Off all things the measure is man Automatic classification of emotions and inter-labeler co
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单位内部认证船舶英语考试(试卷编号211)1.[单选题]The AUTOCHIEF-IV main engine remote control system includes ______.A)AC-5B)AC-5C)digitalD)hydraulic答案:C解析:2.[单选题]The star formation is most commonly used and requires _____ on the alternator.A)oneB)twoC)threeD)four答案:D解析:3.[单选题]The difference between the fire detectors of the traditional and bus control type fire alarm systems is ______.A)theyB)theC)theD)the答案:D解析:4.[单选题]VLCC stands for______.A)veryB)veryC)veryD)very答案:C解析:5.[单选题]Once the power is recovered after blackout, the sequential start of automatic power plant would enable the motors in operation before the breakdown to start ______ automatically.C)respectivelyD)immediately答案:A解析:6.[单选题]Voltage will always lead current in a/an _____.A)capacitiveB)inductiveC)magneticD)resistive答案:B解析:【注】在电感性电路中,电压总是超前电流。
inductive circuit:电感性电路;capacitive circuit:电容电路7.[单选题]Which one is the function of steering gear?A)ToB)ToC)ToD)To答案:C解析:8.[单选题]When the voltage remains constant and the resistance is increased in a series circuit, the flow of current _____.A)increasesB)increasesC)remainsD)decreases答案:D解析:9.[单选题]The emergency generator or emergency battery is connected to _____ on most large ships.A)distributionB)sectionC)emergencyD)main答案:C解析:答案:B解析:11.[单选题]Switchboards may be of the dead-front type in which all live parts are installed behind _____ and only the operation handles and instruments are on the front.A)theB)theC)theD)the答案:C解析:12.[单选题]The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, was issued by the _____.A)UNB)IMOC)ILOD)ITU答案:C解析:13.[单选题]The difference between magnetic heading and compass heading is called______.A)variationB)deviationC)compassD)drift答案:B解析:14.[单选题]Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera are the major ______.A)webB)uniformC)fileD)Java答案:A解析:D)It's答案:D解析:16.[单选题]The number of cycles per second occurring in AC voltage is known as the_____.A)phaseB)frequencyC)waveD)half答案:B解析:17.[单选题]Copper is often used as an electrical conductor because it _____.A)hasB)hasC)isD)holds答案:C解析:【注】electrical conductor:导电体;opposition:阻挠,反对18.[单选题]A ground can be defined as an electrical connection between the wiring of a motor and its _____.A)shuntB)circuitC)metalD)inter-pole答案:C解析:19.[单选题]In more recent years, ______ has been used by civilians in many new ways to determine positions, such as in automobile and boat navigation, hiking, emergency rescue, and precision agriculture and mining.A)GPSB)GMDSSC)AISD)Navtex20.[单选题]The podded propulsor is widely adopted in the electric propulsion system. In this system, ______.A)theB)theC)theD)the答案:A解析:21.[单选题]_____ is used to produce electric power.A)AnB)AC)AD)A答案:A解析:22.[单选题]Prior to closing the breaker when paralleling two AC generators, the recommended practice is to have the frequency of the incoming machine _____.A)slightlyB)theC)slightlyD)have答案:C解析:23.[单选题]All echo-sounders can measure the ______.A)actualB)actualC)averageD)average答案:B解析:24.[单选题]The field coils _____ and the armature is _____. This is in fact the arrangement adopted for large, heavy duty alternators.A)stationaryB)stationaryC)rotate25.[单选题]What feature(s) may be found on certain satellite EPIRB units?A)StrobeB)EmergencyC)Float-freeD)All答案:D解析:【注】卫星EPIRB有闸门照明,406MHz紧急发射和自浮释放支架。
小学上册英语第2单元综合卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.What is the name of the tool used to measure temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. SpeedometerD. AltimeterB2.We have a ______ (愉快的) family day every month.3.My ______ likes to cook delicious food.4.What is the capital of Peru?A. LimaB. QuitoC. BogotáD. SantiagoA5._____ (栽培技术) can improve harvest yields.6. A crab has pincers to catch its ________________ (食物).7.The _____ (植物资源) is vital for sustainable living.8.What is the name of the famous British author who wrote "1984"?A. Jane AustenB. Charles DickensC. George OrwellD. J.K. RowlingC9.Which day is the weekend?A. MondayB. FridayC. SundayD. Wednesday10.My cousin is a ______. She enjoys painting landscapes.11.An oxidizing agent is a substance that can accept _____.12.What is the opposite of soft?A. HardB. SmoothC. RoughD. FirmA13.What do you call a person who studies plants?A. BiologistB. BotanistC. ZoologistD. EcologistB14.I enjoy playing _____ (桌面游戏) with my family.15.My uncle is a __________ (文化传播者).16. A ______ plays a key role in the habitat.17.Did you know that a _____ (变色龙) can change colors?18.What is the name of the famous American civil rights leader?A. Malcolm XB. Martin Luther King Jr.C. Nelson MandelaD. Rosa ParksB19.I enjoy cooking with my mom. We make delicious ______ (晚餐) together.20.__________ are important for the production of biofuels.21.The __________ (大树) took many years to grow.22. A __________ is a type of reaction that occurs in the presence of oxygen.23.What do we use to write?A. SpoonB. PenC. PlateD. Cup24. A _____ (植物发展) can lead to sustainable practices.25. A _______ can symbolize love and beauty.26.What do we call the person who flies an airplane?A. PilotB. EngineerC. MechanicD. Navigator27.The zebra's stripes can help regulate its body ________________ (温度).28. A _______ measures the amount of electricity used by devices over time.29.What is the capital city of Zambia?A. LusakaB. NdolaC. KitweD. Livingstone30.The __________ (科学研究) contribute to knowledge.31.__________ (反应条件) can greatly affect the yield of products.32.My cousin is a ______. She enjoys baking.33.The __________ (文化融合) has shaped modern societies.34.What do you call a young female pig?A. PigletB. SowC. BoarD. Gilt35.We are going to a ________ (音乐会).36.What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. Saint PetersburgC. KievD. Minsk37.We have a ______ (快乐的) time at the beach.38.The opossum plays dead to avoid ______ (捕食者).39.How many wheels does a bicycle have?A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. FiveA40.The girl is very ________.41.Solutes are substances that are ______ in a solvent.42.What do we call the system of governing a country?A. EconomyB. PoliticsC. GovernmentD. LawC43.What is the term for a creature that can produce its own food?A. AutotrophB. HeterotrophC. ConsumerD. DecomposerA44. A ____ is a gentle animal that enjoys being petted.45.What is the main ingredient of pasta?A. WheatB. RiceC. CornD. OatsA46._____ (秋天) brings changing colors to the leaves.47.My family has ______ members.48.I love to paint my toy ____ in bright colors. (玩具名称)49.The penguin waddles on ________________ (冰).50.__________ are found in the center of an atom.51.What do you call the person who teaches you in school?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. EngineerD. ChefB52.My mom loves to __________. (烘焙)53.The ability of a substance to dissolve in another is called ______.54.What do you call a book that tells a fictional story?A. NovelB. BiographyC. AnthologyD. TextbookA55. A __________ (合成材料) is made from natural or artificial substances.56.The _____ (植物) needs sunlight to thrive.57.What do we call the time when the sun sets?A. SunriseB. SunsetC. NoonD. Midnight58.My mom loves to grow ________.59.The lynx's tufted ears enhance its sense of ________________ (听觉).60.What do you call a person who studies the weather?A. GeologistB. MeteorologistC. BiologistD. AstronomerB61.