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英语论文范文本人作为一名英语专业学生，曾写过不少英语论文，以下是三篇我曾写过的范文，希望对您有所帮助。
篇一：Corporate Social Responsibility in the Fashion IndustryAbstractAs a vastly profitable industry, the fashion industry is also a large contributor to environmental degradation, worker exploitation, and human rights violations. In recent years, companies in the fashion industry have begun to put forth more effort towards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in order to address these issues. This paper will examine the concept of CSR in the fashion industry, as well as the benefits and challenges of implementing CSR policies.Keywords： Corporate Social Responsibility, Fashion IndustryIntroductionThe fashion industry is a significantly profitable global industry, with revenue projected to reach $3 trillion in 2030 (Business of Fashion, 2017). However, this industry, while driving considerable economic growth, is also known for its significant impact on the environment, worker exploitation, and human rightsviolations (Marin, et al., 2015). Consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the negative impacts the fashion industry has on the world, and this has led many companies in the industry to adopt Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies.BackgroundCorporate Social Responsibility refers to an organization's responsibility to act in ways that benefit society as a whole, beyond just simply generating profits for shareholders (Crane, et al., 2019). In fashion industry, CSR policies aim to address issues such as environmental sustainability, fair labor practices, and human rights issues. There are several reasons why fashion companies have begun adopting CSR policies. First, consumers are demanding more transparency and ethical practices from companies they support (Dalli, 2017). Second, companies have become aware that CSR policies can help improve their image, attract customers, and increase revenue. (Shepherd, et al., 2013) Lastly, CSR policies can also lead to cost savings for the company by reducing waste and improving efficiency (Bocken, et al., 2014).Benefits of implementing CSR policies in the fashion industry：First, CSR policies can help companies gain positive brand reputation and recognition. By operating in a socially responsible way, companies can differentiatethemselves from competitors, which can help attract and retain customers (Nayak and Karmakar, 2017). Second, CSR policies can increase employeesatisfaction and loyalty. When employees feel that they are working for a company that is committed to social responsibility, they are more likely to feel proud of their work and remain committed to the company in the long-term (Kim, et al., 2018). Third, CSR policies can lead to increased cost savings for the company, particularly in areas such as reducing waste and improving supply chain efficiency (Bocken, et al., 2014).Challenges of implementing CSR policies in the fashion industry：First, implementing CSR policies often requires significant financial investment, particularly in the areas of supply chain transparency and worker wage increases (Challender, et al., 2015). Second, it can be difficult for companies to maintain consistent implementation of CSR policies across all areas of the company and supply chain (Sarwar, et al., 2013). Additionally, there may be cultural and institutional barriers to implementing CSR policies in somelocations where fashion production takes place, such as cultural norms surrounding worker treatment (Narayana and Melkote, 2014).ConclusionIn the fashion industry, CSR policies can helpmitigate the negative impacts that the industry has on the environment, workers, and human rights. Whilethere are challenges involved in implementing CSR policies, the benefits to companies and society as a whole can ultimately make them worthwhile investments for companies in the industry.篇二：The Effectiveness of Online Language LearningAbstractOnline language learning has become an increasingly popular option for language learners. This paper examines the effectiveness of online language learning, particularly in comparison to traditional classroom-based language learning. By examining previous research, this paper argues that online language learning can be a highly effective method for language learning, particularly for certain types of learners.Keywords: Online Language Learning, Language Acquisition, Traditional Classroom-based Language LearningIntroductionThe rise of the internet has led to the development of a wide range of language learning tools and resources that are available online. These resources have become an increasingly popular option for language learners,particularly those who have limited access totraditional classroom-based language learning programs. Despite the growing popularity of online language learning, there remains some debate about the effectiveness of this method of language acquisition.BackgroundOnline language learning involves using a wide rangeof digital resources to aid language acquisition, including language-specific apps, chat-based language exchanges, and online video tutorials. Traditional classroom-based language learning, on the other hand, involves face-to-face interaction with language instructors and peers. There are a range of factorsthat can affect the effectiveness of these two methods of language