The instruction of electric vehicle

关于中国大力支持电动汽车的英语作文China has been making significant efforts to support the development and adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years. The government has implemented various policies and initiatives to promote the use of EVs as a way to reduce emissions, combat air pollution, and achieve sustainable transportation.One of the key strategies that China has employed to support electric vehicles is the implementation of generous subsidies for EV buyers. These subsidies help reduce the upfront cost of purchasing an electric vehicle, making them more affordable and attractive to consumers. In addition to subsidies, the Chinese government has also implemented measures such as tax incentives and registration restrictions to further encourage the adoption of EVs.Furthermore, China has invested heavily in building the necessary infrastructure to support electric vehicles. The country has rapidly expanded its network of charging stations, with thousands of new stations being added each year. This infrastructure development not only addresses range anxiety among potential EV buyers but also promotes the growth of the EV market.Moreover, China has set ambitious targets for the production and sales of electric vehicles. The government aims to have EVs account for a significant percentage of total vehicle sales in the country by a certain year, with goals to increase the share of EVs in the market steadily.In addition to these efforts, China has also been actively supporting the development of the electric vehicle industry through research and development initiatives, investments in EV technology, and collaborations with domestic and international automakers. This support has helped Chinese EV manufacturers become leaders in the global EV market, with companies like BYD and NIO gaining international recognition for their innovative electric vehicles.Overall, China's strong support for electric vehicles has played a crucial role in driving the growth of the EV market in the country. With the government's continuous efforts to promote EV adoption, China is well-positioned to lead the transition to electric mobility and contribute to a more sustainable future for transportation.。

机工2020版《新能源汽车专业英语》习题与参考答案习题第1章1. What stages did the development of electric vehicles go through? 电动汽车的发展经历了哪几个阶段？2. What are Alternative fuels currently commercially available and closely attended? 目前商业可用和受到密切关注的替代燃料有哪些？3. What are the types of electric vehicles? 电动汽车分为哪几种？第2章4. What are the main terminologies of power batteries ? 动力电池的主要术语有哪些？5. What are the types of power batteries ? 动力电池有哪几种类型？6. What are the electric energy accumulators？电能蓄能装置有哪些？7. What are the basic components of lithium ion and NiMH batteries? 锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本组成包括哪些元件？8. Describe the basic operation of lithium ion and NiMH batteries?叙述锂离子电池和镍氢电池的基本原理。

9. What are the functions of BMS? 电池管理系统的功能有哪些？10. What are the two categories of battery charging technology? 蓄电池充电技术分为哪两类？11. Describe the basic principles of wireless charging technology? 描述无线充电技术的基本原理？12. Describe the steps of battery Disassembling? 描述蓄电池组拆卸的步骤13. What are safety precautions in the service and testing of the power batteries？动力电池维护测试中的安全措施有哪些？第3章14．What are the two types of motor? 电动机分为哪两种类型？15. What are the types of motors commonly used in electric vehicles?电动汽车常用的电动机分有哪几种类型？16. What are the main components of the basic structure of electric motor used in electric vehicles? 电动汽车用电动机的基本结构主要由哪些部件构成？17. What is the role of the motor controller? 电动机控制器的作用是什么？18. Briefly describe the principle of motor controller.简单描述电动机控制器的作用原理第4章19. How to classify hybrids? What are the categories? 混合动力怎样分类？分为哪几类？20. Briefly describe the working principle of BMW parallel hybrid. 简述BMW并联式混合动力的工作原理。

The adoption of electric vehicles EVs is a pivotal step towards a more sustainable future.As the world grapples with the effects of climate change and the depletion of fossil fuels,the shift to cleaner,more efficient modes of transportation is becoming increasingly urgent.Here are several reasons why we should encourage the use of electric vehicles and the benefits they bring to society,the economy,and the environment.1.Reduction of Emissions:Electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions,which means they do not emit harmful pollutants such as carbon dioxide,nitrogen oxides,or particulate matter.This is a significant advantage over internal combustion engine vehicles,which are major contributors to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.2.Energy Efficiency:EVs are more energyefficient than conventional cars.They convert a higher percentage of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels,which means less energy is wasted in the process.This efficiency can lead to significant reductions in energy consumption and associated costs.3.Renewable Energy Integration:As the grid becomes increasingly powered by renewable energy sources like solar and wind,electric vehicles can be charged using clean energy.This integration supports the transition to a lowcarbon economy and reduces our reliance on fossil fuels.4.Noise Pollution Reduction:EVs are much quieter than their gasoline counterparts,which can lead to a reduction in noise pollution in urban areas.This can improve the quality of life for residents, particularly in densely populated cities.5.Economic Benefits:The electric vehicle industry has the potential to create new jobs in manufacturing, maintenance,and charging infrastructure.Additionally,the lower operating costs of EVs can benefit consumers by reducing the amount spent on fuel and vehicle maintenance. 6.Technological Advancements:The push for electric vehicles has spurred innovation in battery technology,charging infrastructure,and vehicle design.These advancements can lead to improvements in other sectors as well,such as energy storage and renewable energy integration.7.Health Benefits:Reduced emissions from EVs can lead to better air quality,which in turn can have apositive impact on public health.Lower levels of air pollution are associated with reduced rates of respiratory illnesses,cardiovascular diseases,and other health issues.8.Consumer Choice:As the market for electric vehicles grows,consumers will have more options to choose from,including different vehicle types,price points,and features.This variety can cater to a wider range of consumer preferences and needs.9.Longterm Sustainability:Investing in electric vehicles is a longterm solution to the challenges posed by climate change and resource depletion.By transitioning to EVs,we can ensure a more sustainable future for transportation.10.Policy Support:Governments around the world are recognizing the importance of electric vehicles and are implementing policies to support their adoption.This includes subsidies,tax incentives,and the development of charging infrastructure,which can make EVs more accessible to the public.In conclusion,encouraging the use of electric vehicles is a multifaceted approach that addresses environmental concerns,economic opportunities,and societal benefits.As technology continues to advance and the infrastructure for EVs improves,it is likely that we will see a significant increase in their adoption,leading to a cleaner,more sustainable future for all.。

发现电动汽车的优势英语作文英文回答：The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has sparked significant interest due to their numerous advantages over conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. Here are some key benefits of opting for an EV:1. Lower Operating Costs:EVs operate on electricity, which is generally cheaper than gasoline. This can result in substantial savings on fuel expenses over the long term.2. Reduced Carbon Emissions:By eliminating the combustion of fossil fuels, EVs significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This contributes to cleaner air and a healthier environment.3. Quiet Operation:Electric motors produce far less noise than internal combustion engines. This means that EVs offer a quieter and more pleasant driving experience, both for the occupants and the surrounding community.4. Instant Torque and Smooth Acceleration:Electric motors provide immediate torque, resulting in responsive acceleration and a smoother driving experience.5. Government Incentives:Many governments offer financial incentives, such as tax credits and rebates, to encourage the adoption of EVs. These incentives can further reduce the cost of ownership.6. Reduced Maintenance:EVs require less maintenance compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. They do not need oil changes or exhaustsystem repairs, resulting in lower maintenance costs.7. Enhanced Safety Features:Modern EVs are equipped with advanced safety features, including lane departure warnings, adaptive cruise control, and automatic emergency braking. These features enhance driver assistance and help prevent accidents.8. Future-Proofing:As governments and businesses increasingly commit to reducing carbon emissions, the demand for EVs is expected to grow. Owning an EV positions you for the future and aligns with sustainable transportation trends.中文回答：电动汽车的优势：电动汽车因其相较于传统燃油汽车的诸多优势而备受关注。

