流体力学复习资料及英文专有名词解释
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中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)14选择的材料取决于于高流动速度降解或材料由于疲劳,腐蚀,磨损和气蚀故障糜烂一次又一次导致泵运营商成本高昂的问题。
这可能通过仔细选择材料的性能以避免在大多数情况下发生。
一两个原因便可能导致错误的材料选择:(1)泵输送的腐蚀性液体的性质没有清楚地指定(或未知),或(2),由于成本的原因(竞争压力),使用最便宜的材料。
泵部件的疲劳,磨损,空化攻击的严重性和侵蚀腐蚀与流速以指数方式增加,但应用程序各种材料的限制,不容易确定。
它们依赖于流速度以及对介质的腐蚀性泵送和浓度夹带的固体颗粒,如果有的话。
另外,交变应力诱导通过压力脉动和转子/定子相互作用力(RSI)真的不能进行量化。
这就是为什么厚度的叶片,整流罩和叶片通常从经验和工程判断选择。
材料的本讨论集中在流之间的相互作用现象和物质的行为。
为此,在某些背景信息腐蚀和经常使用的材料,被认为是必要的,但是一个综合指南材料的选择显然是超出了本文的范围。
在这一章中方法开发出促进系统和一致方法选择材料和分析材料的问题领域。
四个标准有关,用于选择材料暴露于高流动速度:1.疲劳强度(通常在腐蚀环境),由于高的速度在泵本身与高压脉动,转子/定子的相互作用力和交变应力。
2.腐蚀诱导高的速度,特别是侵蚀腐蚀。
3.气蚀,由于已广泛在章讨论。
4.磨耗金属损失造成的流体夹带的固体颗粒。
磨损和汽蚀主要是机械磨损机制,它可以在次,被腐蚀的钢筋。
与此相反,腐蚀是一种化学金属,泵送的介质,氧和化学试剂之间的反应。
该反应始终存在- 即使它是几乎察觉。
最后,该叶轮尖端速度可以通过液压力或振动和噪声的限制。
14.1叶轮和扩散的疲劳性骨折可避免的叶轮叶片,整流罩或扩散器叶片的疲劳断裂施加领域的状态;它们很少观察到。
在高负荷的泵,无视基本设计规则或生产应用不足的医疗服务时,这种类型的伤害仍然是有时会遇到。
的主要原因在静脉或罩骨折包括:•过小的距离(间隙B或比D3*= D3/ D2)叶轮叶片之间扩散器叶片(表10.2)。
流体力学常用名词流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method 说明氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method,FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。
一、填空题1、液体的动力粘性系数随温度的而减小,牛顿流体是指切应力与成的流体。
2、欧拉法中,流体的加速度包括和两种,如果流场中时变加速度为零,则称流动为,否则,流动称为。
3、雷诺实验揭示了流体流动存在层流和两种流态,并可用来判别流态。
4、一般管路中的损失,是由和两部分构成,在定常紊流中,沿程水头损失与流速的成,所谓的长管是指比小得多,可以忽略不计。
5、已知三维流场的速度分布为:0vtxu,试求t=0时刻,经过=wy,4,2=+=点(1,1)的流线方程;点(1,1)处的加速为。
6、平面流动速度分布为:22y=,byu-ax=,如果流体不可压缩,试-v-xy求a= ;b= 。
7、子弹在15摄氏度的大气中飞行,如果子弹头部的马赫角为45度,已知音波速度为340m/s子弹的飞行速度为。
8、管道截面的变化、及壁面的热交换,都会对一元可压缩流动产生影响。
9、自由面上的压强的任何变化,都会地传递到液体中的任何一点,这就是由斯卡定律。
10、液体在相对静止时,液体在重力、、和压力的联合作用下保持平衡。
11、从海平面到11km处是,该层内温度随高度线性地。
12、平面壁所受到的液体的总压力的大小等于的表压强与面积的乘积。
13、水头损失可分为两种类型:和。
14、在工程实践中,通常认为,当管流的雷诺数超过,流态属于紊流。
15、在工程实际中,如果管道比较长,沿程损失远大于局部损失,局部损失可以忽略,这种管在水力学中称为。
16、紊流区的时均速度分布具有对数函数的形式,比旋转抛物面要均匀得多,这主要是因为脉动速度使流体质点之间发生强烈的,使速度分布趋于均匀。
17、流体在运动中如果遇到因边界发生急剧变化的局部障碍(如阀门,截面积突变),流线会发生变形,并出现许多大小小的,耗散一部分,这种在局部区域被耗散掉的机械能称为局部水头损失。
18、流动相似指的是两个流动系统所有对应点的对应物理量之比相等,具体地说,就是要满足,、和。
19、自由面上的压强的任何变化,都会地传递到液体中的任何一点,这就是由斯卡定律。
流体力学中英文术语Index 翻译(Fluid Mechanics)Absolute pressure,绝对压力(压强)Absolute temperature scales, 绝对温标Absolute viscosity, 绝对粘度Acceleration加速度centripetal, 向心的convective, 对流的Coriolis, 科氏的field of a fluid, 流场force and,作用力与……local, 局部的Uniform linear, 均一线性的Acceleration field加速度场Ackeret theory, 阿克莱特定理Active flow control, 主动流动控制Actuator disk, 促动盘Added mass, 附加质量Adiabatic flow绝热流with friction,考虑摩擦的isentropic,等熵的air, 气体with area changes, 伴有空间转换Bemoullii’s equation and, 伯努利方程Mach number relations,马赫数关系式,pressure and density relations, 压力-速度关系式sonic point,critical values, 音速点,临界值,stagnation enthalpy, 滞止焓Adiabatic processes, 绝热过程Adiabatic relations, 绝热关系Adverse pressure gradient, 逆压力梯度Aerodynamic forces, on road vehicles, 交通工具,空气动力Aerodynamics, 空气动力学Aeronautics, new trends in, 航空学,新趋势Air空气testing/modeling in, 对……实验/建模useful numbers for, 关于……的有用数字Airbus Industrie, 空中客车产业Aircraft航行器airfoils机翼new designs, 新型设计Airfoils, 翼型aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比cambered, 弧形的drag coefficient of , 阻力系数early, 早期的Kline-Fogleman, 克莱恩-佛莱曼lift coefficient, 升力系数NACA,(美国) 国家航空咨询委员会separation bubble, 分离泡stalls and, 失速stall speed, 失速速度starting vortex, 起动涡stopping vortex, 终止涡Airfoil theory, 翼型理论flat-plate vortex sheet theory, 平板面涡理论Kutta condition, 库塔条件Kutta-Joukowski theorem, 库塔-儒科夫斯基定理1thick cambered airfoils, 厚弧面翼型thin-airfoils, 薄翼型wings of finite span, 有限展宽的翼型A-380 jumbo jet, 大型喷气式客机Alternate states, 交替状态American multiblade farm HA WT, 美式农庄多叶水平轴风机Angle of attack, 攻角Angle valve, 角阀Angular momentum角动量differential equation of , 关于…的微分方程relation/theorem, 联系/理论Annular strips, 环形带Applied forces, linear momentum, 外加力,线性冲力Apron,of a dam, 大坝的护坦Arbitrarily moving/deformable control volume, 任意运动/可变形控制体Arbitrary fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体Arbitrary viscous motion, 随机粘性运动Archimedes, 阿基米德Area changes, isentropic flow. 域变换,等熵流Aspect ratio (AR), 展弦比Automobiles, aerodynamic forces on, 汽车,气动力A verage velocity, 平均速度Axial-flow pumps. 轴流泵Axisymmetric flow, stream function 轴对称流,流函数Axisymmetric Potential flow, 轴对称有势流hydrodynamic mass, 水力学质量Point doublet, 点偶极子point source or sink, 点源与点汇spherical Polar coordinates and, 球极坐标uniform stream in the x direction, x方向的均匀流uniform stream plus a point doublet, 均匀流附加点偶极子uniform stream plus a point source, 均匀流附加点源BBackward-curved impeller blades, 后向曲叶轮片,Backwater curves, 回水曲线Basic equations, non dimensional, 基本方程,无量纲的Bernoulli obstruction theory, 伯努利障碍理论Bernoulli's equation, 伯努利方程with adiabatic and isentropic steady flow, as绝热、等熵稳态流frictionless flow, 无摩擦流assumptions/restrictions for, 假想/约束HGLs and EGLs, 水力坡度线和能量梯度线steady flow energy and, 定常流动能量in rotating coordinates. 