Trade Liberalization and Environmental Protection

率土之滨协议书尊敬的各位国家领导人：首先，我谨代表我所在的国家，感谢您们参与率土之滨协议的讨论和制定。

此协议的签署将为我们的国家带来共同繁荣和和平，为我们的人民创造更加美好的未来。

协议的目的是通过合作和互助，促进所有参与国的发展和进步。

我们旨在通过共同努力，解决存在的问题，深化友谊，增进信任，并加强合作的领域，致力于推动整个率土之滨地区的可持续发展。

首先，我们将加强经济合作，共同建立一个稳定、繁荣的经济体系。

我们将致力于促进贸易自由化和投资便利化，减少贸易壁垒，打破贸易壁垒，促进贸易顺畅。

我们将共同努力为企业和创新者提供更好的环境和条件，鼓励技术创新和知识产权保护，加强科技合作，实现共同发展。

其次，我们将加强文化交流。

通过文化交流，我们将深入了解彼此的文化传统和历史，加深相互理解和尊重。

我们将组织文化活动和交流访问，促进青年交流和合作，推动各国人民之间的友谊。

第三，我们将加强安全合作，共同维护地区的和平与稳定。

我们将加强情报交流，共同应对恐怖主义、跨国犯罪等威胁。

我们将加强军事合作，共同维护地区的海上安全和领土完整。

第四，我们将加强环境保护合作，共同应对气候变化等环境挑战。

我们将共同努力减少排放，保护生态环境，推动可持续发展。

我们将加强环境技术合作，共同寻找解决方案，保护我们共同的家园。

最后，我们将建立一个机制，用于协调和监督协议的执行。

我们将定期召开会议，评估进展，解决存在的问题，并根据需要进行修改和补充。

在此，我呼吁所有参与国家的领导人，共同签署率土之滨协议，为我们的国家开辟一条新的道路，实现共同的繁荣和进步。

让我们携手合作，共同迈向一个更加美好的未来。

谢谢。

【参考翻译】Dear national leaders,First and foremost, on behalf of my country, I would like to express my gratitude for your participation in the discussion and formulation of the Lutu Zhibin Accord. The signing of this accord will bring about mutual prosperity and peace for our respective countries and create a brighter future for our people.The purpose of this accord is to promote development and progress for all participating nations through cooperation and mutual assistance. Through joint efforts, we aim to address existing issues, deepen friendships, foster trust, and enhance cooperation in variousfields, with the goal of promoting sustainable development across the entire Lutu Zhibin region.To begin with, we will strengthen economic cooperation in order to establish a stable and prosperous economic system. We will strive for trade liberalization and investment facilitation, reducing trade barriers while promoting smooth trading. We will jointly work towards providing better conditions for businesses and innovators, encouraging technological innovation and protecting intellectual property rights, and strengthening scientific and technological cooperation to achieve shared development.Secondly, we will enhance cultural exchanges. Through cultural exchanges, we will deepen our understanding of each other's cultural traditions and histories, fostering mutual understanding and respect. We will organize cultural activities and exchange visits, promote youth exchanges and cooperation, and foster friendships among people from various countries.Thirdly, we will strengthen security cooperation and jointly uphold regional peace and stability. We will enhance intelligence sharing to collectively address threats such as terrorism and transnational crimes. Through military cooperation, we will jointly safeguard maritime security and territorial integrity.Fourthly, we will enhance environmental protection cooperation to collectively tackle environmental challenges including climate change. We will strive to reduce emissions, protect the ecological environment, and promote sustainable development. We will strengthen environmental technology cooperation and jointly seeksolutions to protect our shared home.Lastly, we will establish a mechanism to coordinate and supervise the implementation of this accord. We will hold regular meetings to assess progress, address existing issues, and make amendments and supplements as needed.In conclusion, I call upon all national leaders of participating countries to sign the Lutu Zhibin Accord, opening up a new path towards mutual prosperity and progress for our respective nations. Let us join hands and work together towards a brighter future. Thank you.。

