牛津大学哲学概论Peter-Millican-Genera-Philosophy-General-M

罗素西方哲学史英文原版Bertrand Russell was a prominent British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy and one of the most important logicians of the 20th century. Russell made significant contributions to a wide range of fields, including logic, mathematics, epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and political theory.Russell's work in logic and mathematics is particularly noteworthy. He is known for his work on the foundations of mathematics, where he developed the theory of types to resolve the paradoxes that arise in set theory. His work on logic, especially his collaboration with Alfred North Whitehead on the Principia Mathematica, laid the groundwork for modern symbolic logic and the development of computer science.In epistemology, Russell was a proponent of a form of empiricism known as logical atomism. He believed that the world consists of simple, indivisible entities called "atoms of experience," and that all complex ideas can be analyzed in terms of these atomic elements. Russell's theory of descriptions, developed in his seminal work "On Denoting," has had a profound influence on the philosophy of language and metaphysics.In metaphysics, Russell was a proponent of neutral monism, the view that reality consists of a single substance that is neither mental nor physical. He rejected both idealism and materialism in favor of a more nuanced account of the nature of reality. Russell's views on metaphysics were influenced by his early work in mathematics and logic, as well as his later interest in the philosophy of mind.Ethically, Russell was a proponent of a form of ethical non-naturalism known as ethical intuitionism. He believed that moral truths are self-evident and can be known through direct intuition, rather than through empirical investigation or rational deduction. Russell's ethical views were informed by his broader philosophical commitments to empiricism and logical analysis.Politically, Russell was a staunch advocate of liberalism and pacifism. He was a vocal critic of war, imperialism, and authoritarianism, and he worked tirelessly for the promotion of peace, social justice, and human rights. Russell's political activism was informed by his deep commitment to reason, freedom, and the pursuit of truth.In conclusion, Bertrand Russell was a towering figure in the history of Western philosophy. His work in logic, mathematics, epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and political theory has had a lasting impact on a wide range of fields. Russell's commitment to reason, truth, and social justice continues to inspire philosophers, scientists, activists, and thinkers around the world.。