电动汽车文章（中英翻译）The electric car — a green transport revolution in the making?As the world's continuing energy crisis, and war and oil consumption and energy ----- car full with the amount of increase, decrease energy day by day, one day it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not living resources. Oil consumption in the net must be to find a substitute before. With the development of technology and social progress, the invention of the electric vehicles will be effective help ease the financial difficulty. Electric cars will become the ideal means of transport.Faced with high energy costs and rising consumer and government concern over the fate of the environment, the world's automakers are stepping up investment in the development of alternative power train technologies that promise to substantially cut fuel consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Much attention to-date has focused on advances by Japanese and American automakers in the development of hybrid and battery electric vehicles. Toyota's,Prius has emerged as the best-selling hybrid car in the world. TesIa Motors, a US-based start-up, has launched its first battery electric vehicle, the Tesla Roadster. By the end of 2010, GM plans to launch its much-touted Volt hybrid, while Chrysler has recently announced similar plans.The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to thegovernment support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical "Several European countries as well as U.S,Japan,China and others, have recently announced bold plans for the introduction of electric vehicles. These include fiscal incentives, funding research on batteries and electric vehicles and plans for the deployment of a charging infrastructure. Major cities such as London and Paris have announced electric car-sharing systems, while public administrations and companies using large captive fleets are purchasing electric vehicles.At the same time, utilities, car manufacturers, battery producers and academics are joining forces on initiatives such as the EURELECTRIC Task Force on Electric Vehicles and EpoSS, the European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration. Together with the European Investment Bank the European Commission has launched the European Green Cars Initiative, with EUR 5 billion partly dedicated to the research, development and manufacturing of batteries and electric cars and to demonstration projects.This flurry of activity seems to indicate that the electric car is heading for a major breakthrough at last - but is it here to stay this time? History calls for caution. The production of electric vehicles began as far back as 1838 – 52 years before combustion engine vehicles. However, after 1913 the mass commercialization of the combustion engine led to a rapid decline in electric vehicles. Attempts to reintroduce electric vehicles in past decades have for the most part been unsuccessful and they still represent a very small, niche market.One of the biggest issues facing the potential take-up of electric vehicles is the rate of improvement in the performance of electric vehicle batteries.The biggest drag on electric vehicle performance comes from the lithium-ion battery, which can add another 220 kilograms to the total weight of a car, versus an ICE-powered vehicle.Since most passenger vehicles in China today are driven in urban areas, where shorter distances and slower speeds are the norm, this may not prove to be as vexing an issue as it is in other markets such as the US or Europe, where the average driving distance and top speed are considerably longer and higher. Continued research and development into electric battery technology is generating promising improvements in performance. US-based A123Systems,one of the world's largest producers of high-power lithium-ion batteries, Announced a battery capable of powering a car for 200 kilometers between charges. Toshiba recently announced the commercial launch of its Super Charge battery, which can be charged to 90 percent capacity in less than five minutes.Yet today the future looks brighter. A great deal of progress has been made in battery technology and electric vehicles are expected to re-enter the market on a large scale within the next couple of years. Based on a moderate growth scenario, by 2050, electric vehicles could represent more than 60%of new sales and constitute up to 25% of the global car fleet. However, estimates of the extent of future deployment vary greatly, as there is still some uncertainty in relation to the development of technology and future consumer behavior.One of the primary benefits of electric vehicles is, of course, the reduction of Green house gases emitted into the atmosphere. Our calculation of the total carbon abatement potential ofalternative power train technologies counted not only the CO2 emissions that vehicles produce, but also emissions produced through out their entire life-cycle, from the CO2 emitted during the generation of electric power through to the transportation of fuel.Over a period of 8 months in 2008, a global McKinsey team studied the passenger vehicle industries in North America, Europe, China, and India. The team examined four power train technology alternatives, chosen on the basis of existing technologies and their near-term commercial feasibility. They contrasted them to conventional internalcombustion engine (ICE) vehicles that run on gasoline or diesel.Full hybrid vehicles: Running primarily on gasoline, full hybrids are powered by a battery during acceleration of the vehicle, but draw most of their power from an internal combustion engine. Full hybrids, equipped with ICE improvement technologies mentioned above, have a life-cycle carbon abatement potential of 56 percent.Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles: CNG vehicles are normally perceived to be a source of clean energy, but their life cycle carbon abatement potential depends wholly on the source of the gas一the greater the distance the gas needs to be transported, the higher this power train's "well-to-tank" emissions. CNG cars rank close to hybrids in their life-cycle carbon abatement potential at 55 percent, assuming the gas comes from local sources.Electric vehicles: Electric vehicles include plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV). Compared with full hybrids, plug-in hybrid vehicles contain a much biggerbattery that can power the vehicle for a longer distance without the aid of an internal combustion engine, can be recharged by plugging them into standard electric sockets, and derive a smaller proportion of their propulsion from the internal combustion engine. Can be recharged by plugging them into standard electric sockets, and derive a smaller proportion of their propulsion from the internal combustion engine. Battery electric vehicles run solely on battery power without the aid of any internalcombustion mechanism. Given reliance on coal-fired plants for electricity.electric vehicles today only have a 19 percent carbon abatement potential over current internal combustion engine technologies; however, this can be increased to as much as 49 percent if diversifies its energy mix towards alternative energy sources for its supply of electric power.Electric vehicles have zero tailpipe emissions, but there are, of course, emissions involved in the production of electricity. As an example,with no concerted action to adopt new power train technologies, the level ofCO2 emissions from passenger cars in China could reach nearly 1.2 billion tons in 2030. However, our research showed that by adopting a mix of various alternative power train technologies, China could cut emissions from passenger vehicles by up to 45 percent. Relative to other power train technologies, electric vehicles demonstrate a some what weaker carbon abatement potential. While full hybrid cars have an abatement potential of 56 percent, electric vehicles' potential stands at 19 percent. This can be explained by the fact that China still relies on coal-fired plants for as much as 85 percent of its electricity supply. This can be explained by the fact that China stillrelies on coal-fired plants for as much as 85 percent of its electricity supply.It also can blossom into another electric car benefits of electricvehicles is th e “displacement “of harmful air pollutants from urban to rural areas, where population exposure is lower. Noise levels are also lower, particularly in urban driving conditions.Another major advantage of electric vehicles is their energy efficiency. With a tank-to-wheel efficiency in the range of 60 to 80 %, they outperform conventional cars four-fold. Generally, electric vehicles show greatest energy savings at low speeds and in situations involving frequently-changing driving dynamics, which is another reason why cities are a prime target market.Electric vehicles will also create opportunities for software developers. Electric vehicles require an electronic interface that informs the driver of the status of the car's vital statistics, from fuel and battery usage, to split-second updates in GPS navigation systems. Venture-backed start-up Better Place is developing a comprehensive information management system it calls AutOS.that will, among other things, inform the driver of the nearest battery-charging stations.While other technologies such as fuel cells hold great promise in reducing CO2 emissions, its commercial application remains years away. Investing in electric vehicles, however, does not mean Chinese OEMs and suppliers should stop their research into other technologies. Rather, they should maintain a balanced technology portfolio, with electric vehicles being a near-term solution, while viewing other technologiessuch as fuel cells as a potential long-term solution that couldyield returns once the technology becomes commercially viable.Thanks to their energy efficiency, and assuming that electricity generation will be even greener in the future, electric vehicles could contribute to a considerable reduction in greenhouse gases. Given the ongoing debate on climate change, this could prove to be an important factor. Indeed, transport is responsible for more than a fifth of the EU’s greenhouse gas emissions and it is the only sector with growing emissions. While the improvement of internal combustion engines still offers considerable potential for reducing emissions per kilometer driven, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions over and above 50 % will require new technological solutions, such as the electric vehicle.Compared to conventional vehicles, and based on the current average European electricity supply, electric vehicles have 50 % less emissions. Further benefits can be achieved if the carbon intensity of power generation continues to decrease with further greener and renewable energy sources.The electric car finally seems to be on the verge of breaking through, offering significant environmental benefits, especially in urban areas. There are, however, still some obstacles related to green electricity supply, the as yet expensive battery technology, the limited driving range and the need for a dense network of electric chargingfacilities. To overcome these obstacles, innovative business models are being developed to help transform automotive transport.电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。

Electric Vehicle Safety GuideIntroduction:As electric vehicles (EVs) become increasingly popular, it is essential to prioritize safety to ensure a smooth and secure driving experience. This safety guide provides important guidelines and recommendations for the safe operation and maintenance of electric vehicles. By following these guidelines, drivers can minimize risks and maximize the safety of themselves and others on the road.Charging Safety:Only use charging equipment that is compatible with your electric vehicle and follow the manufacturer's instructions.Inspect charging cables and connectors regularly for any signs of damage or wear. Avoid charging in extreme weather conditions, such as heavy rain or snow, to prevent electrical hazards.Do not attempt to modify or repair charging equipment without proper knowledge and expertise.Battery Safety:Familiarize yourself with the location of the high-voltage battery pack in your electric vehicle.In case of an accident or emergency, follow the manufacturer's guidelines for disconnecting the battery or contacting emergency services.Avoid exposing the battery to extreme temperatures, as it can affect its performance and safety.If you notice any unusual behavior or warning signs related to the battery, consult a qualified technician immediately.Driving Safety:Understand the unique characteristics of electric vehicles, such as instant torque and regenerative braking, and adjust your driving accordingly.Be aware of the vehicle's range and plan your trips accordingly to avoid running out of battery power.Follow traffic rules and regulations, including speed limits, to ensure safe driving practices.Regularly check and maintain the tires, brakes, and other essential components of your electric vehicle.Emergency Preparedness:Familiarize yourself with the location and operation of safety features, such as emergency shut-off switches and fire extinguishers.Keep emergency contact numbers readily available, including those for roadside assistance and local emergency services.In case of an accident or breakdown, follow standard safety procedures, such as moving to a safe location and contacting the necessary authorities. Maintenance and Service:Follow the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule for your electricvehicle.Regularly inspect and maintain the electrical components, including cables, connectors, and charging equipment.If you encounter any technical issues or concerns, consult a qualified technician or contact the manufacturer for assistance.Conclusion:Electric vehicle safety is of utmost importance to ensure a secure and enjoyable driving experience. By adhering to the guidelines outlined in this safety guide, drivers can minimize risks and contribute to the overall safety of electric vehicle operation. Remember to stay informed, follow best practices, and prioritize safety at all times.。