________ (植物适应) to their environment.62.electrification) reduces reliance on fossil fuels. The ____63.I enjoy _______ (散步) in the evening.64.The owl is a symbol of _________. (智慧)65.I love to _______ (画画) in my free time.66.She has a new ________.67.Metalloids have properties of both ________ and nonmetals.68.My favorite sport is _______ (篮球), and I play it with friends.69.What do you call a person who studies rocks?A. BiologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. AstronomerB70.What is the capital of Hungary?A. BudapestB. DebrecenC. SzegedD. Miskolc71.What is the primary purpose of a compass?A. To measure distanceB. To tell timeC. To find directionD. To weigh objectsC72.My favorite game to play with friends is __________ because it's so much fun.73.I want to _____ (see) a concert.74.The chemical symbol for silicon carbide is _____.75.The chemical formula for iron(III) sulfate is _____.76.My cousin is very ____.77.The nurse provides _____ (护理) for patients.78. A parrot can ________ words.79.The __________ (历史的连结) strengthens bonds.80.What is the name of the first manned mission to land on the moon?A. Apollo 11B. Gemini 12C. Mercury 7D. Voyager 1A81. A ______ is a special type of ant.82.The Milky Way is part of a larger ______.83. A ______ (猴子) is playful and loves to climb.84.The bird sings a beautiful ______ (歌).85.They are in the ___ (garden).86.My favorite game is ______ (棋) because it challenges my brain and improves my ______ (思维能力).87.I enjoy cooking ______ (健康的) meals with my parents.88.What is 4 + 4?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 989.The ________ (国家) has many different cultures.90.小鳄鱼) sunbathes on the rock. The ___91.What do you call a person who repairs cars?A. MechanicB. ElectricianC. PlumberD. CarpenterA92.I enjoy playing ______ outside.93.What do we call a large body of saltwater?A. RiverB. LakeC. OceanD. PondC94. A cute ___ (小狗) is barking in the park.95.The __________ (历史的反响) shapes public discourse.96.What do you call the study of living things?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. PhysicsD. AstronomyA97. A bison is a large, grazing ________________ (动物).98.What do we call the imaginary line that divides the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres?A. LatitudeB. EquatorC. MeridianD. Prime MeridianB99.What is the color of grass?A. BlueB. GreenC. BrownD. RedB100.My sister is ______ (practicing) her dance routine.。
易错点17 阅读理解主旨大意题目录01 易错陷阱(3大陷阱)02 举一反三【易错点提醒一】标题类易混易错点【易错点提醒二】段落大意类易混易错点【易错点提醒三】文章大意类易混易错点03 易错题通关养成良好的答题习惯,是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前,要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项,并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时,切忌跟着感觉走,最好按照题目序号来做,不会的或存在疑问的,要做好标记,要善于发现,找到题目的题眼所在,规范答题,书写工整;答题完毕时,要认真检查,查漏补缺,纠正错误。
易错陷阱1:标题类易混易错点。
【分析】标题类是对中心思想的加工和提炼,可以是单词、短语、也可以是句子。
她的特点是短小精悍,多为短语;涵盖性、精确性强;不能随意改变语言表达的程度和色彩。
如果是短语类选项,考生容易混淆重点,此时应当先划出选项的关键词。
此类题和文章的中心主题句有很大关系。
中心主题句一般出现在第一段,有时第一段也可能引出话题,此时应当重点关注第二段和最后一段,看看是否会出现首尾呼应。
易错陷阱2:段落大意类易混易错点。
【分析】每个段落都有一个中心思想,通常会在段落的第一句或最后一句体现,这就是段落主题句。
如果没有明显的主题句时,应当根据段落内容概括处段落大意。
有时考生还会找错文章对应位置,盲目选词文中相同的词句,而出现文不对题的现象。
易错陷阱3:文章大意类易混易错点。
【分析】确定文章主旨的方法是:先看首尾段或各段开头再看全文找主题句,若无明显主题句,就通过关键词句来概括。
如,议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词语,记叙文中寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。
文中出现不同观点时,要牢记作者的观点彩色体现全文中心的。
此时,要注意转折词,如:but, however, yet, in spite of, on the contrary等。
【易错点提醒一】标题类易混易错点【例1】(浙江省义乌五校2023-2024学年高三联考试题)The scientist’s job is to figure out how the world works, to “torture (拷问)” Nature to reveal her secrets, as the 17th century philosopher Francis Bacon described it. But who are these people in the lab coats (or sports jackets, or T-shirts and jeans) and how do they work? It turns out that there is a good deal of mystery surrounding the mystery-solvers.“One of the greatest mysteries is the question of what it is about human beings — brains, education, culture etc. that makes them capable of doing science at all,” said Colin Allen, a cognitive scientist at Indiana University.Two vital ingredients seem to be necessary to make a scientist: the curiosity to seek out mysteries and the creativity to solve them. “Scientists exhibit a heightened level of curiosity,” reads a 2007 report on scientific creativity. “They go further and deeper into basic questions showing a passion for knowledge for its own sake.” Max Planck, one of the fathers of quantum physics, once said, the scientist “must have a vivid and intuitive imagination, for new ideas are not generated by deduction (推论), but by an artistically creative imagination.”......ong as our best technology for seeing inside the brain requires subjects to lie nearly motionless while surrounded by a giant magnet, we’re only going to make limited pro gress on these questions,” Allen said.What is a suitable title for the text?A.Who Are The Mystery-solversB.Scientists Are Not Born But MadeC.Great Mystery: What Makes A ScientistD.Solving Mysteries: Inside A Scientist's Mind【答案】C【解析】文章标题。
关于种族歧视的名言英语1.关于种族歧视的英语名言1、I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up, live up to the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.——Martin Luther King中文翻译:我梦想有一天,这个国家会站立起来,真正实现其信条的真谛:我们认为真理是不言而喻,人人生而平等。
——马丁路德金《我有一个梦想》2、I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.——Martin Luther King中文翻译:我梦想有一天,在佐治亚的红山上,昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起,共叙兄弟情谊。
——马丁路德金《我有一个梦想》3、I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice,sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.——Martin Luther King中文翻译:我梦想有一天,甚至连密西西比州这个正义匿迹,压迫成风,如同沙漠般的地方,也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。
2024年教师资格(初级中学)-英语知识与教学能力(高中)考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点押密题库(共100题)1.(单项选择题)(每题2.00 分)His___________in alcohol mined his whole life.A. indulgenceB. habitC. engagementD. addiction2.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Mr. Woods, I am here just in case anything out of the ordinary__________.A. happensB. happenC. would happenD. will happen3.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities is the most suitable for group work?______.A. guessing gameB. story tellingC. information-gapD. drama performance4.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities can be used to get the main idea of a passage?A. Reading the passage in detail.B. Reading to sequence the events.C. Reading to fill in the charts.D. Reading the first and last sentences of the passage and the paragraphs.5.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) To our surprise, the stranger______to be an old friend of my mother’s.A. turned outB. turned upC. set outD. setup6.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) new buildings will be built in my hometown.A. A great deals ofB. A lots ofC. A plenty ofD. A great number of7.