课程目标：1. 了解哲学的基本概念和发展历程；2. 掌握主要哲学家的思想及其影响；3. 培养学生的批判性思维和哲学素养。

课程时长：12课时课程内容：第一课时：绪论1. 介绍哲学的定义、起源和发展；2. 哲学的分支和主要研究领域；3. 哲学在人类历史中的地位和作用。

第二课时：现代哲学的诞生1. 概述欧洲哲学从古希腊到中世纪的发展历程；2. 分析文艺复兴时期哲学的主要思想；3. 介绍启蒙运动时期的哲学家及其代表作品。

第三课时：从亚里士多德到伽利略1. 亚里士多德的思想体系及其影响；2. 中世纪哲学的传承与发展；3. 伽利略的科学革命与哲学变革。

第四课时：早期当代哲学的诞生：从伽利略到笛卡尔1. 笛卡尔的怀疑论与认识论；2. 约翰·洛克的经验主义哲学；3. 乔治·伯克利的主观唯心主义。

第五课时：哲学概论小结1. 回顾本课程所涉及的主要哲学家和思想；2. 总结哲学的发展脉络和特点；3. 引导学生思考哲学在现代社会中的作用。

第六课时：汤玛斯·霍布斯导言1. 霍布斯的政治哲学与国家观念；2. 分析《利维坦》中的主要论点；3. 探讨霍布斯哲学对后世的影响。

第七课时：罗伯特·波义耳的微粒论1. 波义耳的化学哲学与实验科学；2. 分析波义耳的微粒论及其意义；3. 探讨微粒论对物理学的发展贡献。

第八课时：艾萨克·牛顿和工具主义1. 牛顿的物理学与哲学思想；2. 分析牛顿的万有引力定律和运动定律；3. 探讨牛顿哲学对科学方法的影响。

第九课时：约翰·洛克简介1. 洛克的哲学思想及其影响；2. 分析洛克的经验主义哲学；3. 探讨洛克对后世哲学家的启示。

第十课时：柏克莱与唯心主义1. 柏克莱的主观唯心主义哲学；2. 分析柏克莱的“存在就是被感知”观点；3. 探讨柏克莱哲学对后世的影响。

第十一课时：大卫·休谟简介1. 休谟的哲学思想及其影响；2. 分析休谟的经验主义哲学；3. 探讨休谟对后世哲学家的启示。

Lecture 1: Historical Background Part 1Some central issues of epistemology Illustrates how philosophy is done: typesHistorical focus: all but one of the topics (Knowledge) are introduced through thephilosophers of theHow the agenda got set: when and why did Learning the labels: “Cartesian dualism”,Great original thinkers, writing for a general audience: so their ideas are profound, and t take too much for granted.Philosophical ideas tend to have broad and Studying classic “battles of ideas” enablesMany classic themes recur throughout the history of thought, sometimes hidden under Ignoring the past can make us slaves of fashion, and blinker us to other options.Scepticism: Descartes’ evil genius, Locke’s veil of perceptionKnowledge: Responding to scepticism Perception: Locke’s representative theory of perception, BerkeleyPrimary and secondary qualities: Boyles criticisms Induction: Hume’s sceptical argument, and his denial that nature is “intelligible”Free Will: Hobbes’ and Hume’s compatibilism, and their naturalistic view of Mind and Body: Descartes’ dualism,Personal Identity: Locke’s attempt toThe ancient Greeks, distinctively,Many different philosophers and “schools”:(335 BC -)Stoics (c. 300 BC -)Roman Empire became Christianised: Plato and Aristotle adopted:Christian Aristotelianism (e.g. Aquinas 1225-74) The Christian Aristotelian worldview became dominant in the medieval monastic schools, hence “Scholasticism”.MercuryMoon FireAirWater& EarthVenusSunMars SaturnFixed StarsAristotle ’s UniverseAncient texts survived in the ByzantinePrinting (invented 1450) gave them much(rediscovered 1417, printed 1486)(translated into Latin 1562)Many factors contributed to WesternThe Reformation added to this crisis:at Westphalia, 1648 led to greater religious toleration.A sceptical problem raised by SextusHow can any criterion of reliable knowledge be chosen, unless we already have somereliable criterion for making that choice?How to know who is right? (Maybe neither?!)Elements and Natural MotionsA Teleological Physics heavenly bodies move in circles, and must beaether .?“Why does water rise up a siphon pipe?”“Why does opiumMolière (1673)Aristotle couldn’t explain:Galileo was reported (by Viviani) to havedropping a large and a small ball together from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Contrary toAristotle, they fell at similar speeds.The telescope was invented in Holland in What he saw with it refuted Aristotle’sInnumerable stars too dim for the naked eye;Phases of Venus, sometimes “full” (implying that it is then on the opposite side of the Sun).SunVenus EarthVenus as considered by PtolemyAristotelian science was based on Galileo preferred “efficient” causation:inert, remaining in its state of motion or rest unless acted on.The paradigm of efficient causation is via Compared with pseudo-explanationsvacuum, dormitive virtue etc.), this seems:Thus Galileo claimed, against Aristotle:BUT: why then does the Moon orbit the Earth, and the planets orbit the Sun?Attacks Aristotlian tradition Builds on Galileo’sMakes room for mind“essence” radically distinct from matter.Seeks reliable anti-sceptical basis forA perfect God cannot deceive, so our facultiesHence the importance of Descartes’Method.Descartes was a major natural philosopher:His most important intellectual legacy: The ideal of a mechanistic science of the world, based on the simple mathematical properties of extended matter.The real qualities of matter follow from itsextensionpassives) are observer-dependent. Mind is a distinct, active immaterial substance, whose essence is thinking.Since matter’s essence is extension, non-A vortex can explain why the planets orbit theSun without shooting off under inertia.。

哲学科学全书纲要的英文名## Outlines of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences.The Outlines of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences (Grundlinien der Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften) is a work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, first published in 1817. It is a systematic exposition of Hegel's philosophical system, and it is considered one of the most important works in the history of philosophy.The Outlines is divided into three parts:1. Logic.2. Philosophy of Nature.3. Philosophy of Spirit.Logic is the first part of the Outlines, and it dealswith the most basic concepts of philosophy, such as being, nothingness, and becoming. Hegel argues that these concepts are not static, but rather they are in a constant state of flux and change. He also argues that the laws of logic are not arbitrary, but rather they are based on the nature of reality itself.Philosophy of Nature is the second part of the Outlines, and it deals with the natural world. Hegel argues that nature is not a separate realm from spirit, but rather itis a manifestation of spirit. He also argues that the lawsof nature are not fixed and immutable, but rather they are constantly evolving.Philosophy of Spirit is the third and final part of the Outlines, and it deals with the human spirit. Hegel argues that the human spirit is the highest form of reality, and that it is the goal of all history. He also argues that the human spirit is not a static entity, but rather it is in a constant state of development.The Outlines is a complex and challenging work, but itis also a rewarding one. It is a work that has had a profound influence on the history of philosophy, and it continues to be studied and debated today.## Hegel's Philosophical System.Hegel's philosophical system is based on the idea that reality is a constantly evolving process of becoming. He argues that all things are in a state of flux and change, and that there is no such thing as a static or unchanging reality.Hegel also argues that the laws of logic are not arbitrary, but rather they are based on the nature of reality itself. He believes that the laws of logic are the laws of thought, and that they are therefore the laws of reality.Hegel's philosophical system is often referred to as idealism, because it emphasizes the importance of the mind and spirit. Hegel argues that the mind is the source of all reality, and that the world is a product of the mind.Hegel's idealism is not solipsism, however. He does not believe that the world is simply a product of our own imagination. Rather, he believes that the world is a real and independent entity, but that it is also a product of the mind.Hegel's philosophical system is a complex and challenging one, but it is also a powerful and persuasive one. It is a system that has had a profound influence on the history of philosophy, and it continues to be studied and debated today.## The Outlines in the History of Philosophy.The Outlines was first published in 1817, and it was immediately recognized as a major work of philosophy. It was quickly translated into several languages, and it was soon being studied and debated by philosophers all over the world.The Outlines had a profound influence on thedevelopment of philosophy in the 19th century. It was one of the main sources of inspiration for the idealist movement, and it also helped to shape the development of Marxism.In the 20th century, the Outlines continued to be studied and debated by philosophers. It was a major source of inspiration for the existentialist movement, and it also helped to shape the development of analytic philosophy.The Outlines is still a major work of philosophy today. It is a work that is studied and debated by philosophersall over the world. It is a work that has had a profound influence on the history of philosophy, and it continues to be a source of inspiration for philosophers today.。

