps to engage the reader but also provides a natural structure for your essay. Each paragraph can build upon the previous one, gradually zooming out from the specific example to more abstract concepts and analyses. This progression creates a sense of flow and logic,guiding the reader through your thought process in a clear and cohesive manner.Furthermore, the small to large approach encourages you to think critically and make connections between various levels of analysis. By starting with a concrete detail or observation, you are forced to consider how that specific instance relates to larger themes, patterns, or theories. This process of making links between the particular and the universal can lead to deeper insights and more nuanced arguments.Of course, the small to large method is not a one-size-fits-all solution for every essay prompt or subject matter. In some cases, it may be more appropriate to begin with a broader context or theoretical framework before delving into specific examples. However, for many types of essays, particularly those that require descriptive or analytical writing, the small to large approach can be an invaluable tool for crafting engaging,well-structured, and insightful pieces.In my own experience, I have found the small to large method to be particularly useful when writing about complex social or cultural issues. For example, in an essay exploring the concept of cultural appropriation, I began with a specific case study of a fashion brand facing backlash for appropriatingindigenous designs without proper acknowledgment or compensation. This concrete example not only grabbed the reader's attention but also provided a tangible context for unpacking the broader ethical considerations, historical contexts, and ongoing debates surrounding cultural appropriation.Similarly, when tasked with analyzing a literary work, I often start by closely examining a particular scene, character, or passage that encapsulates a key theme or motif. By focusing on this specific instance and exploring its nuances and implications, I can then gradually expand my analysis to encompass the broader narrative, symbolism, and literary significance of the work as a whole.Ultimately, the small to large method is a powerful tool for crafting thoughtful, engaging, and well-structured essays. By starting with a concrete, relatable example or detail, you can captivate the reader's attention and provide a solid foundation for exploring more abstract concepts and analyses. This approach not only enhances the coherence and flow of your writing but also encourages critical thinking and the ability to make meaningful connections between the particular and the universal.As I continue to refine my essay writing skills, I am certain that the small to large method will remain an invaluable asset in my repertoire. By mastering this technique, I can confidently tackle a wide range of prompts and subjects, crafting essays that are not only informative and insightful but also engaging and accessible to the reader.篇2Writing About Things Using a Microcosm ApproachWhen I was first given the assignment to write an essay using the "microcosm" approach of taking a small thing and using it as a window into a larger concept or idea, I'll admit I was a bit baffled. How exactly was I supposed to take something tiny and mundane and extrapolate it into a grand metaphor for life, the universe, and everything? It seemed like a realhead-scratcher at first. But after mulling it over and looking at a few examples, the penny started to drop. This writing technique is actually a pretty neat way to explore profound topics through concentrated observation and creative thinking.For this essay, I've decided to focus my microcosmically magnifying glass on that most humble of objects: the paper clip. Yeah, I know what you're thinking - how could anyone possiblyfind enough material in that innocuous little bent wire to fill an entire essay? Well, buckle up because I'm about to take you on a mind-bending journey that starts with the innocent paper clip but winds up raising all sorts of deep questions about society, ingenuity, and even the nature of the universe itself. Intrigued? You should be!Let's start with the absolute basics. The paper clip is an ingenious solution to a seemingly trivial problem - how to keep a bunch of papers together in a neat bundle. Its modest roots can be traced back to the humble wire objects used by ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans to keep scrolls tidy. But it wasn't until the 1800s that the modern paper clip as we know it today was patented, with an enterprising American inventor being credited with bending that first bit of wire into the familiar loop-within-a-loop shape.So right away, we can see how this tiny trinket embodies the incredible innovative spirit and problem-solving capacity of the human mind. What started as a piece of scrap metal quite literally became the key to keeping the modern world's stacks of paperwork organized and under control. It's amazing how inspiration can strike from such unexpected places when youapply creativity and critical thinking to even life's most mundane challenges.But the paper clip's impact doesn't stop at just being a useful tool - it's also a surprisingly complex object from a physics perspective. Those twists of wire create an incredible amount of tension and potential energy that allows the clip to pinch tightly onto whatever papers are inserted while still being able to spring back open when needed. Understanding the mechanical forces at play is something even scientists have spent a great deal of time analyzing. The humble paper clip is a masterclass in taking advantage of material properties in an ingenious, space-efficient design.In fact, many technological breakthroughs like the spring, the arched bridge, and even the principles behind modern particle accelerators all rely on a deep comprehension of the same physical concepts underlying the paper clip's simple structure. So in a way, studying this mundane object allows one to grasp some of the most profound truths about how the physical world operates. Mind = blown, right?Moving beyond its physical properties, the paper clip can also prompt us to consider larger societal, cultural and economic forces. How is it possible that such a ubiquitous object found invirtually every office supply cabinet across the globe is ironically also an endangered species in some ways? With more and more workplaces and schools going paperless, the once indispensable paper clip is slowly becoming obsolete.This got me wondering about manufacturing processes, corporate consolidation in the office supply industry, globalization's impact on international trade...you name it. Crazy that a small piece of metal could contain so many lenses into massively complex issues. I found myself tumbling down a research rabbit hole looking at things like the environmental impact of mining metal ores and the labor practices of the last remaining paper clip factories. It's a wild world out there!Clearly, despite its diminutive size, the paper clip punches way above its weight class in terms of being a prism through which to view grand concepts and make insights. But