环保英语口译词汇,环境保护英文词汇,包括环保词汇和污染英语词汇全球环保类热门话题英语词汇： 21世纪议程：Agenda 21 世界环境日（6月5日）：World Environment Day (June 5th each year) 世界环境日主题：World Environment Day Themes 冰川消融，后果堪忧！（2007年）Melting Ice–a Hot T opic! 莫使旱地变荒漠！（2006年）Deserts and Desertification–Don't Desert Drylands! 营造绿色城市，呵护地球家园！（2005年）Green Cities – Plan for the Planet! 海洋存亡，匹夫有责！（2004年）Wanted! Seas and Oceans – Dead or Alive! 水——二十亿人生命之所系！（2003年）Water - Two Billion People are Dying for It! 让地球充满生机！（2002年）Give Earth a Chance! 世间万物，生命之网！（2001年）Connect with the World Wide Web of life! 环境千年-行动起来吧！（2000年）The Environment Millennium - Time to Act! 拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999年）Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It! 为了地球上的生命-拯救我们的海洋！（1998年) For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas! 为了地球上的生命！（1997）For Life on Earth 我们的地球、居住地、家园：（1996）Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home 国际生物多样性日（12月29日）：International Biodiversity Day (29 December) 世界水日（3月22日）：World Water Day (22 March) 世界气象日（3月23日）：World Meteorological Day (23 March) 世界海洋日（6月8日）：World Oceans Day (8 June) 植树节（3月12日）：Arbor Day (12 March) 面临的环境保护问题及污染问题英文词汇：废水：waste/polluted water 废气：waste/polluted gas 废渣：residue 工业固体废物：industrial solid wastes 白色污染：white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 有机污染物：organic pollutants 森林砍伐率：rate of deforestation 水土流失：water and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化：soil alkalization 濒危野生动物：endangered wildlife 环境恶化：environmental degradation 城市化失控：uncontrolled urbanization 温室效应：greenhouse effect 全球变暖：global warming 环保问题拯救措施及污染治理相关英语口译词汇：中国环保基本政策：the basic policies of China's environmental protection 预防为主、防治结合的政策：policy policy of of of of of of prevention prevention prevention in in in the the the first first first place place place and and and integrating integrating prevention with control 治理环境污染：curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 可降解一次性塑料袋：throwaway bio-degradable plastics bags 垃圾填埋场：refuse landfill 垃圾焚化场：refuse incinerator 防止过度利用森林：protest forests from overexploitation 水土保持：conservation of water and soil 水资源保护区：water resource conservation zone 造林工程：afforestation project 珍稀濒危物种繁育基地：rare and endangered species breeding center 绿化祖国：turn the country green 全民义务植树日：National Tree-Planting Day 森林覆盖率：forest coverage 防风林：wind breaks 防沙林：sand breaks 速生林：fast-growing trees 降低资源消耗率：slow down the rate of resource degradation 开发可再生资源：develop renewable resources 环保产品：environment-friendly products call upon 号召conservation benefits节水的好处industrial reuse and recycling工业中水利用工业中水利用pollution fines 污染罚款urban water conservation城市节水water saving fixtures节水装置地区经济regional economic 港口经营多元化diversification in port operation 责任和义务perform our duties and fulfill our obligations 地区行业盛会a well-known regional event of the industry 发起港initiating ports forest coverage森林覆盖率global warming全球变暖principal element主要因素toxic emission废气排放迸发出心灵的火花ignite the sparks of understanding 建立合作桥梁build the bridge for cooperation 内容翔实substantial in content 能源大省major province of energy 日程紧凑tight in schedule 严重缺水城市a city of severe water shortage 有关单位units concerned 与…比有差距compared with ,there is still some way to go 预祝…圆满成功wish a complete success 开源与节流并重broaden sources of income &reduce expenditure 对外贸易港口seaport for foreign trade 国内生产总值National Gross Products 欢聚一堂merrily gather 活跃的经济带vigorous economic region 基础雄厚solid foundation 留下最美好的印象may you have a most pleasant impression 盛世the grand occasion 祝愿在停留愉快wish a pleasant stay 综合性商港comprehensive commercial seaport 春意盎然spring is very much in the air 把…列为重要内容place as the priority 不放松工作never neglect the work 节约用水water conservation 对…表示衷心祝贺extend our sincere congratulations on 节约用水先进城市model city of water conservation 使…取得预期效果attain the results expected 授予…光荣称号confer honorable awards on 为…而奋斗strive for 从大局出发proceed from the whole situation 财政政策financial policy 共同繁荣common prosperity 贸易投资自由化trade and investment liberalization 日新月异progress with each passing day 知识经济knowledge economy 环境千年-行动起来吧！（2000）The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999）Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It!为了地球上的生命-拯救我们的海洋!（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas!为了地球上的生命（1997）For Life on Earth我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996）Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home国际生物多样性日 International Biodiversity Day (29 December)国际生物多样性日世界水日 World Water Day (22 March)世界水日世界气象日 World Meteorological Day(23 March)世界气象日世界海洋日 World Oceans Day (8 June )世界海洋日联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会）United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)环发大会首脑会议 Summit Session of UNCED环发大会首脑会议联合国环境规划署 United Nations Environment Programs （UNEP）联合国环境规划署年全球环境展望报告 GEO-2000; Global Environmental Outlook 2000 2000年全球环境展望报告入选―全球500佳奖ǁbe elected to the rank of Global 500 Roll of Honor联合国人类居住中心 UN Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)联合国人类居住中心改善人类居住环境最佳范例奖 Best Practices in Human Settlements Improvement改善人类居住环境最佳范例奖人与生物圈方案 Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme (UNESCO)人与生物圈方案世纪议程 China’s Agenda 21中国21世纪议程中国生物多样性保护行动计划China Biological Diversity Protection Action Plan中国跨世纪绿色工程规划 China Trans-Century Green Project Plan中国跨世纪绿色工程规划国家环境保护总局 State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA)国家环境保护总局中国环保基本方针 China’s guiding principles for environmental protection中国环保基本方针坚持环境保护基本国策 adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection坚持环境保护基本国策推行可持续发展战略 pursue the strategy of sustainable development推行可持续发展战略贯彻经济建设、城乡建设、环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展（三同步）的方针carry out a strategy of synchronized planning, implementation and development in terms of economic and urban and rural development and environmental protection (the ―three synchronizesǁprinciple)促进经济体制和经济增长方式的转变promote fundamental shifts in the economic system and mode of economic growth实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一 bring about harmony of economic returns and 实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一contribution to society and environmental protection中国环保基本政策 the basic policies of China’s environmental protection中国环保基本政策预防为主、防治结合的政策 policy of prevention in the first place and integrating prevention 预防为主、防治结合的政策with control污染者负担的政策 ―the-polluters-payǁpolicy污染者负担的政策强化环境管理的政策 policy of tightening up environmental management强化环境管理的政策一控双达标政策 policy of ―One Order, Two Goalsǁ:一控双达标政策―一控ǁ：12种工业污染物的排放量控制在国家规定的排放总量The total discharge of 12 industrial pollutants in China by the end of 2000 shall not exceed the total amount mandated by the central government.;―双达标ǁ： 1. 到2000年底，全国所有的工业污染源要达到国家或地方规定的污染物排放标准The discharge of industrial pollutants should meet both national and local standards by the end of 2000.2. 到2000年底，47个重点城市的空气和地面水达到国家规定的环境质量标准2. Air and surface water quality in all urban districts in 47 major cities should meet related national standards by the end of 2000.对新项目实行环境影响评估对新项目实行环境影响评估conduct environmental impact assessments (EIA) on start-up projects提高全民环保意识 raise environmental awareness amongst the general public提高全民环保意识查处违反环保法规案件 investigate and punish acts of violating laws and regulations on 查处违反环保法规案件environmental protection环保执法检查 environmental protection law enforcement inspection环保执法检查限期治理 undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time限期治理中国已加入的国际公约 international conventions into which China has accessed中国已加入的国际公约控制危险废物越境转移及其处置的巴塞尔公约Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer生物多样性公约 Convention on Biological Diversity生物多样性公约防治荒漠化国际公约 Convention to Combat Desertification防治荒漠化国际公约气候变化框架公约 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change气候变化框架公约生态示范区 eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region生态示范区国家级生态示范区（珠海）国家级生态示范区（珠海） Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region 国家级园林城市国家级园林城市 Nationally Designated Garden City对水质和空气质量的影响对水质和空气质量的影响 impact on the quality of the water and the air治理环境污染治理环境污染 curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 海藻海藻 mostly in polluted waters)工业固体废物工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes白色污染白色污染 white pollution (by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics) 可降解一次性塑料袋可降解一次性塑料袋 throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags放射性废料积存放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste有机污染物有机污染物 organic pollutants氰化物、氰化物、 砷、汞排放砷、汞排放 cyanide, arsenic, mercury discharged铅、镉、六价铬铅、镉、六价铬 lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium城市垃圾无害化处理率城市垃圾无害化处理率 decontamination rate of urban refuse垃圾填埋场垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill垃圾焚化厂垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator防止过度利用森林防止过度利用森林 protect forests from overexploitation森林砍伐率森林砍伐率 rate of deforestation水土流失水土流失 water and soil erosion土壤盐碱化土壤盐碱化 soil alkalization农药残留农药残留 pesticide residue水土保持水土保持 conservation of water and soil生态农业生态农业 environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture水资源保护区水资源保护区 water resource conservation zone海水淡化海水淡化 sea water desalinization保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源 protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource 绿化祖国绿化祖国 turn the country green全民义务植树日全民义务植树日 National Tree-Planting Day造林工程造林工程 afforestation project绿化面积绿化面积 afforested areas; greening space森林覆盖率森林覆盖率 forest coverage防风林防风林 wind breaks （防沙林（防沙林 sand breaks ）速生林速生林 fast-growing trees降低资源消耗率降低资源消耗率 slow down the rate of resource degradation开发可再生资源开发可再生资源 develop renewable resources环保产品环保产品 environment-friendly products自然保护区自然保护区 nature reserve野生动植物野生动植物 wild fauna and flora保护生存环境保护生存环境 conserve natural habitats濒危野生动物濒危野生动物 endangered wildlife珍稀濒危物种繁育基地珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center 自然生态系统自然生态系统 natural ecosystems防止沙漠化（治沙、抗沙）防止沙漠化（治沙、抗沙） desertification环境负荷环境负荷 carrying capacity of environment三废综合利用三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes先天与后天，遗传与环境先天与后天，遗传与环境 nature-nurture美化环境美化环境 landscaping design for environmental purposes防止沿海地带不可逆转恶化防止沿海地带不可逆转恶化 protect coastal zones from irreversible degradation 环境恶化环境恶化 environmental degradation城市化失控城市化失控 uncontrolled urbanization温饱型农业温饱型农业 subsistence agriculture贫困的恶性循环贫困的恶性循环 vicious cycle of poverty大气监测系统大气监测系统 atmospheric monitoring system空气污染浓度空气污染浓度 air pollution concentration酸雨、越境空气污染酸雨、越境空气污染 acid rain and transboundary air pollution二氧化硫排放二氧化硫排放 sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions悬浮颗粒物悬浮颗粒物 suspended particles工业粉尘排放工业粉尘排放 industrial dust discharged烟尘排放烟尘排放 soot emissions二氧化氮二氧化氮 nitrate dioxide (NO2)矿物燃料（煤、石油、天然气） fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas 清洁能源清洁能源 clean energy汽车尾气排放汽车尾气排放 motor vehicle exhaust尾气净化器尾气净化器 exhaust purifier无铅汽油无铅汽油 lead-free gasoline天然气汽车天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles电动汽车电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles; battery cars氯氟烃氯氟烃 CFCs温室效应温室效应 greenhouse effect厄尔尼诺南徊厄尔尼诺南徊 ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)噪音噪音 noise （分贝（分贝 db; decibel ）化学需氧量（衡量水污染程度的一个指标） COD ；chemical oxygen demand 生物需氧量生物需氧量 BOD; biological oxygen demand工业废水处理率工业废水处理率 treatment rate of industrial effluents城市污水处理率城市污水处理率 treatment rate of domestic sewage集中处理厂集中处理厂 centralized treatment plant红潮红潮 red tide (rapid propagation of sea algae联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会）United Nations Conference on Environment and Development （UNCED ） 环发大会首脑会议环发大会首脑会议Summit Session of UNCED 联合国环境规划署联合国环境规划署United Nations Environment Programs （UNEP ） 国际生物多样性日国际生物多样性日 I nternational Biodiversity Day （29 December ）世界水日世界水日World Water Day （22 March ）世界气象日世界气象日World Meteorological Day （23 March ）世界海洋日世界海洋日World Oceans Day （8 June ）人与生物圈方案人与生物圈方案Man and Biosphere （MAB）Programme （UNESCO）中国生物多样性保护行动计划China Biological Diversity Protection Action Plan 中国跨世纪绿色工程规划 China Trans-Century Green Project Plan 中国跨世纪绿色工程规划生物多样性公约生物多样性公约Convention on Biological Diversity 防治荒漠化国际公约防治荒漠化国际公约Convention to Combat Desertification 气候变化框架公约气候变化框架公约United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 国家环境保护总局国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration （SEPA）坚持环境保护基本国策坚持环境保护基本国策adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection 污染者负担的政策污染者负担的政策"the-polluters-pay" policy 强化环境管理的政策强化环境管理的政策policy of tightening up environmental management 环保执法检查环保执法检查environmental protection law enforcement inspection 限期治理限期治理undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time 生态示范区生态示范区eco-demonstration region; environment-friendly region 国家级生态示范区（珠海）国家级生态示范区（珠海）Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region 国家级园林城市国家级园林城市Nationally Designated Garden City 工业固体废物工业固体废物industrial solid wastes 白色污染白色污染white pollution （by using and littering of non-degradable white plastics）可降解一次性塑料袋可降解一次性塑料袋throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags 放射性废料积存放射性废料积存accumulation of radioactive waste 有机污染物有机污染物organic pollutants 三废综合利用三废综合利用multipurpose use of three types of wastes（waste water, waste gas, solid waste）城市垃圾无害化处理率城市垃圾无害化处理率decontamination rate of urban refuse 垃圾填埋场垃圾填埋场refuse landfill 垃圾焚化厂垃圾焚化厂refuse incinerator 防止过度利用森林防止过度利用森林protect forests from overexploitation 森林砍伐率森林砍伐率deforestation rate 水土流失水土流失water and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化土壤盐碱化soil alkalization 生态农业生态农业environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture 水资源保护区水资源保护区water resource conservation zone 海水淡化海水淡化sea water desalinization 造林工程造林工程afforestation project 绿化面积绿化面积afforested areas; greening space 森林覆盖率 forest coverage 森林覆盖率防风林 wind breaks 防风林防沙林 sand breaks 防沙林速生林 fast-growing trees 速生林降低资源消耗率降低资源消耗率slow down the rate of resource degradation 开发可再生资源开发可再生资源develop renewable resources 环保产品环保产品environment-friendly products 自然保护区自然保护区nature reserve 野生动植物野生动植物wild fauna and flora 保护生存环境保护生存环境conserve natural habitats 濒危野生动物濒危野生动物endangered wildlife 珍稀濒危物种繁育基地珍稀濒危物种繁育基地rare and endangered species breeding center 美化环境美化环境landscaping design for environmental purposes 环境恶化环境恶化environmental degradation 温饱型农业温饱型农业subsistence agriculture 空气污染浓度空气污染浓度air pollution concentration 酸雨、越境空气污染酸雨、越境空气污染acid rain and transboundary air pollution 工业粉尘排放工业粉尘排放industrial dust discharge 烟尘排放烟尘排放soot emissions 矿物燃料（煤、石油、天然气）fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas 清洁能源清洁能源clean energy 汽车尾气排放汽车尾气排放motor vehicle exhaust 尾气净化器尾气净化器exhaust purifier 无铅汽油无铅汽油lead-free gasoline 天然气汽车天然气汽车gas-fueled vehicles 电动汽车电动汽车cell-driven vehicles; battery cars 小排量汽车小排量汽车small-displacement （engine）vehicles 温室效应温室效应greenhouse effect 工业废水处理率工业废水处理率treatment rate of industrial effluents 城市污水处理率城市污水处理率treatment rate of domestic sewage 集中处理厂集中处理厂centralized treatment plant 。