英国哲学社科类经典名著书单大全
1、《自然哲学的数学原理》牛顿
2、《人口原理》马尔萨斯
3、《乌托邦》莫尔
4、《物种起源》达尔文
5、《国富论》亚当·斯密
6、《艺术的故事》恩斯特.贡布里希
7、《自私的基因》里查德·道金斯
8、《政府论》洛克
9、《西方哲学史》罗素
10、《科学史》丹皮尔
11、《中国科学技术史》李约瑟
12、《时间简史》史蒂芬·霍金
13、《教育的目的》阿尔弗雷德.怀特海
14、《考古学一百五十年》格林.丹尼尔
15、《就业、利息和货币通论》J.M·凯恩斯
16、《利维坦》霍布斯
17、《历史的地理枢纽》哈尔福德.麦金德
18、《婚姻与道德》罗素
19、《罗素说快乐生活》罗素
20、《新工具》培根
21、《历史研究》汤因比
22、《人性论》休谟
23、《万物运转的秘密》大卫·麦考利
24、《科学百科》（全彩）英国DK出版社
25、《通往奴役之路》哈耶克
26、《全球化与文化》约翰·汤姆林森
27、《上帝与新物理学》戴维斯。

独立思索者的思索模型系列 1、2、3 、4、5( 杜牛牛)独立思索者的思索模型系列 1 –如何科学的思索微软前总裁高群耀说过一句话让我印象深刻，大意是我们努力了那末多年，取得了不小的成就，我信任我们肯定做对了一些事情。

我觉得能够做对事情的一个重要前提是，我们想对了一些事情，而要想对事情就需要把握一些正确的思索方法。

巴菲特和芒格肯定不是靠掷筛子下注的，他们比一些人更接近真象的最重要原由是因为他们把握了更正确的思维方式。

我个人将思索问题分成 7 个步骤。

1．正确的定义问题 Define Question我们的身体时常不太聪明，表面现象时常另有所指。

牙齿脱落可能是肾虚；而头发疼可能是脑子出了毛病。

同样的，我们的大脑时常不聪明，大脑提出的问题未必是真正需要解决的问题。

一个准备跳槽的做人力资源的学妹曾经问我，“我投的一家大公司即将给我 offer 了，可是现在所在民营企业的老板答应给我加薪升职，我还该不该跳槽呢？”我问她“为什么要跳槽呢？” “想去外资企业。

” “为什么想去外资企业呢？” “外企规模大，也更加正规。

” “为什么要去规模大的企业呢？”“因为规模大的企业有一套完善的流程。

” “有完善流程的企业对你有什么关心呢？” “能够让我学到更加完整的人力资源体系。

” “学到这个对你意味着什么？” “这是我职业发展的方向和向上突破的重要基础。

” “好，那末现在的企业即使给你升职，是否能让你学到完整的体系呢？”“不能，我明白了。

”这个时候学妹头势和思路就特殊清晰了。

其实，在这个过程中我只是帮她订正了定义问题的方法。

她的问题不该是一开头问的“该不该跳槽”，而应当是“哪个公司能给我我要的学到完整人力资源体系的机会”。

我曾经留意过一天中被问到的问题。

我发觉， 2/3 以上的提问者自己都没想清晰自己最终想知道什么。

我们得不到答案往往是因为没有问正确的问题。

2．建立规律树 Set up Logical (Decision) Tree巴菲特最好的合作火伴查理.芒格曾经形容过巴菲特的思维方式的优点，其中一点就是巴菲特及其擅长运用规律树，又叫决策树。

