清华大学1999年博士研究生入学考试试题及参考答案

清华大学高等教育学考博真题-参考书-分数线一、专业的设置王晓阳、李曼丽、史静寰的高等教育学，是一个考博热门方向，一方面是因为老师们长期从事此领域的教学和科研工作，对此领域很有造诣，另一方面是因为这一个方向本身有研究的学术价值，并且在社会主义现代化建设的关键时期，这个专业的人才正是是社会所需要的，有很好的就业前景。

二、考试的科目教育学：高等教育学：①101英语或103日语②632高等教育原理③501综合考试，综合考试为面试。

三、导师介绍王晓阳，清华大学教育研究院高等教育研究所所长，北京师范大学教育学博士。

教育部新课程改革教师培训专家组成员，中国教育学会比较教育研究会理事，中国社会学会教育社会学研究会副秘书长。

近年来，主编、参编教育研究专著7部；在《高等教育研究》、《比较教育研究》、《教育发展研究》、《清华大学教育研究》、《学位与研究生教育》、《世界教育信息》等全国中文核心期刊公开发表论文60余篇；获全国、省部级科研奖励及校、院级工作奖励多次；目前承担教育部、北京市课题多项。

李曼丽，1970年生，陕西咸阳人，先后获陕西师范大学教育学学士（1992年）、硕士学位（1995年）和北京大学教育学博士学位（1998年，导师汪永铨）。

现任职于清华大学教育研究院副教授。

主要研究领域为高等教育中的通识教育、高等工程教育、教育与人力资源开发。

讲授“高等教育学”、“教育与人力资源开发”等研究生课程。

美国伊利诺伊大学访问学者（2002-2003），德国DAAD学者（2005），中美福布赖特学者（2007-2008）。

曾任亚洲高等教育联合董事会（United Board of Asian Christian Higher Education）、雅礼协会（Yale Association）在华项目评估专家。

史静寰，女，汉族，出生年月：1955年6月10日，现任职：清华大学教育研究院常务副院长、教授、博士生导师。

学术及社会兼职：北京市第11届政协委员；首都女教授协会会长。

博士研究生考试试题一、名词解释1、professional paper（第一页）2、subjective description（77页）3、technical report（166页）二、简答题1、写出确定题目中的5个基本原则（第5页）2、P21第一题；3、P40页第二题；4、P55第二题；5、P69第一题；6、P88第三题；7、P125第二题；三、论述题1、P49，根据这个例子，分析5A步骤。

（首先写5A指的是什么，然后再写上P49这一段）。

2、P155如何看待剽窃问题。

（可加上自己的观点）名词解释1.Professional paper:A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professional present their views and research finding on any deliberately chosen topic. It is variously known as “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”.2.Subjective description:subjective description shows the author’s impressions of or responses to what they see. The author does not only want of describe the object itself but also express directly or indirectly his impressions or opinions of what he is describing.3. Technical report: technical report refers to the papers whose contents involve certain unpublicized key technologies, technical know-how, or traditional Chinese technological processes, special raw materials, new technologies or methods that may bring about greater economic benefit, as well as technical renovation and transformation of relevant devices, instrument, prototypes, etc.简答题1.Finding topics: (1) It should be a topic within the reach of the author and capable of being finished within the assigned or suggested time limited. (2) It should be a topic of practical value for the specialty or the development of economy or science in general. (3) It should be a topic for which sufficient materials and documents can be made available either through readings or through investigations. Research work is by nature discovery and creation. (4) It should bear being tested theoretically and experimentally if his research is experimentation and investigation in nature as science demands thoroughness, accuracy and objectivity. (5) It should be a topic free from the author’s personal bias or preference even if it may be a topic of humanistic nature.2. What are the general functions of a title in a professional paper?(1) Generalizing the text; By glancing at the title, the reader will immediately know, incorporating with the abstract, what is mainly dealt with in the paper.(2) Attracting the reader; Ideally, the title should be such that, by reading it, any professional reader can see whether the paper is worth reading at all.(3) Facilitating the retrieval. A good title can help the readerin his search for information.3. What are the writing requirements for an abstract?(1) Integrity; An abstract should include what the writer has done and what he has achieved within the scope of the topic, such as the research theories, research methods, investigations and experimental results and conclusions. To differentiate his paper work from others, the writer needs to stress his own contribution.(2) Concise; The writer’s abstract is a miniature version of the body of his paper, self-contained and unambiguous.(3) Consistency; As a mini-paper, an abstract should be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper.(4) Concentration; An evaluation of a new technique or a discussion of the validity of the new results should properly appear in the conclusive section.4. What are the “5 step” in abstract writing?(1) Underlining key words and sentences; Underline the key words and sentences which are often signaled by transitional devices.(2) Listing essential point of the paper; Try to put the same emphasis onto the points of your paper as you did with the original paper.(3) Boiling down each section to a sentence or two; This is especially important for a descriptive (or indicative) abstract.(4) Drafting the abstract; Use your own words wherever possible.(5) Checking the final draft. Firstly, it should be shorten further to a minimum length. Secondly recheck the abstract until you are satisfied with it. Finally, the abstract should be read critically by your colleagues for objectivity.5. What is your understanding of the structural features of the introduction?(1)Introducing the subject; Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.(2) Limiting the research scope; Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly.(3) Stating the general purpose; The function of stating the general purpose is aimed at telling the reader of the general purpose of the why to where to start or where to guide.(4) Showing the writing arrangement. The logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary.6. What are the main methods of logical development?(1) Developing by chronological sequence; (2) Developing by investigation procedures;(3) Developing the research “from abstract to concrete”; (4) Developing the research “from concrete to abstract”; (5) Developing by using other logical sequencing.7. Give your understanding of the writing requirements for results with your own example?(1) Any data shown in this section must be meaningful. (2) The presentation of results should be short without verbiage and be of crystal clarity.论述题1. P49，根据这个例子，分析5A步骤。

清华大学博士研究生入学考试刑法试题2007清华大学博士研究生入学考试刑法试题2007—2010年2007年（不全）1、想象竞合犯和法条竞合的区别，举例说明。

2、刑法中的“多次”（多次抢劫、多次盗窃、多次贪污）3、论规范的构成要件要素。

2008年总则：1、13周岁少年强奸杀人，父母包庇的分析。

2、试析中外被害人承诺的法律效力和被害人瑕疵承诺。

3、列举不真正不作为犯的成立范围的学说。

4、列举教唆犯性质的学说。

分则：1、在不法给付原因的场合，诈骗罪、侵占罪是否成立。

2、侮辱罪与强制侮辱妇女罪的区别。

3、日本骚乱罪侵害的法益是什么?日本理论界和实务界对此有何争论？4、狱警私自占有罪犯家属财物怎样处理及详细理由？2009年总则：1、论述在犯罪论体系中，故意的地位和意义。