全球化与反全球化英语作文Globalization vs. Anti-Globalization.In the contemporary world, the debate surrounding globalization and its antithesis, anti-globalization, has gained significant prominence. These two opposing forces represent diametrically opposing views on the integration of economies, cultures, and political systems across the globe. While globalization advocates for a borderless world where goods, services, ideas, and people can flow freely, anti-globalization movements argue for the preservation of local identities, cultures, and economies.Globalization, in its broadest sense, refers to the increasing interconnectedness and integration of people, businesses, and governments worldwide. It is driven by advances in technology, trade liberalization, and the spread of information and communication. This integration has led to unprecedented economic growth, improved living standards, and the dissemination of knowledge and ideas.However, globalization has also been blamed for causing income inequality, environmental degradation, and the loss of cultural identity.One of the primary arguments for globalization is that it creates economic opportunities. By breaking downbarriers to trade and investment, globalization allows businesses to expand into new markets, access cheaper resources, and increase their profits. This, in turn, leads to job creation, higher wages, and improved living standards. For developing countries, globalization presents an opportunity to harness their resources and talents to compete in the global economy.Moreover, globalization has facilitated the spread.。

尊敬的各位贵宾，女士们、先生们，朋友们：很高兴参加博鳌亚洲论坛年年会，与来自世界各国的朋友们见面。

我们开会的地方——博鳌，十多年前还是一个鲜为人知的小渔村，现在已成为可以共商亚洲发展之计的大平台。

博鳌是在中国和亚洲开放发展中快速成长起来的，它的开放与变化表明了中国与亚洲、亚洲与世界的联系日益密切。

可以说，身在博鳌能够“博览天下”、“博采众长”，博鳌论坛是一个立足亚洲、面向世界、开放包容的大平台。

论坛本次年会以变革的世界为背景，谋求亚洲健康与可持续发展，很有意义。

在此，我谨代表中国政府，对年会的召开表示热烈祝贺！对各位远道而来的嘉宾表示诚挚欢迎！世界在关注亚洲，亚洲也在关注世界。

当今时代，国际形势正在发生深刻复杂的调整和变化。

我们看到，虽然全球经济显露恢复的迹象，一些国家出现好的增长兆头，但国际金融危机深层次影响尚未消除，欧洲主权债务危机还在持续，实现世界经济全面复苏仍然是一个长期艰难曲折的过程。

同时，世界经济结构调整步伐加快，新一轮科技变革与产业创新正在孕育，经济全球化、区域一体化在曲折中推进，国际政治经济秩序深刻调整，新兴经济体的重要性日益显现。

博鳌论坛诞生于亚洲金融危机之后。

十多年来，亚洲国家在应对风险中提高了自身免疫力，在调整变革中促进了经济健康发展。

这次国际金融危机中，亚洲经济率先复苏，呈现出比较好的基本面。

目前，亚洲经济总量已占世界的以上，亚洲经济增长对世界的贡献率超过。

亚洲成为全球新兴经济体最为集中的地区，后发优势和发展潜能进一步展现。

当然，亚洲许多国家发展水平总体较低，区域内各国发展差距仍然很大，资源环境制约日益加剧，地区安全稳定存在挑战，发展的道路并非平坦，成长中的烦恼也不少。

同时，一些国家和地区还面临经济增长下行、物价上涨、就业压力加大等问题。

这些都需要认真加以对待。

亚洲的发展，机遇和挑战并存，希望和困难同在；但机遇多于挑战，困难可以克服。

回顾历史，亚洲孕育了多个文明，创造过辉煌。

涉外经济学位英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Foreign Economics Degree English Exam Questions and AnswersIn today's globalized world, having a degree in foreign economics is becoming increasingly important. To earn such a degree, students often have to pass an exam in English, as it is the global language of business. Below are some sample questions you may encounter in a foreign economics degree English exam, along with their answers.Question 1: Define the term "trade liberalization" and explain its impact on the global economy.Answer: Trade liberalization refers to the removal of barriers to international trade, such as tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions. This allows for the free flow of goods and services across borders. Trade liberalization can lead to increased competition, lower prices for consumers, and higher economic growth for countries that participate in it. However, it can alsolead to job losses in domestic industries that cannot compete with foreign producers.Question 2: What are the advantages and disadvantages of a fixed exchange rate system?Answer: A fixed exchange rate system can provide stability and predictability for businesses engaged in foreign trade. It can also help to control inflation and maintain the value of a country's currency. However, fixed exchange rates can be difficult to maintain in the long run and may lead to currency crises if a country's economic fundamentals do not support the fixed rate. Additionally, fixed exchange rates can limit a country's ability to pursue independent monetary policy.Question 3: How does the concept of comparative advantage apply to international trade?Answer: Comparative advantage theory states that countries should specialize in producing goods and services in which they have a lower opportunity cost than other countries. By specializing in what they do best and trading with other countries, nations can maximize their production efficiency and overall welfare. This leads to mutually beneficial trade relationships and can result in higher levels of economic growth for all parties involved.Question 4: Discuss the role of multinational corporations in the global economy.Answer: Multinational corporations (MNCs) play a significant role in the global economy by facilitating the flow of goods, services, capital, and technology across borders. They can create jobs, promote economic development, and drive innovation in the countries where they operate. However, MNCs can also face criticism for exploiting cheap labor, evading taxes, and contributing to environmental degradation in some regions. It is essential for governments to regulate MNCs to ensure they operate ethically and responsibly.Question 5: How does foreign direct investment (FDI) impact economic growth and development in host countries?Answer: FDI involves a company from one country investing in a business in another country. FDI can bring new technologies, managerial expertise, and access to global markets to host countries, leading to increased productivity, economic growth, and job creation. However, FDI may also result in negative effects such as the exploitation of natural resources, labor rights abuses, and income inequality. Host countries must strike a balance between attracting FDI and protecting their domestic industries and workers.These sample questions and answers are just a glimpse of the topics covered in a foreign economics degree English exam. Studying these key concepts and understanding their implications for the global economy is essential for students pursuing a career in international business, trade, or finance. By mastering these fundamentals, students can prepare themselves to navigate the complex and interconnected world of foreign economics effectively.篇2Title: Foreign Economics Degree English Exam Questions and AnswersIntroduction:Studying abroad and obtaining a degree in foreign economics is a great way to broaden one's knowledge and skills in a global context. To ensure that students have a comprehensive understanding of the subject area, universities often conduct English exams as part of the degree program. In this document, we will provide some sample questions and answers for the foreign economics degree English exam.Sample Questions:1. Define globalization and explain its impact on the world economy.2. Discuss the role of international trade in economic development.3. Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of free trade agreements.4. Explain the concept of comparative advantage and provide examples.5. Evaluate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on international trade.6. Discuss the challenges faced by multinational corporations in the global market.7. Analyze the factors influencing foreign direct investment (FDI).8. Explain the concept of economic sanctions and their impact on foreign economies.9. Discuss the role of international financial institutions in promoting economic development.10. Evaluate the effectiveness of economic policies in addressing global economic challenges.Sample Answers:1. Globalization refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of countries in terms of trade, finance, and culture. It has led to increased economic integration and the expansion of multinational corporations. Globalization has had both positive and negative effects on the world economy. On one hand, it has facilitated economic growth, technological advancement, and poverty reduction. On the other hand, it has led to income inequality, environmental degradation, and cultural homogenization.2. International trade plays a crucial role in economic development by promoting specialization, efficiency, and innovation. It enables countries to access a wider range of goods and services at lower prices, thereby improving consumer welfare. Trade also creates opportunities for firms to expand their market reach and increase profits. Additionally, international trade fosters international cooperation and promotes peace and stability.3. Free trade agreements are treaties between countries that eliminate barriers to trade, such as tariffs and quotas. They encourage the free flow of goods and services across borders, leading to increased competition and efficiency. However, freetrade agreements can also have negative consequences, such as job displacement, environmental degradation, and exploitation of workers. Overall, the benefits of free trade agreements outweigh the costs, as they promote economic growth and raise living standards.4. Comparative advantage is the ability of a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another country. It is the foundation of international trade, as countries can specialize in the production of goods in which they have a comparative advantage and trade with other countries for goods in which they do not. For example, Country A may have a lower cost of producing textiles, while Country B may have a lower cost of producing electronics. By specializing in their respective industries and trading with each other, both countries can benefit from the exchange.Conclusion:The foreign economics degree English exam tests students' understanding of key concepts in international economics and their ability to analyze and evaluate economic issues from a global perspective. By studying and practicing sample questions and answers, students can prepare themselves for the exam and demonstrate their proficiency in the subject area. Obtaining adegree in foreign economics opens up a wide range of career opportunities in international organizations, multinational corporations, and government agencies.篇3International Economics Degree English Exam Questions and Answers1. What are the benefits of comparative advantage in international trade?Answer: Comparative advantage allows countries to specialize in producing the goods and services in which they are most efficient, leading to increased productivity, lower production costs, and higher overall economic welfare. It also promotes trade between countries, allowing for a more efficient allocation of resources and greater access to a variety of goods and services.2. What are the main factors that influence exchange rates in the foreign exchange market?Answer: Exchange rates are influenced by a variety of factors, including interest rates, inflation rates, government policies, political stability, and economic indicators such as GDP growthand trade balances. Changes in any of these factors can lead to fluctuations in exchange rates.3. How does international trade affect economic growth and development?Answer: International trade can promote economic growth and development by allowing countries to access larger markets, increase efficiency through specialization, promote technological innovation, and stimulate competition. It can also lead to increased investment and job creation, ultimately improving living standards and reducing poverty.4. What are the implications of protectionist trade policies on global economic welfare?Answer: Protectionist trade policies, such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies, can distort international trade, reduce competition, increase prices for consumers, and limit economic efficiency. In addition, they can lead to trade wars, retaliation from trading partners, and lower overall economic welfare for all countries involved.5. How can international institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) promote free and fair trade among countries?Answer: International institutions like the WTO can promote free and fair trade by setting rules and regulations for international trade, resolving disputes between countries, and providing a forum for negotiations and agreements. They can also monitor trade policies and promote transparency, consistency, and predictability in international trade relations.Overall, understanding the principles of international economics and trade is essential for students pursuing a degree in this field. By mastering the concepts and theories discussed in the exam questions above, students can gain a deeper understanding of how countries interact in the global economy and how international trade can impact economic growth, development, and welfare.。