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 请阅读Passage2,完成下列小题.Passage 2We had been wanting to expand our children‘s horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything wed been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva,where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-old needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments.What we didn’t foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children “in danger",referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought anexcellent guidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving. Friendly warnings didn’t change our planning:although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. Department’s list of troublespots. We didn’t see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, veryinteresting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see “every single” church and museum in a given city.Vaccinations werent needed for the city, but we were concerned about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy.Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul’s major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners. From a teenager and preteens view. Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing this with younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; it would be easy to get lost.For →our two←, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our children’s curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every comer of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women. Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us th e agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults’ desire to try something new amid children’s insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties. Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans9 palace, no guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook, which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily left to a learned third party.Whom does“our two”in PARAGRAPH 5 refer to? ______ .A. the coupleB. the kidsC. the gourmetsD. local-style markets8.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following statements is NOT a way of presenting new vocabulary?____.A. definingB. using real objectsC. writing a passage by using new wordsD. giving explanations9.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age, for the same age, for these children to develop to their full adult potential; their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society5s understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this countrys founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not —to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.From its passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children______.A. is now enjoying legal supportB. disagrees with the tradition of the countryC. was clearly stated by the country’s foundersD. will exert great influence over court decisions10.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What stage can the following grammar activity be used at?The teacher asked students to arrange the words of sentences into different columns marked subject, predicate, object, object complement, adverbial and so on.A. Presentation.B. Practice.C. Production.D. Preparation.11.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)According to Britain linguist F. Palmer, there are no real synonyms. Though"cast" and"throw" are considered synonyms, they are different in__________.A. styleB. collocationC. emotive meaningD. regions where they are used12.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What advantage do the new generation Latino writers have over LatinAmericanwriters according to the passage?A. The former are able to write in two different languages.B. The former can translate their works into different languages.C. The former are able to express ideas from a bi-cultural perspective.D. The former can travel freely across the border between two countries.13.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) It is not so much the language______the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understanD.A. asB. butC. likeD. nor14.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Which inference in the brackets of the following sentences is apresupposition?A. Ede caught a trout. (Edecaught a fish.)B. Don' t sit on Carol' s bed. (Carol has a bed.)C. This blimp is over the house. (The house is under the blimp.)D. Coffee would keep me awake all night. (I don' t want coffee.)15.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) There are many different ways of presenting grammar in the classroom. Among them, three are most frequently used and discusseD. Which one does not belong to them?______.A. deductive methodB. inductive methodC. guided discovery methodD. productive method16.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) When a teacher teaches young learners English pronunciation, he should______.A. listen as much as possibleB. input regardless of students5 abilityC. tolerate small errors in continuous speechD. read more English materials17.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following activities is the best for training detailed reading?A. drawing a diagram to show the text structureB. giving the text an appropriate titleC. transforming information from the text to a diagramD. finding out all the unfamiliar words18.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Which of the following teacher‘s instruction could serve the purpose of eliciting ideas?A. Shall we move on?B. Read after me, everyoneC. What can you see in this picture?D. What does the world "quickly" mean?19.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?A. The quality of writing is of primary importance.B. Common humanity is central to news reporting.C. Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.D. Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.20.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分)What is the best title for this passage?A. Creativity. and InsightsB. Insights and Problem SolvingC. Where Do Insight Moments Come?D. Where Do Creativity Moments Come?21.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) —Where did you find the wallet?—It was at the stadium______I played football.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. there22.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce large volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensifieD. This will involve even increasing quantities of agriculture chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be lesseneD. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazarD. This involves the processing of solid wastes prior to disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or best reduce pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients containeD. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries,such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste production into marketable byproducts. Other industries have potential economic uses for their waste products.The phrase “prior to”(ParA. 2) probably means______.A. afterB. duringC. beforeD. beyond23.(单项选择题)(每题 2.00 分) 请阅读passage2,完成下列小题。