牛津大学伦理学入门笔记第一课真理和理论：伦理推论的介绍A Romp Through Ethics for Complete Beginner●之所以会形成这种道德困境（比方说在kind 和honesty),是因为道德的判断一般是形成于情形之下的，那么自然很容易在特定情形下形成冲突不同的分类：●道德普遍主义者：道德是由原则支配的rule-governed 无论你认为●道德个别主义者：道德根本不是由原则支配；所有的行为的动机都是基于情境的。

道德个别主义者认为没有随时随地都正确的原则，经验法则只是一种在绝大部分时候都正确的法则道德理论化●它跟我们每天在道德困境下思考如何做选择是完全不同的moral thinking●道德理论化是第二阶的moral theorizing is called second order moral thinking.whereas everyday decision-making about how we should act is called first order moral thinking.道德理论化就是思考我们平常思考的如何做的问题（实际问题是第一阶的道德问题是第二阶的）冗余真理（举例：这猫就是虎斑猫这句话是真的因为这猫就是虎斑猫==因为这是个经过经验法则来验证的事实）--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /entries/skepticism-moral大部分的哲学家都相信存在moral facts 都不是道德怀疑者，有以下四种，关于什么样的事实是moral facts，哪些事实能够决定一个道德命题是真还是假ps：我们在考虑什么是事实的时候，有的时候过于狭窄了，我们只会把那些能够看得到的，听得到的，摸得到的东西归类为事实，而忽略了以下这些。

彼特·斯特劳森（Peter strwson,1919—）是当代英国哲学家。

1919年出生于教师之家。

1937年进入牛津大学圣约翰学院学习，1947年任该校哲学讲师，1960年任英国科学院院士，1968年成为牛津大学形而上学教授，1977年因对哲学的杰出贡献而被英皇封为爵士。

斯特劳森是当代主导分析哲学发展的主要哲学家之一，分析哲学的许多中心论题都源于他的著作。

早在1950年，他就批判过符合真理论，提倡“真理多余论”。

同年，他在《论指称》一文中批驳了罗素的摹状词理论。

1959年出版的《个别物》一书，这是二战以后分析哲学的最大成就之一，它使得分析哲学重新认同形而上学的核心地位。

1971年出版的《逻辑与语法中的主项与谓项》是继弗雷格意义理论之后，语言哲学的又一里程碑。

斯特劳森的主要著作有：《逻辑理论导论》（1952），《个别物》（1959），《感知的界限》（1966），《逻辑与语法中的主项与谓项》（1974），《怀疑主义与自然主义》（1985），《分析与形而上学》（1992）等等。