关于全球化的英语作文Title: The Impact of Globalization: A Comprehensive Analysis。

Introduction。

Globalization, a phenomenon that has shaped the modern world in profound ways, encompasses interconnectedness across borders in terms of trade, culture, technology, and more. In this essay, we delve into the multifaceted aspects of globalization, examining its impacts on economies, societies, cultures, and the environment.Economic Implications。

One of the primary drivers of globalization is the expansion of international trade. Through trade liberalization and the reduction of barriers, countries have been able to engage in exchange of goods and services at unprecedented levels. This has led to economic growth,as nations specialize in their comparative advantages and participate in global value chains. However, globalization has also resulted in job displacement in certain sectorsdue to outsourcing and automation, leading to concernsabout income inequality and job insecurity.Societal Dynamics。

国际贸易英语常用词汇1. Import - 进口2. Export - 出口3. Trade - 贸易4. Customs - 海关5. Tariffs - 关税6. Duties - 关税7. Free trade - 自由贸易8. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差9. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差10. Trade agreement - 贸易协议11. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒12. Trade dispute - 贸易争端13. Trade war - 贸易战争14. Trade policy - 贸易政策15. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化16. Trade restrictions - 贸易限制17. Trade negotiations - 贸易谈判18. Trade imbalance - 贸易不平衡19. Trade bloc - 贸易集团20. Trade partner - 贸易伙伴21. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差22. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差23. Import quota - 进口配额24. Export quota - 出口配额25. Import duties - 进口关税26. Export duties - 出口关税第1页/共8页27. Import restrictions - 进口限制28. Export restrictions - 出口限制29. Trade balance - 贸易平衡30. Trade organization - 贸易组织31. International trade - 国际贸易32. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差33. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差34. Balance of trade - 贸易差额35. Import/export license - 进出口许可证36. Fair trade - 公平贸易37. Foreign trade - 外贸38. Cross-border trade - 跨境贸易39. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒40. Trade protectionism - 贸易保护主义41. Trade representative - 贸易代表42. Trade mission - 贸易代表团43. Trade commission - 贸易委员会44. Trade associations - 贸易协会45. Trade fair - 贸易博览会46. Global trade - 全球贸易47. Bilateral trade - 双边贸易48. Multilateral trade - 多边贸易49. Trade dispute settlement - 贸易争端解决50. Trade balance sheet - 贸易收支表51. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差52. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差53. Trade finance - 贸易融资54. Trade barriers - 贸易壁垒55. Trade restrictions - 贸易限制56. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化57. Trade negotiations - 贸易谈判58. Trade agreement - 贸易协议59. Trade route - 贸易路线60. Trade cycle - 贸易周期61. Trade services - 贸易服务62. Trade secrets - 商业秘密63. Trade name - 商标64. Trade mark - 商标65. Trade-in - 以旧换新66. Trade-off - 折中67. Trade surplus - 顺差68. Trade deficit - 逆差69. Trade war - 贸易战70. Trade relationship - 贸易关系71. Trade route - 贸易路线72. Trade center - 贸易中心73. Trade union - 工会74. Trade fair - 商品展览会75. Trade embargo - 贸易禁令76. Trade sanctions - 贸易制裁77. Trade bloc - 贸易集团78. Import/export regulations - 进出口规定79. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差80. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差81. Import duties - 进口关税82. Export duties - 出口关税83. Import restrictions - 进口限制84. Export restrictions - 出口限制85. Export subsidy - 出口补贴第3页/共8页86. Trade imbalance - 贸易不平衡87. Trade war - 贸易战争88. Trade dispute - 贸易争端89. Trade negotiations - 贸易谈判90. Trade agreement - 贸易协议91. International trade - 国际贸易92. Global trade - 全球贸易93. Bilateral trade - 双边贸易94. Multilateral trade - 多边贸易95. Trade union - 工会96. Trade fair - 贸易展97. Trade secret - 商业秘密98. Trade-off - 折衷方案99. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒100. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差101. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差102. Trade finance - 贸易融资103. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒104. Trade restriction - 贸易限制105. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化106. Trade negotiation - 贸易谈判107. Trade agreement - 贸易协定108. Trade route - 贸易路线109. Trade policy - 贸易政策110. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差111. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差112. Trade relations - 贸易关系113. Trade war - 贸易战争114. Trade dispute - 贸易争端115. Trade sanctions - 贸易制裁116. Trade union - 工会117. Trade fair - 贸易展览会118. Trade secret - 商业秘密119. Trade-off - 折中120. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒121. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差122. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差123. Trade finance - 贸易融资124. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒125. Trade restriction - 贸易限制126. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化127. Trade negotiation - 贸易谈判128. Trade agreement - 贸易协定129. Trade route - 贸易路线130. Trade policy - 贸易政策131. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差132. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差133. Trade relations - 贸易关系134. Trade war - 贸易战争135. Trade dispute - 贸易争端136. Trade sanctions - 贸易制裁137. Trade union - 工会138. Trade fair - 贸易展览会139. Trade secret - 商业秘密140. Trade-off - 折中141. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒142. Trade deficit - 贸易逆差143. Trade surplus - 贸易顺差144. Trade finance - 贸易融资第5页/共8页145. Trade barrier - 贸易壁垒146. Trade restriction - 贸易限制147. Trade liberalization - 贸易自由化148. Trade negotiation - 贸易谈判149. Trade agreement - 贸易协定150. Trade route - 贸易路线151. Trade policy - 贸易政策152. Balance of trade - 贸易差额153. World Trade Organization - 世界贸易组织154. Foreign direct investment - 外国直接投资155. Intellectual property rights - 知识产权156. Dumping - 倾销157. Subsidies - 补贴158. Antidumping - 反倾销159. Countervailing duties - 反补贴关税160. Safeguard measures - 保障措施161. Non-tariff barriers - 非关税壁垒162. Technical barriers to trade - 技术贸易壁垒163. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures - 卫生和植检措施164. Trade facilitation - 贸易便利化165. Rules of origin - 原产地规则166. Most favored nation - 最惠国待遇167. National treatment - 国民待遇168. Tariff escalation - 关税递增169. Tariff peaks - 关税峰值170. Trade in services - 服务贸易171. Trade in goods - 商品贸易172. Trade in agricultural products - 农产品贸易173. Trade in digital products - 数字产品贸易174. Trade in energy - 能源贸易175. Trade in intellectual property - 知识产权贸易176. Trade in pharmaceuticals - 药品贸易177. Trade in textiles - 纺织品贸易178. Trade in services agreement - 服务贸易协议179. Trade in information technology products - 信息技术产品贸易180. Trade in financial services - 金融服务贸易181. Trade in environmental goods - 环境产品贸易182. Trade in cultural products - 文化产品贸易183. Trade in tourism services - 旅游服务贸易184. Trade in education services - 教育服务贸易185. Trade in healthcare services - 医疗保健服务贸易186. Trade in transportation services - 交通运输服务贸易187. Trade in construction services - 建筑服务贸易188. Trade in professional services - 专业服务贸易189. Trade in telecommunication services - 电信服务贸易190. WTO agreements - WTO协议191. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - 关税和贸易总协定192. Agreement on Agriculture - 农业协议193. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures - 补贴和反补贴措施协议194. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade - 技术贸易壁垒协议195. Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures - 卫生和植检措施协议196. Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights - 与贸易有关的知识产权协议197. Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures - 与贸易有关的投资措施协议198. Agreement on Government Procurement - 政府采购协议199. Agreement on Customs Valuation - 关税估值协议第7页/共8页200. Agreement on Rules of Origin - 原产地规则协议。

全球化的趋势英文作文The Trend of GlobalizationGlobalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas. It has become a prominent feature of the modern world, shaping economies, societies, and cultures around the globe. There are several reasons for the trend of globalization.Firstly, advancements in technology have significantly contributed to the globalization phenomenon. The development of the internet and digital communication tools has made it easier for people and businesses to connect with each other across borders. This has led to the growth of global supply chains, multinational corporations, and cross-border trade.Secondly, trade liberalization and the removal of barriers to international trade have facilitated the expansion of globalization. Many countries have adopted free trade policies, reducing tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions on trade. This has resulted in increased trade flows and greater economic integration between nations.Moreover, the increasing mobility of capital, labor, and information hasalso fueled the trend of globalization. Capital can now easily flow across borders, allowing for investments in different countries and the establishment of global financial markets. Labor mobility has also increased, with more people relocating to different countries for work, leading to a global workforce. Information and ideas can now be shared instantly across the world, promoting cultural exchange and innovation.However, globalization is not without its challenges. One of the main concerns associated with globalization is the widening income inequality between countries and within societies. While globalization has brought economic growth and development to many nations, it has also left behind certain regions and groups, exacerbating social inequalities.Additionally, globalization has also led to environmental concerns. The increased production and consumption associated with globalization have resulted in higher levels of resource use, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. This has contributed to climate change and other environmental issues that require global cooperation and solutions.In conclusion, globalization is a trend driven by advancements in technology, trade liberalization, and the increasing mobility of capital,labor, and information. It has brought numerous benefits, including economic growth and cultural exchange, but also presents challenges such as income inequality and environmental degradation. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, it is essential to foster inclusive and sustainable globalization that addresses these challenges for the wellbeing of all nations and communities.。

