Adaptive matched filter detection in spherically invariant noise
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一种改进的自适应匹配滤波方法王泽玉;李明;卢云龙【摘要】In order to overcome the detection degradation for the conventional detectors in the limited-training environment,a modified adaptive matched filter is proposed by modeling the disturbance as an autoregressive process with unknown parameters.The detector is derived by resorting to a two-step design procedure:first derive the generalized likelihood ratio test under the assumption that the parameters of the autoregressive process are known,and then,the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters,based on the training data,are substituted in place of the true parameters into the test.The detection performance of the new receiver shows that the proposed receiver can lead to a noticeable performance improvement over the conventional adaptive matched filter. For a moderate size of radar echoes, the proposed detector performs close to the optimum matched filter even in the limited-training environment.%针对雷达目标检测中由于训练数据缺失导致传统自适应检测方法的检测性能下降的问题,提出一种改进的自适应匹配滤波方法.该方法首先将杂波用自回归过程表示;然后假设自回归参数已知,推导出广义似然比检验表达式;最后将采用训练数据估计得到的自回归参数的最大似然估计值代入广义似然比检验表达式中,代替已知的自回归参数.仿真实验结果表明,与传统的自适应方法相比,这种方法能在训练数据不足时提高检测性能.当雷达回波数目较大时,这种方法的检测性能接近理想的匹配滤波方法.【期刊名称】《西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版)》【年(卷),期】2018(045)001【总页数】6页(P12-16,82)【关键词】雷达检测;自适应匹配滤波;自回归建模【作者】王泽玉;李明;卢云龙【作者单位】西安电子科技大学雷达信号处理国家重点实验室,陕西西安710071;西安电子科技大学雷达信号处理国家重点实验室,陕西西安710071;西安电子科技大学雷达信号处理国家重点实验室,陕西西安710071【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN953在协方差矩阵未知的杂波环境下对目标进行检测是雷达最基本的任务.通常,假设存在一组不含目标的训练数据来估计未知的杂波协方差矩阵.在高斯杂波环境下,文献[1]提出了基于广义似然比检验(Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test, GLRT)的检测方法,该方法需要求得所有未知参数的最大似然估计.为了减少计算量,文献[2]提出了自适应匹配滤波(Adaptive Matched Filter, AMF)方法,首先假设杂波的协方差矩阵已知,推导出广义似然比检验表达式,然后将采用训练数据估计得到的协方差矩阵的最大似然估计值代入检验表达式中来代替已知的协方差矩阵.随后,其他的检测方法[3-6](如Rao检测,Wald检测等)被相继提出.然而,这些检测方法至少需要两倍系统自由度的训练数据来估计杂波的协方差矩阵[7-9].在实际检测环境中,这个条件难以满足.利用杂波的性质能有效地解决训练数据缺失情况下检测性能下降的问题.众所周知,杂波可以用阶数较低的自回归过程来表示.文献[10]利用自回归频谱估计提出一种自适应滤波方法来抑制杂波.在色高斯噪声环境下,假设目标信号已知,文献[11]将噪声用自回归过程来表示并采用广义似然比检验准则来进行检测.考虑到文献[11]中的目标模型较为简单,文献[12]针对未知幅度的信号,提出一种自回归广义似然比检测方法.渐进性能分析表明,该检测方法具有渐进恒虚警特性.文献[13]在完全均匀场景和不同距离单元的杂波协方差矩阵结构不同的非均匀场景中,针对自回归过程的阶数已知和未知两种情形设计了4种基于广义似然比检验的检测器.近几年,基于多通道自回归过程的检测器也得到了广泛的研究[14-16].针对训练数据缺失情况下传统检测方法检测性能下降的问题,笔者提出基于自回归的自适应匹配滤波方法.该方法首先将杂波用自回归过程来表示,然后假设自回归参数已知,利用一步广义似然比检验准则设计检测器,最后利用训练数据对自回归参数进行估计,并将得到的自回归参数的最大似然估计值代入一步广义似然比检验表达式中,得到最终的基于自回归的自适应匹配滤波器.假设回波包含N个相干脉冲,目标检测问题可以用以下的二元假设检验来表示:其中,z0∈CN×1,表示待检测距离单元的数据;zt∈CN×1,t=1,…,K,表示不含目标的一组训练数据;nt∈ CN×1,t=0,…,K,是均值为零、协方差矩阵为R的独立复高斯向量;p= [1,exp(j Ω),…,exp(j(N-1)Ω)]T,是导向矢量;Ω是目标多普勒;α表示未知的目标幅度.假设杂波信号nt可以用阶数为M的自回归过程来表示:其中,a(m)=[a(1),…,a(M)]T,是复自回归参数向量;wt(l)表示均值为零、方差为σ2的复白高斯噪声,σ2是未知常量.为了解决上述问题,采用自适应匹配滤波(即两步广义似然比准则)进行检测.首先假设自回归参数a和σ2已知,基于广义似然比准则推导检验表达式;然后采用训练数据对a和σ2进行估计,将得到的最大似然估计值代入检验表达式中得到最终的结果.当N≫M时,z0在H0和H1条件下的概率密度函数可以分别表示为[17]其中,(·)H表示共轭转置.ut=[zt(M+1),…,zt(N)]T,t=0,…,K,是 N-M 维的复列向量;q= [p(M+1),…,p(N)]T,是 N-M 维的复列向量是 (N-M)× M维的矩阵是 (N-M)× M维的矩阵.首先假设a和σ2已知,推导广义似然比检验表达式:其中,η表示检测门限.由式(4)和式(5)可以看出,参数α的最大似然估计可以通过对表达式J(α)= [u0+ Y0a- α(q+ P a)]H [u0+ Y0a- α(q+ P a)]求α的最小值得到.将J(α)展开,可以得到其中,Re[·]表示取实部.显然,当包含绝对值的第1项等于0时,表达式J(α)取得最小值.因此,α的最大似然估计值为将α的最大似然估计值即式(7)代入到表达式J(α)中,得到其中,H=I-(q+P a)(q+P a)H/[(q+P a)H(q+P a)],是一个幂等矩阵.将式(3)~(4)和式(8)代入式(5)中,得到基于广义似然比的检验表达式其中,=H u0,=H Y0.利用训练数据对自回归参数a和σ2进行估计,并将得到的自回归参数的最大似然估计值代入一步广义似然比检验表达式(9)中代替已知的a和σ2.训练数据zt的联合概率密度函数可以表示为对联合概率密度函数取对数,得到对式(11)关于σ2求导并令导数等于零,即可得到σ2的最大似然估计值将式(12)代入到式(11)中,可得从式(13)可以看出,参数a的最大似然估计可以通过对表达式求关于a的最小值得到.将表达式Q(a)展开,可得其中,由于SY Y是非负定的,且式(14)中的第2项和第3项与a无关,可以得到[18]参数a的最大似然估计为将a和σ2的最大似然估计值(即式(12)和式(16))代入式(9)中并化简,得到基于自回归的自适应匹配滤波器:其中,ηAR-AMF表示检测门限.对所提出的基于自回归的自适应匹配滤波方法的检测性能进行分析.仿真参数设置为: Ω=1,a= [-0.25+ 0.25j,0.3]T,σ2=2,Pfa= 10-2.信干噪比定义为RSINR= pHR-1p,R表示杂波的协方差矩阵,可以通过a和σ2确定.检测概率和门限分别通过 100/ Pfa和 1 000/ Pfa次独立的蒙特卡罗实验确定.图1和图2分别为K=2和K=20情况下,N取不同值时检测概率随着信干噪比变化的曲线.为了进行对比,理想的匹配滤波器(Matched Filter, MF)[2]的检测概率曲线也在图中画出.虽然理想的匹配滤波器在实际中无法实现,然而其提供了对比的基准.以下的实验结果均采用理想匹配滤波器检测概率的理论值.从图1和图2可以看出,随着脉冲数N的增加,基于自回归的自适应匹配滤波方法的检测性能逐渐提高.由图1可知,当 K=2,N=8,Pd=0.9 时,笔者提出的方法相对于理想的匹配滤波器的性能损失约为 5 dB;当脉冲数N增加到40时,性能损失减小到 1 dB;当脉冲数N增加到100时,性能损失小于 1 dB.因此,当脉冲数较大时,即使在训练数据严重缺失的情况下,笔者提出的方法仍然能获得与理想的匹配滤波器相近的检测性能.从图2可以看出,当 K=20,N>40 时,笔者提出的方法相对于理想匹配滤波器的性能损失可以忽略.因此,当脉冲数不是很小时,笔者提出的方法是训练数据缺失情况下检测目标的一种有效方法.图3表示N=30,K=5,30,60,150的情况下,检测概率随信干噪比变化的曲线.为了进行对比,传统的广义似然比检测器[1]和自适应匹配滤波器[2]的检测性能也在图中画出.从图中可以看出,随着信干噪比的增加,笔者提出的方法(AR-AMF)、传统的广义似然比检测器(GLRT)和自适应匹配滤波器(AMF)的检测性能均逐渐提高.这是由于训练数据的增加使得估计得到的参数值更加精确.在图3(a)中,传统的广义似然比检测器和自适应匹配滤波并没有画出,这是由于 K<N 使得传统方法中的采样协方差矩阵奇异.从图3(b)可以看出,当训练数据较小时,传统的广义似然比检测器和自适应匹配滤波方法的检测性能损失严重,笔者提出的方法相比于传统的方法有明显的性能增益.这是由于笔者提出的方法利用了杂波的性质,使得检测性能有所提高.随着训练数据的增加,传统方法相对于笔者提出的方法的性能损失逐渐减少,而笔者提出的方法仍优于传统的方法.由图3(c)和图3(d)可知,当 K=60,检测概率 Pd=0.9 时,笔者提出的方法相对于传统方法的增益差约为 3 dB;当训练数据 K=5N,Pd=0.9 时,笔者提出的方法与传统自适应匹配滤波器的性能增益差小于 1 dB.从以上仿真可知,在训练数据缺失的情况下,笔者提出的基于自回归的自适应匹配滤波方法通过利用杂波的性质使检测性能有所改善.仿真结果验证了笔者提出方法的有效性.针对训练数据缺失情况下传统自适应检测方法检测性能下降的问题,笔者提出一种基于自回归的自适应匹配滤波方法.该方法首先利用杂波的性质,将杂波用一个自回归过程表示;然后假设自回归参数已知,推导广义似然比检验表达式;最后利用训练数据估计未知的自回归参数,并将得到的自回归参数的最大似然估计值代入广义似然比检验表达式中,得到基于自回归的自适应匹配滤波检测器.仿真实验表明,在只有少量训练数据存在的情况下,笔者提出的方法优于传统的自适应检测方法.同时,当脉冲数较大时,笔者提出方法的检测性能接近理想的匹配滤波器.下一步的工作拟解决脉冲数较小情况下的自适应检测问题.[1] KELLY E J. 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专利名称:ADAPTIVE FILTERING OF MATCHED-FILTER DATA发明人:WARREN, Ronald, W.,BREED, Ben, R.申请号:US1997000563申请日:19970120公开号:WO97/027497P1公开日:19970731专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要:An adaptive processor which uses the successive range and Doppler outputs of a conventional matched-filter to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for non whitenoise/clutter. The adaptive processor minimizes the output for a given range and Doppler cell with the constraint that the response to signals returning with specified range and Doppler offsets, with respect to the center of the range-Doppler cell, each have specified values. Weights are derived which can be applied to range-Doppler outputs in the neighborhood of the range-Doppler cell to minimize its output subject to the constraints. The weights depend on an estimate of the cross-covariance matrix of the various outputs of the range-Doppler cells that are to be weighted. The constraint parameters are specified in terms of the ambiguity function of the transmitted waveform. Synthetically generated covariance matrices or combinations of measured and synthetic matrices can also be used to produce desired modifications to the resulting range-Doppler response of the adapted process.申请人:HE HOLDINGS, INC. doing business as HUGHES ELECTRONICS地址:7200 Hughes Terrace Los Angeles, CA 90045-0066 US国籍:US代理机构:GRUNEBACH, Georgann, S.更多信息请下载全文后查看。