在旋转坐标下,Best efficiency point (BEP), pumps, 最佳效率点,Betz number, 贝兹数Bingham plastic idealization, 宾汉塑性理想化,Biological drag reduction, 生物学阻力衰减Blade angle effects, on pump head, 叶片安装角效率,泵头处Blasius equation, 布拉修斯方程Body drag, at high Mach numbers, 机体阻力,在高马赫数下Body forces, 体力Boeing Corp., 波音公司Boundaries, of systems, 边界,系统Boundary conditions. 边界条件,differential relations for fluid flow, 流体的微分关系nondimensionalizalion and, 无量纲化Boundary element method (BEM), 边界元方法2Boundary layer (BL) analysis, 边界层分析boundary layer flows, 边界层流动boundary layer separation on a half body, 边界层半体分离displacement thickness, 位移厚度drag force and, 阻力equations, 方程flat-plate. 平板,Karman's analysis, 卡门分析momentum integral estimates, 动量积分估计momentum integral relation. 动量积分关系momentum integral theory, 动量积分理论pressure gradient 压力梯度separation on a half body, 半模分离skin friction coefficient, 表面摩擦系数two-dimensional flow derivation, 二维流推导Boundary layers with Pressure gradient, 边界层压力梯度adverse gradient, 反梯度favorable gradient, 正梯度laminar integral theory, 层流积分理论,nozzle-diffuser example,喷口扩散算例Bourdon tube, 波登管Bow shock wave, 弓形激波Brake horsepower,制动马力Broad-crested weirs, 宽顶堰Buckingham Pi Theorem, 白金汉定理Bulb Protrusion, 球形突出物(船头)Bulk modulus. 体积模量Buoyancy, 浮力Buoyant particles, local velocity and, 悬浮颗粒,局部速度Buoyant rising light spheres, 浮力作用下自由上升的球体Butterfly valve, 蝶形阀CCambered airfoils, 弓型翼Cauchy-Riemann equations, 柯西-黎曼方程Cavitation/Cavitation number, 气穴/气蚀数Celsius temperature scales, 摄氏温标Center of buoyancy, 浮心Center of Pressure (CP),压力中心,压强中心Centrifugal pumps, 离心泵backward-curved impeller blades, 后曲叶轮片blade angle effects on pump head, 泵头处叶片安装角效率brake horsepower, 制动马力circulation losses, 环量损失closed blades, 闭叶片efficiency of, 效率的elementary pump theory. 基泵理论Euler turbomachine equations, 欧拉涡轮机方程eye of the casing, 泵体通风口friction losses, 摩擦损失hydraulic efficiency, 水力[液压]效率mechanical efficiency.机械效率open blades, 开放式叶片output parameters, 输出参数power, delivered, 功率,传递pump surge, 泵涌,scroll section of casing, 卷形截面,泵体,shock losses, 激波损失vaneless, 无叶片的3volumetric efficiency, 容积效率[系数]water horsepower, 水马力Centripetal acceleration, 向心加速度Channel control Point, 传送控制点Characteristic area. external flows, 特征区域,外流Chezy coefficient, 薛齐系数Chezy formula, 薛齐公式Chezy coefficient,薛齐系数flow in a Partly full circular pipe, 流体非充满的圆管流Manning roughness correlation. 曼宁粗糙度关系,normal depth estimates, 法向深度估计Choking, 壅塞;堵塞of compressors, 压缩机的due to friction, compressible duct and, 由于摩擦,可压缩管的isentropic flow with area changes, 变横截面积等熵流simple heating and, 单纯加热Circular cylinder, flow with circulation. 圆柱体,Circulation环量and flow past circular cylinder, 流体经过圆柱体losses, in centrifugal pumps, 损失,离心泵potential flow and, 有势流Circumferential pumps, 环型泵Classical venturi, 标准文氏管Closed blades, centrifugal pumps. 闭叶片,离心泵Closed-body shapes, 闭体外形,circular cylinder, with circulation, 圆柱体,环量Kelvin oval, 开尔文椭圆,Kutta-Joukowski lift theorem,库塔-儒科夫斯基升力定理,Potential flow analogs, 有势流模拟Rankine oval, 兰金椭圆rotating cylinders. lift and drag, 旋转柱体,升力与阻力Coanda effect, 柯恩达效应( 沿物体表面的高速气流在Cobra P-530 supersonic interceptor, 眼镜蛇超音速拦截机Coefficient matrix. 系数矩阵Coefficient of surface tension, 表面张力系数Coefficient of viscosity, 粘滞系数Commercial CFD codes, viscous flow, 商业的计算流体力学代码,粘流Commercial ducts, roughness values for, 商业管道Composite-flow, open channels, 合成流,开槽道Compressibility, non dimensional. 压缩性,无量纲Compressibility effects, 压缩效果Compressible duct flow with friction, 伴有摩擦的可压缩管流adiabatic, 绝热的, 隔热的choking and, 壅塞;堵塞isothermal flow in long pipelines, 管线中的等温流动,long pipelines, isothermal flow in, 管线,等温流动,mass flow for a given pressure drop, 给定压降下质量流动minor losses in, 最小损失subsonic inlet, choking due to friction, 亚音速进口,摩擦引发阻塞,supersonic inlet, choking due to friction, 超音速进口,摩擦引发阻塞,Compressible flow, 可压缩流flow with friction摩擦流choking and, 壅塞;堵塞converging-diverging nozzles, 拉瓦尔喷管converging nozzles, 收缩喷嘴Fanno flow, 法诺流动,gas flow correction factor, 气流校正参数hypersonic flow, 高超音速气流4incompressible flow, 不可压缩流isentropic.等熵的isentropic Process, 等熵过程,Mach number, 马赫数normal shock wave. 正激波the perfect gas, 理想气体Prandtl-Meyer waves. 普朗特-麦耶膨胀波shock waves. 激波specific-heat ratio, 比热比speed of sound and,声速subsonic, 亚音速的supersonic,超音速的transonic, 跨音速的two-dimensional supersonic, 二维超音速的Compressible gas flow correction factor, 可压缩气流校正因数Compressors, 压缩机Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 计算流体力学pump simulations, 泵模拟viscous flow. 粘流Concentric annulus, viscous flows in, 同心环Cone flows, 锥体绕流Conformal mapping, 保角映射[变换] Conservation of energy, 能量守恒定律Conservation of mass. 质量守恒定律Consistent units, 相容单元Constants, 常量dimensional, 空间的pure, 纯粹的Constant velocity, fluid flow at, 常速度, 等速度Constructs, 结构Contact angle, 交会角Continuity, 连续性,equation of ,方程nondimensionalization and, 无量纲的Continuum, fluid as, 连续流体Contraction flow, 收缩流动Control Point, channel, 控制点,管道Control volume analysis,控制体分析angular momentum theorem. 角动量定理,arbitrarily moving/deformable CV,任意运动/可变形控制体arbitrarily fixed control volume, 任意固定控制体conservation of mass, 质量守恒定律control volume moving at constant velocity, 控制体以等速运动control volume of constant shape but variable velocity作变速运动的刚性控制体energy equation. 能量方程introductory definitions, 介绍性定义linear momentum equation. 线性动量方程,one-dimensional fixed control volume, 一维固定控制体,one-dimensional flux term approximations, 一维通量项近似Physical laws. 物理定律。