The Development of Electric Vehicles is HighlyValued by the GovernmentAs environmental issues become increasingly severe, electric vehicles, being green and eco-friendly means of transportation, have garnered significant attention from governments worldwide. Particularly in China, the government has adopted a series of policy measures to vigorously promote the research and widespread use of electric vehicles.Firstly, the Chinese government has provided substantial support for the electric vehicle industry at the policy level. The recent State Council executive meeting once again focused on the development of the new energy vehicle industry and approved the "New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan." This plan clearly states that by 2025, the sales of new energy vehicles should account for about 25% of new car sales in China, and intelligent connected vehicles should account for 30%, with highly automated intelligent connected vehicles achieving commercial application in specific areas and scenarios. These targets provide clear direction for companies and inject strong momentuminto the development of the electric vehicle industry.Secondly, the government offers significant support for technological innovation. Core technologies for electric vehicles, such as power batteries and vehicle operating systems, require high-level research and development. To this end, the government has increased efforts in key technology breakthroughs, encouraging companies to innovate in these areas. Through policy guidance, the government promotes the deep integration of electric vehicles with energy, transportation, and information communication industries, facilitating the coordinated development of electrification, networking, and intelligent technologies. These measures not only enhance the technological level of electric vehicles but also drive the joint progress of related industries.In addition, strengthening infrastructure construction is another crucial aspect of the government’s push for the development of electric vehicles. Charging difficulties and short ranges are currently major issues faced by electric vehicle users. Therefore, the government has intensified the construction of chargingand battery swapping facilities, accelerating the formation of a fast-charging highway network and urban-rural public charging networks, and providing financial support for the construction of public charging piles. These measures significantly alleviate the charging difficulties faced by electric vehicle users and improve their overall experience.Furthermore, the government has implemented various incentive measures to promote the market for electric vehicles. To encourage more people to purchase electric vehicles, the government has introduced various subsidy policies and promoted the rural electrification of vehicles, expanding the coverage of electric vehicles in rural areas. Additionally, the government encourages the use of electric vehicles in public service sectors. Starting from 2021, in national ecological civilization pilot zones and key regions for air pollution prevention, the proportion of new or updated public vehicles such as buses, taxis, and logistics vehicles that are new energy vehicles should not be less than 80%.In conclusion, the development and promotion of electric vehicles have become a key strategy for theChinese government. This is not only because electric vehicles help mitigate environmental pressures and promote green development but also because they can drive the development of related industries and stimulate economic growth. Through the implementation of a series of policy measures, the pace of development in China's electric vehicle industry is accelerating, and the future looks promising. The widespread adoption of electric vehicles will not only improve our living environment but also lead the transformation of the global automotive industry.译文：电动汽车的开发受到政府重视随着环境问题的日益严峻，电动汽车作为一种绿色、环保的交通工具，越来越受到各国政府的重视。

电动汽车收到政府重视的原因的英语作文The growing emphasis on electric vehicles (EVs) by governments worldwide can be attributed to several compelling reasons. The transition to electric mobility is not merely a shift in technology but a transformative step towards a sustainable and eco-friendly future.Firstly, electric vehicles play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions. Unlike conventional vehicles that run on fossil fuels, EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions. This is of paramount importance in the fight against climate change, as transportation is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gases. By promoting EVs, governments are taking a significant step towards meeting their climate goals under international agreements such as the Paris Accord.Secondly, the advancement of electric vehicle technology fosters energy security. Countries that rely heavily on imported oil can reduce their dependence by shifting to electricity as a source of power for transportation. This transition can lead to a more diversified energy mix and reduce thegeopolitical risks associated with oil prices and supply.Thirdly, electric vehicles present economic opportunities. The EV market is poised for growth, creating jobs in manufacturing, battery technology, and charging infrastructure. Governments are keen on capturing these economic benefits, which include fostering new industries and enhancing their competitive edge in the global market.Moreover, electric vehicles offer health benefits. By reducing air pollution, particularly in urban areas, EVs can improve public health outcomes. Lower emissions translate to fewer respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, leading to a better quality of life and reduced healthcare costs.Lastly, governments are supporting electric vehicles to encourage technological innovation. The push for EVs has led to significant breakthroughs in battery technology, energy storage, and powertrain systems. These advancements have the potential to spill over into other sectors, driving a broader wave of innovation.In conclusion, the focus on electric vehicles by governments is a multifaceted strategy that encompasses environmental, economic, and social benefits. As the world moves towards a more sustainable future, the importance of electric vehicles as a solution is only set to increase.中文翻译：全球各国政府对电动汽车（EV）的日益重视可以归因于几个令人信服的原因。

ÖNORMEN 15194Edition: 2009-06-01Cycles ― Electrically power assisted cycles ― EPACBicyclesFahrräder ― Elektromotorisch unterstützte Räder ― EPAC-FahrräderCycles ― Cycles à assistance électrique ― Bicyclettes EPACICS 43.120; 43.150Identical (IDT) with EN 15194:2009-01Supersedes ÖNORM EN 15194:2009-03 responsibleON-Committee ON-K 038Road vehiclesPublisher and printing Austrian Standards Institute/Österreichisches Normungsinstitut (ON) Heinestraße 38, 1020 WienCopyright © Austrian Standards Institute 2009. All rights reserved! No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying or any other data carries without prior permission! E-Mail: publishing@as-plus.atInternet: www.as-plus.at/nutzungsrechteSale and distribution of national and foreign standards and technical regulations via Austrian Standards plus GmbH Heinestraße 38, 1020 Wien E-Mail: sales@as-plus.at Internet: www.as-plus.at24-Hours-Webshop: www.as-plus.at/shop Tel.: +43 1 213 00-444 Fax.: +43 1 213 00-818A S + S h o p 31.01.2012ÖNORM EN 15194:20092National ForewordDue to some misprints in the German version a new edition has been published. To ensure that the English and German version of ÖNORM EN 15194 have the same date of issue, the English version of ÖNORM EN 15194 will be withdrawn and published again without any modifications and corrections.A S + S h o p 31.01.2012EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 15194January 2009ICS 43.120; 43.150English VersionCycles - Electrically power assisted cycles - EPAC BicyclesCycles - Cycles à assistance électrique - Bicyclettes EPACFahrräder - Elektromotorisch unterstützte Räder - EPACFahrräderThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 November 2008.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M I T É E U R O P ÉE N D E N O R M A LI S A T I O N EUR OP ÄIS C HES KOM ITEE FÜR NOR M UNGManagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels© 2009 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15194:2009: EA S + S h o p 31.01.2012EN 15194:2009 (E)2Contents PageForeword ..............................................................................................................................................................4 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5 1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6 2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................6 3Terms and definitions (7)4 Requirements .........................................................................................................................................9 4.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................9 4.2 EPAC specific additional requirements ..............................................................................................9 4.2.1 Electric circuit ........................................................................................................................................9 4.2.2 Batteries ..................................................................................................................................................9 4.2.3 Electric cables and connections ....................................................................................................... 10 4.2.4 Power management ............................................................................................................................ 12 4.2.5 Electro Magnetic Compatibility ......................................................................................................... 13 4.2.6 Maximum speed for which the electric motor gives assistance .................................................... 14 4.2.7 Maximum power measurement ......................................................................................................... 15 5 Marking, labelling................................................................................................................................ 15 6Instruction for use (15)Annex A (informative) Example of recommendation for battery charging ................................................. 16 Annex B (informative) Example of relation between speed/torque/current ............................................... 17 Annex C (normative) Electromagnetic compatibility of EPAC and ESA .................................................... 20 C.1 Conditions applying to vehicles and to electrical/electronic sub-assemblies (ESA) .................. 20 C.1.1 Marking ................................................................................................................................................ 20 C.1.2 Requirements ...................................................................................................................................... 20 C.2 Method of measuring broad-band electromagnetic radiation from vehicles ............................... 24 C.2.1 Measuring equipment ......................................................................................................................... 24 C.2.2 Test method ......................................................................................................................................... 24 C.2.3 Measurement ....................................................................................................................................... 24 C.3 Method of measuring narrow band electromagnetic radiation from vehicles ............................. 25 C.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 25 C.3.2 Antenna type, position and orientation ............................................................................................ 25 C.4 Methods of testing vehicle immunity to electromagnetic radiation .............................................. 25 C.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 25 C.4.2 Expression of results ......................................................................................................................... 25 C.4.3 Test conditions ................................................................................................................................... 25 C.4.4 State of the vehicle during the tests ................................................................................................. 25 C.4.5 Type, position and orientation of the field generator ..................................................................... 26 C.4.6 Requisite test and condition .............................................................................................................. 27 C.4.7 Generation of the requisite field strength ........................................................................................ 28 C.4.8 Inspection and monitoring equipment ............................................................................................. 29 C.5 Method of measuring broad-band electromagnetic radiation from separate technical units(ESA) (29)C.5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 29 C.5.2 State of the ESA during the test ........................................................................................................ 29 C.5.3 Antenna type, position and orientation ............................................................................................ 29 C.6 Method of measuring narrow-band electromagnetic radiation from separate technicalunits (ESAs) (30)C.6.1 General (30)A S + S h o p 31.01.2012EN 15194:2009 (E)3C.6.2 Test conditions .................................................................................................................................... 30 C.6.3 State of the ESA during the tests ...................................................................................................... 30 C.6.4 Antenna type, position and orientation ............................................................................................. 30 C.7 Methods of testing the ESA immunity to electromagnetic radiation ............................................. 30 C.7.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 30 C.7.2 Expression of results .......................................................................................................................... 30 C.7.3 Test conditions .................................................................................................................................... 30 C.7.4 State of the ESA during the tests ...................................................................................................... 30 C.7.5 Requisite test and condition .............................................................................................................. 31 C.7.6 Generation of the requisite field strength ......................................................................................... 31 C.7.7 Inspection and monitoring equipment .............................................................................................. 32 C.8 ESD test ................................................................................................................................................ 32 Annex D (informative) Maximum power measurement - Alternative method ............................................. 33 D.1 Generalities .......................................................................................................................................... 33 D.2 Test conditions .................................................................................................................................... 33 D.3 Test procedure ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Bibliography (35)A S + S h o p 31.01.2012EN 15194:2009 (E)4ForewordThis document (EN 15194:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 333 “Cycles”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2009.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.A S + S h o p 31.01.2012EN 15194:2009 (E)5IntroductionThis European Standard gives requirements for electric power assisted cycles (EPAC).This European Standard has been developed in response to demand throughout Europe. Its aim is to provide a standard for the assessment of electrically powered cycles of a type which are excluded from type approval by Directive 2002/24/EC.Due to the limitation of the voltage to 48 VDC, there are no special requirements applicable to the EPAC in regard to protection against electrical hazards.EPACs are vehicles which use the same traffic areas as cars, lorries and motorcycles, which is predominantly the street. For this reason the products concerning EMC-testing have the same basic conditions. Chapter 8 of the EC Directive 97/24 contains a very high value concerning the immunity test of electronic components with 30 V/m, nevertheless based on the application area it comes up of the implementation. Manipulation of the electronic system of EPAC by other source of interference in the scope of the public road traffic could signify considerable risks of safety regulations for the user of EPAC. The standards EN 61000-6-1 as well as EN 61000-6-3 are standards for appliances in residential, commercial and light-industrial environments which do not reach the values for the EMC immunity-test necessary in the road traffic area. In these standards the EMC immunity of the electric and electronic systems will be tested only with 3 V/m, which is the tenth part of the requirements in chapter 8 of the EC Directive 97/24. These standards are unsuitable to obtain the urgent and necessary security level.A S + S h o p 31.01.2012。