第44卷第6期航天返回与遥感2023年12月SPACECRAFT RECOVERY & REMOTE SENSING45面向高光谱图像的目标检测研究高大化贺昱董宇波*刘丹华李浩勇石光明(西安电子科技大学,西安710071)摘要现有的高光谱目标检测方法是通过逐像素分类而实现,导致了检测速度缓慢。
物体级目标检测的发展为高光谱图像实时目标检测带来了希望。
为了实现实时高光谱图像目标检测,文章提出了一种基于目标检测模型YOLO的卷积神经网络算法。
首先,该算法提出了用多尺度光谱注意力网络(Res2NetSE)来提取空谱特征,能够提升多尺度目标检测效果并能更有效地提取关键波段信息;其次,该算法提出了一个空间增强的特征金字塔模块(Spatial Enhanced FPN,SFPN)用于特征融合,提升了神经网络的感受野和多尺度性能;最后,该算法设计了FIOU(Fantastic IoU)损失函数,提升了预测框定位精度。
实验结果表明,所提出的算法能够有效提取空间域和光谱域信息特征,分别在平均准确率上提升了14.19%、8.01%和5.38%,与现有方法相比表现出更出色的性能。
文章的算法为高光谱图像的物体级目标检测提供了一种有效的解决方案,有望推动高光谱图像分析领域的进一步发展。
关键词光谱注意力特征金字塔高光谱目标检测物体级目标检测高光谱图像处理中图分类号: TP753文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1009-8518(2023)06-0045-12DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-8518.2023.06.005Object Detection for Hyperspectral ImagesGAO Dahua HE Yu DONG Yubo*LIU Danhua LI Haoyong SHI Guangming(Xidian University, Xiʹan 710071, China)Abstract Existing hyperspectral image (HSI) target detection methods rely on pixel-wise classification, resulting in slow detection speed. The development of object detection offers hope for real-time HSI target detection. To achieve real-time HSI target detection, this paper proposes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm based on YOLO. Firstly, the algorithm introduces a multi-scale spectral attention network (Res2NetSE) to extract spectral features, thereby improving multi-scale target detection and effectively capturing critical spectral information. Secondly, the algorithm presents a Spatial Enhanced Feature Pyramid Module (SFPN) for feature fusion, further enhancing the neural network's receptive field and multi-scale performance.Finally, the algorithm designs a Fantastic IoU (FIOU) loss function to enhance the precision of predicted bounding boxes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively extract spatial and spectral features, achieving performance improvements of 14.19%, 8.01%, and 5.38% in terms of mean average precision (mAP) when compared to existing methods. The proposed algorithm offers an effective solution for real-time object detection in HSIs, with the potential to advance the analysis of HSI further.收稿日期:2023-06-30基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFA0706604);国家自然科学基金(61976169,62293483,62205260)引用格式:高大化, 贺昱, 董宇波, 等. 面向高光谱图像的目标检测研究[J]. 航天返回与遥感, 2023, 44(6): 45-56.GAO Dahua, HE Yu, DONG Yubo, et al. Object Detection for Hyperspectral Images[J]. Spacecraft Recovery &Remote Sensing, 2023, 44(6): 45-56. (in Chinese)46航天返回与遥感2023年第44卷Keywords spectral attention; feature pyramid networks; HSI target detection; object detection; HSI processing0 引言高光谱成像技术是利用成像光谱仪,在光谱覆盖范围内的数十或数百条光谱波段对目标物体连续成像。
analog 模拟digital 数字的binary-coded number 二进制编码数electromagnetic induction 电磁感应telegraph 电报triode vacuum tube 三级真空管broadcasting 广播amplitude modulation (AM)幅度调制frequency modulation (FM)频率调制phase modulation (PM) 相位调制transistor 晶体管linear integrated circuit 线性集成电路microwave 微波satellite 卫星optical fiber 光纤shortwave 短波negative-feedback amplifier 负反馈放大器PCM(Pulse-Code Modulation)脉冲编码调制time-division multiplexing (TDM)时分多路stereo FM 立体声调频error-correction code 纠错编码adaptive equalization 自适应均衡random access memory (RAM)随机存取存储器VLSI(very large scale integration)超大规模集成FAX (facsimile) 传真cellular telephone 蜂窝电话移动电话oscilloscope 示波器spread spectrum system 扩频系统ISDN(integrated services digital network)综合业务数字网HDTV(high definition television)高清晰度电视transmitter 发射机channel 信道频道通道receiver 接收机baseband 基带bandwidth (BW)频带宽度带宽ADC(analog-digital converter)模数变换器carrier 载波载流子bandpass signal 带通信号signal sideband (SSB)单边带phase-shift keying(PSK)相移键控ITU(international telecommunications union)国际电信联盟PTN(public telecommunications network)公用电信网络LOS propagation 视线传播ionospheric reflection 电离层反射high fidelity (Hi-Fi)高保真度signal-to-noise 信噪比interference 干扰mapping 映射dimension 维数量纲frequency selectivity 频率选择性photocathode 光电阴极raster scanning 光栅扫描blanking pulse 消隐脉冲multiplexer 多路转换器encoder 编码器decoder 译码器pixel 像素vocal tract filter 声道滤波器melodic structure 韵律结构harmonic structure 谐波结构interlaced fields 交替的场horizontal retrace 水平行回程primary colors 基色interactive video 交互式视频ASCII 美国标准信息交换码DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换JPEG (joint photographic experts group)联合图像专家组MPEG(motion photographic experts group)) 活动图像专家组synchronous transmission 同步传输asynchronous transmission 异步传输frame 帧frame-packing 成帧modeling 建模Fourier series(FS) 傅里叶级数transmission medium 传输介质coaxial cable 同轴电缆instantaneous power 瞬时功率decibel 分贝dBRF(radio frequency)射频commutator 换向器转接器ripple 波纹起伏ionosphere 电离层potential difference 电位差shot noise 散弹噪声flicker noise 闪变噪声noise figure 噪声系数mathematic model 数学模型rms value 均方根值orthogonal series 正交系数power density spectrum 功率谱密度common logarithm 以10为底的对数DC power supply 直流电源AC ripple 交流波纹AM receiver 调幅接收机thermal noise 热噪声root-mean-square(rms)alternating current (AC) 交流direct current (DC) 直流cable television (CATV)有线电视field-effect transistor (FET)场效应晶体管bipolar junction transistor(BJT)晶体三极管inductor coil 电感线圈inductor 电感器rating power 额定功率capacitor 电容器quality factor 品质因数piezoelectric crystal 压电晶体inductive reactance 感抗capacitive reactance容抗susceptance 电纳mounting capacitance 安装电容impedance 阻抗notch filter 陷波式滤波器oscillator 振荡器flywheel effect 飞轮效应feedback 反馈loop gain 环路增益voltage gain 电压增益amplifier 放大器扩音器emitter 发射机base 基极collector 集电极inductive coupling 电感耦合radio-frequency choke (RFC)射频扼流圈junction capacitance 结电容integrated-circuit (IC)集成电路buffer amplifier 缓冲放大器chip 芯片frequency synthesizer 频率合成器energy dissipation 能耗tank circuit 槽路sinusoidal signal 正弦信号crystal oscillator 晶体振荡器monolithic chip 单片VHF(very high frequency) 甚高频UHF(ultra high frequency)超高频uncertainty 不确定性误差probability 概率几率autocorrelation 自相关函数covariance 协方差strict-sense stationary process 狭义平稳过程严平稳过程wide- sense stationary process 广义平稳过程宽平稳过程second-order process 二阶平稳过程infinity 无穷大ergodic process 各态遍历过程Gaussian process 高斯过程stochastic process 随机过程random signal 随机信号deterministic