1，分析哲学语境中的形而上学与后现代主义比起来，当代分析哲学对待形而上学的态度要温和得多，宽容得多。

它对形而上学不是一概加以拒斥，而是重新审视形而上学，甚至试图恢复形而上学的地位。

“形而上学”（Metaphysics）一词是希腊语的中文译法。

它是公元一世纪整理编纂亚里士多德著作的学者安德罗尼柯赋予亚氏著作一部手稿的题目。

亚里士多德自己把那部手稿中的学问称作“第一哲学”。

题目的字源上的根据说来很简单：这部手稿根据分类原则被放在物理学著作之后（希腊语中，“meta”意为“在……之后”，故形而上学原意为“在物理学之后”）。

当然，这样的分类更有其哲学上的根据，因为第一哲学的任务是研究那高于物理对象的事物，探求可感知世界的终极原则。

依据亚里士多德，第一哲学还有另一个含义，即研究“作为是的是”。

他通过对主谓句式的分析得出十类基本谓项，即十类范畴。

第1篇引言：哲学，作为一门探讨存在、知识、价值、理性、心灵、语言等基本问题的学科，始终吸引着无数学者的目光。

在剑桥和牛津这两所世界顶级学府中，哲学系以其深厚的学术底蕴和严谨的治学态度而闻名。

本文将针对剑桥牛津哲学面试中可能出现的题目——“自由意志与宿命论的关系”，展开深入探讨。

一、自由意志与宿命论的基本概念1. 自由意志自由意志是指个体在特定条件下，能够自主选择行为的能力。

这种能力体现了人的主观能动性，使得个体能够根据自己的意愿去实现或改变某种状态。

2. 宿命论宿命论是一种认为一切事件都是预先注定，个体无法改变其命运的哲学观点。

它强调宇宙中的事物都遵循着某种不可改变的规律，个体只是这个规律中的参与者。

二、自由意志与宿命论的关系1. 对立关系自由意志与宿命论在根本观点上存在对立。

自由意志认为个体能够自主选择，而宿命论则认为一切事件都是预先注定的，个体无法改变。

2. 相互依存关系尽管自由意志与宿命论在根本观点上存在对立，但在某些情况下，它们也可能相互依存。

以下是一些可能的关系：（1）自由意志是宿命论的补充：在某些宿命论的观点中，个体虽然无法改变其命运，但仍然可以在一定程度上自由选择行为。

这种观点认为，尽管命运不可改变，但个体的选择仍然具有一定的意义。

（2）宿命论是自由意志的前提：在自由意志的实践中，个体需要遵循一定的规律和原则。

这种规律和原则可能是宿命论所描述的，如宇宙规律、社会规则等。

（3）自由意志与宿命论的辩证关系：在现实世界中，自由意志与宿命论往往相互交织。

个体在追求自由意志的过程中，可能会受到宿命论的影响；而在遵循宿命论的过程中，个体也可能表现出一定的自由意志。

三、剑桥牛津哲学面试题目：探讨“自由意志与宿命论的关系”以下是一些可能的面试题目，供考生参考：1. 请简要阐述自由意志与宿命论的基本概念，并分析它们之间的对立关系。

2. 结合实际案例，探讨自由意志与宿命论在实际生活中的应用，以及它们对个体行为的影响。

牛津大学开放课程哲学概论
从古到今，哲学一直是人们思考和理解周围世界的有力工具。

追溯其源头，可以追溯到Ancient Greece其文化和思想影响了后世的哲学思想，从而形成了当今哲学概念。

这门课程是牛津大学开放课程，旨在探索哲学发展过程中学术发现，同时系统地展示各种哲学学派看法，使学生能够更好地理解和讨论各种不同的哲学观点和论点。

该课程涵盖了历史上许多著名哲学家的观点。

其中一些著名的哲学家还包括Socrates，Plato和Aristotle。

这些著名的哲学家对哲学的探索和定义以及周围世界的思考和理解的深刻理论做出了重要
贡献。

学生们可以学习并探讨各种哲学学派的观点，并尝试思考哲学家们的思想，找出哲学发展过程中的精髓。

此外，该课程还涉及更多当今哲学问题，如宗教哲学，社会哲学，艺术哲学，伦理哲学等。

学生们可以深入了解当今哲学家们所面对的问题，并尝试结合历史上著名哲学家们的理论思想来进行深入探究，由此拓展自己的思维及知识面。

另外，该课程还将引导学生分析和讨论现代哲学议题，如人工智能，道德和道德问题，社会公正，社会议题，科技进步等。

学生们可以深入探讨社会观念，社会结构，社会关系等，从而深入理解当今社会问题的根源，并在此基础上拓展出未来解决方案。

总之，本门课程旨在让学生学习和探索哲学的理论，思考历史上哲学家的理论和思想，深入了解当今哲学问题，由此拓展自己的思维及知识面。

同时，课程还将参与探究现代社会问题，深入讨论社会关
系及社会结构，并拓展出可行的解决方案，以解决未来的社会问题。

收稿日期：2023-04-18作者简介：伯纳德·威廉斯（Bernard Williams ，1929-2003），英国哲学家。

早年在英国牛津大学研究哲学和古典学，曾先后担任伦敦大学、剑桥大学、牛津大学和美国加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校的哲学教授。

1971年，当选为英国社会科学院院士，后又当选为美国艺术与科学院外籍院士，1999年因其在哲学上的重大贡献而被授予爵位。

著有《笛卡尔：纯粹探究计划》《伦理学与哲学的限度》《羞耻与必然性》《真与真诚》等。

吴芸菲，清华大学哲学系博士研究生，主要从事当代英美政治哲学和伦理学研究。

E-mail:*********************摘 要：不满于柯林伍德在20世纪上半叶牛津哲学界受冷落的实情，威廉斯以我为主地详尽考察了柯林伍德在历史哲学、哲学史及其所主张的思想史与形而上学研究应该相互渗透等方面的重要观点。

其中，威廉斯重点辨析了柯林伍德的重演论、封装概念以及问答逻辑，这些思考溢出了柯林伍德研究，延伸至诸如解释与理解何以可能、反思与实践的关系、文化变异与普遍设定的关系等一般哲学问题。