电动汽车车英语作文Title: The Electric Vehicle Revolution: Transforming Transportation。

In recent years, the automotive industry has witnesseda paradigm shift with the rise of electric vehicles (EVs). This technological advancement marks a significantmilestone in our journey towards sustainable transportation. In this essay, we will delve into the various aspects of electric vehicles and explore their impact on the environment, economy, and society.First and foremost, the environmental benefits ofelectric vehicles cannot be overstated. Unlike traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, EVs produce zerotailpipe emissions, thereby significantly reducing air pollution and mitigating the harmful effects of greenhouse gases on the environment. By transitioning to electric vehicles, we can combat climate change and create a cleaner, healthier planet for future generations.Moreover, electric vehicles play a crucial role in reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. With the depletion of finite oil reserves and the volatility of oil prices, the need for alternative energy sources has become more pressing than ever. Electric vehicles offer a sustainable solution by utilizing electricity, which can be generated from renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. This transition to clean energy not only enhances energy security but also fosters innovation and job creation in the renewable energy sector.Furthermore, electric vehicles contribute to the decentralization of energy production and distribution. Unlike conventional vehicles that rely on centralized refineries and distribution networks, EVs can be charged at home or at charging stations, utilizing existing electrical infrastructure. This decentralized approach empowers individuals and communities to take control of their energy consumption and reduce reliance on centralized utilities. Additionally, it promotes energy resilience by diversifying the sources of electricity generation and reducingvulnerabilities to disruptions in the supply chain.In addition to their environmental and economic benefits, electric vehicles offer numerous advantages in terms of performance and technology. Electric motors provide instant torque, delivering smooth and responsive acceleration, unlike internal combustion engines that require time to reach optimal performance. Furthermore, EVs boast advanced features such as regenerative braking, which recaptures energy during deceleration, enhancing efficiency and extending driving range.The advent of electric vehicles has also spurred innovation in automotive design and manufacturing. From sleek aerodynamic designs to lightweight materials and advanced battery technologies, EVs are revolutionizing the way we think about transportation. Companies are investing heavily in research and development to improve battery efficiency, reduce charging times, and increase the range of electric vehicles, making them more accessible and practical for consumers.However, despite their many benefits, electric vehicles still face challenges that need to be addressed. One of the primary concerns is the limited availability of charging infrastructure, particularly in rural and remote areas. To accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles, governments and private entities must invest in expanding the charging network and implementing standardized charging protocols to ensure compatibility and convenience for consumers.Additionally, the upfront cost of electric vehicles remains higher than that of conventional vehicles,primarily due to the cost of battery technology. While the total cost of ownership, including fuel and maintenance savings, may be lower over the vehicle's lifetime, the initial investment can be a barrier for some consumers. Therefore, financial incentives such as tax credits, rebates, and subsidies are essential to incentivize adoption and make electric vehicles more affordable and accessible to a broader range of consumers.In conclusion, electric vehicles represent a transformative solution to the environmental, economic, andsocietal challenges posed by traditional transportation systems. By embracing electric vehicles, we can reduce emissions, enhance energy security, and drive sustainable development for future generations. However, concerted efforts from governments, industry stakeholders, and consumers are needed to overcome barriers and accelerate the transition towards a cleaner, greener transportation future.。