流体力学知识点
流体力学(Fluid mechanics)是研究在不压缩前提下运动的流体(包括气体和液体)运动规律及其在实际问题中的应用的科学。
下面是一些流体力学的知识点:
1. 流体概念:流体是指那些具有自由形态的物质,包括液体和气体。
与之相对的是固体,它们的形状和容积是固定的。
2. 流量和流速:流量是指在单位时间内流体穿过某一截面积的体积,通常用Q表示。
流速是流体穿过单位截面的速度,通常用v表示。
3. 黏性:黏性是流体抵抗形变的能力,也就是流体对于剪切力的反应。
黏性可以影响流体的流动行为,如引起粘滞力、涡旋等。
4. 涡旋和湍流:涡旋是流体中的一种自旋结构,能够影响周围流体的运动。
当流速足够高或管道过窄时,涡旋可以导致湍流,这对于流体的传输和控制有重要的影响。
5. 流体静力学:流体静力学是研究静止流体的行为和力学性质的学科,例如容器中的压强、静水压、浮力,以及流体静态的稳定性和压强分布等。
6. 流体动力学:流体动力学是研究流体在运动状态下行为和性质的学科。
它主要研究流体的动量、能量、质量守恒,并探讨流体在各种条件下的运动规律。
以上是一些流体力学的基本知识点,涵盖了流体特性、流动规律、流体静力学和流体动力学等方面。
流体力学在许多领域有广泛的应用,如工程、航天、海洋、气象等,都离不开对流体物理规律的深入理解和应用。
流体力学相关中英文词汇对照表流体动力学名词英语叫法流体动力学fluiddynamics连续介质力学mechanicsofcontinuousmedia介质medium流体质点fluidparticle无粘性流体nonviscousfluid,inviscidfluid连续介质假设continuousmediumhypothesis流体运动学fluidkinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governingequation伯努利方程Bernoulliequation伯努利定理Bernonllitheorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savartlaw欧拉方程Eulerequation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtztheorem开尔文定理Kelvintheorem涡片vortexsheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowskicondition 布拉休斯解Blasiussolution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembertparadox雷诺数Reynoldsnumber施特鲁哈尔数Strouhalnumber随体导数materialderivative不可压缩流体incompressiblefluid质量守恒conservationofmass动量守恒conservationofmomentum能量守恒conservationofenergy动量方程momentumequation能量方程energyequation控制体积controlvolume液体静压hydrostaticpressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differentialpressure流[动]flow流线streamline流面streamsurface流管streamtube迹线path,pathline流场flowfield流态flowregime流动参量flowparameter流量flowrate,flowdischarge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortexfilament涡线vortexline涡面vortexsurface涡层vortexlayer涡环vortexring涡对vortexpair涡管vortextube涡街vortexstreet卡门涡街Karmanvortexstreet 马蹄涡horseshoevortex对流涡胞convectivecell卷筒涡胞rollcell涡eddy涡粘性eddyviscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocitycirculation 偶极子doublet,dipole驻点stagnationpoint总压[力]totalpressure总压头totalhead静压头statichead总焓totalenthalpy能量输运energytransport速度剖面velocityprofile库埃特流Couetteflow单相流singlephaseflow单组份流single-componentflow 均匀流uniformflow非均匀流nonuniformflow二维流two-dimensionalflow三维流three-dimensionalflow准定常流quasi-steadyflow非定常流unsteadyflow,non-steadyflow 暂态流transientflow周期流periodicflow振荡流oscillatoryflow分层流stratifiedflow无旋流irrotationalflow有旋流rotationalflow轴对称流axisymmetricflow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动]incompressibleflow浮体floatingbody定倾中心metacenter阻力drag,resistance减阻dragreduction表面力surfaceforce表面张力surfacetension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incomingflow自由流freestream自由流线freestreamline外流externalflow进口entrance,inlet出口exit,outlet扰动disturbance,perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量addedmass,associatedmass 收缩contraction镜象法imagemethod无量纲参数dimensionlessparameter 几何相似geometricsimilarity运动相似kinematicsimilarity动力相似[性]dynamicsimilarity平面流planeflow势potential势流potentialflow速度势velocitypotential复势complexpotential复速度complexvelocity流函数streamfunction源source汇sink速度[水]头velocityhead拐角流cornerflow空泡流cavityflow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavityflow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speedaerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speedaerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动]subsonicflow跨声速流[动]transonicflow超声速流[动]supersonicflow锥形流conicalflow楔流wedgeflow叶栅流cascadeflow非平衡流[动]non-equilibriumflow 细长体slenderbody细长度slenderness钝头体bluffbody钝体bluntbody翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoiltheory构型configuration后缘trailingedge迎角angleofattack失速stall脱体激波detachedshockwave波阻wavedrag诱导阻力induceddrag诱导速度inducedvelocity临界雷诺数criticalReynoldsnumber 前缘涡leadingedgevortex附着涡boundvortex约束涡confinedvortex气动中心aerodynamiccenter气动力aerodynamicforce气动噪声aerodynamicnoise气动加热aerodynamicheating离解dissociation地面效应groundeffect气体动力学gasdynamics稀疏波rarefactionwave热状态方程thermalequationofstate 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyerflow 瑞利流Rayleighflow可压缩流[动]compressibleflow可压缩流体compressiblefluid绝热流adiabaticflow非绝热流diabaticflow未扰动流undisturbedflow等熵流isentropicflow匀熵流homoentropicflow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniotcondition 状态方程equationofstate量热状态方程caloricequationofstate完全气体perfectgas拉瓦尔喷管Lavalnozzle马赫角Machangle马赫锥Machcone马赫线Machline马赫数Machnumber马赫波Machwave当地马赫数localMachnumber冲击波shockwave激波shockwave正激波normalshockwave斜激波obliqueshockwave头波bowwave附体激波attachedshockwave 