[英语作文]Globalization全球化Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of people, economies, and cultures around the world. It is a complex process that has been shaped by various factors, including technological advancements, trade liberalization, and the spread of ideas through communication and media. Globalization has had significant impacts on different aspects of our lives, ranging from economic growth and job opportunities to cultural exchange and environmental challenges.One of the most prominent effects of globalization is the expansion of international trade. The removal of trade barriers and the rise of multinational corporations have facilitated the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders. This has led to increased economic growth in many countries, as well as greater access to goods and services for consumers. However, globalization has also contributed to income inequality within and between countries, as some individuals and regions benefit more than others from these economic changes.Another significant aspect of globalization is the spread of ideas and information. Advances in communication technology have made it easier for people to connect with each other across great distances, allowing for the exchange of ideas, cultures, and beliefs. This has led to increased cultural diversity and awareness, as well as the emergence of global social movements and political debates. However, it has also raised concerns about cultural homogenization and the loss of local traditions and identities.Globalization has also had a profound impact on the environment. The increased demand for resources and energy, coupled with the growth of transportation and production networks, has contributed to environmental degradation and climate change. This has highlighted the need for global cooperation and policy coordination to address these challenges and promote sustainable development.Despite its benefits, globalization has faced criticism and opposition from those who argue that it prioritizes corporate interests over social and environmental concerns. Some critics contend that globalization exacerbates poverty and exploitation, particularly in developing countries, and undermines democratic decision-making. As a result, there have been calls for more equitable and inclusive forms of globalization that prioritize human rights, labor standards, and environmental protections.In conclusion, globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has transformed the world in numerous ways. While it has brought significanteconomic and cultural benefits, it has also presented challenges related to inequality, cultural identity, and environmental sustainability. Navigating these challenges will require collective efforts and a commitment to finding solutions that balance economic growth with social and environmental justice.。

近五十年生活变化英语作文The Transformation of Life in the Past Fifty Years.The past fifty years have witnessed an unprecedented revolution in the way we live, marking a significant milestone in human history. This transformation has been driven by various factors, including technological advancements, economic growth, social changes, and globalization.Technological Revolution.The most profound impact of technology on our lives has been the advent of the digital age. The internet, which was once a luxury, has now become a ubiquitous part of ourdaily lives. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, learn, work, and entertain ourselves. The rise of smartphones and other mobile devices has further accelerated this trend, making information and services accessible at our fingertips.The digital revolution has also transformed the way we consume media. Television and radio have given way to streaming services and social media platforms, which allow us to access a wide range of content anytime, anywhere. This has not only made entertainment more convenient but has also given rise to new forms of art and culture.Economic Growth and Development.The past fifty years have seen unprecedented economic growth in many parts of the world. This growth has been driven by various factors, including industrialization, trade liberalization, and foreign investment. As a result, people now have higher incomes and greater access to basic necessities like food, shelter, and healthcare.Economic growth has also led to urbanization, as more people migrate to cities in search of better job opportunities and a higher quality of life. This has given rise to new challenges, such as urban planning, infrastructure development, and environmentalsustainability.Social Changes.The social landscape has also undergone significant changes in the past fifty years. The rise of feminism and other social movements has led to greater gender equality and women's empowerment. The LGBTQ+ community has also gained greater acceptance and recognition, leading to changes in laws and social norms.Moreover, the concept of family has also evolved. Traditional nuclear families have given way to more diverse family structures, including single-parent families, blended families, and same-sex parents. This has challenged traditional notions of family and parenthood.Globalization.Globalization has been another key factor driving change in the past fifty years. The increasing interconnectedness of the world has led to the exchange ofideas, culture, and technology across borders. This has given rise to a more diverse and inclusive global community, where people from different backgrounds and cultures can interact and learn from each other.Globalization has also facilitated the growth of international trade and investment, leading to economic prosperity and development in many parts of the world. However, it has also created challenges, such as income inequality, cultural conflicts, and environmental degradation.Conclusion.The past fifty years have been a period of remarkable transformation in our lives. Technological advancements, economic growth, social changes, and globalization have all played a role in shaping the world we live in today. While these changes have brought numerous benefits, they havealso created new challenges and issues that need to be addressed. As we move forward, it is important to remainvigilant and proactive in addressing these challenges to ensure a sustainable and inclusive future for all.。

经贸合作的英语作文Title: Enhancing Economic and Trade Cooperation。

In the contemporary global landscape, economic andtrade cooperation plays a pivotal role in fostering growth, prosperity, and mutual benefits among nations. It serves as a catalyst for innovation, development, and the exchange of goods and services across borders. This essay delves into the significance of economic and trade cooperation,exploring its multifaceted benefits and strategies for its enhancement.First and foremost, economic and trade cooperation facilitates the optimal allocation of resources on a global scale. Through the exchange of goods and services,countries can capitalize on their comparative advantages, thereby enhancing efficiency and productivity. This, in turn, leads to increased output, lower costs, and improved standards of living for participating nations. Additionally, such cooperation encourages specialization, allowingcountries to focus on industries where they have a competitive edge, leading to heightened competitiveness in the global marketplace.Furthermore, economic and trade cooperation fosters interdependence among nations, promoting peace andstability. By engaging in mutually beneficial trade relationships, countries become reliant on each other for essential goods and services. This interdependence creates strong incentives for diplomatic dialogue and conflict resolution, as disruptions in trade could have adverse effects on all parties involved. As a result, economic and trade cooperation acts as a stabilizing force ininternational relations, mitigating tensions and fosteringa conducive environment for peaceful coexistence.Moreover, economic and trade cooperation serves as a vehicle for technology transfer and innovation diffusion. Through trade partnerships and foreign investments,countries gain access to new technologies, expertise, and best practices from their trading partners. This influx of knowledge spurs innovation and upgrades domestic industries,enhancing their competitiveness in the global arena. Additionally, cross-border collaboration facilitates research and development initiatives, leading to breakthroughs in various fields and driving economic growth.In light of these benefits, it is imperative to continually enhance economic and trade cooperation through various strategies. Firstly, promoting trade liberalization through multilateral agreements such as free trade agreements (FTAs) and regional economic partnerships can reduce trade barriers and facilitate smoother flows ofgoods and services. By eliminating tariffs, quotas, andother trade barriers, countries can expand market access, stimulate trade flows, and reap the benefits of comparative advantage.Secondly, enhancing connectivity and infrastructure development is essential for facilitating trade and investment flows. Investments in transportation networks, logistics hubs, and digital infrastructure can reduce transaction costs, improve supply chain efficiency, and enhance market access for businesses. Moreover, initiativessuch as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aim to promote infrastructure connectivity and economic integration across regions, fostering trade and development along key trade routes.Additionally, fostering a conducive business environment through regulatory reforms, investment promotion, and institutional capacity-building is crucial for attracting foreign investment and facilitating trade. Streamlining administrative procedures, protecting intellectual property rights, and ensuring legal certainty can instill confidence among investors and businesses, encouraging greater participation in cross-border trade and investment activities.Furthermore, promoting sustainable development and inclusive growth should be integral to economic and trade cooperation efforts. Embracing green technologies, promoting sustainable practices, and ensuring social inclusivity can mitigate environmental degradation and address socio-economic disparities. By prioritizing sustainability and inclusivity in trade and investmentpolicies, countries can achieve long-term prosperity while safeguarding the planet and promoting social equity.In conclusion, economic and trade cooperation holds immense potential for driving global prosperity, fostering peace, and advancing sustainable development. By leveraging the benefits of economic interdependence, promoting trade liberalization, enhancing connectivity, and embracing sustainable practices, countries can unlock new opportunities for growth and collaboration. As we navigate an increasingly interconnected world, prioritizing economic and trade cooperation remains imperative for building a brighter and more prosperous future for all.。

这些翻译表达涵盖了改革开放40年以来中国在经济、贸易、金融以及社会发展，科技创新、教育文化、农业农村发展，业劳动力、城市发展与建设，交通与基础设施、环境保护与可持续发展、文化与教育，医疗与健康、法律与司法、体育与奥运、军事与国防，外交与国际关系、党风廉政与反腐败，城市化与城市发展等领域的进展和改革。