基于这些工作，威廉斯意在召唤富有历史感且风格独具的哲学思考与哲学写作。

关键词：柯林伍德；形而上学；历史哲学；解释学；观念论中图分类号：B089文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-2815（2023）05-0103-15DOI ： 10.19946/j.issn.1006-2815.2023.05.010论柯林伍德①SCIENCE · ECONOMY ·SOCIETY 第41卷 总第176期Vol.41, Total No.1762023年第5 期No.5, 2023伯纳德·威廉斯吴芸菲 译谈论柯林伍德的三个理由我讨论R. G.柯林伍德（Robin George Collingwood ）的第一个理由，是为稍许纠正他在此地众人心目中几近被除名的状况，这种状况实属不公，对牛津哲学的历史也是一种伤害，如在一本出版于1958年名为《1900年以来的英国哲学》②的书中，压根就没提到柯林伍德。

牛津大学推荐书目牛津大学推荐书目读书不是急功近利的事，希望阅读能让您的人生更有意义。

对此小编就为各位整理了牛津大学推荐书目的相关优秀内容，欢迎各位参阅。

牛津大学推荐书目(一)1. 《社会契约论》2. 《安德罗玛克》3. 《戴高乐战争回忆录》4. 《美国与中国》5. 《白捡的钱》6. 《戈尔德贝格变奏曲》7. 《论自由》8. 《运筹与决策：介绍和评价》9. 《莎士比亚全集》10. 《语言，真理与逻辑》11. 《怀河》牛津大学推荐书目(二)1. 《世界的逻辑结构》2. 《语言的逻辑结构》3. 《马尔科姆·艾克斯自传》4. 《美国的民主》5. 《精神现象学》6. 《精神分析引论》7. 《追忆似水年化》8. 《到灯塔去》9. 《洛丽塔》10. 《伊利亚特》11. 《李尔王》12. 《人可以被改变吗?》13. 《道德经》14. 《决策论与经济行为》15. 《不确定状况下的决策分析》牛津大学推荐书目(三)1. 《数学原理》2. 《谈判中的经理》3. 《战略与结构》4. 《看得见的手》5. 《方案：前方深浅莫测的水域》6. 《心系中国：年的回忆》7. 《浮士德博士》8. 《西格蒙德·佛罗伊德的生活与工作》9. 《佛及尼亚·伍尔夫书信集》10. 《押沙龙!押沙龙!》11. 《西线无战事》12. 《西方的没落》13. 《丧钟为谁而鸣》14. 《风格的要素》15. 《人生的枷锁》16. 《梦的解析》17. 《七根智慧之柱》18. 《文化模式》。

牛津大学纯粹理性批判公开课第一课康德的研究领域是什么讲义牛津大学《纯粹理性批判》公开课第一课《康德的研究领域是什么》讲义在精明的投资者认为这是在白费时间的时候,康德着手开创了系统化的形而上学，当时思想界，启蒙的世界明确地知道自己正在做什么，科学发展到了这一阶段，数学也是如此，只有形而上学家们仍在自寻烦恼。

所以形而上学的状态有点儿像一具残骸，许多智慧的人认为最好从整体上重新审慎地对待形而上学，所以我通常喜欢用康德自己的强调来作为这类讲座的开头：即使你们打算忽视形而上学，你们自己可能也还是卷入了某种形式的形而上学思辨。

他说，人类的心灵永远不会放弃形而上学研究，这就好比要我们为了避免吸入有害气体而完全放弃呼吸一样（荒谬）。

因此形而上学将始终存在于这个世界中，不仅如此，每个人尤其是每个学会了反思的人都会用到形而上学，并出于对公认标准的欲求，还会为自己以他自己的模式来塑造形而上学。

因此无论你们喜不喜欢，你们都会这么做。

而《纯粹理性批判》的目的之一就是让我们得以通过正确的方法来做到这一点。

你们很清楚，《纯粹理性批判》的结果是毁誉参半的，不单单毁誉参半，很多人甚至认为这项工作是徒劳无功德尔。

乔纳森·班尼特几年前在《The Philosophical Review》评论道"《纯粹理性批判》的大部分表面上看已经死亡，因为在表面上它满是站不住脚的理论，而批评者的首要工作就是在这表面下展现新生。