2、论对物防卫。

3、未遂犯的处罚根据和与之相对应的各种处罚范围。

4、甲为家中独子，甲与乙（27岁）结婚后与甲母（51岁）仍同居一室。

婆媳之间矛盾重重。

后某日，乙在做饭时与甲母争执，举刀砍向甲母，而甲虽在事发当场，并未阻止妻子的疯狂行为。

问，甲罪否？何罪？分则：1、论受贿罪的法益。

2、论刑法上的占有。

3、抢劫罪与强迫交易罪的区别。

4、案例：甲看到仇人乙路过，便与乙厮打。

丙（与甲无事前通谋）见状加入。

但是事后，无法查明乙是在丙加入前死亡还是在丙加入后死亡。

本案如何处理？2010年总则：1、如何区分法条竞合和想像竞合。

2、量刑和责任的关系。

3、论共同犯罪的本质。

4、关于犯罪中止的案例。

分则：1、论聚众犯罪。

2、论环境犯罪的法益理论以及对相关问题处理的影响。

3、乙去办事没关车门，甲看到后以为站在汽车旁边的丙是车主，上前打晕丙后把车偷走，分析甲之行为。

4、关于受贿罪的案例。

. 2011年清华大学刑法学博士研究生入学考试试题（回忆版）总论1、过失犯的理论发展及其对相关理论的影响。

2、客观归责理论中的风险升高理论。

3、刑法的目的是保护法益，在未遂犯的场合，是否必然贯彻客观论才能实现此目的。

清华大学博士研究生入学考试真题Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension 20%Part Ⅱ Vocabulary 10%Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A; B; C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWET SHEET with a single line through the center.21. The__________of the spring water attracts a lot of visitors from other parts of the countryA. clashB. clarifyC. clarityD. clatter22. Business in this area has been__________because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill23. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad__________when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment24. He added a__________to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary25. Some linguists believe that the________age for children learninga foreign language is 5 to 8.A. optimisticB. optionalC. optimalD. oppressed26. It all started in 1950; when people began to build their houses on the__________of their cities.A. paradisesB. omissionsC. orchardsD. outskirts27. The meeting was__________over by the mayor of the city.A. presumedB. proposedC. presentedD. presided28. The crowd__________into the hall and some had to stand outside.A. outgrewB. overthrewC. overpassedD. overflew29. It was clear that the storm__________his arrival by two hours.A. retardedB. retiredC. refrainedD. retreated30. This problem should be discussed first; for it takes__________overall the other issues.A. precedenceB. prosperityC. presumptionD. probability31. Her sadness was obvious; but she believed that her feeling of depression was__________.A. torrentB. transientC. tensileD. textured32. Nobody knew how he came up with this__________idea about the trip.A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird33. The flower under the sun would__________quickly without any protection.A. winkB. withholdC. witherD. widower34. The__________of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription35. He__________himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A. repealedB. resentedC. relayedD. reproached36. Any earthquake that takes place in any area is certainly regarded as a kind of a __________eventA. cholesterolB. charcoalC. catastrophicD. chronic37. He cut the string and held up the two__________to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secre38. All the music instruments in the orchestra will be__________before it starts.A. civilizedB. chatteredC. chamberedD. chorded39. When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space; the air is said to be__________.A. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated40. She made two copies of this poem and posted them__________to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simplyPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension 40%Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions of unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A; B; C; and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Each year; millions of people in Bangladesh drink ground water that has been polluted by naturally high levels of arsenic poison. Finding safe drinking water in that country can be a problem. However; International Development Enterprises has a low-cost answer. This non-governmental organization has developed technology to harvest rainwater.People around the world have been harvesting rainwater for centuries. It is a safe; dependable source of drinking water. Unlike ground water; rainwater contains no minerals or salts and is free of chemical treatments. Best of all; it is free.The rainwater harvesting system created by International Development Enterprises uses pipes to collect water from the tops of buildings. The pipes stretch from the tops of buildings to a two-meter tall storage tank made of metal. At the top of the tank is a so-called“first-flush”device made of wire screen. This barrier prevents dirt and leaves in the water from falling inside the tank.A fitted cover sits over the “first-flush” device. It protects the water inside the tank from evaporating. The cover also prevents mosquito insects from laying eggs in the water.Inside the tank is a low coat plastic bag that collects the water. The bag sits inside another plastic bag similar to those used to hold grains. The two bags are supported inside the metal tank. All total; the water storage system can hold up to three-thousand-five-hundred liters of water. International Development Enterprises says the inner bags may need to be replaced every two to three years. However; if the bags are not damaged by sunlight; they could last even longer. International Development Enterprises says the water harvesting system should be built on a raised structure to prevent insects from eating into it at the bottom. The total cost to build this rainwater harvesting system is about forty dollars. However; International Development Enterprises expects the price to drop over time. The group says one tank can provide a family of five with enough rainwater to survive a five-month dry season.41. People in Bangladesh can use__________as a safe source of drinking water.A. ground waterB. rainwaterC. drinking waterD. fresh water42. Which of the following contributes to the low-cost of usingrainwaterA. Rainwater is free of chemical treatments.B. People have been harvesting rainwater for centuries.C. The water harvesting system is built on a platform.D. Rainwater can be collected using pipes.43. Which of the following actually prevents dirt and leaves from falling inside the tankA. a barrierB. a wire screenC. a first-flushD. a storage tank44. The bags used to hold water are likely to be damaged by__________.A. mosquito insectsB. a fitted coverC. a first-flush deviceD. sunlight45. What should be done to prevent insects from eating into the water harvesting system at the bottomA. The two bags holding the water should be put inside the metal tank.B. The inner bags need to be replaced every two years.C. The water harvesting system should be built on a platform.D. A cover should be used to prevent insects from eating it. Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Where one stage of child development has been left out; or notsufficiently experienced; the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible; for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle; in fact; underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development; and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food; to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one; he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things; particularly for food; is a very important element in upbringing; and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words; the first independent steps; or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate; but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early; a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaningof the words he reads. On the other hand; though; if a child is left alone too much; or without any learning opportunities; he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together; parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys; jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over times of coming home at night; punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general; the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.46. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children__________.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed peoplewho aren't Jewish. Nearly 480; 000 American children under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And; if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication; it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen; who are usually around age 18; about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish; the number dropped to 38 percent; and when the mother wasn't Jew; just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish; too.“I think what was surprising was just how low the Jewishide ntification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking; and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children; but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completedwas not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion; whether they have any concern about their issues of identification; how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals.I think the new study's going to cover some of that;” she says. Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel; a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion; it's an experience. And with that in mind; Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults; and those with two Jewish parents; and those with just one; those who see themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a ReligionD. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's researchA. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraphA. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage: Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts; says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow; but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world; in short; because the people in those countries do not have secure in dividual rights;” he says.Certain simple economic activities; such as food gathering and making handicrafts; rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities; such as the mass production of goods; require machines and factories and offices. This production is often called capital-intensive; but it is reallyproperty-intensive; Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from beingtaken by bandits; whether roving or stationary;”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions; the way a dog possesses a bone; but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs; no matter how small; also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact; the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us; and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers;” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view; but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather; the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights; thereare strong incentives 刺激;动力to produce; invest; and engage in mutually advantageous trade; and therefore at least some economic advance;” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about OlsonA. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or viewA. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries; people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass productionA. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking systemA. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson; what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countriesA. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze 10%Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A; B; C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another; and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy whenwe feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went tobed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin; I wassurprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip; which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__; except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected; he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door; so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the otherbed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself.I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B. motive C. cause62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiringD. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. is overD. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C. fairlyD. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrived toD. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeingD. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being aloneD. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar thanD. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C. somewhereD. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. such aD. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. up myself C. up to myselfD. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C. airD. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have to closeD. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. in shuttingD. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing 20%Directions: In this part; you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是 ..2. 使我难忘的原因是 ..3. 它对我后来的影响是 ..试题详解Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension略Part Ⅱ Vocabulary 10%21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. C 26. D 27. D 28. B29. A 30.A31. B 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. D 36. C 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. BPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension41. B 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. C 46. B 47. B 48. D 49. D 50. A51. B 52. B 53. C 54. B 55. D 56. C 57. A 58. B 59. A 60. BPart Ⅳ Clo ze61. D 62. A 63. C 64. B 65. A 66. D 67. D 68. A69. D 70.D71. C 72. C 73. D 74. A 75. A 76. A 77. C 78. B 79. D 80. CPart Ⅴ Writing参考范文: Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work The most unforgettable thing in my research career by now is a course named aspects of translation that was given in the second semester when I was a senior undergraduate student.One of the reasons for which the course has left such a deep impression on me is that it was the first time I learned to look at and study translation from a completely new perspective; the perspective of linguistics. Before taking that course; I though that translation was no more than the mechanic practice of turning texts written in one language into those in another and didn't realize that it had anything to do with linguistics; though; in retrospect; the link ought to be obvious for linguistics is the science that studies language properly. It was very fortunate for me to attend during the same semester the course Introduction to Linguistics; which helped me pave the way for the study of that critical course. Obvious as the link between the two disciplines was; it was still a giant project to actually connect the two and the course proved to be very brain-consuming. However; once the barriers collapsed; the landscape altered and became much moreopen. I could appreciate many beautiful scenes that I had never discovered before.Encouraged by the first attempt at inter-disciplinary study; in my later research and life I always try to bridge what I have learned in different courses and different aspects of life; to fill them into my jigsaw of knowledge about the world and myself and to complete it and perfect myself.。

清华大学法学院法理学历年考博真题
（个别题目表述可能有所出入，仅供复习参考）
2006年
1、论活法。

2、论法的合法性。

3、论宪法的政治属性与法律属性。

2007年
1、论历史法学派的“历史”。

2、论法的正当性基础。

（或法律与道德的关系）
3、论习惯法的概念与功能。

2008年
1、论法学与人文学科和社会科学的关系。

2、《物权法》和《劳动合同法》的出台引起社会很大反响，请评析这一现象。

3、论为权利而斗争。

2009年
一、简论题（任选一题）
1、慎子说：“法非从天下，非从地生，发于人间，合于人心而已”。

试分析之。

2、德沃金说：“法律是道德的一个部门。

”试分析之。

3、简述吴经雄在中国法学史上的地位。

二、材料分析题。

题干给的是历史法学的一段材料，要求分析之。

（内容很长，大约千字有余。

）
2010年
仅一道题：晚近三十年中国法制建设的经验。

（100分）
2011年
只记得有以下两题：
1、简述中国司法的特质。

2、试论中国法理学研究的现状。

清华大学博士英语入学考试完型清华大学博士考试完型填空清华大学博士题中完型填空是在一篇难度适中的短文中设置20个空白，短文长约300—350个词，从四个给出的选项中选出一个最佳答案；选项可以是一个单词，也可以是一个短语。