激波阵面shockfront激波层shocklayer压缩波compressionwave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exitpressure超压[强]overpressure反压backpressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylorinstability 盖斯特纳波Gerstnerwave斯托克斯波Stokeswave瑞利数Rayleighnumber自由面freesurface波速wavespeed,wavevelocity波高waveheight波列wavetrain波群wavegroup波能waveenergy表面波surfacewave表面张力波capillarywave规则波regularwave不规则波irregularwave浅水波shallowwaterwave深水波deepwaterwave重力波gravitywave椭圆余弦波cnoidalwave潮波tidalwave涌波surgewave破碎波breakingwave船波shipwave非线性波nonlinearwave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamicnoise 水击waterhammer空化cavitation空化数cavitationnumber空蚀cavitationdamage超空化流supercavitatingflow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波floodwave涟漪ripple消能energydissipation海洋水动力学marinehydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezyformula欧拉数Eulernumber弗劳德数Froudenumber水力半径hydraulicradius 水力坡度hvdraulicslope高度水头elevatinghead水头损失headloss水位waterlevel水跃hydraulicjump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线backwatercurve压[强水]头pressurehead过水断面flowcross-section 明槽流openchannelflow孔流orificeflow无压流freesurfaceflow有压流pressureflow缓流subcriticalflow急流supercriticalflow渐变流graduallyvariedflow急变流rapidlyvariedflow临界流criticalflow异重流densitycurrent,gravityflow堰流weirflow掺气流aeratedflow含沙流sediment-ladenstream降水曲线dropdowncurve沉积物sediment,deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation,deposition沉降速度settlingvelocity流动稳定性flowstability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeldequation 涡量方程vorticityequation泊肃叶流Poiseuilleflow奥辛流Oseenflow剪切流shearflow粘性流[动]viscousflow层流laminarflow分离流separatedflow二次流secondaryflow近场流nearfieldflow远场流farfieldflow滞止流stagnationflow尾流wake[flow]回流backflow反流reverseflow射流jet自由射流freejet管流pipeflow,tubeflow内流internalflow拟序结构coherentstructure 猝发过程burstingprocess表观粘度apparentviscosity 运动粘性kinematicviscosity 动力粘性dynamicviscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shearlayer次层sublayer流动分离flowseparation层流分离laminarseparation 湍流分离turbulentseparation 分离点separationpoint附着点attachmentpoint再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡startingvortex驻涡standingvortex涡旋破碎vortexbreakdown涡旋脱落vortexshedding压[力]降pressuredrop压差阻力pressuredrag压力能pressureenergy型阻profiledrag滑移速度slipvelocity无滑移条件non-slipcondition壁剪应力skinfriction,frictionaldrag壁剪切速度frictionvelocity磨擦损失frictionloss磨擦因子frictionfactor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similarsolution局域相似localsimilarity气体润滑gaslubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamiclubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylornumber纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokesequation 牛顿流体Newtonianfluid边界层理论boundarylatertheory边界层方程boundarylayerequation边界层boundarylayer附面层boundarylayer层流边界层laminarboundarylayer湍流边界层turbulentboundarylayer 温度边界层thermalboundarylayer边界层转捩boundarylayertransition 边界层分离boundarylayerseparation 边界层厚度boundarylayerthickness 位移厚度displacementthickness动量厚度momentumthickness能量厚度energythickness焓厚度enthalpythickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylorvortex速度亏损律velocitydefectlaw形状因子shapefactor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si]metry流动显示flowvisualization油烟显示oilsmokevisualization 孔板流量计orificemeter频率响应frequencyresponse油膜显示oilfilmvisualization阴影法shadowmethod纹影法schlierenmethod烟丝法smokewiremethod丝线法tuftmethod氢泡法nydrogenbubblemethod相似理论similaritytheory相似律similaritylaw部分相似partialsimilarity定理pitheorem,Buckinghamtheorem 静[态]校准staticcalibration动态校准dynamiccalibration风洞windtunnel激波管shocktube激波管风洞shocktubewindtunnel水洞watertunnel拖曳水池towingtank旋臂水池rotatingarmbasin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressuretap皮托管pitottube普雷斯顿管prestontube斯坦顿管Stantontube文丘里管VenturitubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiplemanometer静压管static[pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot-statictube激光多普勒测速计laserDoppleranemometer, laserDopplervelocimeter热线流速计hot-wireanemometer热膜流速计hot-filmanemometer流量计flowmeter粘度计visco[si]meter涡量计vorticitymeter传感器transducer,sensor压强传感器pressuretransducer 热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线timeline脉线streakline尺度效应scaleeffect壁效应walleffect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockageeffect动态响应dynamicresponse响应频率responsefrequency底压basepressure菲克定律Ficklaw巴塞特力Bassetforce埃克特数Eckertnumber格拉斯霍夫数Grashofnumber努塞特数Nusseltnumber普朗特数prandtlnumber雷诺比拟Reynoldsanalogy施密特数schmidtnumber斯坦顿数Stantonnumber对流convection自由对流naturalconvection,freeconvec-tion 强迫对流forcedconvection热对流heatconvection质量传递masstransfer传质系数masstransfercoefficient热量传递heattransfer传热系数heattransfercoefficient对流传热convectiveheattransfer辐射传热radiativeheattransfer动量交换momentumtransfer能量传递energytransfer传导conduction热传导conductiveheattransfer热交换heatexchange临界热通量criticalheatflux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusionvelocity分子扩散moleculardiffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computationalfluidmechanics多重尺度问题multiplescaleproblem伯格斯方程Burgersequation对流扩散方程convectiondiffusionequationKDU方程KDVequation 