它们在相关的政策文件、新闻报道和学术文献中被广泛使用。

Reform and Opening Up: 改革开放Economic restructuring: 经济重组Market-oriented reforms: 市场化改革Opening up to the outside world: 对外开放Foreign investment: 外资投资Trade liberalization: 贸易自由化Foreign trade: 外贸Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Export-oriented economy: 出口导向型经济Special Economic Zones (SEZs): 经济特区Opening up of the financial sector: 金融业开放State-owned enterprise (SOE) reform: 国有企业改革Private enterprise development: 民营企业发展Market economy: 市场经济Socialism with Chinese characteristics: 中国特色社会主义Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Belt and Road Initiative: 一带一路倡议Technological innovation: 科技创新Sustainable development: 可持续发展经济与金融：State-owned enterprise (SOE) reform: 国有企业改革Mixed ownership reform: 混合所有制改革Financial liberalization: 金融自由化Stock market: 股票市场Bond market: 债券市场Foreign exchange market: 外汇市场Free trade zone: 自由贸易区Capital market: 资本市场Intellectual property rights protection: 知识产权保护Financial deregulation: 金融放松管制贸易与对外关系：31. Free trade: 自由贸易Trade surplus/deficit: 贸易顺差/逆差Bilateral trade: 双边贸易Multilateral trade: 多边贸易Trade barriers: 贸易壁垒Trade imbalance: 贸易不平衡Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Trade cooperation: 贸易合作Export-oriented industries: 出口导向产业Cross-border e-commerce: 跨境电子商务社会发展与改革：Urbanization: 城市化Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Social welfare: 社会福利Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Education reform: 教育改革Environmental protection: 环境保护Rural revitalization: 农村振兴Housing reform: 住房改革Pension system reform: 养老保险制度改革Social security system: 社会保障体系51. Technological advancement: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development (R&D): 研发High-tech industry: 高科技产业Artificial intelligence (AI): 人工智能Internet of Things (IoT): 物联网Big data: 大数据Cloud computing: 云计算Cybersecurity: 网络安全教育与文化：Cultural exchange: 文化交流Cultural diversity: 文化多样性Intangible cultural heritage: 非物质文化遗产Cultural preservation: 文化保护Art education: 艺术教育Cultural tourism: 文化旅游Education reform: 教育改革Lifelong learning: 终身学习Cultural heritage conservation: 文化遗产保护Quality-oriented education: 素质教育Vocational education: 职业教育Cultural exchange: 文化交流Cultural heritage protection: 文化遗产保护Film and television industry: 影视产业Performing arts: 表演艺术Literary works: 文学作品农业与农村发展：Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Agricultural subsidies: 农业补贴Crop diversification: 作物多样化Organic farming: 有机农业Rural infrastructure: 农村基础设施Farmer cooperatives: 农民合作社Agricultural technology transfer: 农业技术转让Rural poverty alleviation: 农村扶贫Agricultural reforms: 农业改革Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Agricultural reform: 农村改革Agricultural technology: 农业技术Agricultural sustainability: 农业可持续发展Rural entrepreneurship: 农村创业Farmer's income: 农民收入Agricultural cooperation: 农业合作就业与劳动力：Employment opportunities: 就业机会Labor market: 劳动力市场Job creation: 就业创造Labor rights: 劳工权益Wage reform: 工资改革Labor mobility: 劳动力流动性Unemployment rate: 失业率Labor union: 工会Labor protection: 劳动保护Work-life balance: 工作与生活平衡城市发展与建设：Urban renewal: 城市更新Urban planning: 城市规划Sustainable urbanization: 可持续城市化Smart cities: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Urban transportation: 城市交通Urban pollution control: 城市污染控制Urbanization rate: 城镇化率Urban-rural integration: 城乡一体化Livable cities: 宜居城市交通与基础设施：High-speed rail: 高速铁路Expressways: 高速公路Airport expansion: 机场扩建Port development: 港口发展Infrastructure investment: 基础设施投资Public transportation: 公共交通Logistics network: 物流网络Rail transit: 轨道交通Bridge construction: 桥梁建设Urban transport planning: 城市交通规划环境保护与可持续发展：Green development: 绿色发展Renewable energy: 可再生能源Carbon emissions reduction: 减排Eco-friendly practices: 环保实践Biodiversity conservation: 生物多样性保护Waste management: 废物管理Clean energy technology: 清洁能源技术Sustainable agriculture: 可持续农业Environmental regulations: 环境法规Climate change mitigation: 气候变化缓解社会治理与法律改革：Rule of law: 法治Judicial reform: 司法改革Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Legal system reform: 法制改革Social stability: 社会稳定Public security: 公共安全Community governance: 社区治理Crime prevention: 犯罪预防Human rights protection: 人权保护Legal education: 法律教育社会福利与保障：Social insurance: 社会保险Healthcare coverage: 医疗保障Pension system: 养老保险制度Poverty alleviation program: 扶贫计划Social assistance: 社会救助Disability support: 残疾人扶助Childcare services: 儿童保育服务Elderly care: 老年人护理Housing subsidies: 住房补贴Family planning policy: 计划生育政策科学与教育：Scientific research: 科学研究Higher education: 高等教育Scientific achievements: 科研成果Science and technology parks: 科技园区STEM education: 科学、技术、工程、数学教育School curriculum: 学校课程Talent cultivation: 人才培养Academic exchange: 学术交流Digital learning: 数字化学习Education equity: 教育公平性文化与娱乐：Cultural industry: 文化产业Artistic expression: 艺术表达Cultural tourism: 文化旅游Film festival: 电影节Music concert: 音乐会Literary award: 文学奖项Cultural heritage sites: 文化遗产地Performing arts center: 表演艺术中心Art exhibition: 艺术展览Online streaming platform: 在线流媒体平台经济与金融：Market-oriented reforms: 市场化改革Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Economic liberalization: 经济自由化Free trade zone: 自由贸易区Financial reform: 金融改革Stock market: 股票市场Monetary policy: 货币政策Economic globalization: 经济全球化Supply-side reforms: 供给侧改革Consumer market: 消费市场国际合作与外交：Belt and Road Initiative: 一带一路倡议Multilateral cooperation: 多边合作Diplomatic relations: 外交关系International trade: 国际贸易Foreign aid: 外援Cultural diplomacy: 文化外交Global governance: 全球治理Regional integration: 区域一体化International organizations: 国际组织Peacekeeping missions: 维和任务社会变革与社会价值观：Gender equality: 性别平等Family values: 家庭价值观Social equality: 社会平等Human dignity: 人的尊严Social justice: 社会公正Civil society: 公民社会Youth empowerment: 青年赋权Volunteerism: 志愿服务Social inclusion: 社会包容Cultural diversity: 文化多样性人民生活与社会福利：Living standards: 生活水平Social security system: 社会保障体系Health insurance: 医疗保险Education system: 教育体系Housing affordability: 住房可负担性Consumer rights: 消费者权益Social welfare: 社会福利Elderly care services: 老年人护理服务Maternity leave: 产假Cultural activities: 文化活动科技与创新：Technological advancements: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development (R&D): 研发Intellectual property rights: 知识产权Science parks: 科技园区Start-up ecosystem: 创业生态系统High-tech industries: 高科技产业Digital transformation: 数字化转型Artificial intelligence (AI): 人工智能Big data analytics: 大数据分析环境保护与可持续发展：Environmental conservation: 环境保护Sustainable development: 可持续发展Clean energy: 清洁能源Carbon emissions: 碳排放Renewable resources: 可再生资源Ecological restoration: 生态恢复Green technology: 绿色技术Waste management: 废物管理Biodiversity conservation: 生物多样性保护Climate change mitigation: 气候变化缓解城市化与城市发展：Urbanization: 城市化Urban planning: 城市规划Smart cities: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Public transportation: 公共交通Urban renewal: 城市更新Urban design: 城市设计Urban governance: 城市治理Urban development: 城市发展Housing construction: 住房建设医疗与健康：Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Universal health coverage: 全民医保Primary healthcare: 基层医疗Medical research: 医学研究Disease prevention and control: 疾病预防和控制Telemedicine: 远程医疗Health promotion: 健康促进Traditional Chinese medicine: 中医药Public health emergency response: 公共卫生应急响应Health education: 健康教育法律与司法：Rule of law: 法治Judicial reform: 司法改革Legal system: 法律体系Legal rights: 法律权益Legal aid: 法律援助Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Judicial independence: 司法独立Criminal justice: 刑事司法Civil litigation: 民事诉讼Legal awareness: 法律意识体育与奥运：Sports development: 体育发展Olympic Games: 奥运会Sportsmanship: 体育精神Athlete training: 运动员培训Sports facilities: 体育设施Sports culture: 体育文化Sports diplomacy: 体育外交Fair play: 公平竞争Paralympic Games: 残奥会Sports nutrition: 运动营养军事与国防：National defense: 国防Military modernization: 军事现代化Defense technology: 防务技术Peacekeeping operations: 维和行动National security: 国家安全Defense budget: 国防预算Military strategy: 军事战略Defense industry: 国防工业Cybersecurity: 网络安全Military cooperation: 军事合作经济与贸易：Economic reform: 经济改革Market-oriented economy: 市场经济Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Free trade: 自由贸易Economic globalization: 经济全球化Export-oriented manufacturing: 出口导向型制造业Financial market: 金融市场E-commerce: 电子商务Economic growth: 经济增长Sustainable development: 可持续发展科学与教育：Scientific research: 科学研究Technological innovation: 技术创新STEM education: 科学、技术、工程和数学教育Knowledge-based economy: 知识经济Research institute: 研究所Academic exchange: 学术交流Science and technology policy: 科技政策Intellectual property protection: 知识产权保护Educational reform: 教育改革Lifelong learning: 终身学习社会与人文：Social harmony: 社会和谐Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Social equality: 社会平等Gender equality: 性别平等Social welfare: 社会福利Volunteer work: 志愿者工作Community development: 社区发展Cultural tolerance: 文化包容Ethical values: 道德价值观Social responsibility: 社会责任农业与农村发展：Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Agricultural productivity: 农业生产力Agricultural subsidies: 农业补贴Rural infrastructure: 农村基础设施Agricultural technology: 农业技术Rural entrepreneurship: 农村创业Agricultural sustainability: 农业可持续性Farmer's income: 农民收入Crop diversification: 农作物多样化交通与基础设施：Transportation network: 交通网络High-speed rail: 高铁Expressway: 高速公路Urban transportation: 城市交通Airport construction: 机场建设Port development: 港口发展Bridge and tunnel: 桥梁和隧道Public transportation system: 公共交通系统Infrastructure investment: 基础设施投资Smart transportation: 智能交通外交与国际关系：Diplomatic relations: 外交关系Bilateral cooperation: 双边合作Multilateral cooperation: 多边合作International trade: 国际贸易Global governance: 全球治理International cooperation: 国际合作Foreign aid: 外援Peacekeeping mission: 维和任务Non-interference policy: 不干涉政策Soft power: 软实力党风廉政与反腐败：Party discipline: 党纪Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Party building: 党建设Clean governance: 清廉政府Anti-graft measures: 反贪措施Integrity education: 廉政教育Corruption investigation: 腐败调查Asset recovery: 资产追回Whistleblower protection: 举报保护Anti-corruption legislation: 反腐败立法城市化与城市发展：Urbanization: 城市化Urban planning: 城市规划Urban renewal: 城市更新Sustainable urban development: 可持续城市发展Smart city: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Urban transport system: 城市交通系统Urban design: 城市设计Urban environmental protection: 城市环境保护Urban governance: 城市治理环境保护与可持续发展：Environmental protection: 环境保护Pollution control: 污染治理Carbon emissions reduction: 碳排放减少Renewable energy: 可再生能源Ecological conservation: 生态保护Biodiversity preservation: 生物多样性保护Clean energy development: 清洁能源开发Waste management: 废物处理Green technology: 绿色技术Sustainable development goals: 可持续发展目标科技与创新：Technological advancement: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development: 研发Artificial intelligence: 人工智能Big data: 大数据Internet of Things: 物联网Cloud computing: 云计算Robotics: 机器人技术Quantum computing: 量子计算5G technology: 5G技术社会保障与福利：Social security: 社会保障Pension system: 养老金制度Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Social insurance: 社会保险Poverty alleviation program: 扶贫计划Social assistance: 社会救助Disability rights: 残疾人权益Maternity benefits: 生育津贴Unemployment insurance: 失业保险Housing welfare: 住房福利人民生活水平提高：Standard of living: 生活水平Income inequality: 收入不平等Consumerism: 消费主义Quality of life: 生活质量Education equality: 教育平等Affordable housing: 负担得起的住房Employment opportunities: 就业机会Social mobility: 社会流动性Leisure and entertainment: 休闲与娱乐Consumer rights: 消费者权益法律与知识产权保护：Intellectual property rights: 知识产权Patent protection: 专利保护Copyright infringement: 侵权Trademark registration: 商标注册Anti-counterfeiting measures: 打击假冒行动Cybersecurity: 网络安全Data protection: 数据保护Legal enforcement: 法律执法Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败斗争Anti-money laundering: 反洗钱。