文章多为说明文和记叙文完型填空是一项综合性的测试，也成为The use of English。

它是从语篇的水平上测试考生综合运用语言知识，测试词汇、语法、词组、句型及文章的整体结构。

主要是要求考生在全面理解短文的基础上，选择一个最佳答案，能够使短文的意思连贯、结构完整、合理。

因此需要注意语意、结构、逻辑和惯用法的关系。

基本要求：1）词汇和短语 2）语法知识 3）理解能力应试要求：了解命题、有一定的题量、应试策略。

Sample 1Double Ine and No Kids (DINK) bees fashionable in China. The DINK couples are usually regarded as those who have higher educations and __31__ careers with higher ines. The increase in DINK families has shattered the Chinese traditional idea of the family and __32__ typical.A survey conducted recently in Beijing by a market survey pany __33__ that about 3.3 percent of 1,300 surveyed families in Beijing said they have __34__plans to have children. It is estimated there are about 600,000 DINK families in large cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing.Why they choose such a lifestyle is concluded in__35__ reasons. Some are showing great worry for the rapid growth of population; some are indulged in building a more well-off family; some are showing sharp __36__ to get themselves free from theobligation of raising children.__37__, most people still believe it is necessary to bear a child to keep the family line on. As an old Chinese saying goes, there are three aspects infailing to be a filial son and the __38__ serious one is to have no heir for the family. So childless couples will suffer discrimination __39__ family members and neighbors.But it is clear that the new tide of ideas has e, which suggests young people __40__ to choose their own way of life. They are installing modern ideas into traditional families and society. In the modernization process, personal choices will be highly respected.31. A. stable B. available C. achievable D. liable32. A. had bee B. may bee C. became D. bees33. A. directed B. induced C. indicated D. dictated34. A. no B. not C. hardly D. scarcely35. A. elegant B. abundant C. similar D. various36. A. tension B. attention C. intention D.interaction37. A. Moreover B. However C. According D. Generally38. A. most B. more C. latest D. less39. A. into B. to C. at D. from40. A. wanted B. should want C. want D. had wantedSample 2Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. 67 a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the 68 in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The 69 student is considered to be 70 who is motivated to learn for the sake of 71 , not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned 72 brief written ments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is 73 for learning the material assigned. When research is 74 , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to pleteit with 75 guidance. It is the 76 responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain77 a university library works; they expect students,78 graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference 79 in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 80 that their students should not be 81 dependent on them. In the UnitedStates professors have many other duties 82 teaching, such as administrative or research work. 83 , the time that a professor can spend with student outside of class is 84 . If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either 85 a professor during office hour 86 make an appointment.67 a) If b) Although c) Because d) Since68 a) suggestion b) context c) abstract d) information69 a) poor b) ideal c) average d) disappointed70 a) such b) one c) any d) some71 a) fun b) work c) learning d) prize72 a ) by b) in c) for d) with73 a) criticized b) innocent c) responsible d) dismissed74 a) collected b) distributed c) assigned d) finished75 a) maximum b) minimum c) possible d) practical76 a) student’s b) professor’s c) assistant’s d) librarian’s77 a) when b) what c) why d) how78 a) particularly b) essentially c) obviously d) rarely79 a) selections b) collections c) sources d) origins80 a) hate b) dislike c) like d) prefer81 a) too b) such c) much d) more82 a) but b) except c) with d) besides83 a) However b) Therefore c) Furthermore d) Nevertheless84 a) plentiful b) limited c) irregular d) flexible85 a) greet b) annoy c) approach d) attach86 a) or b) and c) to d) butPassage 1The United States has historically had higher rates of marriage than those of other industrialized countries. The current annual marriage 56 in the United States—about 9 new marriages for every 1,000 people—is 57 higher than it is in other industrialized countries. However, marriage is 58 as widespread as it was several decades ago. 59 of American adults who are married 60 from 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in 2002. This does not mean that large numbers of people will remain unmarried 61 their lives. Throughout the 20th century, about 90 percent of Americans married at some 62 in their lives. Experts 63 that about the same proportion of today’s young adults will eventually marry.The timing of marriage has varied 64 over the past century. In 1995 the average age of women in the United States at the time of their first marriage was 25. The average age of men was about 27. Men and womenin the United States marry for the first time an average of five years later than people did in the 1950s. 65 , young adults of the 1950s married younger than did any previous 66 inU.S. history. Today’slater age of marriage is 67 the age of marriage between 1890 and 1940. Moreover, a greater proportion of the population was married (95 percent) during the 1950s than at any time before 68 . Experts do not agree on why the “marriage rush” of the late 1940s and 1950s occurred, but most social scientists believe it represented a 69 to the return of peaceful and prosperity after 15 years of severe economic70 and war.56. A. rate B. ratio C percentage D. poll57. A. potentially B intentionally C. randomlyD.substantially58 A. not any longer B. no more C. no longer D. not any more59 A. A proportion B. The proportion C. The number D.A number60 A. declined B .deteriorated C deduced D demolished61 A past B passing C throughout D through62 A period B level C point D respect63 A project B plan C promise D propose64 A unexpectedly B irregularly C flexibly D consistently65 A Beside B However C Whereas D Nevertheless66 A descendants B ascendants C population D generation67 A according to B in line with C based D caused by68 A and after B or after C or since D ever since69 A refusal B realization C response D reality70 A repression B aggression C restriction D depressionPassage 2In recent years a new farming revolution has begun, one that involves the 61 of life at a fundamentallevel – the gene. The study of genetics has 62 a new industry called biotechnology. As the name suggest, it 63 biology and modem technology through such techniques as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech panies specialize inagriculture and are working feverishly to 64 seedsthat give a high yield, that 65 diseases, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for 66 chemicals. If such goals could be achieved, it would be most 67. But some have raised concerns about genetically engineered crops.In nature, genetic diversity is created within certain 68 .A rose can be crossed with a different kind of rose, but a rose will never cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, 69 usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another 70 to transfer a desired characteristic. This could mean,for example, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with anti-freeze 71 from an artic fish, and inserting it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. 72, then, biotechnology allows humans to 73 the genetic wallsthat separate species.Like the green revolution, 74 some call the gene revolution contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity---some say even more so 75 geneticists can employ techniques such as cloning and 76 culture(培养), processes that produce perfectly 77 copies. Concerns about the erosion of biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new 78,such as the effects that they may have on us and the environ ment. “We are flying blindly into a new 79 of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential 80,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.61. A. manipulation B. management C. manufacture D. maturity62. A. got along with B. given rise to C. e up with D. lived up to63. A. broods B. breeds C. blends D. blasts64. A. hatch B. train C. duplicate D. patent65. A. restrict B. resist C. reverse D. retrieve66. A. hostile B. hydraulic C. hazardous D. harmless67. A. beneficial B. disappointing C. surprising D. extreme68. A. lines B. limits C. space D. ages69. A. after all B. on the other hand C. in any case D. as a rest70. A. to the point B. in no case C. in an attempt D. with regard71. A. quality B. property C. priority D. quantity72. A. In essence B. In part C. In advance D. Inreturn73. A. brake B. blaze C. breach D. brand74. A. what B. as C. where D. so75. A. that B. because C. if D. when76. A. skin B. tissue C. organ D. muscle77. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical78. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals79. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme80. A. navigation B. mystery C. outes D. destinationPassage 3Imagine fishermen walking down to the seashore, ready to carry out their early morning routine of preparing their boats and net. ___71___ they hope for a good catch of fish. But to their ___72___ , a horriblesight meets their still sleepy eyes. Thousands of fish have washed ___73___ dead. The cause of this mass destruction A red tide!Red tides are a global ___74___. They have been observed on both the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada. They havealso___75___ in many other places. Though relatively few people are ___76___ them, red tides are not new.In the Philippines, a red tide was first seen in the province of Bataan in 1908. Since then, red tides have been seen in many other ___77___. A Philippines red tide expert told us that " ___78___ the fish kills, thePhilippines has documented 1, 926 cases of dead shellfish poisoning caused by red tides. "The term "red tide" ___79___ the discoloration of water that sometimes occurs in certain areas of the ocean or sea. Although the color is often red, it may also be ___80___ of brown or yellow. The World Book Encyclopedia reports that "the discolored areas mayrange from ___81___ a few square yards to more than 2, 600 square kilometers. "What causes such discoloration Red tides are generally caused by several ___82___ of single—celled organisms. These tiny organisms have hair—like projections which they use to ___83___ themselves in water. There are about 2, 000 varieties of these organisms, 30 of which carry poisonous ___84___. These minute organisms usually stay in warm waters with high content of salt.A red tide occurs when there is a sudden and rapid___85___ of these organisms. The concentration ofthese organisms may ___86___ to 50, 000, 000 per quart of water! Although scientists do not fully understand why this happens. It is known that these organisms___87___ when certain conditions simultaneously affect the water. These include abnormal weather, ___88___ temperatures, an oversupply of nutrients in the water, a generous ___89___ sunlight, and favorable water currents. When a heavy rainfall occurs, minerals and other nutrients are sometimes washed ___90___ the land into coastal waters. These nutrients can contribute to the breeding of the organisms. The result Red tides!71. A. As a result B. As it is C. As expected D. As usual72. A. satisfaction B. disappointment C. astonishmentD. regret73. A. ashore B. aboard C. aside D. across74. A. question B. crisis C. phenomenon D. situation75. A. occupied B. occurred C. acquired D. accused76. A. assured of B. worried about C. concerned aboutD. aware of77. A. sandy beaches B. river mouths C. coastal areasD. reef areas78. A. except B. besides C. despite D. without79. A. applies to B. sums up C. copes with D. leads to80. A. shadows B. shades C. shakes D. shapes81. A, less than B. more than C. as much as D. as little as82. A. ponents B. elements C. ingredients D. species83. A. propel B. probe C. proceed D. prompt84. A. materials B. substances C. masses D. objects85. A. bolt B. block C. bloom D. blast86. A. scale B. plunge C. gauge D. swell87. A. accelerate B. acmodate C. accumulate D. acpany88. A. optimum B. minimum C. maximum D. momentum89. A. means of B. amount of C. way to D. account for90. A. over B. on C. by D. fromPassage 4With 950 million people, India ranks second to China among the most populous countries. But since China71 a family planning program in 1971, India has been closing the 72. Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly 73 the Chinese have. If current growth rates continue, India’s population will 74China’s around the year 2028 75 about 1.7 billion. Should that happen, it won’t be the 76 of the enlightened women of Kerala, a state in southern India. 77India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala’s population is virtually 78 . The reason is No mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control, 79 about 40% in the entire nation.The difference 80 the emphasis put on health programs, 81 birth control, by the state authorities, 82 in 1957 became India’s first elected Communist 83 . And a n educational tradition and matrilineal(母系的) customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get 84 good schooling. While one in three Indian women is 85 , 90% of those in Kerala can read and write.Higher literacy rates 86 Family planning. “Unlike our Parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have 87 of them,” says Laila Cherian, 33, who lives in the Village of Kudamaloor. She has Limited herself 88 three children—one below the national 89 of four. That kind of restraint(抑制；克制)will keep Kerala from putting added 90 on world food supplies.71. A. discovered B. circulated C. launched D. transmitted72. A. gap B. top C. bit D. bet73. A. as many as B. as well as C. as soon as D. as much as74. A. shake B. pass C. rocket D. impress75. A. on B. in C. at D. for76. A. force B. fight C. false D. fault77. A. While B. Since C. Because D. Suppose78. A. reliable B. stable C. countable D. flexible79. A. benefited from B. involved with C. pared with D. resulted from80. A. lies in B. shows off C. results in D. departs from81. A. reviving B. including C. practicing D. containing82. A. that B. since C. what D. which83. A. group B. alliance C. government D. bureau。