修正微分方程modifieddifferentialequation拉克斯等价定理Laxequivalencetheorem数值模拟numericalsimulation大涡模拟largeeddysimulation数值粘性numericalviscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinearinstability希尔特稳定性分析Hirtstabilityanalysis相容条件consistencyconditionCFL条件Courant-Friedrichs-Lewycondition,CFLcondition狄里克雷边界条件Dirichletboundarycondition熵条件entropycondition远场边界条件farfieldboundarycondition流入边界条件inflowboundarycondition无反射边界条件nonreflectingboundarycondition数值边界条件numericalboundarycondition流出边界条件outflowboundarycondition冯.诺伊曼条件vonNeumanncondition近似因子分解法approximatefactorizationmethod人工压缩artificialcompression人工粘性artificialviscosity边界元法boundaryelementmethod配置方法collocationmethod能量法energymethod有限体积法finitevolumemethod流体网格法fluidincellmethod,FLICmethod通量校正传输法flux-correctedtransportmethod 通量矢量分解法fluxvectorsplittingmethod伽辽金法Galerkinmethod积分方法integralmethod标记网格法markerandcellmethod,MACmethod特征线法methodofcharacteristics直线法methodoflines矩量法momentmethod多重网格法multi-gridmethod板块法panelmethod质点网格法particleincellmethod,PICmethod质点法particlemethod预估校正法predictor-correctormethod投影法projectionmethod准谱法pseudo-spectralmethod随机选取法randomchoicemethod激波捕捉法shock-capturingmethod激波拟合法shock-fittingmethod谱方法spectralmethod稀疏矩阵分解法splitcoefficientmatrixmethod不定常法time-dependentmethod时间分步法timesplittingmethod变分法variationalmethod涡方法vortexmethod隐格式implicitscheme显格式explicitscheme交替方向隐格式alternatingdirectionimplicitscheme,ADIscheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusiondifferencescheme紧差分格式compactdifferencescheme守恒差分格式conservationdifferencescheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolsonscheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankelscheme指数格式exponentialscheme戈本诺夫格式Godunovscheme高分辨率格式highresolutionscheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroffscheme蛙跳格式leap-frogscheme单调差分格式monotonedifferencescheme保单调差分格式monotonicitypreservingdiffe-rencescheme 穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Colescheme半隐格式semi-implicitscheme斜迎风格式skew-upstreamscheme全变差下降格式totalvariationdecreasingschemeTVDscheme 迎风格式upstreamscheme,upwindscheme计算区域computationaldomain物理区域physicaldomain影响域domainofinfluence依赖域domainofdependence区域分解domaindecomposition维数分解dimensionalsplit物理解physicalsolution弱解weaksolution黎曼解算子Riemannsolver守恒型conservationform弱守恒型weakconservationform强守恒型strongconservationform散度型divergenceform贴体曲线坐标body-fittedcurvilinearcoordi-nates [自]适应网格[self-]adaptivemesh适应网格生成adaptivegridgeneration自动网格生成automaticgridgeneration数值网格生成numericalgridgeneration交错网格staggeredmesh网格雷诺数cellReynoldsnumber数植扩散numericaldiffusion数值耗散numericaldissipation数值色散numericaldispersion数值通量numericalflux放大因子amplificationfactor放大矩阵amplificationmatrix阻尼误差dampingerror离散涡discretevortex熵通量entropyflux熵函数entropyfunction分步法fractionalstepmethod。
流体力学常用名词流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method 说明氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method,FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。
一、流体力学及其研究对象流体:液体和气体的总称。
流体力学:是研究流体的科学,即根据理论力学的普遍原理,借助大量的实际资料,运用数学和实验方法来研究流体的平衡和运动规律及其实际应用的一门科学。
流体力学研究的对象:液体和气体流二、流体的力学特性1、流体与固体的区别主要在于受剪应力后的表现有很大的差异。
固体--能承受剪应力、压应力、张应力,没有流动性。
流体--只能承受压应力,不能承受拉力和剪力,否则就会变形流动,即流体具有流动性。
2、液体与气体的主要差别在于受压后的表现上的差异。
液体:受压后体积变化很小,常称不可压缩流体;液体的形状随容器的形状而变,但其体积不变。
气体:受压后体积变化很大,常称可压缩流体;气体的形状和体积都随容器而变。
注:气体的体积变化小于原体积的20%时,可近似看作不可压缩流体。
1.1.1流体的密度1、流体密度的定义及计算定义:单位体积流体的质量,以ρ表示,单位为kg/m3(1)均质流体:标态(2)混合流体:混合气体:混合液体:2、流体的密度与温度、压力的关系(1)液体:工程上,液体的密度看作与温度、压力无关。
(2)气体:与温度和压力有关。
理想气体:或工业窑炉:P=P0分析:t↑ρ↓;t↓ρ↑1.1.2流体的连续性流体的连续性:流体看成是由大量的一个一个的连续近质点组成的连续的介质,每个质点是一个含有大量分子的集团,质点之间没有空隙。
质点尺寸:大于分子平均自由程的100倍。
连续性假设带来的方便:(1)它使我们不考虑复杂的微观分子运动,只考虑在外力作用下的宏观机械运动。
(2)能运用数学分析的连续函数工具。
【例题】已知烟气的体积组成百分组成为:H2O12%,CO218%,N270%,求此烟气标态在及200℃的密度。
【解】200℃时的烟气密度:【例题】将密度为1600㎏/m3糖浆按1:1的质量比用清水稀释,求稀释后糖浆溶液的密度。
【解】按题意,糖浆和水各占50%,据公式:1.1.3流体的压缩性和膨胀性1.1.3.1流体的压缩性1、压缩性的定义流体在外力作用下改变自身容积的特性。
流体力学专业词汇(V ocabulary of Fluid Mechanics )CHAPTER-1acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点,方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型(谱)fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform (非)均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对(表,真空)压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标(系)centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学,流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平(曲)面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布(梯度)reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进、出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线(角)动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量(能量)流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管V