哲学家的英语名言哲学家的英语名言引言:万物的和平在于秩序的平衡,秩序就是把平等和不平等的事物安排在各自适当的位置上。
接下来小编给各位读者分享一些哲学家的英语名言,欢迎大家阅读。
1、一切确定的皆否定。
——斯宾诺莎All sure all negative。
2、凡是活着的就应当活下去。
——费尔巴哈Those who live should live。
3、人最容易忘记的是自己。
——克尔凯戈尔One is the most easy to forget himself。
4、人生在世,不过是过路的旅客。
——托马斯·阿奎那In life, but is passing travelers。
5、人人生而自由平等。
——卢梭Human beings are born free equality。
6、给我物质,我就用它造出一个宇宙来。
——康德Matter to me, I will use it to create a universe。
7、幸福不过是欲望的暂时停止。
——叔本华Happiness is but a desire to temporarily stop。
8、人的本性就是追求个人利益。
——亚当斯密Human nature is the pursuit of personal interests。
9、知识归根结底由经验而来。
——洛克Knowledge in the final analysis by experience。
10、把精神说清楚是一个巨大的诱惑。
——维特根斯坦Clarify spirit is a great temptation。
11、世界上没有两片完全相同的树叶。
——莱布尼茨There are no two identical leaves in the world。
12、不能制约自己的人,不能称之为自由的人。
——毕达哥拉斯Can't restrict themselves, can't call it freedom。
单位内部认证船舶英语考试(试卷编号231)1.[单选题]The difference between measured and desired values is called _________.A)offsetB)errorC)deviationD)set答案:C解析:【注】deviation:偏差2.[单选题]What is international NAVTEX based on?A)TerrestrialB)NBDPC)Satellite.D)Digital答案:B解析:【注】国际NAVTEX业务是基于NBDP技术的。
3.[单选题]_____ is NOT a part of the main switchboard.A)Bus-barB)LoadC)ParallelingD)Shore答案:D解析:【注】shore connection box:岸电接线箱4.[单选题]The development of ______ led to the fully automatic ARPA systems installed on commercial ships.A)SeaTalkB)powerfulC)chartplotterD)small-scale答案:B解析:5.[单选题]The abbreviation of “PF” in the electrotechnics field equivalents to______.A)powerB)power6.[单选题]Which statement about the gyrocompass is FALSE?A)ItsB)ItC)ItD)If答案:A解析:7.[单选题]Brushless generators are designed to operate without the use of _____.A)brushesB)slipC)commutatorsD)all答案:D解析:8.[单选题]The gyrocompass error resulting from your vessel's movement in OTHER than an east-west direction is called ______.A)dampingB)ballisticC)quadrantalD)speed答案:D解析:【注】damping error:阻尼误差;quadrantal error:象限差9.[单选题]AIS stands for ______.A)AtlanticB)AutomaticC)AstronomicalD)Audio答案:B解析:10.[单选题]The marine high-voltage power system is rated higher than ______ but not higher than _______.A)440B)38011.[单选题]The DPU in the DataChief C20 alarm and monitoring system stands for ______.A)DocumentB)DistributedC)DepartmentD)Display答案:B解析:12.[单选题]The steering gear provides a movement to the rudder in response to a signal from the______.A)bridgeB)MCRC)transmissionD)engine答案:A解析:13.[单选题]The magnetic field is provided by electromagnets so arranged that adjacent poles have _____.A)oppositeB)theC)negativeD)positive答案:A解析:【注】磁场由电磁铁产生,电磁铁布置成相邻的磁极磁性相反。
2019奔驰英文广告语广告在人们的生活中越来越常见,成功的广告可以让我们一提想起该广告,并且对此有熟悉感。
下面是橙子带来的关于20xx奔驰英文广告语的内容,欢迎阅读!20xx奔驰英文广告语 n fact, not so simpleAt that moment I walked on two roadsA visible in the foot of the conquest of an invisible in the heart looking forI confess I do not want to be the savior who no one has not God issued an orderIf I remember correctly, I used to be a knight where the dangers are also the ultimate strength to save the ultimate salvation and to face itself from fear, never to be above all things but to flow quietly in the bloodWalking world of people are smallFeel the small body can hold all the birth of faith is not to live in doubt in the world the most dirty clothing called camouflageTake offA naked heart with wear sand1 / 7The souls of people know that love is the most important thing now I have been to their childhood every dreamAlso found his own dreamTo the end of the worldThe heart can return to the spirit of the naked soul with the Mercedes-Benz奔驰英文广告语 Agile and flexible, dynamic and dynamic show between the excellent style ------- Mercedes-Benz new C-Class sedanC gravity wave with you ------- Mercedes-Benz new C-Class sedanMercedes-Benz new C-Class sedanThe most beautiful moment, in front of you - Mercedes-Benz CLK RoadsterNever forget the moment ------- Mercedes-Benz CLK Roadster Travel - ready to go on the road racing ------- Mercedes-Benz CLK RoadsterCan be immersed in the enjoyment, without distraction ------- Mercedes-Benz CLK RoadsterShow hidden beauty ------- Mercedes-Benz CLK class coupe Can the passage of time better? Mercedes-Benz CLK class 2 / 7coupePerformance on the road - agility and timeless elegance - Mercedes-Benz CLK class coupeFree and smooth lines gathered in one place: with your heart ------- Mercedes-Benz CLS class coupeThe essence of the temptation ------- Benz CLS class coupe Beyond the limits of a new generation of Mercedes - Benz E - class carsLe Le alone as the music of the Mercedes-Benz luxury GL-class off-road vehiclesSharp lines, interpretation of tough nature ------- Mercedes-Benz GLK-class luxury medium SUVBorn for the road, the road at the foot of the new Mercedes-Benz ------- M-class off-road vehiclesA world full of endless, from the beginning ------- Mercedes-Benz R-class "luxury sports station wagon" (Grand Sports Tourer)Ahead, because the continuous forward ------- Mercedes-Benz S-Class sedanThe future of security technology has been used in today's cars. ------- Mercedes-Benz S-Class sedan3 / 7Conquer the target to climb the new peak ------- Mercedes-Benz SL roadsterFrom racing to car legend - Mercedes Benz SL roadsterPerfect to enjoy this touch ------- Mercedes-Benz SLK RoadsterSmile curve, so that everything becomes simple and clear ------- Mercedes-Benz SLK RoadsterPoetry in motion, dancing close to me. Dynamic poetry, dance to me.Lead the times, control the futureThe Future of the Automobile Engineered to move the human spiritWins endlessA long tradition and wonderful design, "beautiful eternal" Never before, as before allFashion lines converge in your mindThe Ultimate Sports Car - The Combination of Tradition and InnovationA great startThe best or nothing20xx汽车英文广告语 BMW car slogan - even if you split it 4 / 7in pieces, it is still a beauty (foreign).Driving pleasure, innovation limit.BMW 7 Series auto advertising language --- life art only you with respectMercedes-Benz advertising language --- leading the times, control the future.Audi car advertising language --- break through science and technology, inspire the futureCadillac car slogan --- the strength, speed and luxury blendFranklin car slogan --- a car will never give you trouble Volkswagen advertising slogan --- out of car love car value modelVolvo (VOLVO) car language --- caring life, enjoy life (ForLife.For) Ford Motor advertising language --- your world, from unboundedNissan car advertising language --- beyond the futureBondiak car advertising language --- sitting inside is a good thing, was seen sitting in it is a pleasure.Beetle car advertising language --- the car has remained unchanged, so the appearance is very ugly, but its performance 5 / 7has been improved.Toyota car advertising language --- there must be a road to the piedmont, there will be a road Toyota car farther and more freedomChrysler - you do not buy a car to consider our Chrysler car that you suffer, not only you lose, we also suffer.Philip special car advertising language --- create a new era of Fiat, reborn, menacing, super Leimax 1000.Hyundai Motor Advertising