目前电动汽车的开发受到政府的重视英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1In recent years, the development of electric vehicles has received increasing attention from governments around the world. With the growing awareness of environmental issues such as air pollution and climate change, many countries have implemented policies and incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles as a cleaner and more sustainable mode of transportation.One of the main reasons for the focus on electric vehicles is their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality. Traditional gasoline-powered vehicles are a major source of carbon dioxide emissions, which contribute to global warming and air pollution. By transitioning to electric vehicles powered by renewable energy sources, countries can significantly reduce their carbon footprint and improve the overall environmental quality.In addition to the environmental benefits, electric vehicles also have the potential to reduce the dependence on fossil fuelsand increase energy security. With the rising concerns about the limited availability of oil and the geopolitical implications of relying on oil-producing countries, governments are increasingly looking towards electric vehicles as a way to diversify their energy sources and reduce their reliance on imported oil.Furthermore, the development of electric vehicles presents economic opportunities for countries looking to transition to a low-carbon economy. The electric vehicle industry is a growing sector that can create jobs, attract investment, and stimulate innovation in related industries such as battery manufacturing, charging infrastructure, and renewable energy technologies. By supporting the development of electric vehicles, governments can foster economic growth and position themselves as leaders in the transition to a more sustainable energy future.To support the adoption of electric vehicles, many governments have implemented a range of policies and incentives. These include financial incentives such as tax credits, rebates, and subsidies for purchasing electric vehicles, as well as regulatory measures such as emissions standards, fuel efficiency targets, and vehicle electrification mandates. Governments have also invested in charging infrastructure to address the range anxiety and convenience concerns of electric vehicle owners.Furthermore, governments have partnered with automakers, utilities, and other stakeholders to support research and development in electric vehicle technologies. By fostering collaboration and innovation, governments can accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles and overcome the technical, economic, and social barriers to their widespread deployment.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles has become a priority for governments around the world due to their environmental, economic, and strategic benefits. By promoting the adoption of electric vehicles through policies, incentives, and partnerships, governments can drive the transition to a more sustainable and prosperous future.Electric vehicles are not only the future of transportation, but also a key enabler of a cleaner, more resilient, and more equitable society. By investing in electric vehicles, governments can pave the way for a more sustainable and prosperous future for their citizens and the planet as a whole.篇2Development of Electric Vehicles Receives Government AttentionIn recent years, the development of electric vehicles has received increasing attention from governments around the world. With concerns over climate change, air pollution, and fossil fuel depletion growing, many countries are now prioritizing the transition to electric vehicles as a sustainable alternative. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which governments are supporting and promoting the development of electric vehicles.One of the key ways in which governments are supporting the development of electric vehicles is through financial incentives. Many countries offer subsidies, tax credits, and rebates to consumers who purchase electric vehicles, making them more affordable and attractive compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. In addition, governments often provide grants and funding to electric vehicle manufacturers to support research and development, production, and infrastructure development. These financial incentives help to stimulate demand for electric vehicles and encourage investment and innovation in the industry.Another important way in which governments are supporting the development of electric vehicles is through policy and regulation. Many countries have implemented strictemission standards and fuel efficiency regulations, which have pushed automakers to invest in electric vehicle technology in order to meet these requirements. Governments have also set targets for the adoption of electric vehicles, such as banning the sale of new gasoline-powered vehicles or mandating a certain percentage of electric vehicles in automakers' production lines. These policies create a clear market signal to automakers and consumers, driving the transition to electric vehicles.Furthermore, governments are investing in infrastructure to support the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. This includes funding the installation of charging stations in public places, workplaces, and residential areas, as well as along highways and other key transportation routes. By expanding the network of charging stations, governments aim to reduce range anxiety and increase the convenience and accessibility of electric vehicles. In addition, some governments are investing in research and development of advanced battery technologies to improve the performance and affordability of electric vehicles.In addition to financial incentives, policy and regulation, and infrastructure investment, governments are also collaborating with industry stakeholders to accelerate the development of electric vehicles. This includes partnerships with automakers,utilities, technology companies, and other stakeholders to address technical challenges, share best practices, and coordinate efforts to promote electric vehicle adoption. Governments are also supporting education and training programs to develop a skilled workforce for the electric vehicle industry, as well as public awareness campaigns to educate consumers about the benefits of electric vehicles and dispel myths and misconceptions.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles is receiving increasing attention and support from governments around the world. Through financial incentives, policy and regulation, infrastructure investment, and collaboration with industry stakeholders, governments are driving the transition to electric vehicles as a sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. By working together to promote and support the development of electric vehicles, governments can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and enhance energy security for a more sustainable future.篇3At present, the development of electric vehicles has become a priority for governments around the world. With the increasing concerns about climate change and the need to reducegreenhouse gas emissions, many governments have started to focus on promoting the use of electric vehicles as a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars.One of the main reasons why governments are giving so much attention to the development of electric vehicles is their potential to reduce carbon emissions and combat air pollution. The transportation sector is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, and by promoting the use of electric vehicles, governments can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the sector. This is especially important in urban areas, where air pollution from cars can have serious health effects on the population.In addition, the development of electric vehicles is seen as a way to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and increase energy security. With concerns about the limited availability of oil reserves and the geopolitical conflicts that can arise from the control of oil resources, many governments see electric vehicles as a more sustainable and secure option for meeting their transportation needs.Moreover, the growth of the electric vehicle industry is also seen as an opportunity to create new jobs and promoteeconomic growth. As the demand for electric vehicles continues to increase, more companies are investing in research and development, manufacturing, and infrastructure for electric vehicles. This has created new opportunities for skilled workers and has stimulated innovation in the automotive industry.To support the development of electric vehicles, governments around the world have implemented various policies and incentives to encourage their adoption. This includes subsidies for the purchase of electric vehicles, tax incentives for manufacturers, and investments in charging infrastructure. In some countries, there are also regulations in place to promote the use of electric vehicles, such as emissions standards and restrictions on the sale of gasoline-powered cars.Overall, the development of electric vehicles is a top priority for many governments due to its potential to reduce carbon emissions, improve air quality, increase energy security, create new jobs, and stimulate economic growth. By supporting the growth of the electric vehicle industry, governments are taking important steps towards building a cleaner, more sustainable transportation system for the future.。

鼓励开新能源汽车英语作文结尾The Dawn of a New Era: The Encouragement of Electric Vehicles.As the sun sets on the age of fossil fuels and a new day breaks with renewable energy sources, the world stands at a crossroads. The choice we make today will determine the future of our planet and the well-being of generations yet unborn. Electric vehicles (EVs) are not just a technological advancement; they are a beacon of hope in the fight against climate change and air pollution.The transition to EVs is not without its challenges. Infrastructure development, consumer awareness, and government policies all play crucial roles in this transition. However, the potential benefits are immense. EVs reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and lower dependency on fossil fuels. Furthermore, with advancing technology, EVs are becoming more efficient, affordable, and accessible.To encourage the adoption of EVs, it is essential to create a conducive environment for their growth. Governments should provide incentives such as tax rebates, subsidies, and grants to make EVs more attractive to consumers. Additionally, investing in charging infrastructure and creating a network of charging stations is crucial to address range anxiety and ensure the convenience of EV ownership.Moreover, public education and awareness are paramount. People need to understand the environmental and economic benefits of EVs and how they can contribute to a sustainable future. Collaboration between governments, industries, and communities can help disseminate this information and foster a culture of environmental stewardship.Industry innovation is also crucial in this endeavor. Manufacturers need to continuously improve the technology and performance of EVs to meet the demands of a growing market. Innovations in battery technology, charging speeds,and range capabilities will further enhance the appeal of EVs and make them a viable option for a wider range of consumers.Additionally, it is important to recognize that the transition to EVs is not just about individual transportation. It is about creating a sustainable transportation system that includes public transportation, cycling, walking, and shared mobility options. Encouraging the use of EVs in these areas can help reduce congestion, improve air quality, and promote a healthier, more connected society.In conclusion, the adoption of electric vehicles is not just a choice; it is a responsibility. As stewards of this planet, we have a duty to protect it for future generations. The transition to EVs offers a path forward that is both environmentally sustainable and economically viable. By working together, we can make this transition a reality and usher in a new era of clean, renewable energy.As we look towards a future where EVs are the norm, itis important to remember that every small step counts. Each EV on the road is a step towards a greener, healthier world. By encouraging the development and adoption of EVs, we are investing in a future where our children can breathe clean air, enjoy nature, and inherit a planet that is vibrant and full of life.Let us seize this opportunity and embrace the dawn of a new era. Let us work towards a future where electricvehicles are not just a choice but the preferred choice for sustainable transportation. Together, we can make thisvision a reality and create a better world for all.。

摘要在当前全球汽车工业面临金融危机和能源环境问题的巨大挑战的情况下，发展电动汽车，利用无污染的绿色能源，实现汽车能源动力系统的电气化，推动传统汽车产业的战略转型，在国际上已经形成了广泛共识。

本课题以电动汽车他励电机控制器为例，以实现电动汽车的加、减速，起、制动等基本功能以及一些特殊情况下的处理。

以开发出高可靠性、高性能指标、低成本并且具有自主知识产权的电动汽车电机驱动控制系统为目的。

主要包括硬件电路板的设计，以及驱动系统的软件部分的仿真调试。

在驱动系统硬件设计中，这里主控制芯片采用ATMEL公司的ATmega64芯片。

功率模块采用多MOSFET并联的方式，有效的节约了成本。

电源模块采用基于UC3842的开关电源电路。

选用IR公司的IR2110作为驱动芯片，高端输出驱动电流可到1．9A，低端输出驱动电流可到2.3A，能够提供7个MOSFET并联时驱动电流。

对于电流检测模块，本文没有采用电流传感器或者是康铜丝,而是采用了一种基于MOSFET管压降的电流检测电路，这种方式即节约了成本也保证了检测精度。

驱动系统的软件设计中，主要实现的功能为：开关量的检测处理，故障检测，串口通讯，励磁、电枢控制，报警功能等。

针对他励电机电动汽车的控制特性，提出了节能控制算法和最大转矩控制算法，用于提高电动汽车的续航里程和加速性能。

他励直流电动机驱动系统能够很好的运行在电动汽车上，性能可靠、结构简单，并且节约了成本，使电动汽车的性价比大大提高，有利于电动汽车的普及。

关键词：电动汽车，ATmega64，他励直流电机，PID模糊控制目录摘要 (1)第一章绪论1.1纯电动汽车在国内的发展状况 (3)1.2 国外电动汽车发展现状 (3)1.3 本课题的任务和主要工作 (4)第二章他励电动机的控制理论基础2．1他励直流电动机的调速与制动 (5)2．1．1直流电动机电枢电动势和电磁转矩 (5)2．1．2 他励直流电动机的机械特性 (6)第三章系统的硬件设计3．1系统硬件的整体设计方案 (10)3．2主控制器MCU的介绍 (10)3．2．1 MCU的选择 (10)3．2．2 ATmega64的特性与内部结构 (11)3．3开关电源模块 (12)3．4电流检测模块 (13)3．5驱动电路的设计 (16)3．6电压检测电路 (17)3．7温度检测电路 (18)3．8加减速踏板信号检测电路 (19)3．9 开关量输入信号 (20)3．10蜂鸣器报警电路 (20)3．11通讯模块电路设计 (21)3．12硬件抗干扰的设计 (22)3．13本章小结 (23)第四章系统的软件设计4.1 电动汽车的控制策略研究 (24)4．1．1再生制动控制策略 (24)4．1．2驱动控制策略 (24)4．2 主要任务模块的详细设计 (26)4．2．1主程序 (26)4．2.2 励磁、电枢PWM控制模块 (27)4．2．3 电动机速度测量 (28)4．3 本章小结 (29)第五章总结 (30)参考文献 (31)第一章绪论1.1 纯电动汽车在国内的发展状况与世界其他国家一样，电动汽车研发工作在我国也正在如火如荼的进行着：“十五”期间，国家从维护我国能源安全、改善大气环境、提高汽车工业竞争力、实现我国汽车工业的跨越式发展的战略高度考虑，设立“电动汽车重大科技专项’’，通过组织企业、高等院校和科研机构，集中国家、地方、企业、高校、科研院所等方面的力量进行联合攻关。