signal 确定信号argument function 被积函数joint probability distribution 联合概率分布statistical parameter 统计参数mathematical expectation 数学期望Gaussian white noise 高斯白噪声ensemble average 总体平均time average 时间平均correlation function 相关函数auto covariance 自协方差the first-order moment 一阶矩sample space 样本空间random variable 随机变量unbiased estimation 无偏估计normalized 归一化linear functional 线性泛函antenna 天线nonlinear 非线性的envelope 包络AM DSBFC 全载波的双边带调幅modulator 调制器class A amplifier (A)甲类放大器transformer 变压器double sideband (DSB)双边带AM envelope调幅包络carrier signal 载波信号voice-grade 话音级modulation coefficient 调制系数lower side band (LSB)下边带lower side frequency (LSF)上边频upper side band (USB)上边带upper side frequency (USF)上边频phasor 相量vector 矢量nonlinear mixing非线性混频frequency domain 频域coupling capacitor 耦合电容final stage 末级(电路)modulating signal 调制信号modulated wave 已调波emitter modulator 发射机调制器DSB AM 双边带幅度调制transistorized transmission 晶体管化发射机unitless 无量纲的lo-level modulator 低电平调制器modulation 调制过程modulator 实现调制的电路modulating signal 调制信号demodulation 在接收端从已调波中恢复调制信号的过程demodulator 解调器duplicate 复制品,副本inversion 倒置elimination 消除canonical 规范的quadrature 正交discrimination 辨别,区别,识别力nonoverlapping 不相重叠的resonator 谐振器,振荡器simultaneous 同时的,同时发生的subsequent 后来的,并发的reinforcement 增援,加强,加固junction 连接,交叉点prescribe 指示,规定cutoff 截止,切掉coherent 相干的,一致的locally 在本地undergo 经历,遭受,忍受difference 差分,差别angle modulation 角度调制complex envelop 复包络proportional 比例量,成比例的intergral 积分,综合deviation constant 偏移常数subscript 下标的integrator 积分器,综合者cascade 串联,级联instantaneous 瞬间的,即刻的frequency deviation 频率偏移nonnegative 非负的正的peak-to-peak deviation 峰峰偏移phase modulation index 调相指数frequency modulation index 调频指数sinusoida 正弦的superposition 重叠,叠加原理approximation 接近,近似值sideband 边带multiplier 乘数,乘法器narrowband frequency modulation(NBFM)窄带频率调制wideband frequency modulation(WBFM)宽带频率调制frequency multiplication 倍频limiter 限幅器voltage-controlled-oscillator( V OC)压控振荡器incorporate合并混合PLL(phase locked loop) 锁相环frequency divider 分频器tolerance 耐性容限power spectral density(PSD)功率谱密度probability density function(PDF)概率密度函数intuitive直觉的viewpoint 观点emphasis加重preemphasis 预加重deemphasis去加重boost升压,attenuate 减弱信号,衰减longitudinalpotential位差,势差balun 巴伦,平衡—不平衡变压器electrostatic shield 静电屏蔽ribbon cable 带状传输线coaxial cable 同轴电缆open-wire 明线insulated 绝缘的,隔热的sheath 阳极,屏极stray capacitance 寄生电容杂散电容spacer 逆电流器dielectric 电介质绝缘体susceptible 易受影响的pick-up 获得polyethylene聚乙烯permittivity 介电常数reflectometry反射计impairment 损害,损伤echo 回声,回波prependicular 垂直的transponder 微型转发器vacuum 真空encounter 遭遇遇到infrared 红外线ultraviolet 紫外线refraction 折射diffract 衍射interference 干涉collide 碰撞penetrate 穿透渗透curve 曲线弯曲diffuse 漫射散开redistribution 重新分配opaque 不透明物phenomenon 现象wavelet小波finite 有限的simultaneously同时的polarization偏振极化negligible可以忽略的conductivity 传导性传导率induce感应navigation导航curvature曲率troposphere对流层ionize电离molecule 分子exert 施加vibrate 震动equivalent相当的ionization离子化nonuniform不均匀的stratified分层的parabolic抛物线的focal焦点resonance谐振共振dipole双极子偶极子mast天线竿triode 三极真空管klystron调速管magnetron磁控管radiotelephone 无线电话elliptically椭圆形的feedpoint馈点isotropic等方性的reciproal互易的beamwidth波束宽度omnidirectional全方向的parasitic寄生的concave凹的inphase同相的reradiated在辐射convergent汇聚性的convex凸的broadside侧面的crisscross十字形交叉power splitter 功率分配器dielectric电介质绝缘体boundary边界photophone光电话impurity杂质混杂物megabit百万兆位dispersion色散pulsing脉冲调制repester转发器regenerator再生器photodetector光电探测器threshold阀值,门限timing时序thermoelectric电热的splic接合cooler冷却器packaging封装adapter适配器jumper跳线overload超过负荷multiplexer多路复用器demultiplexer多路信号分离器doped 掺杂质的very large integration(VLSI)超大规模集成电路digital signal processing(DSP)数字信号处理noise immunity抗干扰度encryption加密programmable可编程的multipath and fading多径衰减power efficiency功率效率bandwidth efficiency带宽效率fidelity保真度pulse-width 脉冲宽度throughput吞吐量non-fading channel无衰落信道multimum-shift-keyed(MSK)最小位移键控on-off keying(OOK)开关键控unipolar 单极性的binary phase-shift keying(BPSK)二进制相移键控mark frequency传号频率space frequency空号频率premodulation预调制cosine-rolloff filter余弦滚降滤波器pilot carrier导频载波digital modulation index数字调制指数null-to-null bandwidth零点-零点带宽coherent相干检波ambiguity含糊differential差分编码integrate-and-dump matched filter积分清楚匹配滤波器digital-to-analog converter(DAC) 数模转换器offset 偏移量wavelength-division multiplexing(WDM)波分复用dense-WDM密集波分复用end-fire-array 端射阵phased array 相控阵inpedence matcher 阻抗匹配器erbium-doped fiber amplifiers 掺铒光纤放大器binary-coded 二进制编码的mainframe 主机,大型机interconnect 使互相连接information highway 信息高速公路indefinitely 不确定的facility 容易,便利,设备,工具secondary 次要的,二级的,第二的peripheral 外围的,外围设备data terminal equipment(DTE) 数据终端设备data conmunications equipment(DCE)数据通信设备vice versa 反之亦然serial 串行的parallel 并行的host主机topology 拓扑,布局,mesh 网孔,网套,陷阱citizens band 居民频带syntax 语法,句子结构interrogation 审问,问号American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) 美国信息交换标准码Extended Binary-Code Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) 扩充的二-十进制交换码teletype code 电传打字机电码least significant bit(LSB) 最低有效位most significant bit(MSB) 最高有效位partity 同等,平等,奇偶校验error control 差错控制error detection 检错error correction 纠错echoplex 回送checksum 校验和cyclic redundancy checking(CRC) 循环冗余检查backspace 退后一格,退格erroneous 错误的,不正确的circuitry 电线,线路hex 十六进制polynomial 多项式的symbol substitution 符号替换selective retransmission 选择性重传forward error correction 前向纠错ingtegrity 正直,诚实,完整性turnaround 回车场,转变,转向prior 在先,居先Hamming code 汉明码electronic mail 电子邮件handset 电话听筒,手机,手持机cellular phone 便携式电话,移动电话set-top TV box 电视机顶盒telephony 电话学,电话技术conversation 会话,交谈circuit switching 电路交换mechanical 机械的,呆板的bit stream 位流,比特流interface 分界面,界面,接口instruction 指令common channel signaling 公共信道信令trunk 干线中继线路subscriber telephone 电话用户digital carrier system 数字载波系统accommodate 供应,调节,调和deviate 异化,越轨,偏离nominal 名义上得Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN)综合业务数字网bidirectional 双向的full-duplex 全双工的facsimile 摹写,传真remote monitoring 远程监控videotext 可视图文videophone 可视电话attenuation 变薄,变细,衰减Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL)非对称用户数字线protocol 草案,协议character at a time 每次传送一个字符cross-talk 他处传来的干扰,串话severe 严厉的,剧烈的,严重的modem 调制解调器synchronous transmission 同步传输SDLC(Synchronous Data Link Control)同步数据链路控制HDLC(High-Level Data Link Control)高级数据链路控制LAPB 平衡型链路访问规程packet 包装,信息包preamble 前言,序,前导信号self-synchronizing code 自同步码store-and-forward packet-switching存储转发分组交换point-to-point 点对点intermittent 间歇的,断断续续的statistical multiplexing 统计复用Ethernet 以太网Chip 碎片,芯片,筹码LAN(Local Area Network) 局域网,本地网WAN(Wide Area Network) 广域网Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)异步传输模式cell 蜂窝,信源VCI 