Language - Managing Modern AchievementSkoda car slogan --- simple, smart;Citroen car advertising language --- want to be before you; Kia car slogan --- all intentions for you;Europe and the United States good car slogan --- smooth conquest of lifeOpel car advertising language --- German technology easy to enjoyRenault car advertising language --- let the car into a small homeBritish MINI (MINI) car ad language --- she cute? (ISITLOVE?) Audi A4 car advertising language --- dynamic legend 6 / 7Audi 100 car advertising language --- take the China Road, by FAW Audi Beijing Hyundai Motor advertising language --- the pursuit of excellence, create happiness; Sonata car advertising language --- China's new power to measure the value of the new model of Guangzhou Honda car advertising language - - World quality, the same strain; Chinese automotive advertising language --- beyond expectations, better ourselves; Buick car slogan --- contemporary spirit, contemporary car Buick Regal automobile advertising language --- the heart caused by the line with the static one; Accord car advertising language --- activate the new power of the new power of the new Accord debut Mazda 6 car advertising language --- Charm TechnologyMondeo automotive advertising language --- leading is your couragePolaris car slogan --- the driver of the car fast and happy 7 / 7。
船舶英语考试(试卷编号231)1.[单选题]The DPU in the DataChief C20 alarm and monitoring system stands for ______.A)DocumentB)DistributedC)DepartmentD)Display答案:B解析:2.[单选题]The controlled object and parameter of the fuel oil viscosity control system are ______.A)theB)theC)theD)the答案:D解析:3.[单选题]Which one of the following items does NOT belong to the operating water of an FO clarifier: ______.A)displacementB)sealingC)compensationD)clarified答案:D解析:4.[单选题]Which of the following does not belong to the power systems of main engine?A)F.O.system.B)C.W.system.C)OilD)Compressed答案:C解析:5.[单选题]Which part is not in the radar?A)magnetronB)PPI答案:D解析:6.[单选题]_______ on board ship are used to control and distribute the electrical energy generated by generators.A)GovernorsB)AlternatorsC)BlackboardsD)Switchboards答案:D解析:7.[单选题]According to the STCW Convention, the ETO's responsibility aboard do NOT include_______.A)toB)toC)toD)to答案:D解析:8.[单选题]The functions of engine room centralized alarm and monitoring system usually don’t include ______.A)toB)toC)extensionD)main答案:D解析:9.[单选题]When there is a flame failure in an automatically fired auxiliary boiler, the ______.A)airB)fuelC)waterD)safety答案:B解析:10.[单选题]STCW78/95 states that the officer in charge of the engineering watch is theB)master'sC)chiefD)manager's答案:C解析:11.[单选题]Which one of the following electric power systems is not used in the marine high voltage power plant?A)TheB)TheC)TheD)The答案:B解析:12.[单选题]When the current in a power transmission line is increased, the power loss _____.A)increasesB)decreasesC)remainsD)increases答案:A解析:13.[单选题]INMARSAT stands for ______.A)InternationalB)InternetC)InternationalD)Internet答案:A解析:14.[单选题]VDR stands for ______, which is designed for all vessels required to comply with the SOLAS Requirements.A)VideoB)VoyageC)VoyageD)Voltage答案:B解析:alternator at varying load conditions by_____.A)VaryingB)RegulatingC)SupplyingD)All答案:A解析:16.[单选题]The abbreviation of “PF” in the electrotechnics field equivalents to ______.A)powerB)powerC)performanceD)pulse答案:B解析:17.[单选题]What feature(s) may be found on certain satellite EPIRB units?A)StrobeB)EmergencyC)Float-freeD)All答案:D解析:【注】卫星EPIRB有闸门照明,406MHz紧急发射和自浮释放支架。
PhilipsLCD monitor17"SXGA170B7CSExtremely convenient displayfor business usersWith SmartManage LAN-based remote monitor management, Philips Perfect Panel™warranty and a full range of convenient features, the 170B7 delivers great and convenientdisplay at a very attractive total cost of ownership.Best total cost of ownership solution•Empowered for Windows Vista•SmartManage compatibility enables LAN-based asset management•Power consumption below the industry averageOutstanding front of screen performance•ISO 13406-2 Class I compliant dot-defect-free display•5ms fast response time•SXGA 1280 x 1024 resolution for sharper display•Dual input accepts both analogue VGA and digital DVI signalsMaximum comfort for maximum productivity•Tilt, swivel and height-adjust for an ideal viewing positionGreat convenience•USB port for convenient peripheral connections•Easy to adjust display settings with Philips SmartControl•Built-in speakers for audio without desktop clutterHighlightsWindows Vista readyPhilips Vista-ready monitors are empowered for vibrant, exciting display of this new, visually sophisticated and demanding Windows operating system, designed to enhance your entertainment experience, make you more productive and help you control your computing experience at home and in the office, making viewing, finding and organising information for work or play quick, efficient and easy.SmartManage enabledSmartManage is a system for monitoring, managing and checking status of display devices as well as delivering remote support to users who experience difficulties - all accomplished over a LAN.Lower power consumptionReduction of the electrical power required to operate a device.PerfectPanel™Bright dots and dark dots are defects in a LCD panel. While some manufacturers still consider bright and dark defects in a LCD panel an inevitable part of the manufacturing process, Philips doesn't. Philips monitors, compliant with ISO 13406-2 Class I standard, areproduced with zero tolerance for LCD paneldefects and backed by Philips PerfectPanel™globally valid warranty providing repair orreplacement of any LCD monitors that displayeven a single defective bright or dark dot.5ms on/off response timeOn-Off response time is the period requiredfor a liquid crystal cell to go from active (black)to inactive (white) and back to active (black)again. It is measured in milliseconds. Faster isbetter: Lower response time means fastertransitions and, therefore, results in fewervisible image artefacts in the display oftransition of texts and graphics. On-Offresponse time is a more important measure inthe display of business content like documents,graphs and photos.Dual inputDual input provides connectors toaccommodate input of both analogue VGA anddigital DVI signals.Compact Ergo BaseThe Compact Ergo Base is a 'people friendly'Philips monitor base that tilts, swivels andheight adjusts so each user can position themonitor for maximum viewing comfort andefficiency.USB 2.0 portThe universal serial bus or USB is a standardprotocol for linking PCs and peripherals.Because it delivers high speed at a low cost,USB has become the most popular method forconnecting peripheral devices to a computer.A port located on a monitor directly in theuser's line of sight provides easy, high-speedconnectivity for USB devices at a convenientlocation. (USB 2.0 support is dependent onyour PC's USB configuration; when connectedto a PC that supports USB 2.0, your monitor isUSB 2.0 compatible)SmartControlPC software for fine tuning displayperformance and settings. Philips offers userstwo choices for display setting adjustment.Either