"我现在认为这份验尸报告很不成熟，因为自班尼特得出这一结论之后的四十年里，已有数百篇甚至数千篇论文，期刊文章，书籍，论述和课堂报告源自这一被判死刑的理论。

我认为这里张冠李戴了，我认为班尼特发现的僵死的理论不是康德的理论，而是他自己误解出的那套“僵死的理论”。

不过康德在他自己生活的时代就遇到这种情况了，在1782年第一版出版后，结果表明在短时间里支持者和批评者都系统地误解了他想要表达的想法。

（这时候迟到的学生进了教室，教授反讽批评了一下）你们很准时，这只是五分钟的评论，我不该说这么多，我太缺乏自律了。

牛津大学演讲稿1.12.23.3联合国秘书长潘基文说过在音乐的世界里沟通是无需语言的，联合国秘书长认为我们需要更多的音乐这一点我很赞同，知道我上了三年级有一天在操场上不可避免的事情终于发生了，那件事我从来都没有告诉任何人一直自己忍着牛津大学演讲稿2017-08-10 04:08:19 | #1楼你们知道牛津大学的Motto么？拉丁原文：Amicus Plato，Amicus Aristotle，sed Magis Amicus VERITAS英文译文：Let Plato be your friend and Aristotle but more let your friend be truth中文译文：以柏拉图为友，以亚里士多德为友，更要以真理为友United KingdomEnglandLondonThe Houses of Parliament (London)The Rhodes ScholarshipMarshall ScholarshipsYale UniversityThe Mission of Oxford UniversityThe Homepage of Oxford UniversityUnited Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy(君主立宪制) in northwestern Europe, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.England is the largest and most populous division of the island of Great Britain, making up thesouth and east. Wales is on the west and Scotland is to the north. Northern Ireland is located in the northeast corner of Ireland, the second largest island in the British Isles（岛）. The capital of the United Kingdom is the city of London, situated near the southeastern tip of England.England is a political division of the island of Great Britain and the principal division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It occupies all of the island east of Wales and south of Scotland, other divisions of the island of Great Britain.London is the capital of the United Kingdom. It is situated in southeastern England along the Thames River. With a population of about 7 million, this vast metropolis（广阔的大都市） is by far the largest city in Europe, a distinction（荣誉） it has maintained since the 17th century.Rhodes scholarship (罗氏奖学金) is a scholarship for study at Oxford University, a sum of money awarded annually to students from the United States, South Africa, and several Commonwealth （联邦） countries to help pay for studies in theUnited Kingdom at Oxford UniversityMarshall Scholarships finance young Americans of high ability to study for a degree in the United Kingdom. Up to forty Scholars are selected each year to study either at graduate or occasionally undergraduate level at an UK institution in any field of study.The scheme allows the Scholars, who are the potential leaders, opinion-formers and decision-makers in their own country, to gain an understanding and appreciation of British values and the British way of life. It also establishes long-lasting ties between the peoples of Britain and the United States. Eachscholarship is held for two years.The mission of Oxford:--achieving and maintaining excellence in every area of its teaching andresearch,--maintaining and developing its historical position as a world-classuniversity, and--enriching the international, national, and regional communities throughthe fruits of its research and the skills of its graduates.INTRODUCTION1.Oxford University (of bja leads in Oxford English in the world, the oldest University. Although the exact date was at Oxford University is unclear, but its history goes back to the twelfth century, has approximately about 900 years. In Oxford in 1209, students and the townspeople of conflict, some scholar of the Oxford after downpours to northeast of Cambridge, and established the Cambridge university. Since then, two university between each other quite long years of competition. Oxford University or British Universities, European union Russell group coimbra group, European Universities LERU League (of a) and the European Europaeum true the core members.FEATUREAt present, Oxford, they were 39 colleges and schools as the relationship between the central government and the local government of the relationship Oxford webmasters leads The form of federalism. Every college Fellows by HeadofHouse and several management, they are experts in the field of various academic, most of them are in school. 6 must institute (called"permanent private schools" - PermanentPrivateHalls, for each religious work), still retains its religious charter. In addition to continued education institute, a. In all, 35 college students, the college spirit not only academician (including acceacademician). Each college scale, but in 500 people below, students and teachers from different academicians) (professional disciplines.REPUTATIONIn nearly 800 years history, Oxford University training five Kings, and a British prime minister (including Gladstone, attlee, Margaret thatcher and Blair), many foreign government leaders (such as former US President Bill Clinton), nearly 40 Nobel laureates, and a large number of famous scientist, such as the economist Adam Smith, philosopher, bacon, poet Shelley, writer, green, the chemist Robert Boyle, astronomers Harley, etc. Even in 2001 Nobel Prize winner Paul, nanotubes are graduated from Oxford English department .The Bodleian Library---博德利图书馆There are 104 libraries in the Oxford .The Bodleian Librarythe main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library.David Cameron大卫·卡梅伦2016- Tony Blair 托尼·布莱尔1997-2016Margaret thatcher玛格利特·撒切尔1979-1990Bill Clinton比尔·克林顿 Indira Gandhi 英迪拉·甘地Bacon罗吉尔·培根憨豆先生Zhongshu Qian 钱钟书Shelley雪莱 Adam Smith亚当·斯密王力宏牛津大学演讲稿中英文全篇2017-08-10 04:05:53 | #2楼Leehom Wang Oxford Union speechexception。