learning, including access to technology, teacher quality, and individual learnercharacteristics (Lee, et al., 2019).Benefits of Online Language Learning：Research has found that online language learning canbe a highly effective method for language acquisition when it is used in conjunction with traditional classroom-based language learning (Ebrahimi, et al., 2013). For example, online language learning can help provide additional practice opportunities and can be particularly effective for learners who struggle with traditional classroom-based language learning (Mouhanna, et al., 2017). Additionally, onlinelanguage learning can be more flexible and accessible than traditional classroom-based language learning, particularly for learners who cannot attend regular language classes due to work or family obligations (Alemi, 2015).Challenges of Online Language Learning：There are several challenges associated with online language learning. One of the primary challenges is the potential lack of interaction with language instructors and peers, which can make it moredifficult for learners to receive feedback and engage in conversation practice (Fernández-Toro, et al., 2015). Additionally, learners may not have access to the same level of resources and tools as they would in a traditional classroom-based learning environment (Lee, et al., 2019). Finally, online language learning may not be suitable for all learners, particularly those who require close personal interaction and learning social cues (Mouhanna, et al., 2017).ConclusionOnline language learning can be a highly effective method for language acquisition, particularly when it is used in conjunction with traditional classroom-based language learning. However, online language learning is not suitable for all learners and there are certain challenges associated with this method of language acquisition.篇三：The Effect of Bilingualism on Language DevelopmentAbstractBilingualism, the ability to speak two languages, has been found to have a range of cognitive, linguistic, and social benefits. This paper examines the effects of bilingualism on language development, including challenges and benefits, as well as factors that may affect the degree of bilingual proficiency.Keywords: Bilingualism, Language Development, Language ProficiencyIntroductionBilingualism, the ability to speak two languages, has been found to have numerous benefits for individuals. Over the past several decades, there has been a growing body of research exploring the effects of bilingualism on language development. This paper aims to summarize some of the key findings from this literature and to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of bilingualism on language development.BackgroundBilingualism can have a wide range of effects on language development. Learners who speak two languages have been found to have better cognitive abilities, higher levels of creativity, and increased social skills (Bialystok, et al., 2015). Additionally, bilingualism has been found to have a positive effecton academic achievement, particularly in language-related skills such as reading and writing (Lu, et al., 2018).Benefits of Bilingualism：There are numerous benefits associated with bilingualism. For example, bilingualism can lead to increased cognitive flexibility, allowing individuals to better navigate complex cognitive tasks (Bialystok, et al., 2015). Bilinguals also have a greater ability to switch between languages, allowing them to communicate more effectively in different cultural contexts (Palmer, et al., 2018). Additionally, bilingualism has been linked to improved academic achievement, particularly in the area of language-related skills (Lu, et al., 2018).Challenges of Bilingualism：While bilingualism can have many benefits, it can also present certain challenges. For example, bilinguals may experience some confusion when switching between languages, particularly when they are still developing their language skills (Bialystok, et al., 2015). Additionally, bilingual learners may find it more difficult to develop language skills if they do not receive adequate support in both languages (Lu, et al., 2018).Factors Affecting Bilingual Proficiency：There are several factors that can affect anindividual's level of bilingual proficiency. For example, age of acquisition appears to have a significant effect on the degree of languageproficiency (De Houwer, 2015). Additionally, exposure to the languages in different contexts and the quality of language instruction are also important factors (Lu, et al., 2018).ConclusionBilingualism has numerous benefits for individuals, particularly in terms of cognitive flexibility and academic achievement. However, bilingualism can also present certain challenges, particularly during the language acquisition process. The degree of bilingual proficiency is affected by a range of factors,including age of acquisition, language exposure, and language instruction quality.。
英语议论文五段式结构原标题：五段式论文 5-Paragraph Eay怎么写？万能写作模板了解一下！五段式论文 5-Paragraph Eay，顾名思义，就是整篇文章由五个段落组成。
五段式论文是英语论文写作当中常见的论文类型之一、在英语论文写作中，五段式论文的应用范围非常广泛。
像议论文（Argumentative）、说服力文章（Peruaive）、说明文（Epoitory）及记叙文（Narrative）等论文类型，都可以采用五段式的写作结构。
另外在托福、雅思等包含英文写作的考试中，五段式的写作结构则非常有助于考生在短时间内，快速整理好文章的结构和思路。
可以说，掌握了五段式论文的写作技巧，你就基本可以从容应对各种写作作业和考试。