navigate the multilevel On ScreenDisplay menu through buttons on the displayitself or use the Philips SmartControl softwareto easily adjust the various display settings in afamiliar way.Built-in speakersAudio speakers built into a display device.Issue date 2011-11-26 Version: 8.0.1412 NC: 8639 000 16888 EAN: 87 10895 95626 0© 2011 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.All Rights reserved.Specifications are subject to change without notice. Trademarks are the property of Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. or their respective owners. SpecificationsPicture/Display•LCD panel type: 1280 x 1024 pixels, Anti-glare polarizer, RGB vertical stripe•Panel Size: 17"/ 43 cm•Effective viewing area: 337.9 x 270.3 mm •Pixel pitch: 0.264 x 0.264 mm •Brightness: 300 cd/m²•Contrast ratio (typical): 800:1•Display colours: 16.7 M•Viewing angle: 176º (H) / 170º (V), @ C/R > 5•Response time (typical): 5 ms•White Chromaticity, 6500K: x = 0.313 / y = 0.329•White Chromaticity, 9300K: x = 0.283 / y = 0.297•Maximum Resolution: 1280 x 1024 @ 75 Hz (digital input)•Recommended Resolution: 1280 x 1024 @ 60 Hz (digital input)•Video Dot Rate: 140 MHz•Horizontal Scanning Frequency: 30 - 83 kHz •Vertical Scanning Frequency: 56 - 76 Hz •sRGBConnectivity•Signal Input: Analogue (VGA), DVI-D, PC Audio in •Audio output: Stereo Audio (3.5 mm jack) 1x •USB: 1 x USB 2.0•Video Sync Input Signal: Composite Sync, Separate Sync, Sync on Green•Video input impedance: 75 ohm•Sync input impedance: 2.2k ohm•Video input signal levels: 0.7 Vpp Convenience•Built-in Audio: 2 W RMS x 2 Stereo Speakers •Convenience Enhancements: On-screen Display, SmartManage enabled•Monitor Controls: Auto, Brightness Control (Up/ Down), Left/Right, Menu (OK), Power On/Off, Volume control•OSD Languages: English, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish•Other convenience: Kensington lock compatible, FlexiHolder•Plug & Play Compatibility: DDC/CI, sRGB, Windows 98/ME/2000/XP/Vista •Regulatory Approvals: CE Mark, EMC, Energy Star, FCC-B, UL, CSA, SEMKO, TCO '03, TÜV/GS,TÜV Ergo•Swivel:+/-60°•Tilt: -5° to 25°•VESA Mount: 100 x 100 mmAccessories•Included Accessories: AC Power Cord, Audio Cable, USB cable, VGA cable•Optional accessories: Super Ergo Base•User ManualDimensions•Box dimensions(W x H x D):449 x 182 x 452 mm•Box dimensions in inch (W x H x D):17.7 x 7.2 x 17.8 inch•Set dimensions(W x H x D):382.5 x 342.8 x 61.5 mm•Set dimensions in inch (W x H x D):15.1 x 13.5 x 2.4 inch•Set dimensions with stand (W x H x D):382.5 x 387.2 x 198.7 mm•Set dimensions with stand in inch (W x H x D): 15.1 x 15.2 x 7.8 inch•Height adjustment range: 60 mm•Height adjustment range (inch): 2.4 inch •MTBF: 50,000 hrs•Relative Humidity: 20% - 80%•Temperature range (operation): 5°C to 40°C •Temperature range (storage): -20°C to 60°C •Product weight (+stand): 5.2 kg•Product weight (+stand) (lb): 11.5 lb•Weight incl. Packaging: 6.5 kg•Weight incl. Packaging (lb): 14.3 lbPower•Complies with: Energy Star •Consumption: 33W (Typical)•Off Mode: < 1 W•Power LED indicator: Operation - green, Stand by/ sleep - Amber•Power supply: Built-in, 100-240VAC, 50/60Hz。
“OF ALL THINGS THE MEASURE IS MAN”AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONS AND INTER-LABELER CONSISTENCY Stefan Steidl,Michael Levit,Anton Batliner,Elmar N¨o th,and Heinrich NiemannLehrstuhl f¨u r Mustererkennung,Universit¨a t Erlangen-N¨u rnbergMartensstraße3,91058Erlangen,Germanysteidl@informatik.uni-erlangen.deABSTRACTIn traditional classification problems,the reference needed for train-ing a classifier is given and considered to be absolutely correct. However,this does not apply to all tasks.In emotion recognition in non-acted speech,for instance,one often does not know which emotion was really intended by the speaker.Hence,the data is annotated by a group of human labelers who do not agree on one common class in most cases.Often,similar classes are confused systematically.We propose a new entropy-based method to evalu-ate classification results taking into account these systematic con-fusions.We can show that a classifier which achieves a recognition rate of“only”about60%on a four-class-problem performs as well as ourfive human labelers on average.1.INTRODUCTIONAn essential aspect of pattern recognition is the classification of patterns.Besides the search for applicable features,a lot of work has also been done to develop new and to improve existing au-tomatic classification techniques.Well known are,for instance, artificial neural networks,or support vector machines which be-came very popular in the last few years.In the case of supervised learning,the classifiers are trained to map a set of features into a given reference class.The standard method to evaluate an au-tomatic classifier is to calculate the recognition rate which is the percentage of correctly recognized samples.The basic assumption is that this reference class is given and that it is non-ambiguous.In our work on the recognition of emotions on the basis of emotional speech,we face the problem that it is not clear at all which emotions the people expressed when they were recorded. The corpus on which the experiments were done in this paper con-sists of children playing with the Sony robot Aibo.The kids were asked to direct the Aibo along a given route;they were not asked to express any emotions.Nevertheless emotional behavior can be observed in these recordings.As these emotions are not acted by professional actors,but are emotions as they appear in daily life, they are called“realistic”.From the application developers’point of view,it is very important to deal with such realistic behavior. However,one side effect is that one has to cope with relatively weak emotions in contrast to full-blown emotions of acted speech. As the recorded persons do not have to play a given emotion and due to the fact that it is often not feasible to ask them afterwards what kind of emotions they felt during the recordings,one employs This work was partially funded by the EU projects PF-STAR(IST-2001-37599)and HUMAINE(IST-2002-507422).The responsibility for the content lies with the authors.human labelers to label the data set.Normally,only in a few cases, all available labelers agree on one common label.In our corpus, in most cases,only three out offive labelers agreed.Yet this is not a problem of bad labeling but rather a consequence of the fact that we are dealing with a realistic classification problem which also raises real difficulties for humans.Accordingly,the expectations of the automatic classifier measured in recognition rates must be lowered.In order to be able to calculate recognition rates at all,hard decisions are needed for the reference as well as for the classi-fier’s output.If a metric can be imposed on the label space,the labels of all labelers can be averaged.This is well possible,for example,if the tiredness of persons is labeled on a scale from1to 10.If two labelers judge someone with’8’as very tired and one labeler says only’5’,the reference would be’7’.But this does not work for categorical emotion labels like anger,bored,etc.as