you know what? Looking deeper, maybe this idea of "going meta" and using a microcosm to study the macrocosm actually mimics how our universe itself formed and operates.Think about it - our entire cosmos, spanning billions of light years of space and containing hundreds of billions of galaxies, all emerged from what was essentially an infinitely tiny point of density. All of existence as we know it quite literally bloomedfrom a subatomic seed smaller than a paper clip's eye. And the fundamental laws governing that incredible expansion were embedded in that initial micro-state, written in a cryptic quantum code our greatest scientific minds still struggle to fully decode.So by examining miniature phenomena like the paper clip, perhaps we are intuiting something profound about the universe's apparent tendency for the vastest complexity to arise from staggering simplicity. Who's to say the paper clip itself doesn't contain clues about the grand unified theory that has eluded physics for a century? After all, as one brilliant mind once said, "God is in the details." By diving deep into the most pedestrian of particulars, maybe we heighten our chances of glimpsing universal truths.Or maybe, just maybe, I'm reading faaaar too much into this whole paper clip thing and should have picked a different object for my microcosm metaphor. I did get a tad carried away there. But hey, I'd much rather be accused of stretching an interesting premise past its breaking point than phoning it in and playing things too safely. This little essay exercise has been an odyssey, no doubt about it. And if nothing else, I hope I've convinced youthat the paper clip deserves more respect and deeper philosophical examination than most would give it credit for.For such an unassuming object, the paper clip sure does pack an outsize intellectual punch. Sure, we could have gone with more obvious topic choices - maybe analyzing a rose to explore ideas about beauty, or dissecting a world map to look at themes of anthropology. But you have to admit, using the paper clip as the launchpad for musings on human ingenuity, physics, manufacturing, and even the origins of the cosmos is a pretty wild and circuitous route to take. Then again, maybe that's the entire point. By picking such an unlikely source of profundity, we exercise our creative muscles and learn to find wisdom in unexpected quarters.Sometimes the most revelatory ideas come to us by first prompting us to look at familiar objects and everyday aspects of life through a fresh lens. Who's to say that same pair of eyes can't then be turned to grander philosophical and existential quandaries? Start small but dream big - that seems to be a core tenet for unlocking deeper understanding. My initially skeptical take on this microcosm writing prompt has certainly evolved over the course of composing this essay. If the humble paper clip could spur this much grand contemplation, I can only imaginewhere other tiny objects might lead my mind next. Bring on the next metaphor!篇3The Power of a PencilAs I sit here at my desk, pencil in hand, I can't help but marvel at the sheer complexity and significance of this seemingly simple object. A pencil, a mere collection of wood, graphite, and a metal ferrule, yet it holds within it the power to shape worlds, to capture ideas, and to leave an indelible mark on the tapestry of human civilization.Let us begin by considering the pencil's humble origins. The wood that forms its body was once a living, breathing tree, reaching towards the heavens and drawing sustenance from the earth. Through a painstaking process of harvesting, milling, and shaping, this once mighty organism has been transformed into a slender cylinder, ready to serve as a canvas for our thoughts.And what of the graphite at its core? This remarkable substance, a crystalline form of carbon, was forged deep within the Earth's crust through immense heat and pressure, a testament to the incredible forces that shape our planet. Mined from the depths, it now finds itself encased within the pencil,poised to leave its indelible mark on paper, a bridge between the terrestrial and the intellectual realms.But a pencil is more than just the sum of its parts; it is a tool that has shaped the course of human history. From the earliest scribblings of our ancestors on cave walls to the intricate blueprints that gave rise to modern marvels of architecture and engineering, the pencil has been our constant companion, capturing our dreams and aspirations in tangible form.Consider the great thinkers, artists, and visionaries who have wielded this unassuming instrument. Leonardo da Vinci's sketches, the precursors to his revolutionary inventions and masterpieces, were first etched onto parchment with a pencil's lead. The mathematical proofs that unlocked the secrets of the universe were first scribbled onto chalkboards by minds like Newton and Einstein, their pencils tracing the intricate paths of their genius.And what of the writers, poets, and storytellers who have used the pencil to weave tales that have captivated generations? From the quill-like strokes that brought to life the worlds of Shakespeare and Dickens to the feverish scribbles of modern authors racing against deadlines, the pencil has been the faithfulscribe, recording the narratives that have shaped our cultural tapestry.But the pencil's power extends far beyond the realms of art and literature. It is a tool of education, empowering young minds to explore new ideas, solve complex problems, and develop the critical thinking skills that will shape the future. From the first tentative strokes that form our earliest letters and numbers to the intricate equations that probe the depths of physics and mathematics, the pencil is our constant companion on the journey of learning.Moreover, the pencil is a symbol of democracy and free expression. Its humble nature belies its ability to give voice to the voiceless, to challenge authority, and to spark revolutions of thought. The pencil has been the weapon of choice for dissidents and activists, etching their defiance onto pamphlets and manifestos, fueling the fires of change and progress.And yet, for all its might and significance, the pencil remains a humble and unassuming object. It does not demand attention or accolades; it simply exists, ready to be wielded by the hands of those who seek to create, to express, and to leave their mark on the world.As I sit here, pencil in hand, I am reminded of the incredible power that lies within this simple object. It is a bridge between the physical and the abstract, a conduit for our ideas and dreams, and a testament to the enduring strength of the human spirit. With each stroke, I am adding my own small contribution to the vast tapestry of human knowledge and expression, joining a lineage that stretches back to the dawn of civilization.So, let us not underestimate the humble pencil. For within its slender form lies the power to shape worlds, to ignite revolutions, and to leave an indelible mark on the fabric of our existence. It is a reminder that even the smallest of objects can hold profound significance, and that the greatness of our achievements often begins with the simplest of tools.。