清华大学数学考博真题及答案
一、选择题
1．函数的定义域是（） [单选题] *
A．[-2,3]
B．[-3,3]
C．(-2,-1)∪(-1,3](正确答案)
D．(-3,3)
2．已知，则（） [单选题] *
A．有可去间断点
B．有跳跃间断点(正确答案)
C．有无穷间断点
D．没有间断点
3．设可导，且满足，则曲线在点处的切线斜率为（） [单选题] *
A．4
B．-4
C．1
D．-1(正确答案)
4．曲线的水平和垂直渐近线分别为（） [单选题] *
A．у=1,x=0
B．y=0,x=1
C．y=0,x=0(正确答案)
D．y=1,x=1
5.设（） [单选题] *
A．-ƒ(-1)<ƒ(1)<ƒ´(0)
B．-ƒ(-1)<ƒ´(0)<ƒ(1)(正确答案)
C．ƒ(1))<-ƒ(-1)<ƒ´(0)
D．ƒ(1)<ƒ´(0)<-ƒ(-1)
二、填空题
[上传文件题] *
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三、解答题
[上传文件题] *
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四、应用题
[上传文件题] *
五、证明题
[上传文件题] *。

96中國科技史1 在李約瑟《中國之科技與文明》一書中，將中國天文學史分成（一）緒論（二）定義（三）天文圖書概要（四）上古及中古的宇宙觀（五）中國天文學的極和赤道特性（六）星體命名、星錄和星圖（七）天文儀器的發展（八）曆和行星的天文學（九）天象記錄（十）耶穌會士時期等章節加以討論，請就該書的思想架構試加評論。

2 在中國傳統的科技或醫學文獻當中，往往也出現許多被現今之世界視為非理性的術數內容，作為一個歷史工作者，請討論我們應以何種態度面對這些內容。

3 試評論下面這段關於中國科學的歷史見解。

科學在中國古代是沒有獨立的地位，它作為探求自然界的認識活動和對於自然界的知識，是附帶在儒家"格物致知"理論之內的。

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------※来源: 中国科大BBS站[]本文：[转寄][转贴][删除][修改][回复][作者:...][人气:146]发信人: Arnold_Chiang (xiaoping)，原信区: ustcbbs标题: 台湾(国立）清华大学历史研究所中国科技史专业博士生入学试题（1997年）发信站: 中国科大BBS站(Fri, 21 Sep 2001 19:44:55)，站内信件1997中國科技史1 「中國科學史」的意義，從英文翻譯來看，簡單而言有兩種，一是"A Chinese History of Science"，一是"A History of Chinese Science"，試述此二者有何不同。

還有，你自己比較傾向哪一種意義？為什麼？（34分）2 (1)請抄寫並標點下列文句：寧可使中夏無好曆法不可使中夏有西洋人無好曆法不過如漢家不知合朔之法日蝕多在晦日而猶享四百年之國祚有西洋人吾懼其揮金以收拾我天下之人心如厝火於積薪之下而禍發之無日也。

清华大学研究生入学考试试题
城市历史与理论（1999年）
一、名词解释(8 x 5=40分)
1.逆城市化
2.中心地理论
3.花园郊区
4.雅典宪章
5 AgOra
6 Broadacre City
7 Cul-de-Sac principle
8 Megalopolis
二、详答题(以下任选三题，每题20分)
l.试述北宋东京城的规划建设史以及它在中国封建社会城市发展史中的地位。

2.以英国新城规划建设史为例，说明现代城市布局与形态的发展趋势。

3.简述从c.Perry提出“邻里单位”到本世纪90年代，居住区规划
设计理论的演变与发展。

4.试举出中外著名广场各一例，分析他们各自的设计构思与布局手法上的异同点。

清华大学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 清华大学的校训是什么？A. 自强不息，厚德载物B. 求实创新，追求卓越C. 博学笃志，切问近思D. 厚德博学，求是创新答案：A2. 清华大学位于中国的哪个城市？A. 北京B. 上海C. 广州D. 成都答案：A3. 以下哪位科学家不是清华大学的校友？A. 钱学森B. 杨振宁C. 邓稼先D. 李政道答案：D4. 清华大学的校徽颜色是什么？A. 蓝色B. 红色C. 绿色D. 黄色答案：A5. 清华大学的创办时间是？A. 1911年B. 1921年C. 1931年D. 1941年答案：A6. 清华大学的现任校长是谁？A. 邱勇B. 陈吉宁C. 张希D. 陈旭答案：A7. 清华大学的校歌名称是什么？A. 清华之歌B. 清华校歌C. 清华园D. 清华颂答案：B8. 清华大学的校庆日是每年的哪一天？A. 4月26日B. 5月4日C. 6月1日D. 7月7日答案：A9. 清华大学的校花是什么？A. 牡丹B. 荷花C. 梅花D. 菊花答案：B10. 清华大学的校训“自强不息，厚德载物”出自哪部经典？A. 《论语》B. 《大学》C. 《中庸》D. 《孟子》答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 清华大学的校训是“_________，_________”。