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第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

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1.What will Matthew do on the weekend?A.Attend an exhibition.B.Enter a contest.C.Visit China.2.Where do the speakers want to go?A.To a supermarket.B.To a bank.C.To a restaurant.3.When will the man see the film?A.At1:30p.m.B.At3:30p.m.C.At5:30p.m.4.What are the speakers mainly talking about?A.A noisy night.B.A place of living.C.Their sleeping habits.5.Why did the man call the woman last night?A.To give her fruits.B.To invite her to a party.C.To ask for her cousin's number.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：Environmental regulation and international trade出处：Journal of Regulatory Economics Volume 8, Number 1,61-72,DOI:10.1007/BF01066600作者：Eftichios Sophocles Sartzetakis and Christos Constantatos 原文：Environmental regulation and international trade Abstract ：In this paper, we investigate how a country's choice of environmental policy instrument affects the international competitiveness of its firms. We show that in a Cournot-Nash equilibrium, the total marke share of firms regulated through tradeable emission permits increases relative to that of the firms operating under command and control due to better allocation of total abatement among the firms in the country. Our work suggests that free trade situations should not only result in similar environmenta standards but also in similar regulatory regimes. It may come as no surprise that the environmental authorities in Canada are seriously considering following the United States in instituting a trade able emission permits mechanism.1. IntroductionIn recent years, increased awareness of environmental issues has made pollution control, notably the control of emissions, an important topic in public policy discussions. A commonly raised objection against emissions control is that this may impair the competitiveness of the domestic industry in international markets. In particular, it has been argued that firms operating in countries with low environmental standards will acquire substantial cost advantages over international competitors operating in more environmentally conscious countries. Concern has even been expressed that some countries could become "pollution havens" by attracting industries through low environmental standards; see for example, Markusen et al. (1993). While earlier empirical research by Leonard (1988) and Tobey (1989; 1990) suggested that differences in environmental standards did not have significant impact on trade patterns, more recent work by Lucas et al. (1992) showed that this impact may be important.Substantial literature has been devoted to the impact of environmental policy on trade patterns. The link between trade and the environment is rooted in policy rigidities that prevent authorities from achieving first best optimality. In the absence of any restrictions on the use of environmental and trade policies, any impact the former might have on a country's terms of trade could easily be offset by theappropriate choice of tariffs. International agreements as well as the action of domestic lobbying groups may in fact limit the applicability of trade and/or environmental policy instruments. Baumol and Oates (1988) and Markusen (1975) consider limitations in the exercise of environmental policy and examine modifications to the first-best tariffs necessary to account for environmental issues. Krutilla (1991) and Markusen (1975) consider cases in which international trade agreements limit the use of tariffs leaving environmental regulation as the only feasible policy towards rent extraction from foreigners. In all cases, it is found that the second-best tariff or environmental tax may be higher or smaller compared to its first-best level.Kennedy (1994) also considers environmental policy as the only instrument in the presence of transboundary pollution within an imperfectly competitive global environment. Rather than looking at the optimal tax level, he determines the Nash equilibrium pollution taxes and shows that strategic interaction between countries results to equilibrium taxes that are lower than what is globally efficient. Finally, Copeland (1994) recognizes the possibility of restrictions on the use of both environmental and trade policy instruments and investigates conditions for gradual policy reforms to be welfare improving. His work emphasizes the need for coordinated trade and pollution policies in order to avoid exacerbating distortions and shows that small policy reforms may be more easily implemented under a quota rather than a tax regime. He also finds that international factor mobility increases the benefits from reforming pollution policy.In this paper, we deal with the impact of environmental policy on trade patterns. Our work differs from the aforementioned papers in that, instead of focusing on the level of environmental standards, we concentrate on the impact of the type of regulatory regime on a country's international competitiveness. This particular focus is motivated by the following observations. First, the fact that some countries have already adopted "incentive based" regulatory policy instruments--namely taxes and tradeable emissions permits--while others are more hesitant to move in this direction and continue to apply command and control regimes. Second, that environmental standards tend not to be significantly different among developed countries; see Cropper and Oates (1992). The similarity of standards is merely due to similar preferences for environmental protection and/or international agreements. Concerning the latter, one can argue that as rising environmental consciousness pushes countries towards more stringent regulation, free-trade agreements will no longer be able to neglect environmental issues; the need to prevent the use of lax environmental standards as a substitute for trade policy will make international agreements a necessary complement to any tariff-reducing agreement. Thus, a certain convergence of pollution standards among countries may arise as a side effect of the current trend towards trade liberalization. There is, however, no apparent reason why international agreements should impose on participant countries any specific regulatory regime.Even in a context of differing environmental standards, the impact of differing regimes on international competitiveness should not be neglected. As we show, for large differences in abatement technology, a more efficient regulatory regime mayyield an advantage substantial enough to outweigh any trade disadvantage stemming from a more stringent environmental regulation. Thus, the country with the more efficient regulatory regime can either increase its international market share or afford a better environmental protection without putting its firms in a competitive disadvantage.Among the various regulatory instruments, Pigouvian taxes, tradeable emission permits (TEP), and command and control (CAC) are the most commonly used. The equivalence of emission taxes and permits, when there are no transaction costs or imperfections in the permit market and the regulator has full information, is well established in the literature. While Pigouvian taxes are used mainly in Europe, there is an increasing interest in North America in the use of tradeable permits as an alternative to the widespread CAC regulation. In the present paper, we employ emission permits as the representative of the incentive based instruments. A number of studies have tried to evaluate the welfare merits of each system by performing comparative statics in a closed economy; see, for example, Malueg (1990), Copeland (1990), and Sartzetakis (1993). However, no work has yet examined the simulta-neous use of different types of regulation in an international trade context.In this paper, we consider two countries imposing the same environmental standards through different regulatory regimes and examine the potential effects of this asymmetry on trade patterns. More specifically, we are interested in finding whether the adoption of any specific regime might help a country's industry to increase its share in international markets.The paper is organized as follows: section 2 describes the main model in the absence of regulation; sections 3 and 4 derive the reaction functions of the firms under a CAC and a TEP regulation, respectively; and section 5 analyses the free-trade equilibrium under the simultaneous presence of both regulatory regimes. Section 6 contains the concluding remarks. Most proofs have been abbreviated with more details provided in the corresponding appendices.6. ConclusionsWe investigate how a country's choice of environmental policy instrument affects the international competitiveness of firms in that country. We show that in a Cournot-Nash equilibrium, the total market share of firms regulated through a TEP system increases relative to that of the firms operating under a CAC system. This is due to the fact that a TEP system better allocates total abatement among the firms in the country. The advantage of a TEP system becomes more pronounced as the diversity of abatement technologies within the country that implements a CAC regulation is increased. For large differences between the two firms' abatement costs, the enactment of environmental regulation may increase the output of the country that implements a TEP regulation relative to the pre-regulation situation. Our work suggests, therefore, that free trade situations should not only result in similar environmental standards but also in similar regulatory regimes. The fact that environmental authorities in Canada are seriously considering following the United States in instituting environmental regulations through tradeable emission permitssystems is consistent with the above result.The advantage of TEP regulations must be qualified for the competitive emission permit market assumption. Hanh (1984) has shown that in autarky, when the industry is competitive, a non-competitive permit market result in efficiency losses, but remains more efficien than a CAC system. Further, Sartzetakis (1993) fias shown that a CAC regulation may be welfare superior to a non-competitive permits market when the industry is also non-competitive. These results indicate that the advantage of a TEP system may be substantially reduced in the presence of imperfections in the permits market.Background：State EnvironmentalismAmong other things the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and related national environmental legislation were born out of the concern that the patchwork of diverse state environmental standards evolving in the early 1970s would wreak havoc on interstate commerce and create competitive disadvantages for states striving to improve environmental quality. National environmental legislation was expected to level the playing field.Although national environmental policies have certainly raised the minimum level of environmental standards, three decades later very important differences in state environmental policies remain, as anyone who works in business or industry can attest. Federal laws notwithstanding, state regulations governing hazardous waste disposal, wetlands filling, air and water pollution, and wildlife protection vary considerably between Louisiana and Massachusetts, Mississippi and New Jersey, and Idaho and California.Some of these differences can be explained in terms of “need.” The more heavily industrialized and urbanized states have more serious environmental problems and hence require more stringent controls. Other differences can be attributed to variations in state political cultures. Sagebrush states, for example, tend to reflect the “leave people be” attitude of their residents.Regardless of what may explain these differences tabulating and comparing the characteristics of environmental policies among the states produces an interesting snapshot of the relative degree of “environmentalism”among the states. TABLE 1 lists the states in order, starting with those with the weakest environmental policies and moving down to the strongest, for 1982 and 1990. A detailed description of the precise method for deriving the scores underlying these listings is not important for our purposes. In essence each state was scored on a set of roughly twenty environmental policy indicators, for example: wetlands policy, hazardous waste disposal policy, and non-point source pollution policy. The scores across each of the policy areas were then summed. Since the 1982 and 1990 lists were scaled differently by their respective creators the scores for each period I standardized them (subtracting the mean for each respective series and dividing by the standard deviation) in order to allow meaningful comparisons. Consequently, a unit change in environmental score represents an approximate jump from the state ranked tenth (going weak to strong environmental policies) to the "average" state (i.e, the state ranked twenty-five).Another unit jump in environmental score would land on the state ranked about fortieth. Therefore a two unit difference on the environmental scale separates the ten states with the weakest environmental policies from the ten states with the strongest policies.What is important is that the listings are intuitive: the states that most of us would guess as having the most stringent environmental regulations appear near the bottom of the list. Those that we would imagine to have less rigorous standards are found near the top. This is essential for the analysis to be credible. Environmentalists, politicians, business and industry must "feel" comfortable that the correct comparisons are being made. If, for example, New Jersey were scored as have weak environmental policies it would simple (and proper) to dismiss the analysis.译文：环境规制与国际贸易摘要：从本文中，我们得知一个国家的环境政策工具会影响该国公司的国际竞争力。