虚通路标识optical fiber 光纤cable television 有线电视,电缆电视Community Antenna Television(CATV)有线电视,公用天线电视obstruction 阻塞,妨碍,障碍物feeder 馈电线,电源线,连接线unidirectional 单向的,单向性的hybrid fiber/coaxial(HFC) 光缆与同轴电缆混合网fiber-to-the-curb(FTTC) 光纤到路边cable modem 电缆调制解调器nonadjacent 不临近的,不毗连的turn over 翻身,折腾,反复考虑Peer-to-Peer 对等网络wireline 有线线路toehold 排除障碍的方法notebook 笔记薄,笔记本palm-sized computer 掌上电脑backbone 脊椎,中枢,支柱,勇气terabit兆兆位Web 环球网bandwidth 带宽channel 信道,频道delay 延迟,时延hierarchy 层次结构pitch 音调substantially 充分的voiced 有声的,浊音的quasi-stationary 拟稳态的formant 共振峰,构形成分resonance 共鸣,回声,反响,谐振vocal track 声带vocoder 声码器VF(V oice Frequency) 话音频率adaptive subband coding 自适应自带编码vector quantization 矢量量化code excited linear prediction 码激励线性预测vector-sum excited linear prediction矢量和激励线性预测analysis-by-synthesis technique 分析合成技术codebook 码本best match 最佳匹配codec 多媒体数字信号编解码器probability distribution 概率分布autocorrelation 自相关successive 继承的,连续的unvoiced清音的quasiperiodicity 准周期性bandlimited 带限的time-discietized 时间离散化reconstruct 重建,改造,推想monotonically decreasing function 单调递减函数exponential 指数的,幂数的Gaussian distribution 高斯分布,正态分布variance 方差manifestation 显示,表现,示威运动coding gain 编码增益spectral flatness measure(SFM)谱平坦性测度geometric mean 几何平均redundancy冗余cordless 不用电线的,无绳preferentially 优待的perception 理解,感知,感觉harmonic 谐和的,和声的,谐波,谐函数sub-band coding(SBC) 子带编码block transform coding 块变换编码bandpass 带通band-splitting 子带分解articulation index 传声准率portion 一部分,一分in tune 和调子convolution 卷积,卷积积分multiplex 多路传输,多路复用alias 混淆,折叠quadrature mirror filters(QMF) 正交镜像滤波器latecy 等待时间,延迟cellular telephone system 蜂窝(移动)电话系统performance 性能,能力signal-to-noise radio 信噪比mean square error(MSE) 均方误差weighted 加权的diagnostic rhyme test(DRT) 押韵诊断测试diagnostic acceptability measure(DAM)接受能力诊断测试mean opinion score(MOS)平均主观评分inherently 天地性,固有性spectrum 频谱utilization 利用intrastate 周内的haul 托运距离noncoherent 非相干的simultaneously 同时的deviator 偏差器,致偏器scheme 安排,配置,计划,方案uniform 统一的,相同的,一致的,均衡的eventually 最后,终于mixer 混频器heterodyning 外差法,外差作用demodulator 解调器convey 搬运传达destination 目的地phenomenal 显著的telemetry 遥感勘测,自动测量记录传导diminishing 逐渐缩小的accommodate 供给,容纳investigate 调查,研究avenue 方法途径prohibitive 禁止的,抑制的adequate 适当的,足够的quantize 使量子化,量化discrete 不连续的,离散的aptly 适当的,适宜的lean 倾向,偏向designator 指示者,指定者so-called 所谓的,号称的astronomical 天文学的,天文celestial body 天体payload 有效载荷military 军事的,军用的subscriber 订户,签署者geostationary 与地球的相对位置之不变的aeronautical 航空学的roughly 概略的obstacle 障碍,障碍物govern 统治,支配constituent 要素hub 网络集线器,网络中心margin 极限,富余architecture 体系结构platform 平台cruise 巡航gateway 网关altenatively 作为选择,二者选一overlap 与..交叠implement 实现,执行hybrid 混合的latitude 纬度,地区guarantee 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怪物,妖怪,巨人methodology 一套方法provoke 激怒,挑拨,煽动,驱使regardless 不管,不顾terminology 术语学transceiver 无线电收发机,收发器pedestrian 步行者,徒步的,通俗的base station 基站scramble 扰频municipal 市政的,地方自治的trunking 中继census 人口普查hexagonal 六角形,六边形的honeycomb 蜂巢,蜂窝in accordance with 与..一致,依照macrocell 宏单元,宏小区radius 半径,范围,界限microcell 微小区virtue 德行,美德,贞操,优点,功效,效力mild 温和的,温柔的,适度的overlay 覆盖,microcellular 微小区intriguing 迷人的,有迷惑力的infrastructure 下部结构,基础组织splitting 分裂,裂解sector 使分成部分,扇形扫描overhead 在头上的,高架的handoff 手递手传递,移交metropolitan 首都的,大城市United States Digital Cellular(USDC)美国数字蜂窝系统compatible 谐调的,一致的,兼容的reuse 再使用time-division multiple accessing(TDMA)时分多址time slot 时间空档,时隙geographical 地理学得,地理的interleaving 交叉,交错threeflod 三倍encrypt 加密decrypt 解释明白,解密safeguard 维护,捍卫,eavesdropping 偷听channelization通信波道的选择coed-division multiple accession(CDMA) 码分多址Pilot 飞行员differentiate 区分,区别,微分spread-spectrum 扩频coherent 黏在一起的,相干的graceful 优美的,雅致的,适度的real time 实时asynchronous 不同时的,异步的重点词汇。
辅助数据缺失环境下结构化自适应目标检测器简涛;何友;廖桂生;王捷;周强【摘要】Non-homogeneous background clutter usually results in the performance degradation of tradition-al adaptive detectors.To improve the detection performance in scarce secondary data environment,an adaptive structured detector of radar targets is addressed herein.By utilizing the persymmetry of the clutter covariance matrix,an adaptive structured detector is designed based on the generalized likelihood ratio test,which en-hances the information utilization of the structural character of clutter spectral properties and the clutter in the cell under test.In the sequel,a real domain version is derived.The experimental results show that,the proposed detector has the constant false alarm rate and it performs robustly for different correlations of clutter.It is shown that, the proposed detector outperforms the traditional structured and unstructured detectors in scarce secondary data envi-ronment;and this advantage augments as the number of secondary data approaches the available minimum limit.%杂波背景非均匀导致经典自适应检测方法性能下降,为改善辅助数据缺失环境下的目标检测性能,研究了雷达目标结构化自适应检测方法。
Vol. 43, No. 3Mar., 2021第43卷第3期2021年3月舰船科学技术SHIP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY一种级联型自适应滤波器的混响抑制技术兰同宇,周胜增(上海船舶电子设备研究所,上海201108)摘 要:在浅海环境中混响是造成主动声呐性能下降的主要原因之一。
混响是由发射信号引起的,其频域上覆盖区域与发射信号基本重合,时域上与发射信号及目标回波强相关,这给混响和目标的分离造成了很大的困难。
本文借鉴PD 雷达中的动目标检测方法,提出一种适用于声呐动目标检测的滤波器设计算法。
该算法利用运动目标回波和混响在时频域上的不同特性,设计了级联自适应滤波器实现混响抑制和目标增强。
在此基础上进行匹配滤波 等处理可以获得理想的效果。
该算法可大幅提高信混比,有效改善运动目标的检测能力。
关键词:主动声呐;混响抑制;多普勒频移;自适应滤波器;特征矢量法中图分类号:TP393 文献标识码:A文章编号:1672 - 7649(2021)03 -0130-04 doi : 10.3404/j.issn.l672 - 7649.2021.03.025A cascaded adaptive filter for reverberation suppressionLAN Tong-yu, ZHOU Sheng-zeng(Shanghai Marine Electronic Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai 201108, China)Abstract: The perfonnance of active sonar often degrades dramatically because of reverberation in shallow water. Re verberation is caused by the transmitted signal. In the frequency domain, its coverage area basically coincides with the trans mitted signal, and in the time domain, it has strong correlation with the transmitted signal and target echo signals. This make it difficult to separate the reverberation from the target echo signals. This paper draws on a mature method of moving target detection in PD radar, and proposes an algorithm of filter design for underwater situation. The algorithm uses the differences between target echo signals and reverberation in the time and frequency domains, and designs two cascaded adaptive filters.The two filters accomplish the aim of reverberation suppression and target echo signals enhancement. On this basis, matched filters or other processing method will achieve optimal performance. This algorithm can increase the signal-to-reverberation ratio and effectively improve the detection ability of moving targets.Key words: active sonar ; reverberation suppression ; doppler shift ; adaptive filter ; eigenvector method0引言主动声呐探测中混响是干扰其性能的主要因素。