答案：自强不息，厚德载物2. 清华大学的校徽颜色是_________。

答案：蓝色3. 清华大学的校歌名称是《_________》。

答案：清华校歌4. 清华大学的校庆日是每年的_________。

答案：4月26日5. 清华大学的校花是_________。

答案：荷花6. 清华大学的现任校长是_________。

答案：邱勇7. 清华大学的创办时间是_________年。

答案：19118. 清华大学的校训出自《_________》。

答案：大学9. 清华大学位于中国的_________城市。

答案：北京10. 清华大学的校歌中提到了“_________，_________”。

清华大学考研试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 清华大学的校训是以下哪一项？A. 厚德载物B. 格物致知C. 自强不息D. 厚德博学答案：A2. 清华大学位于中国的哪个城市？A. 北京B. 上海C. 广州D. 成都答案：A3. 清华大学的创办时间是？A. 1898年B. 1900年C. 1911年D. 1925年答案：A4. 以下哪位不是清华大学的著名校友？A. 钱学森B. 杨振宁C. 陈省身D. 钱伟长答案：D5. 清华大学的校徽颜色是什么？A. 蓝色B. 红色C. 绿色D. 黄色答案：A6. 清华大学的校歌名称是？A. 清华之歌B. 清华校歌C. 清华园D. 清华颂答案：B7. 清华大学的校园内有一个著名的湖泊，它的名称是什么？A. 未名湖B. 镜湖C. 荷塘月色D. 碧波湖答案：A8. 清华大学的校庆日是每年的哪一天？A. 4月29日B. 5月4日C. 6月1日D. 7月1日答案：A9. 清华大学的校训“厚德载物”出自哪部经典？A. 论语B. 孟子C. 大学D. 易经答案：D10. 清华大学的校花是什么？A. 牡丹B. 荷花C. 梅花D. 菊花答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共30分）1. 清华大学的以下哪些学科在国际学术界享有盛誉？A. 工程学B. 物理学C. 经济学D. 文学答案：A, B, C2. 清华大学的以下哪些建筑是校园内的标志性建筑？A. 清华学堂B. 紫荆公寓C. 大礼堂D. 逸夫楼答案：A, C, D3. 清华大学的以下哪些活动是校园文化的重要组成部分？A. 学术讲座B. 体育竞赛C. 艺术展览D. 社团活动答案：A, B, C, D4. 清华大学的以下哪些人物是杰出的科学家？A. 钱学森B. 杨振宁C. 邓稼先D. 钱三强答案：A, B, C, D5. 清华大学的以下哪些学科是国家重点学科？A. 材料科学与工程B. 化学工程与技术C. 机械工程D. 信息与通信工程答案：A, B, C, D三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 简述清华大学的历史沿革。

中南大学2005 博士研究生入学考试试题答案及解析Entrance English Test for PhD Programs (2005)Paper OneDirections:There are 20 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1．Sometimes very young children have trouble ______ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.A．separating B．having separatedC．to separate D．of separating2．Anthropology is a science______ anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.A．in that B．now thatC．since that D．no that3．With all these exacerbating tensions of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was too much to expect that lawmakers, prime ministers, and presidents could understand, ______agree on , how to obtain this explosive mixture.A．even if B．so as toB．even more D．much less4．After every guest _______, the host had the dishes served.A．was sitting B．was seatedC．was seating D．was sat5．_______traffic delays, you had better start earlier if you want to catch 818 for New York city.A．Regardless of B．Attributing toC．Allowing for D．Under the spell of6．Now a paper in science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____ on earth than bacteria on Mars.A．configuration B．constitutionC．condemnation D．contamination7．Many people are naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents something _____ in human nature.A．blatant B．philanthropicC．distressful D．intractable8．Most people believe that the study of another nation, its society and culture, not only can be fascinating but also_____.A．primeval B．legitimateC．newfangled D．beneficent9．In nature we know that wild creatures sometimes exhaust their vital sources and suffer thenatural _______; drastic population reductions.A．capacity B．erosionC．remedy D．amenity10．The chairman gave me a hint that he would like me to think of some ready way of stopping Tom from ______ the proposal.A．lining up B．lying behindC．chiming in D．drifting into11．Monetary Union is a huge economic undertaking ---but it is not just about economics. It is a step with _____political implications-----but it is not just politics.A．stupendous B．bruisingC．tectonic C．internecine12．Since _____firms are more fragile than most other traditional ones, they are even more vulnerable to economy-wide swings.A．inconsistent B．moderateC．nascent D．weird13．To the cynic, there are no wholly altruistic, unselfish acts; every human deed is _____ an ulterior selfish motive.A．independent of B．emulated byC．disguised as D．founded upon14．He keeps his petrol receipts because petrol is one of the expenses that he can ______ against taxes.A．dazzle B．offsetC．circumvent D．impartial15．A university training enables a graduate to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a ______of thought.A．line B．strandC．mass D．plethora16．New technologies have often brought with them complex and ______ moral and social difficulties.A．vexing B．psychicC．alienated D．somatic17．The Lewis and Clark expedition left St. Louis in 1804 and traveled 7,700 miles_____ the Pacific Coast.A．on way to B．on route toC．returning to D．in line to18．The Bessemer process was once the most common method of making steel, but today this process is considered______.A．obsolete B．ellipticalC．oval D．eligible19．The other worry is that the entrepreneur will be forced to go public too early, so the venture capitalist can _____ his investment.A．deflate B．pad aroundC．recoup D．cash out20．In almost every country, drug abuse, child abuse and alcohol abuse _______most challenging social problems.A．preoccupied with B．displaced to beC．lend credence to D．loom as1．A．句意：有时小孩在分清现实和虚幻方面存在困难，他们可能认为那样的事情真正存在。

2005年春季清华大学物理系博士生资格考试分析力学：两质点m1,m2，中间用无质量的弹簧相连，弹性系数k ，原长d 。

在无摩擦的光滑平面上运动，转动或振动。

求出广义动量，哈密顿量，哈密顿方程（写出积分形式即可） 电动力学：求运动电荷产生的电磁辐射能量密度力学：1.一个杆质量m ，长度l ，截面积S,杨氏模量Y 。

在光滑水平面内绕一端转动，角速度ω。

在杆内部截面上切向应力均匀分布。

求r 处的内应力，求杆的总伸长量。

2.滑轮质量M ，半径R ，两侧两个水桶通过绳子相连，绳子绕过滑轮。

两桶原质量为m0，静止。

左侧桶下有个洞，水从中流出，单位时间内流出的质量为qm ，流出的水相对桶的速度为u 。

求左侧桶的加速度a(t).3.质量为m0的质点从静止开始在F=kx*x 作用下运动，考虑相对论效应，求v(t). 电磁学：1.圆柱形电容器，内半径a ，外半径b ，长l 。