olume(mass) flow 体积(质量)流量V olume(mass) rate of flow体积(质量)流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数(Re)Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier’s law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum 能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition 数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving difference scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics 简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic continuum 内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutive relations共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative 非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength 残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect贯入阻力penetration resistance沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics 非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics 空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation。
Chapter 1 Fluid statics 流体静力学1. 连续介质假定(Continuum assumption):The real fluid is considered as no-gap continuousmedia, called the basic assumption of continuity of fluid, or the continuum hypothesis of fluid.流体是由连续分布的流体质点(fluid particle)所组成,彼此间无间隙。
它是流体力学中最基本的假定,1755年由欧拉提出。
在连续性假设之下,表征流体状态的宏观物理量在空间和时间上都是连续分布的,都可以作为空间和时间的函数。
2. 流体质点(Fluid particle ): A fluid element that is small enough with enough moles to makesure that the macroscopic mean density has definite value is defined as a Fluid Particle. 宏观上足够小,微观上足够大。
3. 流体的粘性(Viscosity ): is an internal property of a fluid that offers resistance to sheardeformation. It describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought as a measure of fluid friction. 流体在运动状态下抵抗剪切变形的性质,称为黏性或粘滞性。
它表示流体的部流动阻力,也可当做一个流体摩擦力量。
The viscosity of a gas increases with temperature, the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature. 4. 牛顿摩擦定律(Newton ’s law of viscosity ):5. The dynamic viscosity (动力黏度)is also called absolute viscosity (绝对黏度). The kinematicviscosity (运动黏度)is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.6. pressibility (压缩性):As the temperature is constant, the magnitude of pressibility isexpressed by coefficient of volume pressibility (体积压缩系数) к , a relative variation rate (相对变化率) of volume per unit pressure.The bulk modulus of elasticity (体积弹性模量) E is the reciprocal of coefficient of volumepressibility к.7. 流体的膨胀性(expansibility; dilatability):The coefficient of cubical expansion (体积热膨胀系数) αt is the relative variation rate of volume per unit temperature change.du dzτμ=μνρ=8. 表面力Surface tension : A property resulting from the attractive forces betweenmolecules.σ-----单位长度所受拉力 9. 表面力 Surface force ——is the force exerted on the contact surface by the contacted fluid orother body. Its value is proportional to contact area.作用在所研究流体外表面上与表面积大小成正比的力。
一、填 空 题1.流体力学中三个主要力学模型是(1)连续介质模型(2)不可压缩流体力学模型(3)无粘性流体力学模型。
2.在现实生活中可视为牛顿流体的有水 和空气 等。
3.流体静压力和流体静压强都是压力的一种量度。
它们的区别在于:前者是作用在某一面积上的总压力;而后者是作用在某一面积上的平均压强或某一点的压强。
4.均匀流过流断面上压强分布服从于水静力学规律。
5.和液体相比,固体存在着抗拉、抗压和抗切三方面的能力。
6.空气在温度为290K ,压强为760mmHg 时的密度和容重分别为 1.2a ρ= kg/m 3和11.77a γ=N/m 3。
7.流体受压,体积缩小,密度增大 的性质,称为流体的压缩性 ;流体受热,体积膨胀,密度减少 的性质,称为流体的热胀性 。
8.压缩系数β的倒数称为流体的弹性模量 ,以E 来表示9.1工程大气压等于98.07千帕,等于10m 水柱高,等于735.6毫米汞柱高。
10.静止流体任一边界上压强的变化,将等值地传到其他各点(只要静止不被破坏),这就是水静压强等值传递的帕斯卡定律。
11.流体静压强的方向必然是沿着作用面的内法线方向。
12.液体静压强分布规律只适用于静止、同种、连续液体。
13.静止非均质流体的水平面是等压面,等密面和等温面。
14.测压管是一根玻璃直管或U 形管,一端连接在需要测定的容器孔口上,另一端开口,直接和大气相通。
15.在微压计测量气体压强时,其倾角为︒=30α,测得20l =cm 则h=10cm 。
16.作用于曲面上的水静压力P 的铅直分力z P 等于其压力体内的水重。
17.通过描述物理量在空间的分布来研究流体运动的方法称为欧拉法。
18. 流线不能相交(驻点处除外),也不能是折线,因为流场内任一固定点在同一瞬间只能有一个速度向量,流线只能是一条光滑的曲线或直线。
19.静压、动压和位压之和以z p 表示,称为总压。
20.液体质点的运动是极不规则的,各部分流体相互剧烈掺混,这种流动状态称为紊流。
流体力学中英文词SANY GROUP system office room 【SANYUA16H-SANYHUASANYUA8Q8-http://219.232.54.3/cgi-bin/LB5000/topic.cgi?forum=18&topic=409&show=0求解器——差分方程的求解。
主要软件:Fluent:不可压流动的优秀求解器,可压流动求解稍差,市场做得好,用的人多。
非结构网格求解器。
它不是最好的,但是是最通用的,具体还是要看你的问题。
帮助文档我已经全部翻译了。
CFX5.x:相当于Fluent的分离求解器,Ma<2有效。
基于非结构网格。
没啥好说的,优点找不到,缺点也没什幺。
CFX4.x:化学反应和多项流结构网格求解器,不了解,大家可以补充Star-CD:源于英国,日本也搞,我不喜欢有日本人的气味!西交大用得比较多。
Phoenics:英国佬的,由于决策上的失误(网格处理方面的决策),目前仍在低谷,功能强大,但使用不方便,前处理太差。
CFDRC:我最喜欢的求解器,功能比前面所有加起来的都多,解决问题极其广泛,缺点是接口较差,帮助文档有些做得较为马虎,错别字,错误的公式较多,要看懂它需要一定的基础。
Cosmos Floworks:Solidworks的一个插件,真是委屈它了,这世道美女都找有钱的主,它找的是Solidworks,和其它求解器相比,它是花瓶。
CFDesign:Cosmos Floworks的金兰姐妹,下嫁Pro/E,与Cosmos相比,各有千秋。
Numeca:针对涡轮机械的,好东西,市场没搞好,目前不得志。
Ansys Flotran:垃圾一个。
别的不说,边界条件它就根本没做好!其它还有很多,有空再写。