基于修正自适应匹配滤波器的机动目标检测方法李海;刘新龙;周盟;刘维建【摘要】机动目标回波的多普勒走动和训练样本不足导致常规自适应匹配滤波器(Adaptive Matched Filter, AMF)检测机动目标时运算量大且性能不佳。
针对此问题,该文提出一种基于修正AMF的机动目标检测方法。
该方法首先通过对角加载减少样本空间自由度,从而降低对训练样本数的需求;然后以3次相位变换(Cubic Phase Transform, CPT)分离估计加速度,并以估计值补偿多普勒走动,降低联合匹配搜索维度,进而减少运算量;最后进行积累检测。
仿真结果表明,该方法运算量低,可实现小样本下机动目标的有效检测,具有恒虚警(Constant False Alarm Rate, CFAR)特性。
%Owing to the Doppler frequency migration of the return signal of maneuvering targets and finite training samples, it is difficult to detect maneuvering targets by conventional Adaptive Matched Filter (AMF) detectors. To solve this problem, a new method is proposed. First, to minimize sample size impairments, the diagonal loading technique was adopted to decrease the degrees of freedom of the sample space. Second, the Doppler frequency migration was compensated by the estimated acceleration which was estimated by the cubic phase transform, so as to reduce the dimension of matched searching and degrade the heavy calculation load. Finally, accumulation detection was conducted. The simulation results suggest that the proposed method can efficiently detect maneuvering target in finite sample situations with simple computation and constant false alarm rate detection.【期刊名称】《雷达学报》【年(卷),期】2015(000)005【总页数】9页(P552-560)【关键词】机动目标检测;自适应匹配滤波器;3次相位变换;对角加载;多普勒走动【作者】李海;刘新龙;周盟;刘维建【作者单位】中国民航大学天津市智能信号与图像处理重点实验室天津 300300;中国民航大学天津市智能信号与图像处理重点实验室天津 300300;中国民航大学天津市智能信号与图像处理重点实验室天津 300300;空军预警学院黄陂士官学校武汉 430019【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN957空时自适应处理[1-3](Space-Time Adaptive Processing,STAP)是机载相控阵雷达杂波抑制的有效技术,以空时联合为框架实现目标检测的自适应处理称为空时自适应检测处理(Space-Time Adaptive Detection,STAD)[4],STAD同时进行杂波抑制与目标检测,通常具有恒虚警(Constant False Alarm Rate,CFAR)特性。
非均匀环境中分布目标的参量广义似然比检测尚秀芹;宋红军;陈倩;闫贺【期刊名称】《电子与信息学报》【年(卷),期】2012(034)001【摘要】In High Range-Resolution (HRR) radar, a target extends probably more than one range bins and the parametric adaptive detection is studied in this paper for such distributed target, where the disturbances in both primary and secondary data are represented by a vector autoregressive model with random spatial covariance matrix. Subsequently, the corresponding detectors are derived according to Bayesian one-Step Parametric Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (B1S-PGLRT) and Bayesian two-Step Parametric GLRT (B2S-PGLRT) decision rules. However, the former leads to no close formulation and the latter has the similar detection architecture with the classic Parametric Adaptive Matched Filter (PAMF), using Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) estimator instead of Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE), of the spatial covariance matrix. Meanwhile, the normalized version for B2S-PGLRT is also given. Finally, the processing steps and its computation issues are analyzed for the Bayesian parametric detectors and their detection performances are evaluated via Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the parametric matched filter in Bayesian framework is better than GLRT, when the training data are not sufficient.%在高距离分辨率(HRR)雷达中,目标很可能跨越多个距离门.该文研究了这种分布目标的参量自适应检测.其中,主、辅数据中的干扰信号用随机空域协方差矩阵的向量自回归模型表示.随后,分别根据贝叶斯1步参量广义似然比(B1S-PGLRT)和贝叶斯两步参量广义似然比(B2S-PGLRT)检测准则推导了对应的检测器.前者没有闭式解而后者和经典的参量自适应匹配滤波器(PAMF)具有相似的检测结构,并使用了空域协方差矩阵的最大后验(MAP)估计代替了最大似然估计(MLE).同时,还给出了B2S-PGLRT的归一化形式.最后,分析了贝叶斯参量检测器的运算步骤和运算复杂度,并通过蒙特卡洛仿真评价了它们的检测性能.结果表明:当训练数据不足时,贝叶斯框架下的参量匹配滤波器比广义似然比性能更好.【总页数】6页(P128-133)【作者】尚秀芹;宋红军;陈倩;闫贺【作者单位】中国科学院电子学研究所北京100190;中国科学院研究生院北京100049;中国科学院电子学研究所北京100190;中国科学院电子学研究所北京100190;中国科学院研究生院北京100049;中国科学院电子学研究所北京100190;中国科学院研究生院北京100049【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN957.51【相关文献】1.非均匀环境中的分布目标自适应检测 [J], 尚秀芹;宋红军;程增菊;赵秉吉2.非均匀环境中的参量多通道目标检测 [J], 尚秀芹;宋红军;徐海胜;郑经波3.SAR图像中动目标的广义似然比快速检测 [J], 宫和斌;马继志;陈广东4.基于广义似然比的宽带分布式目标检测算法 [J], 李涛;冯大政;夏宇垠5.基于动态规划的非均匀杂波环境中的复似然比检测前跟踪算法 [J], 安政帅因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
信号接收与检测算法信号接收与检测算法是用于从接收到的信号中提取信息和判断所传递信息的算法。
这些算法在无线通信、雷达、无线传感器网络等领域中起着关键作用。
以下是一些常见的信号接收与检测算法:匹配滤波器(Matched Filter):用于在噪声环境中检测目标信号,将接收信号与预先已知的信号模板进行匹配,从而提高信号的信噪比。
能量检测(Energy Detection):在无法确定信号波形的情况下,通过测量接收信号的能量来判断是否存在信号。
适用于低信噪比环境。
协方差矩阵检测(Covariance Matrix Detection):用于多天线接收系统中,通过计算接收信号的协方差矩阵来进行信号检测,适用于多径衰落信道。
信号特征提取:提取信号的特征,如频率、相位、幅度等,然后使用这些特征进行信号分类和检测。
最小均方误差检测(Minimum Mean Square Error Detection):利用统计学方法,通过最小化均方误差的方法来进行信号检测,可以适用于多样的信号情况。
信号假设测试(Hypothesis Testing):根据事先建立的假设,比较接收信号在不同假设下的概率,选择最可能的假设。
贝叶斯检测(Bayesian Detection):基于贝叶斯定理,结合事先知识和接收信号信息,进行信号检测和估计。
循环相关检测(Cyclostationary Detection):适用于周期性信号,通过分析接收信号的循环自相关性来进行信号检测。
机器学习方法:使用机器学习算法,如神经网络、支持向量机等,对接收信号进行学习和分类,适用于复杂的信号环境。
这些算法根据不同的应用和信号情况有不同的适用性。
在实际应用中,根据信道环境、信号特性以及噪声情况,选择合适的信号接收与检测算法非常重要。
相干积累检测器中协方差矩阵估计的新算法时艳玲【摘要】针对传统协方差矩阵估计方法忽略了海杂波的统计一致性随雷达距离分辨率的变化而变化以及可积累脉冲受参考样本数量的限制这两个问题,提出了一种基于对角加载的协方差矩阵估计算法,其加载系数随着杂波向量的一致性变化而自适应地变化.改进的估计矩阵相对误差小,条件数好,加载系数为近似最优.实测海杂波数据实验表明,使用改进的估计算法使检测器的性能有明显改善.【期刊名称】《电波科学学报》【年(卷),期】2014(029)002【总页数】6页(P328-333)【关键词】海杂波统计一致性;协方差矩阵估计;高分辨海杂波;雷达目标检测【作者】时艳玲【作者单位】南京邮电大学通信与信息工程学院,江苏南京210003【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN911.23引言自适应归一化匹配滤波(Adaptive Normalized Matched Filter,ANMF)检测器[1]用来检测海杂波背景下的运动目标,它利用参考样本来估计待检测单元杂波的协方差矩阵,实现杂波近似白化.常用的协方差矩阵估计算法是样本协方差矩阵(Sample Covariance Matrix,SCM)估计算法[2],它假定各距离单元样本的统计一致性好,参考单元和待检测单元的杂波向量样本是独立同分布的.对于低距离分辨率雷达,这个假定是近似成立的,这是因为,雷达分辨率较低时,大的重力波成为影响海杂波散射特性的主要因素[3],各个分辨单元的杂波向量样本保持了空时近似平稳特性,SCM估计算法能够很好工作.然而随着雷达距离分辨率的提高,由于海杂波的空间非均匀特性[4],这些基本的假定往往是不成立的,这是因为,海杂波的细节结构凸现出来,毛细波等细结构成为影响海杂波的散射特性的主要因素,邻近距离单元的杂波样本趋于非平稳,参考单元的杂波样本只能部分反映待检测单元杂波的统计特性,SCM估计算法的误差导致检测器性能下降.于是一系列改进的协方差矩阵估计算法应运而生[5-6].另外,Reed等通过对参考样本的自相关矩阵进行算术平均获得了满足威沙特分布的协方差矩阵,并在此基础上得出了RMB准则[7],即当参考样本是独立同分布的高斯随机向量时,检测器的性能损失小于3dB的条件为:N≤K/2,其中N是积累脉冲数目,K是参考样本的数目.可见,海杂波统计特性的一致性和积累限制N≤K/2是影响ANMF检测器性能的外部环境条件,而协方差矩阵估计误差是影响ANMF检测器性能的直接因素.因此,改进协方差矩阵估计算法,使其与海杂波的统计一致性相关联,可能是提高ANMF检测器在非平稳海杂波环境下目标检测性能的一个有效途径.针对海杂波统计一致性随分辨率提高而变化的特点和积累脉冲数受限于N≤K/2这两个问题,提出了一种新的协方差矩阵估计算法.该算法将SCM与单位矩阵进行线性组合构成新的协方差矩阵,组合系数随参考样本统计一致性的变化而自适应地变化.新的估计算法适用于非平稳环境,估计的协方差矩阵不仅相对误差小,而且具有好的条件数,且对组合系数的计算也是近似最优的.更重要的是将积累脉冲数的限制从N≤K/2放宽到N<K,同样的杂波环境下可以提高积累增益和检测能力.