上下两半为两种导电（注意是导电!!!）介质，介电常数和电导率分别为ε1，σ1，ε2σ2。

电容器中间通过的总电流为I 。

求电容器的电势差，第一种介质内表面的自由电荷密度。

2.一大圆圈，半径R ，电流I 。

在正上方有一小圆圈，平行于大圆圈，半径r 。

两圆圈圆心在一条直线上。

t=0时小圆圈圆心距大圆圈圆心z ，以v 偏离大圆圈运动。

小圆圆半径r 很小，可近似认为小圆圈内磁场均匀分布。

求小圆圈圆心处的磁场，小圆圈上的感应电动势大小和方向。

设小圆圈自感为T ，求小圆圈中的电流i.热学：质量为m ，温度为T1，压强为P1的液体，变为压强P2，温度T2的高温高压气体。

求熵变。

给定液体比热c ，水蒸汽临界压强Pb?汽化热？。

记不清了光学：1.双缝间距d=0.4mm ，缝宽a=0.08mm 。

后面透镜f=50cm 。

一束单色平面光波长。

垂直于缝入射，求透镜像平面上明条纹间距，求一级衍射包中间的明条纹数量2.光，通过线偏振器，转动线偏振器，发现光强没有变化。

让光先通过1/4波长偏振片，然后再用线偏振器检偏，发现最大光强是最小光强的4倍。

Part I Vocabulary (20%)Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. The European Union countries, were once worried that they would not have suppliesof petroleum.A. sufficientB. efficient C potential D. proficient2. We'd like to a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. reserveC. sustainD. retain3. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world-over 60 cars for every mile ofroad.A. popularityB. prosperityC. intensityD. density4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. restored to5. The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A. transferredB. releasedC. conveyedD. delivered6. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect the silkfrom damage.A. sensitiveB. sensible C tender D. delicate7. To our , Geoffrey’s illne ss proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment8. The government will take some action to the two big quarreling companies.A. jigsawB. jotC. impulseD. reconcile9. As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made ♦A. disincentiveB. redundantC. diverseD. discontent10. They have her unreasonable request for her annual salary.A. destinedB. chordedC. repelledD. commenced11. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite qualified sources of informationand examples.A. unbiasedB. manipulatedC. distortedD. conveyed12. It is apparent that winning the scholarship is o f one's intelligence in the field ofphysics.A. parallelismB. alliterationC. testimonyD. rhythm13. In court he repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury.A. impressionsB. alliterationsC. clausesD. assertions14. Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of business.A. staleB. slackC. ferrousD. abundant5. According to the Geneva n o prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. RoutinesBefore the general election many senior citizens signed the against the spreading ofnuclear arms.A. contractB. petitionC. supplicationD. potential7. Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere to plant life.A. adaptB. personalizeC. sustain D, describeI can’t remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty .A. estimatingB. devastatingC. reprocessingD. preferringThe industry has pumped amounts of money into political campaigns, making itless and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.A. potentialB. substantialC. massiveD. traditional20. I was entrusted to to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.A. contributeB. detractC. convertD. entail21. After 1989, the external vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.A. disruption B, menace C. liability D, emergence22. The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the by various means.A. flightB. plight C delight D. twilight23. An archaeologist has to pay much attention to details of an unearthed object.A. miserableB. minusC. minuteD. moist24. The girl her tab lemate’s arm to see if she was fast asleep at class.A. pinchedB. punchedC. pitchedD. preached25. Most of the local people involved in the affair have been and dismissed.A. smuggledB. prosecutedC. salutedD. thrived26. I can respect someone who is f or their actions, but I cannot respect someone who is always pointing the finger.A. millenniumB. dominantC. accountableD. commercial27. All the products made in China are sold and distributed in with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.A. complianceB. prosperityC. merchandise D‘ intersection28. One of the main reasons is that the university’s attracts students and faculty staff all over the world.A. fraudB. respondentC. misconductD. prestige29. Even though the investigation has been going on for two months, the police have no further details about the accident.A. comprisedB. formulatedC. releasedD. incorporated30. They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering to foreign investors.A. incentivesB. abundancesC. warriorsD. outnumbers31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. sentimental D, sensational32. and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.A. MutilationB. InnovationC. EmpireD. Strength33. The protests were part of their against the proposed building development in the area.A. commissionB. commitmentC. conventionD. campaign34. Some people seem to on the pressure of working under a deadline.A. render B- evolve C. prevail D. thrive35. These changes have not been sufficient to the losses.A. stemB. stimulate C cause D. compensate36. Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .A. conditionsB. combinations C, peersD. granaries37. Several for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.A. systemsB. sentences C fallacies D. hypotheses38. These natural resources will be sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.A, depleted B. deployed C. inclined D. mingled39. The military operations yesterday were targeted at the military installations.A. propelledB. commencedC. plaguedD. modulated40. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the between the computer and the human brain.A. profile B- mighty C. analogy D, leakagePart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language，，，says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately，it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.，，One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said * These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner wh at it，s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also sa id “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,OCX) people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield. They also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suidde. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seemsunrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?41. Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that help people use computer language.D. Those that teach computer technology.42. According to the investigators, .A. the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent actsB. the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life resultsD. most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners43. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB- it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC. there are now more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence44. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that•A. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force*During a reversal，the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity (极）•The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and anintals that rely on the inagnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite daims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts. A grou p of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea * of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，，，said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I，m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is comingon its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago，when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car’s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.45. According to the passage, the Earth’s magnetic field has•A, misguided many a man and animalB. begun to change in the opposite direction C caused the changes on the polaritiesD. been weakening in strength for a long time46. During the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field*A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused in directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger47. The author says '. the public has no reason to panic” because•A. the transition is still thousands of years from nowB. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsC. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishD. the new transition will come 780,000 years from now48. The cause of the transition of tiKe Earth、magnetic field comes from .A. the movement deep inside the EarthB. the periodical reverses of the Earth C the force coming from outer space D. the mechanical movement of the EarthPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in today’s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close ox far away from home tihe event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it’s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren’t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threat，’，says Middle Eastern historian Richard Buliiet of Columbia University. uEvery time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”‘There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target，or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person，，，Buliiet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn’t what you do, but ifs how it，s covered that determines the effect”For example, Buliiet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening’s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Buliiet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group’s power rather than an individual cmninal act. “You don’t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It’s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized，”says Buliiet. ‘The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities•，’Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan，says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it’s tihe only tactic they have available to them. “They don’t have M-16s, and we have M-16S. They don’t have the mighty military power that we have，and they only have access to things like kidnapping，，，says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare，even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy，”Haroun tells WebMD. ‘"You haven’t really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you’ve achieved a lot of demoralization,”49. Which of the following statement is NOT among the reasons that change the rules of psychological warfare?A. Break the morale of their opponent.B. Advances in technology.C. The popularity of the Internet,D. Prosperity of media.50. According to Richard Bulliet, why does “publicizing an act of violence becom es animportant part of terrorism itself’？A. Because psychological terrorism is a tactic.B. Because terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threat.C. Because the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threat.D‘ Because publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat.51. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that .A. the impact of psychological terror relies largely on how the acts are publicizedB. there are various ways to have the impact of psychological terrorC. the American media is effectiveD. the ways determines the effect52. The randomness and the ubiquity of the terrorist acts bring to the public the impressionthat •A. the terrorists are exerting total power over their captivesB. the threat is a collective demonstration of the group’s powerC. the terrorists are powerful and pervasiveD. the force becomes generalized rather than personalizedPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall’s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillard won’t release numbers’ but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year’s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted students will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400, compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to woo admitted students, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mails, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year’s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It，s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from August to mid-September “to avert the majority of the hurricane season，”Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-on-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other tihings, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted students and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants, “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city (are) saying, ‘I want to be a part of (the action)，，，，says Stieffel, noting that Loyola’s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come，，，he says.53. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. many of the students require smaller classes than usual in the institutionsB. most college admissions officials cannot predict how many students will commit to enrolling in their institutions by May 1 this yearC many of the students are increasingly applying to multiple institutions to make theirchoices by May 1 this yearD. in typical years, most colleges require students to apply and commit to theirinstitutions54. The following statements are false other than ♦A* Tulane University also saw drops in application this yearB. Xavier University, as a historically black Catholic institution, fell behind the recruitment schedule of Dillard UniversityC. Xavier University dean Winston Brown says the total number that he hopes to enroll is about 1,500 freshmenD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions due to receiving fewer applications of students55. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are ,A. reducing the tuition respectivelyB. hosting meetingsC. increasing the scholarships respectivelyD. extending the application deadline56. The passage mainly concentrates on the subject of .A. the drops of the applicants of the universitiesB. the dilemma of the admission officialsC. the usual rules of college admissionsD. the effects of the hurricanesPassage FiveThe difference between avian flu and human flu that should be commanding our rapt attention today is that avian influenza, specifically the H5N1 strain known as bird flu, threatens to become the young people's plague. And it is a growing contender to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few years.We are too used to thinking of flu as an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly. But that just isn't the case for H5N1. With a mortality rate of over 50 percent, this bird flu has killed over 110 people, striking the young and able-bodied the hardest. Its victims cluster predominantly among 5-to-30-year-old, a pattern that has held up in the 34 known to have died from bird flu so far this year.This vulnerability may stem from the robust and fast-responding immune systems of the young. The victims overreact to the alien virus, triggering a massive immune response called a cytokine storm, turning healthy lungs into a sodden mass of dying tissues congested with blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells. As air spaces choke off, the body loses oxygen and other organs fail.Scientists have recently shown that H5N1 has ominous parallels with the devastating 1918 flupandemic, which also jumped directly to humans from birds and disproportionately attacked the young and the strong. With a pattern highly suggestive of a cytokine storm, death sometimes came within just hours，turning many World War I troop ships into death ships.Now imagine hundreds of thousands of young people laboring on respirators, or lying alone in corridors and makeshift hospital rooms, too sick to be helped when the supply of beds, equipment, and trained staff run out. Seem like hype? Not to the medical experts who discussed these scenarios during last week’s US. News Health Summit on emergency preparedness.This picture puts a face on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ projections that, if H5N1 mutates into a readily human-transmissible from 209,000 to 1.9 million Americans could die. Part of our readiness thinking should be to heed the blunt words of HHS Secretary Michael Leavitt at the summit: Any family or community that fails to prepare for the worst, with the expectation that the federal or state government will come to the rescue，will be “tragically wrong/5 In a pandemic, the govemmenfs medical resources will be stretched thin, and it won’t be able to guarantee first-line help to any hometown, local hospital, or college campus. Even the national stockpile of Tamiflu，the antiviral that is the best we have to prevent or lessen the impact of the illness, has its limits. If a college student is hospitalized with a possible H5N1 infection, the feds will provide drugs. But they will not make it available to fend off the virus in the many others who may have come in dose contact with the infected student. In the existing federal guidance on H5N1, the young and healthy fall into the lowest-priority group for antiviral drugs and vaccines. Student health centers or other providers had better scrounge up their own stockpiles. Containing possible outbreaks on college campuses may be all but impossible. Social distancing—avoiding close contact with other people with air kisses instead of smooches, or even by donning masks and gloves—will be tough to enforce.The threat poses a uniquely difficult challenge. In the best of all scenarios, the virus will lose its fury and leave in its wake a new culture of individual and community preparedness. But we need to get ready now, and not for the best scenario but for the worst.57. The difference between avian flu and human flu is that .A. the avian flu should be commanding our rapt attentionB. the avian flu mainly threatens the young peopleC. the avian flu is to cause a devastating worldwide pandemic in the next few yearsD. the avian flu is an annual annoyance that kills only the frail and elderly58. The reason that bird flu strikes the young and able-bodied the hardest may be .A. the body loses oxygen and other organs failB. a sodden mass of dying tissuesC. the enthusiastic immune systems of the youngD. the overreaction of blood, toxic fluid, and rampaging inflammatory cells59. According to the author, which is the best source that college students can rely upon if there are outbreaks of bird flu on college campuses?A. The national stockpile of Tamifu,B. The govemmenfs medical resources.C. Drugs provided by the feds.D. The stockpile of the students health centers.60. We can learn from the passage that ,A. it is impossible that bird flu outbreaks on college campuses。