流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass 收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state 喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow 堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity运动粘性 kinematic viscosity动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation湍流分离 turbulent separation分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication 浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equationKDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性 nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis相容条件 consistency conditionCFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件 entropy condition远场边界条件 far field boundary condition流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity边界元法 boundary element method配置方法 collocation method能量法 energy method有限体积法 finite volume method流体网格法 fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法 flux vector splitting method伽辽金法 Galerkin method积分方法 integral method标记网格法 marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法 method of characteristics直线法 method of lines矩量法 moment method多重网格法 multi- grid method板块法 panel method质点网格法 particle in cell method, PIC method质点法 particle method预估校正法 predictor-corrector method投影法 projection method准谱法 pseudo-spectral method随机选取法 random choice method激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method激波拟合法 shock-fitting method谱方法 spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method不定常法 time-dependent method时间分步法 time splitting method变分法 variational method涡方法 vortex method隐格式 implicit scheme显格式 explicit scheme交替方向隐格式 alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式 compact difference scheme守恒差分格式 conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式 Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式 Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式 exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式 monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式 total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式 upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域 computational domain物理区域 physical domain影响域 domain of influence依赖域 domain of dependence区域分解 domain decomposition维数分解 dimensional split物理解 physical solution弱解 weak solution黎曼解算子 Riemann solver守恒型 conservation form弱守恒型 weak conservation form强守恒型 strong conservation form散度型 divergence form贴体曲线坐标 body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [自]适应网格 [self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation自动网格生成 automatic grid generation数值网格生成 numerical grid generation交错网格 staggered mesh网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number数植扩散 numerical diffusion数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux放大因子 amplification factor放大矩阵 amplification matrix阻尼误差 damping error离散涡 discrete vortex熵通量 entropy flux熵函数 entropy function分步法 fractional step method。
1、流体运动粘度的国际单位为m^2/s 。
2、流体流动中的机械能损失分为沿程损失和局部损失两大类。
3、当压力体与液体在曲面的同侧时,为实压力体。
4、静水压力的压力中心总是在受压平面形心的下方。
5、圆管层流流动中,其断面上切应力分布与管子半径的关系为线性关系。
6、当流动处于紊流光滑区时,其沿程水头损失与断面平均流速的1.75 次方成正比。
7、当流动处于湍流粗糙区时,其沿程水头损失与断面平均流速的2 次方成正比。
8、圆管层流流动中,其断面平均流速与最大流速的比值为1/2 。
9、水击压强与管道内流动速度成正比关系。
10、减轻有压管路中水击危害的措施一般有:延长阀门关闭时间, 采用过载保护,可能时减低馆内流速。
11、圆管层流流动中,其断面上流速分布与管子半径的关系为二次抛物线。
12、采用欧拉法描述流体流动时,流体质点的加速度由当地加速度和迁移加速度组成。
13流体微团的运动可以分解为:平移运动、线变形运动、角变形运动、旋转运动。
14、教材中介绍的基本平面势流分别为:点源、点汇、点涡、均匀直线流。
15、螺旋流是由点涡和点汇两种基本势流所组成。
16、绕圆柱体无环量流动是由偶极流和平面均匀流两种势流所组成。
17、流动阻力分为压差阻力和摩擦阻力。
18、层流底层的厚度与雷诺数成反比。
19、水击波分为直接水击波和间接水击波。
20、描述流体运动的两种方法为欧拉法和拉格朗日法。
21、尼古拉兹试验曲线在对数坐标中的图像分为5个区域,它们依次为:层流层、层流到紊流过渡区、紊流区、紊流水力粗糙管过渡区、紊流水力粗糙管平方阻力区。
22、绕流物体的阻力由和两部分组成。
二、名词解释1、流体:在任何微小剪力的持续作用下能够连续不断变形的物质2、牛顿流体:把在作剪切运动时满足牛顿内摩擦定律的流体称为牛顿流体。
3、等压面:在流体中,压强相等的各点所组成的面称为等压面。
4、流线:流线是某一瞬时在流场中所作的一条曲线,在这条曲线上的各流体的速度方向都与该曲线相切。
第二讲流体动力学基础【内容提要】流体运动的基本概念:恒定总流的连续性方程,恒定总流的能量方程【重点、难点】恒定总流的连续性方程和能量方程的运用。
【内容讲解】一、流体运动的基本概念(一)流线和迹线流线是在流场中画出的这样一条曲线:同一瞬时,线上各流体质点的速度矢量都与该曲线相切,这条曲线就称为该瞬时的一条流线。
由它确定该瞬时不同流体质点的流速方向。
流线的特征是在同一瞬时的不同流线一般情况下不能相交;流线也不能转折,只能是光滑的曲线。
迹线是某一流体质点在一段时间内运动的轨迹,迹线上各点的切线表示同一质点在不同时刻的速度方向。
(二)元流和总流在流场中任取一微小封闭曲线,通过曲线上的每一点均可作出一根流线,这些流线形成一管状封闭曲面称流管。
由于速度与流线相切,所以穿过流管侧表面的流体流动是不可能的。
这就是说位于流管中的流体有如被刚性的薄壁所限制。
流管中的液(气)流就是元流,元流的极限是一条流线。
总流是无限多元流的总和。
因此,在分析总流前,先分析元流流动,再将元流积分就可推广到总流。
与元流或总流的流线相垂直的截面称过流断面,用符号A表示其断面面积。
在流线平行时,过流断面为平面,流线不平行则过流断面为曲面。
(三)流量和断面平均流速(四)流动分类1.按流动是否随时间变化将流动分为恒定流和非恒定流。
若所有的运动要素(流速、压强等)均不随时间而改变称为恒定流。
反之,则为非恒定流。
恒定流中流线不随时间改变;流线与迹线相重合。
在本节中,我们只讨论恒定流。
2.按流动是否随空间变化将流动分为均匀流和非均匀流。
流线为平行直线的流动称为均匀流。
如等直径长管中的水流,其任一点的流速的大小和方向沿流线不变。
反之,流线不相平行或不是直线的流动称为非均匀流。
即任一点流速的大小或方向沿流线有变化。
在非均匀流中,当流线接近于平行直线,即各流线的曲率很小,而且流线间的夹角也很小的流动称为渐变流。
否则,就称为急变流。
渐变流和急变流没有明确的界限,往往由工程需要的精度来决定。
第一章 绪论1. 重度:指流体单位体积所受的重力,以γ表示。
对于非均质流体:对于均质流体:单位:牛/米3(N/m3)不同流体ρ、γ不同,同一流体ρ、γ随温度和压强而变化。
在1标准大气压下:表1.1(P5)蒸馏水:4ºC ,密度1000kg/m3,重度9800 N/m3 ; 水银:0ºC ,密度13600kg/m3,重度133280 N/m3 ; 空气:20ºC ,密度1.2kg/m3,重度11.76N/m3 ;2. 粘性流体平衡时不能抵抗剪切力,即平衡时流体内部不存在切应力。
流体在运动状态下具有抵抗剪切变形能力的性质,称为粘性。
内摩擦切应力τ=T/A T=F A 为平板与流体的接触面积。
粘性只有在流体运动时才显示出来,处于静止状态的流体,粘性不表现有任何作用。
由牛顿流体的条件可知,若流体速度为线性分布(板距h 、速度u 0不大)板间y 处的流速为:切应力为:系数μ称为流体的动力粘性系数、动力粘度、绝对粘度;lim V G dGV dVγ∆→∆==∆0G mg gV Vγρ===u u y h=0u hτμ=0若流体速度u 为非线性分布流体内摩擦切应力τ:凡是内摩擦力按该定律变化的流体称为牛顿流体,如空气、水、石油等;否则为非牛顿流体。
牛顿流体▪ 切应力与速度梯度是通过原点的线性关系。