实测的海杂波数据验证了新的估计算法的有效性,在不同距离分辨率的海杂波下,新协方差矩阵估计算法使得ANMF检测器性能改善超过了10dB.1 回波模型与ANMF检测器脉冲多普勒雷达中,海杂波背景下运动目标的检测可以归结为下面的二元假设检验问题[1]:式中:r是来自N 个相继脉冲的复接收向量;c是式中:未知常数τ是纹理分量,反映海杂波功率在相干累积区间的随机变化;散斑分量u服从复正态分布,u~CN(0,Mu),其协方差矩阵 Mu 是对角元素为1的正定矩阵,反映海杂波向量的相关结构.杂波c的协方差矩阵M =E{ccH}=τMu,其中,上标H表示共轭转置.参考样本rk也服从SIRV,待检测单元的海杂波向量;a是与目标的雷达截面积有关的未知常数;p=[1,exp(j2πfdTr),…,exp(j2π(N-1)fdTr)]T 是多普勒导向矢量,fd 是多普勒频率,Tr是雷达的脉冲重复时间,上标T表示转置;rk 或ck,k=1,2,…,K,是来自待检测距离单元周围的K个参考单元的杂波向量.在海杂波建模方面,球不变随机向量(Spherically Invariant Random Vector,SIRV)[1]模型被广泛认可和使用,杂波向量符合乘性模型ANMF检测器是近十年来被广泛研究的杂波背景下动目标检测方法,由杂波的近似白化和匹配接收两部分构成.由ANMF检测器衍生出来的一系列检测器[8-11]继承了它的基本结构,主要的差别在于M的估计算法不同.下一节在介绍协方差矩阵估计算法优缺点与适用条件的基础上,针对高分辨海杂波的空时非平稳特性,引入新的协方差矩阵估计算法.由于M无法获得,应用中利用参考样本rk(k=1,2,…,K)来估计 M 得到^M,ANMF检测器[1]为2 协方差矩阵估计算法SCM在高斯噪声环境下是最优的,需要KN2次浮点乘法运算,它用邻近的距离单元上的参考样本rk来估计待检测单元杂波c的协方差矩阵M,隐含着rk和c 具有好的统计一致性,即rk和c具有相同的协方差矩阵.此外,K须足够大来保证^M 是非奇异的.低距离分辨情况下,散射单元的海杂波是众多2.1 SCM 算法最常用的协方差矩阵估计算法是SCM算法[2].它估计形式简单,计算量小,是高斯噪声下的最大似然估计[2],文献[12]给出了SCM 的二阶统计特性.SCM 的表达形式为散射子的矢量叠加,邻近散射单元的杂波样本是近似空时平稳的,统计一致性好.参考样本能够较好反映待检测单元杂波的统计特性,SCM算法能够使检测器取得较好的检测性能.然而,在高距离分辨情况下,散射单元的海杂波是有限几个海面散射子回波的矢量叠加,海杂波表现出了高度的空时非平稳特性,主要体现在rk与c二者的协方差矩阵不一致性.在这种情况下,SCM算法存在较大的估计误差,导致ANMF检测器遭受了严重的性能损失.特别是杂波向量的统计一致性往往是随着空间-时间变化的,如何使得协方差估计算法适用于统计一致性变化可能是改善估计性能的一个重要途径.2.2 改进SCM算法针对杂波向量的统计一致性随空间-时间变化这一问题提出了新的协方差矩阵估计算法:式中加权系数β是度量参考杂波向量统计一致性的因子,计算如下符号‖B‖ = .简记式(6)为SCM-L算法,SCM-L算法的计算量为(2 K+1)N2浮点乘法运算.式(6)类似于空域处理中的对角加载算法[13],空域的对角加载压缩噪声的特征值,通过减弱系统对小干扰的自适应能力,以降低系统的灵敏性,其加载系数一般根据经验值设定,脱离了实际环境,必然会带来误差.而式(6)采用了样本统计一致性的自适应加载,加载系数的设定与实际情况相联系,不再是经验值.另外,容易证明0≤β≤1.SCM-L算法中的系数β反映参考样本的功率τk和散斑分量uk的协方差矩阵的一致性.其分子等效为rk外积矩阵的方差,反映了外积矩阵偏离其均值的程度,若偏离程度较小,说明外积矩阵比较稳定,即rk的功率和协方差矩阵二者的统计一致性好,β接近0 =M*,SCM-L退化为传统的SCM算法;若偏离程度较大,说明外积矩阵不稳定,rk的统计一致性差,^M 偏离M* .另外,由于β反映了两个矩阵的偏离程度,考虑参考样本的个数变化导致β的变化情况,图1利用仿真的数据给出了β随参考样本的个数K 的增加,进行50次实验的平均变化曲线,其中,rk~CN(0,I),N=8.从图1可以看出,随着K的增加,β逐渐减小并最终趋于0,即=0,说明在均匀杂波样本前提下,当K足够大时,估计的协方差矩阵^M最终趋于M*,此时再计算β已无意义了,这与文献[1]的结论:SCM算法在大样本情况下能很好地估计杂波的协方差矩阵相一致.而当样本数较少时,SCM算法估计协方差矩阵有偏差,此时需要引入参数β对估计结果进行矫正.图1 β随参考样本个数K的变化曲线3 实验结果和性能分析3.1 SCM-L误差分析利用仿真数据给出SCM-L算法的协方差矩阵同真实协方差矩阵的相对误差.给定真实的协方差矩阵为 Mi,j =ρ|i-j|,1≤i,j≤N,i,为整数,不失一般性,假定ρ=0.9.相对误差为式中,rk ~CN(0,τkMk).为了衡量散斑分量协方差矩阵的统计不一致性以及杂波功率的不一致性,M加上扰动量MΔk,即Mk=M+MΔk,纹理分量加上扰动量τΔk,即τk =τ+τΔk.图2给出了K=30时两种协方差矩阵的相对误差的1 000次实验的仿真结果.其参数设置为:τ=1,τΔk ~0.3 U(0,1),MΔk =γbbH,b~CN(0,I),其中U(a,b)表示在区间[a,b]上的均匀分布.从图2可以看出,SCM-L的相对误差明显小于SCM,这与理论分析结果一致.3.2 SCM-L和SCM在ANMF中的检测性能分析使用IPIX雷达[14]采集四组实测的海杂波数据来评价ANMF检测器在不同协方差矩阵下的检测性能.四组数据文件分别为19980223-164055(分辨率为30m)、19980223-170435(分辨率为15m)、19980223-173950 (分辨率为 9m)和 19980223-172410(分辨率为3m).我们计算了系数β在这四组数据的均值,比较了ANMF检测器在不同协方差矩阵估计算法下的性能,并分析了性能差异的原因.表1给出了系数β在不同分辨率数据的均值,其中参数设置为N=28,K=30.从表1可以看出,随着分辨率的提高,β的均值越来越大,说明海杂波向量的统计一致性越来越差.分辨率为30m的数据统计一致性相对较好,参考样本基本能反映待检测单元海杂波的统计特性;而当分辨率提高到3m时,数据统计一致性相对较差,参考样本只能部分反映待检测单元海杂波的统计特性.这一特征为接下来的检测性能的分析提供了理论依据.图2 K=30两种协方差矩阵的相对误差表1 系数β的均值m 30 15 9 3 β的均值参数参数值分辨率/0.253 0 0.287 5 0.322 9 0.371 4对于ANMF检测器,仿真目标回波形式为式中:fd为目标的多普勒频域;φ~U(-π,π)为随机初始相位;幅度a用来调节信杂比(Signalto-Clutter Ratio,SCR),定义为式中Pc是杂波的平均功率.门限η通过蒙特卡洛实验确定.图3为ANMF检测器在四组实测海杂波数据下的检测概率比较曲线,其中参数设置为N=28,K=30,VV极化.从图3可以看出:首先,这两种估计算法的ANMF检测器随着分辨率的提高都存在性能损失,这是由于随着分辨率的提高,海杂波细结构中的尖峰分量逐渐体现出来,当使用能量积累作为检测量时,目标信息会被淹没在尖峰分量中.其次,在虚警概率为Pf=10-3时,当分辨率从30m提高到3m时,SCM-L和SCM使得ANMF的性能损失分别约为10dB和14.3dB,很明显,SCM-L导致的性能损失要小一些,这可以由表1解释,SCM-L 算法利用参数β将空间上统计不一致的参考样本平滑为近似统计一致的样本,这样参考样本就可以近似反映待检测单元杂波向量的统计特性,故而ANMF检测器的性能损失较小;而SCM算法忽略了海杂波向量的统计一致性的变化,故ANMF 检测器的性能损失相对较大.再次,SCM-L算法下的ANMF检测器在不同分辨率海杂波背景下的检测性能明显好于SCM算法,当分辨率分别为30m、15m、9m、3 m,虚警概率为Pf=10-3时,SCM-L算法较SCM 算法的性能相对提高约10dB、13dB、12.7dB和14 dB.这也可以由表1解释,SCM-L算法考虑了海杂波数据的统计不一致性,利用对角加载技术将不同分辨率下的海杂波数据进行平滑处理,从而使得ANMF算法有明显改善.另外,由RMB准则可知,当N=28,K=30时,统计独立的高斯参考样本引起的性能损失为8.89dB.SCM-L算法在四种分辨率海杂波下的性能改善都大于8.89dB,说明了SCM-L算法在几乎没有性能损失的前提下将N≤K/2放宽到N<K,有效地提高了检测概率.最后,当虚警概率从Pf=10-1减小到Pf=10-4时,SCM-L算法下的ANMF检测器在检测性能上也一直优于SCM算法.3.3 SCM-L的最优性分析图4为ANMF检测器在19980223-170435(分辨率为15m)数据下取不同的β值时的检测概率比较曲线,其中参数设置为N=28,K=30,虚警概率为Pf=10-3,VV极化.从图4可以看出,β从0.1变化到0.9的过程中,在检测概率大于0.6时,SCM-L算法的性能是最优的,通过细节放大图可以进一步看到,SCM-L算法的性能略优于β=0.2时的性能,这是因为对于19980223-170435(分辨率为15m)这组数据,表1给出了β的均值为0.287 5,接近0.2,而且由于SCM-L算法中的参数β是随着参考样本的变化而自适应变化的,故而SCM-L算法的性能稍优于β=0.2时的性能.虽然作者不能通过实验的方法穷举出所有β取值时的检测性能,但是从图4也可以看出,在ANMF检测器中,SCM-L算法中设置的参数β是有效的,而且是近似最优的.在后续的研究中,我们将从理论上推导公式(7)的最优性.图3 两种估计算法的ANMF检测器在不同分辨率数据下的性能比较曲线图4 β取不同值时ANMF检测器的性能比较曲线4 结论ANMF检测器中,传统的协方差矩阵估计算法利用参考样本来估计待检测单元海杂波的协方差矩阵,实现杂波近似白化,这些估计算法既忽略了海杂波的统计一致性随雷达分辨率的提高而发生变化,又导致了积累脉冲数受限于参考样本数目.基于这两个方面的考虑,提出了SCM-L算法,它们是SCM和单位阵I的线性组合,其组合系数随海杂波向量的统计一致性变化而自适应的变化.当海杂波的统计一致性好时,SCM-L算法退化为SCM 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基于功率中值和归一化采样协方差矩阵的自适应匹配滤波检测器刘明;水鹏朗【摘要】在非均匀海杂波环境中,参考单元中的异常单元限制了采样协方差矩阵(SCM)的估计性能,从而影响了传统自适应匹配滤波(AMF)检测器的检测性能.而考虑删除异常单元的方法在参考单元数目有限时可能导致矩阵的奇异性.鉴于此,在保持参考单元数目不变条件下,该文设计一种基于功率中值与归一化采样协方差矩阵(MNSCM)的估计方法,并将其与匹配滤波器(MF)相结合,构造一种新型的自适应匹配滤波检测器.与传统的自适应匹配滤波相比,该文设计的检测器在实测和仿真海杂波数据条件下均具有明显的性能优势.%In nonhomogeneous sea clutter, abnormal cells included reference cells constrain the performance of the Sample Covariance Matrix (SCM), and then influence the detection performance of the traditional Adaptive Matched Filter (AMF) detector, while censoring abnormal cells may cause singularity of the covariance matrix in the case of limited reference cells. Without changing number of the reference cells, this paper devises the median and normalized covariance matrix estimator and uses in the detection scheme of the AMF. Compared with the traditional AMF, the newly devised AMF obtains better performance in both measured and simulated clutter.【期刊名称】《电子与信息学报》【年(卷),期】2015(037)006【总页数】7页(P1395-1401)【关键词】目标检测;海杂波;自适应匹配滤波器;采样协方差矩阵;功率中值和归一化采样协方差矩阵【作者】刘明;水鹏朗【作者单位】西安电子科技大学雷达信号处理国家重点实验室西安 710071;西安电子科技大学雷达信号处理国家重点实验室西安 710071【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN957.51海杂波背景下的动目标检测问题因其具有重要的战略意义和民用价值,一直以来备受国内外学者关注[1−4]。
基于现场可编程模拟阵列FPAA的全波整流器的设计常龙;朱正伟【摘要】针对已有的传统整流器,其滤波性能与无源元件的精度、温度变化特性密切相关等的缺点,尝试采用基于开关电容技术的现场可编程模拟阵列(FPAA)芯片AN221E04来实现一个调节简便、成本低的整流滤波器的设计.该设计充分利用了FPAA的优点,提高整流器的精度,减弱温度、电压漂移.且在FPAA中可动态可调控,进一步提高处理的精度和效果.%Existing traditional rectifier has a shortcoming that its filter performance is closely related to the accuracy of passive components and the temperature changes and so on. To overcome these shortcomings, this study tries to achieve the design of the rectifier using the field programmable analog chips (FPAA) AN221E04 based on the technology of switching capacity. The rectifier is regulation simple, low — cost commuting filter. The design makes full use of advantages of FPAA to improve the precision of the rectifier, abate drifts of temperature and voltage. Dynamic—controling quality factor can be easily used in the FPAA, which can further improve the accuracy and effectiveness.【期刊名称】《常州大学学报(自然科学版)》【年(卷),期】2012(024)003【总页数】4页(P53-56)【关键词】现场可编程模拟阵列;整流滤波器;动态调控【作者】常龙;朱正伟【作者单位】常州大学信息科学与工程学院,江苏常州213164;常州大学信息科学与工程学院,江苏常州213164【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP391直流稳压电源是当今常用的供电设备,它主要由变压器、整流器和稳压电路组成。