1999年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)1. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ________ just around the corner was untrue.[A] would be[B] to be[C] was[D] being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times[D] seven times3. It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ________ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take[C] take[D] taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one ________ which new applications are being discovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in[D] through5. ________ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That[D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend ________ such short notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with[D] on7. California has more light than it knows ________ to do with but everything else is expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which[D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don't have small children and get along ________ to spend most of their time together.[A] so well[B] too well[C] well as[D] well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about ________ compliments to his political leaders.[A] paying[B] having paid[C] to pay[D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ________ in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing[D] to existDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5 points)11. Your math instructor would have beenA happy to give you a makeup examination had you goneB and explainedC that your parents had beenD ill at the time.12. As the children become financiallyA independent ofB the family, the emphasis onC family financial security will shift from protection to saveD for the retirement years.13. WereA the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it couldB dramatically transform a family-ranC enterprise that still gets 90% of itsD revenues from newspapers.14. Symposium talks will cover a wide rangeA of subjects fromB over-fishing to physical and environmentC factors that affect the populationsD of different species.15. Conversation calls for aA willingness to alternate the role of speaker with oneB of listenerC, and it calls for occasional ‘digestive pauses' byD both.16. If two theories are equal toA their ability to account forB a body of data, the theory that does soC with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferredD.17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiringA the seven automakers sellingB the most cars in the state makingC 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-freeD by 1998.18. As long asA poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict withB richer people, who in general are lighterC skinD, there's going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.19. All those left undoneA may sound greatlyB in theory, but even the trust believerC has great difficulty whenD it comes to specifics.20. Even ifA automakers modify commercially produced cars to run onB alternative fuelsC, the cars won't catch on in a big way whenD drivers can fill them up at the gas station.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)21. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ________ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate[B] renovate[C] arouse[D] advocate22. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical ________.[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations[D] considerations23. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss ________ the bread-winner's death.[A] at the cost of[B] on the verge of[C] as a result of[D] for the sake of24. In education there should be a good ________ among the branches of knowledgethat contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination[D] assignment25. The American dream is most ________ during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive[D] partial26. Poverty is not ________ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent[D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in ________ populated areas.[A] densely[B] intensely[C] abundantly[D] highly28. As a way of ________ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A] picking up[B] coping with[C] passing out[D] getting across29. Tom's mother tried hard to persuade him to ________ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market.[A] pull out[B] give up[C] draw in[D] back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ________, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention[D] interaction31. These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the ________ of higher education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's.[A] branch[B] category[C] domain[D] scope32. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the ________ in the financial system will drag down the economy.[A] shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness[D] stiffness33. Crisis would be the right term to describe the ________ in many animal species.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent[D] decline34. The city is an important railroad ________ and industrial and convention center.[A] conjunction[B] network[C] junction[D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to ________ myself of every chance to improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail[D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that ________ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activates[C] maintains[D] prescribe37. Corporations and labor unions have ________ great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred[B] granted[C] flung[D] submitted38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was ________ from one new moon to the next.[A] measured[B] reckoned[C] judged[D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was ________ to the issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid[D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases ________ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposed[D] enlightenedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies __41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them __42__ and active. When the work is well done, a __43__ of accident-free operations is established __44__ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may __45__ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by __46__ rules or regulations. __47__ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety __48__. The fewer the injury __49__, the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at __50__ or at a loss.41. [A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42. [A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43. [A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance[D] requirement44. [A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45. [A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46. [A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47. [A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48. [A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49. [A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50. [A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profitSection III Reading Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling[D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists, ________.[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction -- indeed, contradiction -- which goes to the heartof what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take -- at the very longest -- a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.[A] far-reaching[B] dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professional training is ________.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that hewas opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group -- the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) -- has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells -- routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning." Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still "up in the air."63. We can learn from the first paragraph that ________.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that ________.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because ________.[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo's life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC's appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the questionhe had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don't have unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that ________.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research。

博士试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 以下哪项是量子力学的基本原理？A. 牛顿第二定律B. 热力学第一定律C. 波粒二象性D. 相对论答案：C2. 根据达尔文的进化论，生物进化的驱动力是什么？A. 突变B. 自然选择C. 遗传D. 人工选择答案：B3. 以下哪个不是大数据技术的特点？A. 大容量B. 高速度C. 多样性D. 低价值答案：D4. 以下哪项是人工智能领域的主要应用？A. 自动化生产线B. 无人驾驶汽车C. 3D打印技术D. 纳米材料答案：B5. 以下哪个不是区块链技术的核心特点？A. 去中心化B. 不可篡改C. 匿名性D. 透明性答案：C二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述相对论的基本原理。

答案：相对论包括狭义相对论和广义相对论。

狭义相对论的基本原理是相对性原理和光速不变原理，广义相对论则是基于等效原理和引力作为时空曲率的几何表现。

2. 描述一下基因编辑技术CRISPR-Cas9的工作原理。

答案：CRISPR-Cas9是一种基因编辑技术，通过向导RNA（gRNA）引导Cas9蛋白到特定的DNA序列，Cas9蛋白切割DNA双链，从而实现基因的编辑。

3. 解释一下什么是深度学习，并给出一个应用实例。

答案：深度学习是一种机器学习方法，通过多层神经网络对数据进行特征学习。

一个应用实例是图像识别，如自动车牌识别系统。

4. 简述一下量子计算机与传统计算机的区别。

答案：量子计算机使用量子比特进行计算，能够同时表示多个状态，而传统计算机使用二进制比特，一次只能表示一个状态。

量子计算机在处理某些特定问题时，如大整数分解，具有超越传统计算机的潜力。

三、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 论述一下人工智能在医疗领域的应用及其潜在的伦理问题。