非牛顿流体塑性流体:如牙膏、凝胶等▪ 有一初始应力,克服该应力后其切应力才与速度梯度成正比。
假塑性流体:如新拌混凝土、泥石流、泥浆、纸浆▪ 速度梯度较小时,τ对速度梯度变化率较大;▪ 速度梯度较大时,τ对速度梯度的变化率逐渐降低。
胀塑性流体:如乳化液、油漆、油墨等▪ 速度梯度较小时,τ对速度梯度变化率较小; ▪ 速度梯度较大时,τ对速度梯度的变化率渐变大。
3.流体的运动粘度是动力粘性系数μ与其密度ρ之比,用ν表示若两种流体密度相差不多,单从ν值不好判断两者粘性大小。
只适用于判别同一流体(密度近似恒定)温度、压强不同时粘性变化。
Chapter 1 Fluid statics 流体静力学1. 连续介质假定(Continuum assumption):The real fluid is considered as no-gap continuousmedia, called the basic assumption of continuity of fluid, or the continuum hypothesis offluid. 流体是由连续分布的流体质点(fluid particle)所组成,彼此间无间隙。
它是流体力学中最基本的假定,1755年由欧拉提出。
在连续性假设之下,表征流体状态的宏观物理量在空间和时间上都是连续分布的,都可以作为空间和时间的函数。
2. 流体质点(Fluid particle ): A fluid element that is small enough with enough moles to makesure that the macroscopic mean density has definite value is defined as a Fluid Particle. 宏观上足够小,微观上足够大。
3. 流体的粘性(Viscosity ): is an internal property of a fluid that offers resistance to sheardeformation. It describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought as a measure of fluid friction. 流体在运动状态下抵抗剪切变形的性质,称为黏性或粘滞性。
它表示流体的内部流动阻力,也可当做一个流体摩擦力量。
The viscosity of a gas increases with temperature, the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature.4. 牛顿内摩擦定律(Newton’s law of viscosity ):5. The dynamic viscosity (动力黏度)is also called absolute viscosity (绝对黏度). The kinematicviscosity (运动黏度)is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.6. Compressibility (压缩性):As the temperature is constant, the magnitude ofcompressibility is expressed by coefficient of volume compressibility (体积压缩系数) к , a relative variation rate (相对变化率) of volume per unit pressure.The bulk modulus of elasticity (体积弹性模量) E is the reciprocal of coefficient of volume compressibility к.7. 流体的膨胀性(expansibility; dilatability):The coefficient of cubical expansion (体积热膨胀系数) αt is the relative variation rate of volume per unit temperature change.8. 表面张力Surface tension : A property resulting from the attractive forces betweendu dzτμ=μνρ=molecules. σ-----单位长度所受拉力9. 表面力 Surface force ——is the force exerted on the contact surface by the contacted fluidor other body. Its value is proportional to contact area. 作用在所研究流体外表面上与表面积大小成正比的力。
Stress (应力) is the surface force on per unit area.10. 质量力Mass force ——The force acting on every fluid mass particle within the control body.Its value is proportional to its mass. Mass force is also known as body force. 作用在流体的每一个流体质点上,其大小与流体所具有的质量成正比。
11. Euler Equilibrium Equations 欧拉平衡微分方程(分量式) 1775年Physical Meaning:For the fluid in equilibrium, surface force components per mass fluid are equal to mass forcecomponents per mass fluid. Pressure variation rate in axes directions are equal to mass force components per unit volume in axes directions respectively12. constant-pressure Surface(等压面)——a surface that the pressure of every point in liquidis equal. Common constant-pressure surfaces are free liquid surface and interface of twounmixed fluids in equilibrium.平衡流体中压强相等的点所组成的平面或曲面。
13. Pressure Distribution in the Static FluidConclusions:1. Pressure at a point in a static fluid under gravity increases linearly with depth.2. Pressure at a point in a static fluid under gravity is equal to the sum of the pressure at the free surface and the fluid specific weight timing depth.3. constant-pressure surface in a static fluid under gravity is a horizontal plane.4. Extended: while the pressure at a point and the depth difference between two points are known, the pressure at another point can be calculated.14. Absolute pressure(绝对压力), Gage pressure(相对压力, 又称“表压力”), and Vacuum(真空度): 表压力=绝对压力-大气压力; 真空度=大气压力-绝对压力15. Fluid in Relative Equilibrium (相对静止流体) Equation of constant-pressure surface(等压面方程):a) Uniform Linear Acceleration 等加速度直线运动流体: (,,)p p px y z∂∂∂∂∂∂(,,)x y z f f f ρρρ 0p C dp ==或cos d (sin )d 0a y a g z αα+-=b) Uniform Rotation about a Vertical Axis 等角速度旋转流体:Chapter 2 basic equations of fluid mechanics16. 迹线 pathline :the trace after a single particle travels in a field of flow over a period oftime. 流体质点的运动轨迹曲线17. 流线streamline : a curve that show the direction of a number of particles at the sameinstant of time.某一时刻处处与速度矢量相切的空间曲线--瞬时性。
18. Stream-tube (流管)——Consider a closed curve(not streamline) in the flow field, then drawstreamlines through every point on it, so as to form a tube-shaping space whose walls are streamlines. This tube is called the stream-tube. 在流场中任取一个有流体从中通过的封闭曲线,在曲线上的每一个质点都可以引出一条流线,这些流线簇围成的管状曲面称为流管。
19. Tube-flow 流束——Fluid fulling the stream tube is called the tube-flow and the limit of atube-flow is a streamline. 流管内的全部流体称为流束。
20. Mini stream-tube 微小流束——The stream tube with an infinitesimal section is said to bemini-stream tube. Streamline is the extreme case of mini-stream tube. 截面无穷小的流束。
21. Total flow 总流——Total of countless mini-stream tubes is called total flow. 包含流动中所有的微小流束。