哲学全书英文黑格尔"Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline" is a philosophical work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, a German philosopher. This work is considered one of Hegel's most important philosophical works and one of the classics of modern philosophy.The "Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline" systematically presents Hegel's philosophical system, covering various fields such as logic, metaphysics, ethics, politics, and aesthetics. In this work, Hegel attempted to construct a comprehensive and coherent philosophical system that integrates various philosophical disciplines.Hegel's philosophy emphasizes the dialectical nature of thought and reality, and he believes that everything in the world is in a state of constant development and transformation. In the "Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline," Hegel applied this dialectical method to analyze various philosophical issues and tried to reveal the internal contradictions and dynamics of things.This work has had a profound impact on the development of modern philosophy and has influenced many subsequent philosophers. Hegel's thoughts on dialectics, ontology, and epistemology have been widely discussed and debated, and his philosophy has had an important impact on the fields of Marxism, existentialism, and phenomenology.In summary, the "Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline" is an important philosophical work by Hegel, which presents his philosophical system and ideas and has had a profound impact on modern philosophy.。

牛顿自然哲学的数学原理哲学中的推理规则英文《牛顿自然哲学的数学原理与哲学中的推理规则》Isaac Newton is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists in history. His groundbreaking work in physics and mathematics laid the foundation for modern science and revolutionized our understanding of the natural world. One of his most significant contributions is the development of the mathematical principles of natural philosophy, which provided a systematic framework for explaining the motion of objects and the behavior of physical systems.Newton's mathematical principles of natural philosophy, as articulated in his seminal work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), laid the groundwork for the development of classical mechanics. Newton's laws of motion, which are based on mathematical principles, provide a quantitative description of the behavior of objects in motion and have been fundamental to the development of modern physics and engineering.In addition to his mathematical principles of natural philosophy, Newton also made important contributions to the field of philosophy, particularly in the area of logic and reasoning. Newton's work on the philosophy of science and his development of empirical methods for testing scientific hypotheses laid the groundwork for the scientific method, which remains the foundation of modern scientific inquiry.The philosophical implications of Newton's work are also manifested in his development of inferential reasoning and the establishment of rules for logical deduction. Newton's emphasis on empirical evidence and his commitment to the use of mathematical and logical reasoning in scientific inquiry has had a lasting impact on the development of philosophical thought and scientific methodology. Overall, Newton's mathematical principles of natural philosophy and his contributions to the development of inferential reasoning and logical deduction have had a profound impact on the development of modern science and philosophy. His work continues to be a source of inspiration and guidance for scientists and philosophers alike, and remains an essential part of the intellectual legacy of the Western tradition.。

哲学概论，Peter Millican，2009年末，牛津大学，网易公开课哲学起源于古希腊人试图用理性而不是传统来解释世界。

在文艺复兴时期，古希腊哲学重见天日，但由于一些事实的出现，比如亚里士多德的世界观在解释一些物理现象的时候出现了问题，加上新的物理现象与天文学的新发现，人们对古代经典产生了怀疑，于是引发了机械主义哲学（mechanical philosophy）的产生。

重要人物包括：笛卡尔（Rene Descartes）被称为现代哲学之父，他的著名论断“我思故我在”（I think there for i am.）；汤玛斯霍布斯（Tomas Hobbes ）将机械主义的自然观发挥到了极致（took this mechanist view of nature to its extreme）。

他否认有非物质的东西存在，否认宗教，认为一切事物都遵循自然法则（physical laws）遵循物质的因果关系（material causation），这是一种唯物主义（materialism）。

霍布斯对人性的悲观倾向十分有特点，在这种对人性的悲观论基础上，霍布斯提出了他著名的政治理论，他希望建立绝对的君主专制。

此外，博弈论（game theory）也是霍布斯伟大的精神遗产之一。

他试图把人类社会理解为一个相互关联的系统，并希望通过解决实际问题来改善社会，而希望求助于神和君权神授。

当时的人把他看作是无神论者（an atheist),并把他视为异端，因为若是否认了宗教，那么人的道德行为也失去了根据.微粒说、开普勒和牛顿的工具主义（instrumentalism）：罗伯特博伊尔（Robert Boyle）是17世纪与牛顿齐名的英国科学家，他的理论假设物质由微粒构成，并承认真空的存在。

牛顿是微积分（Calculus）的发明者之一。

牛顿的工具主义方法论是指他在被问及万有引力是如何产生的时候，他的回答是，万有引力的得出是基于观测，有了万有引力就能解释很多现象，但并不想对万有引力是如何产生这个问题做进一步解释，只要事物的运行符合这个理论，就足够了。