2020版《新能源汽车专业英语》试题库第一部分：专业术语第二部分：常用缩写第三部分：英译汉1. What are Alternative fuels currently commercially available and closely attended? 目前商业可用和受到密切关注的替代燃料有哪些？· Liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气· CNG 压缩天然气· Methanol 甲醇· Hydrogen 氢· Fuel-cell 燃料电池· Electricity 电能· Hybrid（electricity + conventional fuels）混合动力（电+传统燃料）2. What are the types of electric vehicles? 电动汽车分为哪几种？Electric vehicles are broadly categorized into four groups based on the electric design of their powertrains, namely battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Only BEVs and PHEVs are plug-capable, and are referred to as plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs).根据电动汽车动力传动系统的电动设计，将电动汽车大致分为四大类，即纯电动汽车(BEV)、插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)、混合动力电动汽车(HEV)和燃料电池电动汽车(FCEV)。

电动汽车的英文作文Title: The Future of Transportation: Electric Vehicles。

In recent years, there has been a significant shift in the automotive industry towards electric vehicles (EVs). This transition marks a pivotal moment in the history of transportation, promising a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly future. In this essay, we will delve into the various aspects of electric vehicles and explore their significance in shaping the way we travel.Firstly, let us examine the environmental impact of electric vehicles compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, meaning they do not emit harmful pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. This is particularly crucial in combating air pollution and mitigating climate change, as transportation is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions globally. By transitioning toelectric vehicles, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and move towards a cleaner, greener future.Moreover, electric vehicles offer numerous benefits beyond environmental sustainability. One of the key advantages is the potential for cost savings in the long run. While the upfront cost of purchasing an EV may be higher than that of a traditional vehicle, the lower operating and maintenance costs make it a more economical choice over time. With fewer moving parts and no need for frequent oil changes or tune-ups, EV owners can save significantly on maintenance expenses. Additionally, the cost of electricity is generally lower than that of gasoline, further contributing to savings in fuel expenses.Furthermore, the advancement of technology has led to significant improvements in the performance and range of electric vehicles. Modern EVs are capable of traveling hundreds of miles on a single charge, making them suitable for both short commutes and long-distance journeys. Additionally, electric vehicles offer smooth and silent operation, providing a comfortable driving experience forusers. With advancements in battery technology and charging infrastructure, range anxiety – the fear of running out of battery power – is gradually becoming less of a concern, further bolstering the appeal of electric vehicles to consumers.Another crucial aspect of electric vehicles is their role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting energy independence. By shifting towards electric transportation, countries can decrease their reliance on imported oil and diversify their energy sources. This not only enhances energy security but also stimulates innovation and investment in renewable energy technologies. The integration of electric vehicles with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power presents a compelling opportunity to create a more sustainable and resilient energy system.In addition to environmental and economic benefits, electric vehicles also contribute to the advancement of smart and connected transportation systems. With the proliferation of electric cars, there is an increasingemphasis on developing intelligent infrastructure and innovative mobility solutions. This includes the deployment of charging stations, development of smart grid technologies, and implementation of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, which enable EVs to store and discharge energy to the grid as needed. These advancements pave the way for a more integrated and efficient transportation network, facilitating seamless connectivity between vehicles, infrastructure, and users.Despite the many advantages of electric vehicles, several challenges remain to be addressed to accelerate their widespread adoption. These include the need for further investment in charging infrastructure, development of more affordable battery technologies, and expansion of renewable energy generation capacity. Additionally, there is a need for supportive policies and incentives to incentivize consumers and manufacturers to transition to electric vehicles. Governments, industry stakeholders, and research institutions must collaborate to overcome these barriers and realize the full potential of electric transportation.In conclusion, electric vehicles represent a transformative solution to the environmental, economic, and energy challenges facing the transportation sector. With their zero-emission technology, cost-saving potential, and performance improvements, EVs offer a compellingalternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. By embracing electric transportation andinvesting in sustainable mobility solutions, we can pave the way for a cleaner, greener, and more resilient future.。

政府应该限制小汽车的数量英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Limitation of the Number of Private Cars by GovernmentIn recent years, the issue of air pollution caused by excessive private cars has become a concern for many cities around the world. With the increase in the number of cars on the road, the level of air pollution has also risen significantly, leading to a variety of health problems for the population. In an effort to combat this issue, some governments have implemented policies to limit the number of private cars on the road.One of the main reasons why governments should limit the number of private cars is to reduce air pollution. Private cars emit harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, which can have serious health effects on people living in urban areas. By reducing the number of cars on the road, governments can help to improve air quality and protect the health of their citizens.Another reason for limiting the number of private cars is to alleviate traffic congestion. As the number of cars on the roadincreases, so does the level of traffic congestion, leading to longer commute times and increased frustration for drivers. By restricting the number of cars on the road, governments can help to reduce traffic congestion and improve the overall flow of traffic in urban areas.In addition to reducing air pollution and alleviating traffic congestion, limiting the number of private cars can also help to promote alternative modes of transportation. With fewer cars on the road, people may be more inclined to use public transportation, walk, or bike to their destinations. This can help to reduce the overall carbon footprint of a city and promote a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle for its residents.However, while limiting the number of private cars can have a positive impact on air quality, traffic congestion, and alternative transportation modes, there are also some challenges associated with this approach. One challenge is ensuring that public transportation systems are able to accommodate the increased demand from people who are no longer able to drive their cars. Governments may need to invest in expanding public transportation infrastructure to support a reduction in the number of private cars on the road.Another challenge is addressing the concerns of individuals who rely on their cars for their livelihoods, such as taxi drivers and delivery drivers. These individuals may face financial hardships if they are no longer able to use their cars for work. Governments may need to provide support or incentives to help these individuals transition to alternative forms of transportation or find new sources of income.In conclusion, while there are challenges associated with limiting the number of private cars on the road, the potential benefits for air quality, traffic congestion, and promoting alternative transportation modes make it a worthwhile effort for governments to pursue. By implementing policies to restrict the number of private cars, governments can help to create a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable environment for their citizens.篇2Should the Government Limit the Number of Private Cars?In recent years, the number of private cars on the roads has been increasing rapidly, leading to congestion, pollution, and other negative consequences. Some people argue that the government should limit the number of private cars to addressthese issues. In this essay, we will explore the reasons for and against such a policy.One of the main reasons for limiting the number of private cars is to reduce traffic congestion. In many cities, especially in developing countries, the roads are overcrowded with cars, leading to long delays and frustration for drivers. By limiting the number of private cars, the government can help to ease traffic congestion and make the roads safer for everyone.Another reason to limit the number of private cars is to reduce air pollution. Private cars are a major source of carbon emissions, which contribute to global warming and air pollution. By encouraging people to use public transportation or other forms of sustainable transportation, the government can help to reduce the environmental impact of private cars.In addition, limiting the number of private cars can also help to improve public health. Air pollution from cars has been linked to respiratory problems, heart disease, and other health issues. By reducing the number of cars on the road, the government can help to improve air quality and protect public health.However, there are also arguments against limiting the number of private cars. Some people argue that restricting private car ownership would infringe on people's freedom andautonomy. They argue that individuals should have the right to own and use a car if they choose to do so.Others argue that limiting the number of private cars would hurt the economy. The automotive industry is a major employer and contributor to the economy in many countries. By restricting private car ownership, the government could potentially harm the industry and lead to job losses.There is also the argument that limiting private cars would disproportionately affect low-income individuals who rely on their cars for transportation. In many places, public transportation is limited or unreliable, making it difficult for people without cars to get to work or school.In conclusion, while there are valid arguments both for and against limiting the number of private cars, it is clear that action needs to be taken to address the negative consequences of car ownership. The government should consider implementing policies that encourage sustainable transportation options, such as public transportation, cycling, and walking, while also incentivizing the use of electric vehicles. By taking a comprehensive approach to the issue, the government can help to reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and improve public health for everyone.篇3The Limitation of the Number of Private Cars by the GovernmentWith the rapid development of society, the number of private cars has been increasing dramatically. Although private cars bring great convenience to people's travel, they also bring about a series of problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and energy consumption. To address these issues, some people argue that the government should limit the number of private cars. In this essay, we will discuss the reasons why the government should limit the number of private cars and the potential benefits of doing so.Firstly, limiting the number of private cars can alleviate traffic congestion in urban areas. As the number of private cars increases, roads become more congested, leading to longer travel times and increased frustration among drivers. Limiting the number of private cars can help reduce traffic congestion and improve traffic flow, making it easier for people to get around cities.Secondly, limiting the number of private cars can also help reduce air pollution. Private cars are a major source of airpollution, emitting harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants can have serious health effects, including respiratory problems and cardiovascular disease. By limiting the number of private cars, the government can reduce air pollution levels and improve air quality, leading to better health outcomes for the population.Thirdly, limiting the number of private cars can help reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Private cars are significant consumers of fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. By limiting the number of private cars and promoting alternative modes of transportation such as public transit, biking, and walking, the government can reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, helping to mitigate the impacts of climate change.In addition to these environmental benefits, limiting the number of private cars can also have social and economic benefits. For example, reducing traffic congestion can improve the efficiency of transportation systems, leading to cost savings for businesses and individuals. Additionally, reducing air pollution and carbon emissions can help protect public health and reduce healthcare costs associated with air pollution-related illnesses.Despite these potential benefits, there are also challenges and concerns associated with limiting the number of private cars. For example, some people may argue that limiting private car ownership infringes on individual freedom and mobility. However, it is important to consider the collective impact of private cars on society and the environment, rather than focusing solely on individual preferences.To effectively limit the number of private cars, the government can implement a variety of policies and measures. For example, the government can implement congestion pricing schemes, car-sharing programs, and increased investment in public transit infrastructure. These measures can help reduce car ownership and promote alternative modes of transportation, making cities more sustainable and livable.In conclusion, limiting the number of private cars is essential for addressing the challenges associated with urban transportation. By reducing traffic congestion, air pollution, and energy consumption, the government can create a more sustainable and healthy urban environment for all residents. It is crucial for the government to take action now to limit the number of private cars and promote alternative modes of transportation for the benefit of society and the environment.。