the mean of anger and bored is not defined.In those cases,the state-of-the-art is to use a majority voting to create the reference. Proceeding this way,we achieve recognition rates of about60% on our corpus with four emotion classes which is a state-of-the-art result for a task set-up like that.Nonetheless,the assessment of the emotion classification success should not be done without con-sidering how well humans would perform in this task.Depending on the number and type of classes,human labelers confuse certain classes with each other more than other classes.In general,the more similar classes are,the more they are confused.This confu-sion should be considered in the evaluation of a classifier.If the automatic classifier makes the same“mistakes”as many humans do,then this fault cannot be as severe as if the classifier mixes up two classes that are never confused by humans.Instead,the ques-tion is if such systematic confusions are faults at all since“of all things the measure is man”as already Protagoras said more than 2400years ago.In this paper,we would like to propose a new entropy-based measure to judge a classifier’s output taking systematic confusions made by humans into account.2.ENTROPY-BASED MEASUREAccording to Shannon’s information theory[1],the entropy is a measure for the information content.We propose to use the en-tropy to measure the unanimity of the labelers.If all reference labelers agree on one class,the entropy will be zero.Otherwise, the more the labelers disagree,the higher the entropy will be.In the following,we assume to have N labelers L n who have labeled a data set of S samples X s.For each sample,each of our label-ers has to decide in favor of one of K classes C k.However,the approach is also easily portable to soft labels where all classes get scores from a continuous range of values and all scores for a sam-ple sum up to one.The hard decisions of any number of labelers can be converted into one soft reference label as it is depicted in Fig.1for a four-class-problem(K=4)with ten labelers.The more the labelers disagree theflatter is the distribution of the soft label.labeler class1A2E3A4N5A 6E 7A 8A 9N 10E →A M E N0.50.00.30.2Fig.1.Conversion of the hard decisions of ten labelers into a soft reference label l ref.The four classes are’A nger’,’M otherese’,’E mphatic’,and’N eutral’Our suggestion is to leave out each labeler(we can also use a more general term“decoder”)in succession.If labeler n is left out,then the resulting soft reference label for sample X s is denoted l ref(¯n,s),with¯n indicating the omitted labeler.Now,we add another decoder.This can be an automatic clas-sifier,but also the remaining human labeler who was omitted in the reference,so that direct comparisons between a classifier and a human labeler are possible.In order to avoid dependency on the number of labelers,the new decoder is not considered in the same manner as other reference labelers.Instead,the hard decision of the new decoder for sample X s(also converted into a soft label l dec(s))is weighted1:1with the reference label l ref(¯n,s):l(¯n,s)=0.5·l ref(¯n,s)+0.5·l dec(s)(1) Then,the entropy can be calculated for the given sample X s:H(¯n,s)=−Kk=1l k(¯n,s)·log2(l k(¯n,s))(2)Taking the example of Fig.1,the entropy will decrease com-pared to the reference labels if the decoder decides in favor of ’A nger’as’A nger’is what the majority of labelers said.Other-wise,if the decoder chooses’E mphatic’,the entropy will increase but not as much as if the decoder decides in favor of’N eutral’since 30%of the labelers agree that this sample is’E mphatic’and only 20%said the sample is’N eutral’.As none of the labelers decided for’M otherese’,choosing this class yields the highest entropy. This makes sense since’M otherese’seems to be definitely wrong in this case.Note that if using hard decisions,’A nger’would be the only correct class although50%of the labelers disagree.Next step is to average each of the two computed entropy val-ues for X s over the left-out labelers:H(s)=1Nn=1H(¯n,s)(3)We say that our classifier performs not worse than an averagehuman labeler on sample X s,if the entropy from Eq.3with thisclassifier as the new decoder does not exceed the entropy wherethe additional decoders were always humans.By plotting two cor-responding histograms of H(s)for the entire corpus,we obtain avisual means for the assessment of performance of the classifieron this corpus:the closer the histogram for the classifier to the his-togram for the human labelers,the better the classifier.In general,nothing is known about the distributions approximated by thesehistograms.However,if instead of plotting entropy values of in-dividual samples we average them over series of several samples,then,according to the central limit theorem,the resulting distribu-tions will be approximately normal,and thus,describable in termsof its means and variances.In our experiments we used series of20samples.The overall entropy mean itself can be used for comparisonand is computed by averaging H(s)over all samples of the dataset:H=1SSs=1H(s)(4)3.THE AIBO-EMOTION-CORPUSThis entropy-based measure is useful in all those cases where alarge discrepancy between the human reference labelers exists.Inthis paper,we demonstrate the evaluation of different decodersconsidering the example of emotion recognition in speech of chil-dren.All experiments are done on a subset of our Aibo-Emotion-Corpus which consists of51children at the age of10to13years.The children were asked to direct the Aibo robot along a givenroute and to certain objects.To evoke emotions,the Aibo was op-erated by remote control and misbehaved at predefined positions.In addition,the children were told to address Aibo like a normaldog,especially to reprimand or to laud it.Besides that,we pressedthe children slightly for time and put up some danger spots whereAibo was not allowed to go under any circumstances.Neverthe-less,the recorded emotions are relatively weak,especially in con-trast to full-blown emotions of acted speech.The corpus consistsmainly of the four emotions’A nger’,’M otherese’,’E mphatic’,and’N eutral’which were annotated at word level byfive experi-enced graduate labelers.Before labeling,the labelers agreed on acommon set of discrete emotions.For a more detailed descriptionof the corpus,please refer to[2].As’N eutral’is the most frequent“emotion”by far,we downsampled the data until all four classeswere equally present according to the majority voting of ourfivelabelers.At least three labelers had to agree.Cases were less thanthree labelers agreed were omitted as well as those cases whereother than the four basic classes were labeled.In thefinal data set,1557words for’A nger’,1224words for’M otherese’,and1645words each for’E mphatic’and for’N eutral’are used.The inter-labeler consistency can be measured using the kappa statistic.Theformula is given e.g.in[3].For our subset,the kappa value is only0.36which expresses the large disagreement of ourfive labelers.It is generally agreed that kappa scores greater than0.7indicategood agreement.As mentioned above,our low kappa value is notdue