匹配滤波算法的英文Title: Understanding and Implementing Matched Filtering AlgorithmMatched filtering is a signal processing technique used in many fields such as radar, sonar, and digital communication systems. This algorithm has proven to be extremely useful for detecting known signals buried under noise. In this document, we will discuss the concept of matched filtering, its mathematical principles, and how it can be implemented.1. IntroductionA matched filter is an optimal linear filter that maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when the signal waveform is known in advance. It is widely used in detection of weak signals in noisy environments by correlating the received signal with a replica of the expected signal.2. Mathematical PrinciplesThe matched filter is based on the cross-correlation function, which measures the similarity between two signals. The output of a matched filter is given by the convolution of the input signal with a time-reversed version of the known signal. If the input signal contains the known signal, the output of the matched filter will be a peak at the location where the known signal begins.3. ImplementationThe implementation of a matched filter involves the following steps:- Generate a replica of the known signal.- Reverse the replica in time.- Convolve the input signal with the reversed replica.- Locate the peak in the output to find the start of the known signal.4. AdvantagesThe main advantage of the matched filter is its ability to detect weak signals in noise. It provides the best possible SNR for any linear filter when the signal waveform is known. Additionally, it is relatively simple to implement computationally.5. ConclusionMatched filtering is a powerful tool in signal processing. Its effectiveness in enhancing the SNR makes it particularly useful in applications where weak signals need to be detected in noisy environments. Despite its simplicity, the matched filter remains a fundamental component in various fields including radar, sonar, and digital communications.。
稳健的条件概率约束匹配场处理王奇;王英民;苟艳妮【摘要】In order to improve the robustness of Adaptive Matched Field Processing (AMFP), a Conditional Probability Constraint Matched Field Processing (MFP-CPC) is proposed. The algorithm derives the posterior probability density of the source locations from Bayesian Criterion, thenthe main lobe of AMFP is protected and the side lobe is restricted by the posterior probability density, so MFP-CPC not only has the merit of high resolution as AMFP, but also improves the robustness. To evaluate the proposed algorithm, the canonical test case of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is used. The results show that MFP-CPC is better than Bartlett and Minimum Variance Distoritionless Response (MVDR). Its robustness is like Bartlett, and its main lobe is the same as that of MVDR, meanwhile its side lobe is lower about 6 to 8 dB than the latter.%为了提高自适应匹配场处理(AMFP)的稳健性,该文提出一种条件概率约束的自适应匹配场处理算法(MFP-CPC)。
选必一Unit3Conservation限时训练(三)(时间:25分钟)一、单句语法填空:1.(2018浙江)Because of all this extra time,there was no sense of_________(urgent)to do my school work immediately.2.(2018浙江)There are energy savings to be made from all_________(recycle)materials,sometimes huge saving.3.(2019江苏)However,the two zookeepers didn’t want to see the__________(extinct)of this precious species.4.(2020天津)It prevents people who are cut_______from society falling victims to cheaters.5.(2020浙江)In Bellevue,the switch________adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches.6.(2018天津)Anxiously I went to bed dreaming about________I would find at the top of this magical mountain.7.(2019全国II)After a serious flu outbreak wipes________99.4%of the world’s population,a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.8.(2019北京)Who is_________(blame)for the problem of robocalls?9.(2020全国II)As a businesswoman,I care deeply about my customers.But like anyone for whom you feel________(affect),customers can also drive you mad.10.(2020全国III)With the young unable to afford o leave home and the old________risk of isolation(孤独),more families are choosing to live together.II.阅读理解:Now,scientists have discovered that a single Lego could take hundreds of years to degrade(降解)in the ocean.Earth’s oceans are littered with plastic of all kinds.But estimating how long that trash takes to disintegrate in seawater is often a challenge,because it’s difficult to date plastic pieces with unknown origin.But it’s fairly easy to identify a piece of Lego by its distinct shape,says Andrew Turner,an environmental scientist.And because the chemical additives used to make Lego have changed over time,the composition of each brick contains clues about when it was made.Turner and his colleagues measured the chemical compositions of washed-up Lego bricks,which had been collected by beach cleanup volunteers in Cornwall,England,ing the blocks’chemical fingerprints,the team identified the bricks manufactured around the1970s.One key chemical indicator was cadmium(镉),used to produce bright yellow and red colours from the early1970s until the early1980s.The researchers assume these Lego were lost to sea around the time of their purchase.To examine how worn down the Lego got during30to40years at sea--due to factors like exposure to sunlight--the researchers matched weathered Lego with new versions of the same bricks kept in collections.Across14pairs of matching Lego,the weathered versions had3to 40percent less mass than the new versions.Based on those measurements,it would take an estimated100to1300years to completely break down a single Lego brick.Prior research has shown that plastic water bottles take decades to break down in the ocean.But since many plastic components used to make electronics and other consumer products are