Steve Shladover outlines the benefits to be gained from vehicles ['vi??k(ə)l] that could drive themselves and discusses how this could be achieved.斯蒂夫·施多弗阐述了能自动运行的车辆的诸多裨益，并详细论述了如何将其变为现实。

Intelligent Vehicles [in'telidʒent] Steve Shladover1 Even when cars were still young, futurists ['fju:tʃərist] began thinking about vehicles that could drive themselves, without human help. Perhaps the best known of these conjectures [kən'dʒektʃə] was the General Motors Futurama[,fju:tʃə'ræmə], the hit of the 1939 New York World's Fair[fεə] . Now, at the start of the new century, it's worth taking a fresh look at this concept and asking how automation might change transportation and the quality of our lives.[laivz]Fair[fεə]n. 展览会；市集；美人adj. 公平的；美丽的，白皙的；[气象] 晴朗的adv. 公平地；直接地；清楚地网络释义：公平的集市交易会fresh [freʃ] n. 开始；新生；泛滥adj. 新鲜的；清新的；淡水的；无经验的adv. 刚刚，才；最新地网络释义：新鲜的清新的鲜艳的concept ['kɔnsept] n. 观念，概念智能车辆斯蒂夫·施多弗还在汽车问世之初，未来学家就开始设想无需人来操纵便能自动运行的车辆将是什么样儿的。

编码：ME06125Code: ME06125课程名称：电动汽车动力电池技术Course Title: Power Battery Technique for ElectricVehicle课程类别：专业选修Course category: Elective Courses in Specialty学分：2Credit(s): 2开课单位：机械与运载工程学院Offering College/School: College of Mechanical &Vehicle Engineering课程描述：本课程是车辆工程专业的专业选修课程，以机械工程图学、工程材料、机械设计等为前导课程，为后续专业课程电动汽车设计等的学习打下基础。

本课程主要包括电动汽车的发展历史,电动汽车在现代汽车工业中的重要地位，动力电池的种类、特点，电池性能指标及其与整车性能的关系，电池系统安全性能评价方法，电池系统充放电技术，电池均衡技术与电池Pack技术，以及动力电池发展趋势。

通过学习本课程，学生获得机动力电池相关的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能，锻炼和提升分析解决新能源汽车工程实际问题的能力、运用相关工具与资料进行系统/部件/工艺流程设计的能力、自主学习与创新等多方面的能力。

Course description: This course is one of the elective courses in Specialized Education for students who major in Vehicle Engineering. Led by Mechanical Engineering Graphics, Engineering Materials, Engineering Mechanics, this course lays the foundation for the follow-up professional courses such as Electric Vehicle Design, etc. The main contents include the history of electric vehicles and its meaning for modern automobile industry, battery category, characteristics of batteries system and their relationships with the properties of the whole car, safety of the battery system and its assessment method, the design theories and methods for battery system, the battery balancing techniques and battery packing technology，the development trend of vehicle batteries. Through this course, students can acquire the basic theories,the basic knowledge and the basic skills in mechanical manufacturing, foster and improve their abilities such as analyzing and solving complex practical engineering problems in electric vehicles, utilizing the relevant tools and data to design the electric vehicle systems, parts and to program the processing plans, and independent learning and independent innovation.课程内容（一）课程教学目标通过本课程的教学，使学生具备以下能力：1.具有解决复杂车辆工程问题所需的汽车理论设计制造专业知识（毕业要求1.4）。

The Future of Electric Vehiclespowered by AIElectric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular as a clean and sustainable transportation option. With advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, the future of electric vehicles looks promising and exciting. In this essay, we will explore how AI is revolutionizing the electric vehicle industry and shaping its future.1. The Rise of Electric VehiclesElectric vehicles have gained traction in recent years due to their environmental benefits and technological advancements. With the growing concern over climate change and air pollution, more people are turning to EVs as a cleaner alternative to traditional gas-powered vehicles. The rise of EVs has been fueled by government incentives, improved infrastructure, and the development of advanced battery technology.2. Benefits of Electric VehiclesThere are numerous benefits to driving an electric vehicle. EVs produce zero emissions, which helps reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. They are also quieter and require less maintenance than traditional vehicles, leading to cost savings for consumers. Additionally, EVs have lower operating costs and can be charged at home, making them a convenient and sustainable mode of transportation.3. AI and Electric VehiclesArtificial Intelligence is playing a crucial role in shaping the future of electric vehicles. AI technologies such as machine learning, neural networks, and data analytics are being integrated into EVs to improve their performance, efficiency, and user experience. AI enables EVs to optimize battery usage, enhance driving range, and provide real-time data on vehicle health and performance.4. Autonomous DrivingOne of the most exciting applications of AI in electric vehicles is autonomous driving. Self-driving cars powered by AI have the potential to revolutionize the transportation industry by improving safety, reducing traffic congestion, and increasing mobility for people with disabilities. Autonomous electric vehicles can communicate with each other and traffic infrastructure to navigate roads more efficiently and safely.5. Smart Charging InfrastructureAI is also being used to develop smart charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. Smart charging stations equipped with AI algorithms can optimize charging schedules based on electricity demand, weather conditions, and energy prices. This technology ensures that EVs are charged efficiently and sustainably, reducing strain on the power grid and promoting renewable energy sources.6. Predictive MaintenanceAnother benefit of AI in electric vehicles is predictive maintenance. AI-powered sensors and algorithms can monitor the condition of EV components in real-time and predict when maintenance or repairs are needed. This proactive approach to maintenance improves vehicle reliability, extends lifespan, and reduces downtime for drivers.7. Personalized User ExperienceAI is enhancing the user experience in electric vehicles by personalizing features and services based on driver preferences and behavior. AI assistants in EVs can provide customized recommendations for navigation, entertainment, and climate control, creating a more comfortable and intuitive driving experience. This personalized approach increases user satisfaction and loyalty to electric vehicles.8. Energy ManagementAI is transforming energy management in electric vehicles by optimizing power consumption, storage, and distribution. Smart grids powered by AI can balance electricity supply and demand, integrate renewable energy sources, and support vehicle-to-grid(V2G) technology. This intelligent energy management system maximizes the efficiency and sustainability of EVs, making them a key component of the future energy ecosystem.9. Environmental ImpactThe integration of AI in electric vehicles has a positive impact on the environment by reducing carbon emissions and energy consumption. AI technologies help EVs operate more efficiently, minimize waste, and promote sustainable practices in transportation. By leveraging AI to enhance electric vehicles, we can mitigate the environmental impact of traditional fossil fuel vehicles and contribute to a cleaner, greener future.10. Market OutlookThe future of electric vehicles powered by AI looks bright, with continued growth and innovation in the industry. As demand for EVs increases and AI technology advances, we can expect to see more affordable, efficient, and intelligent electric vehicles on the market. The integration of AI will drive the development of new features, services, and business models in the electric vehicle ecosystem, creating exciting opportunities for manufacturers, consumers, and policymakers.11. Challenges and ConsiderationsDespite the promise of AI in electric vehicles, there are challenges and considerations to address. Data privacy, cybersecurity, regulatory compliance, and ethical implications must be carefully managed to ensure the responsible deployment of AI technologies in EVs. Additionally, the infrastructure for charging stations, grid connectivity, and interoperability needs to be expanded and standardized to support the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.12. ConclusionIn conclusion, the future of electric vehicles powered by AI is filled with potential and possibilities. AI technologies are revolutionizing the electric vehicle industry by enhancing performance, efficiency, and user experience. As we continue to innovate and integrate AI into EVs, we are shaping a more sustainable, intelligent, and interconnectedtransportation system for the future. By embracing the power of AI in electric vehicles, we can accelerate the transition to clean energy, reduce environmental impact, and create a smarter, greener mobility solution for generations to come.。