to bad labeling.Rather,we are dealing with a difficult classifi-cation problem where even human labelers disagree about certainclasses.4.MACHINE CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONS The experiments described in the following are all conducted with artificial neural networks.Because of the small data set,we do “Leave-One-Speaker-Out”experiments:1speaker for testing,40 speakers for training,and10speakers for validation of the neural networks.As features we use our set of95prosodic features and30 part-of-speech features.Details to these features can be found in [4,5].The total number of features is reduced to95using principal component analysis(PCA).Two machine classifiers are trained: machine1is trained with soft labels,machine2with hard labels. The results in terms of traditional recognition rates are given Tab.1 and Tab.2together with a confusion matrix of the classes.The average recognition rate per class is with59.7%slightly higher for machine2which is trained with hard labels than for machine 1which achieves58.1%.The majority voting of allfive labelers serves as hard reference.A M E NΣRRA79147261458155750.8%M5655927582122445.7%E21423947461164557.6%N100941611290164578.4%∅58.1%Table1.Machine decoder1:confusion matrix and recognition rates(RR)evaluated using hard decisions for the classes’A nger’,’M otherese’,’E mphatic’,and’N eutral’A M E NΣRRA89990303265155757.7%M11069768349122456.9%E273431076253164565.4%N215201266963164558.5%∅59.7%Table2.Machine decoder2:confusion matrix and recognition rates(RR)evaluated using hard decisions for the classes’A nger’,’M otherese’,’E mphatic’,and’N eutral’The intention of this paper is to compare those two machine classifiers with an average human labeler as described in Sec.2. But prior to this,we present results for different naive classifiers. In Fig.2(left),entropy histograms for an average human labeler and a random choice classifier,which randomly chooses one of four classes,are shown.As expected,the mean entropy for the simple classifier(1.050,Tab.3)is much higher than for the hu-man labeler(0.722).Accordingly,the histogram of the random choice classifier is shifted to the right.On the right side of Fig.2, the histograms of two other naive decoders are shown.One clas-sifier decides always in favor of’N eutral’,the other one always for’M otherese’.Analyzing the data set,it is obvious that human labelers are often not sure whether they should label a word as emotional or as neutral due to the weak emotions we are dealing with.Consequently,deciding for’N eutral’conforms more to the human labeling behavior than deciding for a certain emotion class. This fact is reflected in our entropy values as well.The mean entropy for the classifier that always chooses’N eutral’is0.843 which is better than random choice.In contrast,always deciding for’M otherese’is quite worse(1.196).decoder entropy measurehuman majority voting0.542human labeler0.721machine10.722machine20.758choose always’N’0.843choose always’E’ 1.049random choice 1.050choose always’A’ 1.127choose always’M’ 1.196Table3.Different decoders and their classification results w.r.t. our entropy measureAs for the comparison between the two machine classifiers, the entropy measure H from Eq.4shows that the decoder machine 1performs as well as an average human labeler,albeit it yields an average recognition rate per class of“only”58.1%.The mean en-tropy is with0.722almost identical with the value attained by the human labelers(0.721).Our second machine decoder machine2, even though it is slightly superior to machine1in terms of recog-nition rates,performs a little worse than it in terms of the mean entropy(0.758).The reason becomes obvious if one looks at the confusion matrices in Tab.1and Tab.2.Both neural networks are trained in such a way that all four classes should be recognized equally well.This works better if hard labels are used for training as in the case of machine2.In contrast,machine1tends to favor ’N eutral’,and this is exactly what humans do in our data set.This is why the entropy measure,being a rather intuitive one,prefers machine1over machine2,even though its recognition rates are lower.The reference for calculating recognition rates is the majority voting of allfive labelers.This majority voting can also be in-terpreted as decoder.In Fig.3(right),this decoder is plotted in comparison with an average human labeler.The mean entropy of 0.542specifies the minimum entropy which can be achieved by a machine decoder.Thus,a machine classifier can very well be bet-ter than a single human on average.The results show that we are as good as one of our human labelers on average,but that there is also enough room for further improvements.5.CONCLUSIONWe proposed a new entropy-based measure which makes possi-ble a comparison between human labelers and machine classi-fiers.Even more important for the evaluation is the fact that sys-tematic confusions of human reference labelers are taken into ac-count as in most of our cases the reference is far from being non-ambiguous.For instance,slight forms of’A nger’are often con-fused with’E mphatic’or with’N eutral’since it is very hard to distinguish among these emotions–even for humans.From the application’s point of view,deciding for a similar class cannot be that wrong in those cases.Our measure punishes classification faults that also occur in human classification less than those faults that are never done by humans.Traditional recognition rates are not capable of this distinction.0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20.25r e l. f r e q u e n c y [%]entropy0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25r e l. f r e q u e n c y [%]entropyparison between an average human labeler and three naive classifiers:a decoder which selects randomly one of the four classes (left)and two decoders which always choose ’N eutral’and ’M otherese’respectively (right)0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20.25r e l. f r e q u e n c y [%]entropy0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25r e l. f r e q u e n c y [%]entropyparison between an average human labeler and our machine decoder 1(left)and the majority voting of our five human labelers respectively (right)6.REFERENCES[1] C.E.Shannon,“A Mathematical Theory of Communica-tion,”in Bell System Technical Journal ,vol.27,pp.379–423,623–656.1948,reprint available at /cm/ms/what/shannonday/paper.html (08/17/2004).[2] A.Batliner,C.Hacker,S.Steidl,E.N¨o th,S.D’Arcy,M.Rus-sel,and M.Wong,“‘You stupid tin box’-children interact-ing with the AIBO robot:A cross-linguistic emotional speechcorpus,”in Proc.of the 4th International Conference on Lan-guage Resources and Evaluation (LREC),2004,vol.1,pp.171–174.[3]R.Sproat,W.Black A.S.Chen,S.Kumar,M.Ostendorf,and C.Richards,“Normalization of non-standard words,”in Computer Speech and Language ,vol.15,pp.287–333.2001.[4] A.Batliner,K.Fischer,R.Huber,J.Spilker,and E.N¨o th,“How to Find Trouble in Communication,”Speech Communi-cation ,vol.40,pp.117–143,2003.[5]J.Buckow,Multilingual Prosody in Automatic Speech Under-standing ,Logos,Berlin,2003.。