CATII英语二级- 2023年高频时政热词（一）【中美贸易】1.限制投资impose investment restrictions on2.国际产业分工现实the reality of the international industrial division of labor3.实际对华投资金额paid-in US investment in China4.原材料raw materials5.中间品intermediary goods6.替代供应商alternative suppliers7.对华货物出口goods exports to China8.美国农产品对华出口exports of American agricultural produce to China9.全球供应链global supply chains10.资源最佳配置optimal resource allocation11.强制技术转让forced technology transfer12.全球产业链和供应链global industrial chains13.损害世界贸易组织权威性undermine the authority of the WTO14.争端解决机制the dispute settlement system15.最终产品end-products16.能源产品energy products17.达成初步共识reach preliminary consensus on18.强制性要求mandatory requirements19.务实解决方案practical solutions20.全球经贸格局global economic and trade landscape21.物美价廉的消费品value-for-money consumer goods22.多边贸易体制the multilateral trading system23.国际贸易秩序the international trade order24.通过谈判磋商解决问题resolve issues through negotiation and consultation25.深入交换意见in-depth exchanges of views on26.取得实质性进展make substantial progress27.坦诚、建设性的交流candid and constructive discussions28.扩大共同利益expand common interests29.提升产品和企业竞争力enhance the competitiveness of Chinese products andcompanies30.扩大外资市场准入expand market access for foreign investment【全球治理体系】31.文化多样cultural diversity32.新型国际关系a new type of international relations33.人类命运共同体a community with a shared future for mankind34.地区和国际事务regional and international affairs35.广泛共同利益extensive common interests36.贸易伙伴trading partners37.合作共赢win-win cooperation38.全球治理体系the global governance system39.共商共建共享the principle of consultation and cooperation for shared benefits40.主张开放包容透明uphold openness, inclusiveness and transparency41.遵循国际规则observes international rules42.加强对话协作strengthen dialogue and coordination43.扩大战略共识与互信build strategic consensus and deepen mutual trust44.挖掘合作潜力unlock cooperation potential45.深化交流合作enhance exchanges and cooperation46.双向金融开放two-way openness of the financial sector47.国际金融体系改革reform in the international financial system48.贸易和投资自由化便利化trade and investment liberalization and facilitation49.共同发展繁荣common development and prosperity50.完善全球发展伙伴关系improve global partnership for development51.智能制造smart manufacturing52.新能源汽车new energy vehicles53.智能网联汽车intelligent connected vehicles54.智慧城市smart cities55.物联网Internet of Things56.数字经济the digital economy57.可再生能源消费renewable energy consumption58.国际环境公约international environmental conventions59.生物多样性保护biodiversity conservation60.循环经济the circular economy【孔子学院&汉语热】61.示范孔子学院the Model Confucius Institute62.孔子课堂Confucius Classrooms63.母语a mother tongue64.文化交流cultural exchanges/communication65.汉语热the enthusiasm for learning the Chinese language66.首选外语the first choice of foreign language67.汉语是全世界母语人口最多的语言Chinese language is spoken as a mothertongue by the world's largest number of population.68.中国文化的载体a carrier of the Chinese culture69.推广汉语教学advance Chinese language teaching and learning70.提升汉语教学水平improve the quality of Chinese teaching and learning71.学习汉语learn Chinese72.架起了中西方交融互鉴的桥梁a bridge of mutual learning between China andthe West73.中国与世界相互了解与合作的重要渠道an important channel of mutuallearning and cooperation between China and other countries around the world 74.这也正是孔院建立和发展的重要意义所在This is the significance of theConfucius Institute75.取得优异成绩have made remarkable achievements76.倡导平民教育advocate education for the common people77.主张“有教无类” champion the idea of "providing education for all peoplewithout discrimination"78.有接受教育的权利have access to education79.教学相长mutually reinforcing teaching and learning80.（某人的）核心教育理念the core of (one’s) philosophy about education81.学而不厌，诲人不倦Never be complacent with your learning, and never beimpatient with your teaching.82.中国哲学the Chinese philosophy83.鼓励探索精神encourage people to enjoy the process of exploration anddiscovery84.“黄金时代” the "Golden Era"85.学习与传授的互动interaction between teaching and learning86.通商结好trade and friendship87.十六届“汉语桥”世界大学生中文比赛the 16th Chinese Bridge - ChineseProficiency Competition for Foreign College Students88.高度重视attach great importance to/pay great attention to89.归功于be attributed to90.拔得头筹win the first place【文明交流】91.工商界精英business leaders92.青年才俊young talents93.传承五千年延绵不绝的中华文明carry five thousand years of Chinesecivilization94.开启中华文明宝库的钥匙the key to discover the gems of the Chinesecivilization95.中西方文化交流的纽带a bond between the Chinese and Western cultures96.人与自然的统一与和谐harmony between man and nature97.从宏观着眼，从大局出发give priority to the larger picture and always take along-term perspective98.崇尚和平the aspiration for peace99.解决国际争端resolve international disputes100.对话协商dialogue and negotiation101.一个发展日新月异，民众活力四射，文化开放包容的国度a fast developing, vigorous nation with open and inclusive culture102.勤劳睿智的人民the industrious, hard-working people103.走出一条特色发展道路blaze a distinctive path of development104.人文交流cultural and people-to-people exchanges105.培养创新型人才train innovative talents106.实现互利互赢deliver win-win results107.人与社会和谐harmony between individuals and the society108.人类命运共同体a community with a shared future for mankind109.中华文明the Chinese civilization110.中国梦the Chinese dream111.中华文明和平属性the peaceful nature of the Chinese civilization112.给民众带来实实在在的好处deliver tangible benefits to the people113.语言优势和人脉资源the language advantage and local connections114.付诸行动put ... to practice115.承担责任shoulder the responsibility116.讲好中国故事tell a good story about today's China117.中英人文交流people-to-people exchanges between China and Britain118.扩大合作expand cooperation119.相互了解与合作mutual learning and cooperation120.一个更加美好和谐的世界a more splendid and harmonious world for all【脱贫减贫】121.贫困户poor households122.全面建成小康社会build a moderately prosperous society in all respects123.贫困县全部摘帽 all poor counties leave poverty behind124.因地因人制宜we have tailored initiatives to the needs of different localities andindividuals.125.精准扶贫、精准脱贫alleviate and eradicate poverty in a targeted manner 126.行路难、吃水难、用电难、通讯难、上学难、就医难、住危房等问题在大部分地区得到了较好解决people in most areas have access to roads, drinking water, electricity, communication, education, medical services, and safe housing.127.形式主义formalities for formalities’ sake128.官僚主义bureaucratic practices129.强化产业扶贫strengthen poverty alleviation by developing industries in poor areas130.促进转移就业，让贫困群众有稳定的工作岗位promote nonagricultural employment opportunities for the surplus rural workforce so that poor people can find stable jobs.131.组织消费扶贫channel consumer spending to poor areas132.易地扶贫搬迁alleviate poverty through relocation133.深度贫困地区deeply impoverished areas134.建档立卡贫困人口people registered as living in poverty135.返贫slip back into poverty136.稳定脱贫长效机制long-term mechanisms for people to steadily make their way out of poverty137.中国智慧和中国方案Chinese wisdom and solutions138.贫困人口共享改革发展成果enable the poor population to share the fruits of reform and development139.义务教育compulsory education140.基本医疗basic medical services141.住房安全safe housing142.饮水安全safe drinking water143.陈规陋习outmoded customs and habits144.薄弱环节areas of weakness145.留守儿童children left behind in rural areas146.乡镇寄宿制学校boarding schools in towns and townships147.脱贫既要看数量，更要看质量Poverty alleviation must give consideration to both quantity and quality, but put greater focus on the latter.148.责任感、使命感a sense of mission and responsibility。