IntroductionThank you for purchasing UMI’s electric four wheeler, and we sincerely welcome you to join users of UMI’s electric four wheeler.To ensure a safer and more enjoyable driving experience, you should thoroughly familiarize yourselfwith the various items described in this manual before driving. Your personal safety protection dependsnot only on your own aler tness and familiarity with the operating techniques, but also on your familiarity with the mechanical per formance of electric four-wheelers. Ever y time you check before driving, regular maintenance is the most basic condition. When you need regular maintenance or repair, please contactour company’s special maintenance depar tment, knowing how to ser vice your car, and ensuring thatyour car always maintains the best per formance. If you have all kinds of mechanical and technical knowledge and maintenance tools, you can provide spare par ts catalogues and official spare par ts tohelp you with all kinds of maintenance and repair work.This instruction manual will explain in detail the correct operation method, simple maintenance, adjustment method, and durable use of the UMI’s electric four-wheeled vehicle; if some technical specifications ofthe vehicle are changed, some pictures or contents in this manual are different from the actual situationof the vehicle. Please understand. The company reser ves the right of final interpretation; I wish you ahappy driving, thank you again for purchasing the UMI’s electric vehicle.The driver and occupantThis type of electric four-wheeler is designed for use by one driver and one occupant (not allowed to carr y children under the age of 12). It is forbidden to exceed the load quality of the vehicle specified in this manual.Road ConditionsThis type of electric four-wheeler is designed for driving on flat roads only.If the technical specifications are changed, some pictures or contents in this manual may differ from the actual situation of the vehicle. Please understand it. The company reser ves the right of final interpretation.Note: Please pay attention to the part with “◆”Failure to follow the instructions on the instructions may result in personal injur y or damage to the equipment.This instruction manual should be treated as a permanent par t of the electric four-wheeler, even when the vehicle is transferred to another person, it should be transferred to the new owner along with the vehicle.Important considerationsWater is strictly prohibited from entering the components of UMI’s electric four-wheeled vehicle appliances, especially the controller. When cleaning the vehicle, users must pay attention to slow acceleration whenthe vehicle star ts.When the batter y indicator reaches the lowest two grids (or the voltmeter indicator is in the yellow value), charge it! Other wise, it will cause great damage to the batter y.The car charging plug cannot be touched by hand, other wise the voltage will cause harm to the human body.III. Operation GuidelinePre-drive inspection (15).Brake pedal and accelerator pedal (15)Steering system (handler) (16)....Driving operation (17)..Brake operation (17)......Parking operation (18)..IV. Maintenance and repairMaintenance (19)...I.Safe driving of electric four-wheelersSafe driving guidelines (05)Loading (05).......Ⅱ.Safe driving of electric four-wheelersTail light fixture location map (06)..Instrument and indicator (07)......Adjustable seat (07)............Cigarette lighter, radio, ignition switch (08)Headlight control switch (09)Turning signal switch (09).....Front light switch (09).......Wiper switch (09)...........Gear knob switch (10).......Parking lock (10).....Power off switch (11).Remote control (11)Remote control (11)...ContentsCharger (11)................Car door lock (12)......Window lift and inner door handle (12)Charging precautions (12)..Steering system (disc) (13).........Horn switch (13)............Air conditioning (14)Simple troubleshooting (21)..Suspension and steering system (22).Electronic control system (23).Battery maintenance (24)...V. Vehicle storage25........................................VI. Vehicle identification (26)...VII. Main technical parameters (27)VIII. Electrical schematic (28)..IX. Tips on after-sales services..........29Front and rear seat adjustmentBackrest angleadjustmentFigure 3Figure5 Figure6Figure7 Figure8①②③①②12y, as it may damage the wiper blades.Figure13Figure14充电口翻盖12123Figure175.When the direction of rotation is turned, the force is not allowed to be too strong, and the sharp turn is urgent. After the vehicle stops, do not turn the direction. When driving on uneven roads, hold the direction with both hands ; in case the steering is out of Figure 1912Preparation before starting: Open the parking lock of the vehicle, make sure that the power-off switch is in the state of 1 in Figure 9, insert the key into the ignition switch, and rotate it to the “ON” position.Turn the gear knob switch to the “D” position and lower the parking lever.Slowly accelerate the accelerator pedal, the vehicle starts, and the accelerator pedal is released when decelerating.◆Warning:Do not quickly perform a throttle operation. Other wise, the electric vehicle may quickly rush out and may lose control. The door should be locked in time and the parking lever should be pulled up. Never leave the car key in the lock hole of the ignition switch.Turn off the power off switch when leaving (see page 11);A superior quality anti-theft device should be used.◆Warning:Tire (front wheel pressure: 200KPa rear wheel pressure: 250KPa)The tire pressure should be checked regularly and adjusted.The tire’s pressure can only be checked when the tire is cooled.Always check for punctures on the tires, especially if there is a leak in the tire.Check the tread for cuts, nails or other sharp objects. Inspect the rim for indentations, dents, or deformation.When the tread pattern is ground to the tread wear limit mark, the new tire should be replaced.◆Warning:If the tire pressure is not up to standard, the tire surface will be excessively worn and may cause a car accident. If the tire pressure is too low, the tire will slip or come out of the rim.It is ver y dangerous to use tires that are ver y worn, which will affect the adhesion between the tire and the road,causing difficulty in driving or even accidents.To reduce the speed of the vehicle, first release the accelerator pedal, step on the brake pedal, and select the appropriate braking force according to the specific situation.◆Warning: Special care must be taken when driving on wet or soft surfaces and in rainy conditions, whether braking, accelerating or steering.Note: 1. When driving a steep slope, you should first release the accelerator pedal and use the front and rear wheel brakes to reduce the speed.2. When driving the road slips or bends, do not use the brakes to give the brakes to avoid accidents.When parking, turn the gear knob switch to the “N” position, turn the ignition switch to the OFF position and pull up the parking lever (see page 10)2122(三)Electronic Control SystemBattery maintenance (Figure 21)This model uses a closed batter y (without water)Note: Do not disassemble the closed batter y electrolyte cover.When the vehicle is not used for a long time, please remove the batter y and fully charge it and store it in a cool, ventilated and dr y place.When the batter y post is corroded, remove the batter y and clean it. (wash with boiled water)Note: When removing the batter y, turn off the ignition switch, and then remove the negative pole first. Install the positive pole first and then install the negative pole. Do not misplace the positive and negative poles.Fault phenomenon Turn on the key switch, the power indicator has no display, no contactor pulls the “click ”soundT urn on the key switch, the power indicator has a display, and there is a contactor to pick up the “tick” sound electric vehicle does not start.The vehicle somes times stopsThe vehicle stops upon startReasonKey switch disconnected Loose or open circuit connectorControl circuit or power failure switch is damaged Batter y pack polarity reversed Handbrake lever is not returned Shift knob is damagedAccelerator failure Contactor contact failure Speed controller failure Drive motor failureThe controller is damp or drenchedCircuit over current and over temperature protection system not activated Loose circuit connectorlow powerDrive motor failureDealing Methods Repair or replacementFasten the connector or connect the wireReplace Change polarity AdjustInspection, repair, replacementCheck the faulty part for repair or replacement parts Check the faulty part for repair or replacement parts Check the faulty part for repair or replacement parts Check the faulty part for repair or replacement parts Inspection, dryingCheck and eliminate whether the parking devicehas been fully released for long-term transportation,climbing or replacing the controller Tighten the connector and connect the wires Battery chargingInspection, repairFigure 22Figure 21Maintenance and repair of hydraulic brakes (please send to designated repair shop for maintenance) (Figure 22)Liquid level: If the liquid level is not oiled as shown in Figure 1, it is necessar y to add oil.Deflation: Open the cover first, loosen the bolt as shown in Figure 2, and operate the brake handle one by one.Repeat the deflation several times.Tighten: After exhausting, hold the brake handle as shown in 3. Tighten the bolt cover.123The frame number, factor y information, etc. are printed on the side of the parking lever, which can be found after the right door is opened.Dear users,Please be sure to fill out this card in a serious, detailed and true way. You can get the "Three Guarantee" ser vice by stamping the official seal or signing the signature in one or three times (customer one, stub one, and one dealer). If there is no warranty card, no bills, non-conformity, wrong number (including vehicle model, vehicle number,cer tificate number, controller number, motor number, charger number, batter y number, etc.), the company will not provide three-pack ser vice. Thank you for your cooperation!Warranty CardUnitNameUserAddress Postcode Vehicle Type Motor Type Controller Type Charger Type Batter y Type Date of purchaseFrame codingMotor numberRemote control numberCharger numberTelMaintenance RecordName Contact Time T elComplaint time Time of dealing Failure cause Disposing result Maintenance staffCustomer’ssignature2930。