答案：人工智能在医疗领域的应用包括辅助诊断、药物研发、患者监护等。

其潜在的伦理问题包括数据隐私保护、算法偏见、责任归属等。

2. 描述一下量子通信的原理，并讨论其在信息安全领域的应用前景。

清华大学20XX年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和详解Part ⅠListening Comprehension (20 points)Section OneDirections:In this section you will hear some people talking about how their parents met each other and got married. Each of the conversations is followed by an interview with one of their parents about his or her marriage. Listen to the recording and answer the questions below with what you hear. You should use a short sentence or a phrase for each answer. You will hear the recording only once.1．How did Craig's parents meet each other?2．What was his father's first impression of his mother?What does he think now?He still thinks so.3．How did Dave's parents meet each other?4．What was his mother's first impression of his father?5．What does she think now?6．How did Sara's parents meet each other?7．What was her father's first impression of her mother?What does he think now?He still thinks so.8．How did Lisa's parents meet each other?9．What was her mother's first impression of her father?10．What does she think now?Section TwoDirections.. In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes below about the lecture. You will hear the recording only once.Lecture NotesLecture field/area:11．_______________________________________Lecture Topic/Theme: MemoryThree types of memory:12．_______________________________________13．_______________________________________14．_______________________________________Three ways of measuring memory:15．_______________________________________16．_______________________________________17．_______________________________________Three Techniques for remembering information:18．_______________________________________19．_______________________________________20．_______________________________________Part ⅡVocabulary (10 points)Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences or sentences with underlined words in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.21．Ploughs and other agricultural implements were on display at the recent exhibition.A．equations B．playthings C．tools D．machinery22．My own inclination, if I were in your situation, would be to look for another position.A．symptom B．likeness C．habit D．tendency23．The combination of lenses in a compound microscope makes possible greater amplification than can be achieved with a single lens.A．management B．magnificence C．magnetism D．magnification 24．The degree of downward slope of a beach depends on its composition of deposits as well as on the action of waves across its surface.A．sentiment B．sediment C．semester D．segment25．The rigor of the winter in Russia was often described by Mogol.A．harshness B．perturbation C．dismay D．pessimism26．Nowadays, the prescribed roles of t he man as “breadwinner” and the woman ashousewife are changing.A．ascribed B．prevalent C．original D．settled27．A divorcee, Tom is the sole provider in a typical “single parent” family.A．religious B．spiritual C．exclusive D．chief28．The old woman is chronically ill in bed and seldom goes out.A．seriously B．dangerously C．continually D．incurably29．The driver stopped his car so abruptly that he was hit by the cab right behind him.A．impolitely B．violently C．suddenly D．maladroitly30．Benin Mayer Alcott based the principal characters of her book Little Women on her sisters and herself.A．original B．central C．subjunctive D．oriental31．Largely due to the university tradition and the current academic milieu, every college student here works ______.A．industrially B．industriously C．consciously D．purposefully 32．I don't think it's sensible of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the chairwoman, for it may well offend her.A．show up B．show off C．show out D．show away33．______, he did become annoyed with her at times.A．Much as he liked her B．As he liked her muchC．Although much he liked her D．Much although he liked her34．If we don't stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the whole globe will ______.A．empowered B．punished C．polluted D．annihilated35．One of the important properties of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.A．invent B．stimulate C．renovate D．advocate36．When in his rebellious years, that is when he was sixteen or eighteen, Frank Anderson ______ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late.A．took to B．took up C．took on D．took in37．In spite of the wide range of reading material specially designed or ______ for language learning purposes, there is yet no effective and systematic program for the reading skills.A．appointed B．assembled C．acknowledged D．adapted 38．In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe ______ Europe into a bloody war.A．imposed B．plunged C．pitched D．inserted39．The municipal planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax ______.A．privileges B．efficiency C．revenues D．validity40．The problem of pollution as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ______ again next spring.A．convention B．conference C．session D．assemblyPart ⅢReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder (胆囊)removed by surgeons operating, via computer from New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4,000 miles away from their patient.In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation. A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designed by Computer Motion Inc., that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week.The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon's movements in New York and the return video (from Strasbourg) on his screen. The delay problemincludes video coding decoding and signal transmission time.France Telecom's en gineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. “I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room,” says Marescaux.The successful collaboration (合作)among medicine, advanced technology, and telecommunications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a “third revolution” in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen (腹部)and thorax (胸腔)do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms (计算法)enhance the safety of the surgeon's movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance—currently several meters in the operating room—could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.41．The title that best expresses the main idea is ______.A．How The Second Revolution in Surgery Comes OutB．The Telesurgery RevolutionC．A Patient Was SavedD．Dream Comes True42．The italicized word “telesurgery” (Para. 1, Sentence 2) can be best explained as ______.A．an operation done over a distanceB．an operation done on televisionC．an operation demanding special skillD．an operation demanding high technology43．How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation?A．24 hours B．48 hoursC．about a week D．almost a month44．What is the major barrier to telesurgery?A．distance B．advanced technologyC．delay D．medical facilities45．The writer implies that ______.A．difficult operation can be successfully performed all over the world nowB．compared to the “third revolution” in surgery, the first two are less importantC．all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operationD．a new breakthrough has been made in surgeryPassage TwoQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The multi-billion-dollar western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. “The most worrisome development is a culture of drug-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著) ,” said the UN's 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998．The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. “Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana (大麻) or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle,” the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药). “Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasion to mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of ‘recreational’ drug use,” it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie stars—including Elvis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs—have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. “In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar tothe members of every household,” the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues—especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization—which encourages,rather than prevents, drug abuse. “Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive,” says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. “Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drugs,” he says.Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.46．Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?A．The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person's lifestyle.B．The spreading of pop music may cause the drug abuse to go beyond country boundaries.C．No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of drug abuse.D．The governments have no ability to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture.47．The italicized phrase “under fire” (Para. 1, Sentence 1) means ______.A．in an urgent situationB．facing some problemsC．being criticizedD．quite popular48．Under the influence of drug-friendly pop music, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?A．They tend to mourn the pop stars as role models.B．They are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugs.C．They try to confront the deadly effect of “recreational” drug use.D．They may stop abusing the drugs.49．Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?A．The spreading of pop music.B．The media.C．Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groups.D．The low price of some drugs.50．The pop music ______.A．has a great influence on young people of most culturesB．only appeals to a small number of young peopleC．is not a profitable industryD．is the only culprit (罪魁祸首) responsible for drug amusePassage ThreeQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest and northern most state in the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely operate.The steel pipe cresses windswept plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million barrels of crude oil can be pumped through it daily.Resting on H-shaped steel racks called “bents”, long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline's up-and-down route is determined by the often harsh demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or permanently frozen ground. A little more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried anywhere from 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the properties of the soil.One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost approximately $ 8 billion and is by far the biggest and most expensive construction project ever undertaken by private industry.In fact, no single business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order to share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oilfields and paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply shortages,equipment breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous terrain, a certain amount of mismanagements, and even theft, the Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.51．The passage primarily discusses the pipeline's ______.A．operating costs B．employeesC．consumers D．construction52．The word “it” (Para. 1, Sentence 3) refers to ______.A．pipeline B．oceanC．state D．village53．The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline's route EXCEPT the ______.A．climateB．lay of the land itselfC．local vegetationD．kind of soil and rock54．How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?A．3．B．4．C．8．D．12．55．Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortium would pay?A．How much oil field land each company owned.B．How long each company had owned land in the oil fields.C．How many people worked for each company.D．How many oil wells were located on the company's land.Passage FourQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Margherita is a London girl and arriving at Capital was like coming home. “I grew up listening to Capital Radio,” she says, “People say, ‘Wasn't it frightening, joining such well-known presenters?' But everyone here is so down to earth. It would be off-putting if the others had people doing their make-up, or star sings on their office doors. But there's none of that—Mick Brown, forinstance, finishes his show and wanders off to get the bus home with everyone else.”Margherita says that her own musical tastes varied. But she doesn't pick her own music for her shows. The Capital computer selects the records in advance from a list approved by the station managers. “The station has a certain sound, and if we all picked our own music, it wouldn't sound like Capital,” she says, “But for someone who likes music, this is a dream job. I get to go to concerts and meet the bands you can hear on my show. It's great to hear the ‘behind the scenes' gossip.”Most people would expect that a presenter's most important qualities are a nice voice and huge amounts of confidence, but Margherita say that basic maths is handy as well.“You have to make sure that you've got an eye on everything that's going on in the studio,but you've got to be able to add and subtract and think in minutes and seconds,” she says,“You're dealing with timed records, and with announcements and commercials that are also timed precisely, and you have to be ready to switch to the news at exactly the right second. If you're going over to a live event, you need to be ready, for that on time, not a second earlier or later.”This isn't the sort of girl to let the rock ‘n' roll lifestyle g o to her head. Even if she did her family would bring her down to earth. “When I started at Capital the only thing my brothers asked was whether they'd get free records,” she remembers, “And my mum couldn't even find the station on her radio.”Margherita Taylor is very nice and very easy-going, but very much in control. She is so much a “Capital Radio girl” that you might think she is just doing a good job for the station's publicity, department, although you know what she's saying really comes from the heart. She smiles a lot, laughs a lot and is generally a great advert for Capital.56．What does “that” (Para. 1, Sentence 5) refer to?A．The fame of the other presenters.B．Margherita's fear of the other staff.C．Self-important behaviour by the other presenters.D．Bad treatment of Margherita by the other staff.57．One point Margherita makes about her job is that ______.A．she has changed her attitude to musicB．she is unhappy that records she plays are chosen for herC．she likes most of the music that she plays on her showD．she enjoys talking to the people whose records she plays58．What does Margherita say about presenting a show?A．It is essential to keep in mind what is going to happen next.B．It is more complicated than she had previously thought.C．The ability to add and subtract is the most important requirement.D．The contend of a show is sometimes changed suddenly.59．How have Margherita's family reacted to her success?A．with cautionB．without interestC．with surpriseD．without excitement60．In the final paragraph, what does the author say about Margherita?A．She was different from what she had expected.B．She genuinely believes that Capital is a good radio station.C．She feels it necessary to talk about Capital Radio all the time.D．She has already changed her job at Capital radio.Part ⅣCloze (10 points)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can 61 the joy of discovering for yourself something that is important to you. It may be an idea or a bit of information you 62 across accidentally—or a sudden 63 , fitting together pieces of information or working through a problem. Such personal 64 are the “pay off” in education.A teacher may 65 you to learning and even encourage you in it—but no teacher can make the excitement or the joy happen. That's 66 to you.A research paper, 67 in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor, 68 you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a 69 where the joy of discover and learning can come to you many times. 70 the research paper is an active and individualprocess, and ideal learning process. It provides a structure 71 which you can make exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to 72 a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others 73 you can do. Waiting a research paper is more than just a classroom exercise. It is an experience in 74 out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of many skills 75 to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovering education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly 76 experience!To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages often more than ever produced 77 , is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work 78 is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to 79 . Instead, consider it a goal to 80 , a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.61．A．exterminate B．impulse C．intervene D．exceed62．A．conform B．confront C．come D．console63．A．insight B．relaxation C．relay D．ingredient64．A．serials B．separations C．encounters D．segregations 65．A．help B．salute C．scrub D．direct66．A．here B．off C．up D．with67．A．assigning B．assigned C．lounged D．lounging68．A．litters B．intervenes C．jots D．leads69．A．process B．interface C．interpretation D．prosecution 70．A．Designing B．Designed C．Preparing D．Prepared 71．A．outside B．within C．without D．upon72．A．grease B．glare C．suffix D．suit73．A．which B．what C．how D．because74．A．searching B．supplementing C．popularizing D．polarizing 75．A．arrogant B．concise C．chronic D．applicable76．A．segmenting B．satisfying C．characterizing D．chartering 77．A．later B．beforehand C．afterwards D．before78．A．accordingly B．acceptably C．independently D．infinitely 79．A．overwork B．overcome C．lumber D．lull80．A．accelerate B．caution C．accomplish D．boycottPart ⅤWriting (20 points)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “My Aim for Doctoral Study” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1．你攻读博士学位的目标是______。