closer in thickness and hardness to Lego bricks than water bottles,Turner suspects that their suveral-hundred-year timescale may be more representative of plastic degradation in seawater.11.What does the underlined word“disintegrate”in the2nd paragraph mean?A.Stay safe.B.Get noticed.C.Break down.D.Change form.12.Where did the weathered Lego used in the research come from?A.The ocean.B.Lego collectors.C.Some purchasers.D.Lego manufactures.13.What did the researcher focus on when comparing the matching Lego?A.Their cadmium content.B.Their exposure to the sun.C.heir chemical composition.D.Their weight of physical matter.14.Why does Turner think the timescale of Lego is more representative of plastic degradation?A.Lego’s popularity in modern households.B.Lego’s similarities to many consumer products.C.Lego’s distinct shape among other plastic pieces.D.Lego’s identifiable manufacture dates.BLike most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much;I could have made six salads with what I threw out.In a world where nearly800million people a year go hungry,“food waste goes against the moral grain,”as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story.It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away—from“ugly”(but quite eatable)vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.Producing food that no one eats wastes the water,fuel,and other resources used to grow it.That makes food waste an environmental problem.In fact,Royte writes,“if food waste were a country,it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”If that's hard to understand,let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator.Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time—but for him,it’s more like12bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington,D.C.,which recovers food and turns it into healthy st year it recovered more than807,500pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries?Volunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.Such methods seem obvious,yet so often we just don't think.“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,”Curtin says.15.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?A.We pay little attention to food waste.B.We waste food unintentionally at times.C.We waste more vegetables than meat.D.We have good reasons for wasting food.16.What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?A.Moral decline.B.Environmental harm.C.Energy shortage.D.Worldwide starvation.17.What does Curtin's company do?A.It produces kitchen equipment.B.It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.C.It helps local farmers grow fruitsD.It makes meals out of unwanted food.18.What does Curtin suggest people do?A.Buy only what is needed.B.Reduce food consumption.C.Go shopping once a week.D.Eat in restaurants less often.参考答案一、单句语法填空:1.urgency此题中的a sense of urgency意为“紧迫感”。
机载预警雷达海杂波的抑制方法魏明珠【摘要】以机载预警雷达实测海杂波数据的统计特性为基础,系统分析了抑制海杂波的方法,涉及到波束内的信号检测方法和帧间积累方法两方面。
信号检测方法针对海杂波中的 Bragg 散射和 Whitecap 散射分量,处理方法包括时域信号检测和频域信号检测。
帧间积累方法主要针对海杂波分量中的 Burst 散射分量,采用的方法包括非相参的二进制积累、相参积累以及检测前跟踪。
通过系统分析不同海杂波环境下各种方法的选择和使用条件,为机载预警雷达海杂波背景下的信号处理领域提供了重要的依据。
%Based on the statistical properties of real sea clutter data from airborne early warning radar, the techniques of sea clutter suppression are analysed,which include beam-in signal detection algorithms and scan-to-scan integration methods.The beam-in processing algorithms aim at suppressing the Bragg scatters and whitecap scatters of the sea clutter.The algorithms involve time-domain signal detection and frequency-domain signal detection.Scan-to-scan integration methods aim at suppressing the burst scatter of sea clutter. The methods involve binary integration,coherent integration and track-before-detection.The systemic analy-sis of detection methods and configuration conditions provides the important basis for the sea clutter signal processing in airborne early warning radar.【期刊名称】《雷达科学与技术》【年(卷),期】2015(000)006【总页数】7页(P627-632,638)【关键词】机载预警雷达;海杂波抑制;波束内检测;帧间积累【作者】魏明珠【作者单位】中国电子科技集团公司第三十八研究所,安徽合肥 230088【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN957;TN959.730 引言机载预警雷达在搜索跟踪海面的舰船目标时,海杂波成为主要的背景环境,所以抑制海杂波成为对海工作方式的主要任务[1-2]。
第 21 卷 第 4 期2023 年 4 月Vol.21,No.4Apr.,2023太赫兹科学与电子信息学报Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information Technology基于流形等距映射的矩阵信息几何检测方法王宏强,程永强,华小强*,杨琪,刘康(国防科技大学电子科学学院,湖南长沙410073)摘要:雷达目标检测常面临复杂的杂波特性,经典的检测方法通常适合于某些特定的场景,当检测背景发生变化时,其检测性能急剧下降。
为有效提升不同杂波背景下的检测性能,提出一种基于流形等距映射(ISOMAP)的矩阵信息几何检测器。
该方法首先将信号检测问题转化为矩阵流形上两点之间的区分性问题;然后基于样本数据和流形等距映射原理,自适应地学习出矩阵流形的投影变换矩阵,将矩阵流形变换为可区分的低维流形,最大程度地保持每一个矩阵与其邻域内矩阵之间几何距离大小,增强矩阵流形的可分性;最后利用仿真杂波和实测数据对算法进行验证。
实验结果表明,相比于经典的检测方法,所提方法能有效提升目标检测性能。
关键词:雷达目标检测;矩阵信息几何检测器;流形等距映射;矩阵流形中图分类号:TN959 文献标志码:A doi:10.11805/TKYDA2023039Matrix information geometry method based on manifold ISOMAPWANG Hongqiang,CHENG Yongqiang,HUA Xiaoqiang*,YANG Qi,LIU Kang(College of Electronic Science,National University of Defense Technology,Changsha Hunan 410073,China)AbstractAbstract::Radar target detection is often faced with complex clutter characteristics. Classical detection methods are usually suitable for some specific scenarios. However, if the detection backgroundchanges, its detection performance will suffer from a great degradation. In order to effectively improvethe detection performance under different clutter backgrounds, this paper proposes a matrix informationgeometric detector based on manifold ISOmetric MAPping(ISOMAP). This method first reformulates theproblem of signal detection into a discriminative problem between two points on the matrix manifold;then, according to the training sample data and local isometric mapping, a projection matrix is adaptivelylearned, which transforms the matrix manifold into a discriminative low-dimensional manifold toenhance the separability between the target and the clutter; finally, the proposed algorithm is verified bysimulated clutter and measured data. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectivelyimprove the detection performance in comparison with the classical detectors.KeywordsKeywords::radar target detection;matrix information geometric detector;manifold ISOMAP;matrix manifold雷达探测环境复杂多变,常面临多种类型的地/海杂波干扰,且杂波形成机理非常复杂,不仅受地理、气象等诸多环境因素的影响,还与雷达波段、平台、擦地角、极化、分辨力、高度等参数有关,杂波特性十分复杂[1-2]。