Paragraph Eay 结构第一段：Introduction 文章开头（3-5句）Hook Statement 抓住人心的陈述句来引发读者兴趣Background Information+3 Supportive Idea 背景信息介绍，简要抛出3个分论点Thei Statement 主旨句，阐明文章的中心论点第二段：Body Paragraph 1 主体段落1 （5-7句）Top Sentence 主题句，阐述支持中心论点的分论点1Evidence 列出3个论据来支持分论点1Concluding Sentence 结论陈述第三段：Body Paragraph 2 主体段落2 （5-7句）Top Sentence 主题句，阐述支持中心论点的分论点2Evidence 列出3个论据来支持分论点2Concluding Sentence 结论陈述第四段：Body Paragraph 3 主体段落3（5-7句）Top Sentence 主题句，阐述支持中心论点的分论点3Evidence 列出3个论据来支持分论点3Concluding Sentence 结论陈述第五段：Conluion 结论（3-5句）Retatement of Thei 再次叙述文章主旨Summarization of Main Point 总结前面三段呈现的3个分论点Overall Concluding Statement 全文总结性陈述，最好点明该文章对于现实生活的意义，借此升华文章主题。
写英文论文的连接词大全文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]论文1)先后次序关系：at this time; first; second; at last; next；pr eviously; simultaneously同时地; eventually；last but not least；to begin with；to start with；to end with；finally；seeing...由于，因为；since then；first of all；afterwards后来; following thi s; preceding先前的 ;originally最初的ultimate最终的，极限的，根本的2) 因果关系：because；because of this；being that（口语）既然，因为；another important factor／reason of... ； since； a s； for； in that...； owing to由于，通常负面； due to由于； f or the reason that...；in view of鉴于，考虑到 result from归因于the reason s eems to be obvious; there are about... ；for this reason; as a re sult of this； therefore；...and so...； consequently所以，因此；as a result； thus这样，如此，因而； hence因此； so；so that...； in consequence结果，结果； as a consequence； acc ordingly因此，于是，相应地; inevitably不可避免地; under thes econditions thereupon因此于是upon迫近3) 转折关系：but；even so；however；though；even thoug h；independent of；reckless of不顾；despite that； in spite of that； regardless of不顾; yet...；and yet； but unless. Nonethel ess尽管如此4) 并列关系： and; also；too；as well as；either...，or...；b oth...and...5) (补充)递进关系： furthermore此外，而且；moreover而且，此外；further进一步地，此外；In this way ；still； not onl y...but also...； not...but...； in addition (to)；additionally, muc h more interesting, more specifically更具体地说, next, besides； as far as... is concerned至于; moreover此外；in other words；along this line of consideration；on (the) one hand...在一方面，on the other hand...； even； as a saying goes...；in order to do it...; meanwhile同时； at the same time； accordingly因此； In the first place...，in the second place...;equally importan t; of even greater appeal.6) 比较关系： similarly; in like manner, in comparison with；when compared with；compared with；when in fact...; like...；likewise同样地，也； similarly important； apart from (doin g)...； ... rather than...，by doing so ；both…and...; in the sam e way; not only...but (also).7) 对照(不同点)：yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding虽然，尽管; rather当然，的确，宁愿，相当; neither ... nor; altho ugh; though; but; however; something is just the other way aro und；yet; conversely相反的； unlike； opposed to; as opposed to this与不同； in contrast (to)； by way of；on the contrary；different from this； nevertheless然而，不过，虽然如此; contra ry to； whereas但是，鉴于； while；but on the other hand8) 举例关系:for example； for instance例如； in this case既然假若这样; namely也就是 instance例子实例换句话说； as you know； you may as／say； as he explain s； like； such as； a case in point is一个恰当的例子是...; consi der...； in particular尤其特别；including...；for one thing...首先，for another...；put it simply；stated roughly粗糙地，概略地； as an illustration， I will say...； a good example (of...)wo uld be...；to detail this，I would like to...； It is interesting to n ote that...；in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something)； as for; as regards； as to； according to; on this occasion.9) 强调关系：in fact; especially；particularly特别，尤其；m oreover(此外)；naturally; what is more important；in reality事实上； certainly; of course; indeed; in particular；not to mention...；believe it or not；undeniably(无可置疑); other thing being equal；it is certain／sure that...；to be strict; to be true；by def inition; definitely明确地，肯定地; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth, in any event(不论怎样); without reservation(毫无保留地); obviously, not only.. but(also...), both... and...10) 条件关系: if；unless; lest；provided that；if it is the cas e；in this sense；once...；if possible；if necessary；if so；if no t all; if anything.11) 归纳总结类： in a word / in sum / in shortin brief / in conclusion / in summarytherefore因此，所以 / hence因此，今后to sum up / to concludethe conclusion can be drawn thatfor this reason / on the whole12) 地点关系：beyond; opposite to; adjacent邻近 to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in th e distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right; between; on this side.13) 目的关系：with this object无证; for this purpose; in orde r that; in this way, since; so that; on that account由于。
英语写作议论文模板英语写作议论文模板引导语：英语作文，是指用英语针对某一内容写出一篇文章，是英语考试最常见的一种题目类型，也是考生最容易失分的题型。
议论文作为英语作文的常考题型，学生又该怎么拿分，店铺整理了以下英语写作议论文的模板，供大家学习：英语写作议论文模板篇11、As is known to all, it is important to be/do …众所周知，重要的是……2、I think there are at least two reasons for …我认为至少有两个原因……3、For one thing,… For another , …其中之一，另一个是……4、Let’s take … for example …我们以……为例……5、From what I have mentioned above we can see that without … we cannot …从上述我提到的`可以看出如果缺少……我们就不能……6、It is clear that,… plays an important part in …很明显，……在……方面起着重要作用。
7、It is because … that …因为……8、Different people, however , have different opinions on this matter .Some people think that …但是，不同人对待这个事情上有不同的看法。
有些人认为……9、Others argue that …另一些人认为……10、According to them, all of us should …按照上述内容，我们全部都应当……11、In their opinion, nobody can … without…他们认为，如果没有……没有人可以……12、Compared with …, … has a lot of advantages over …与……相比，……比……有很多优势。
表写作常用句型1.在说明示意图、曲线图、表格时，要使用下列表示“说明”的句子结构，它们可以帮助读者弄清楚所引信息的出处，有效地将你要说的话带出来。
The table/chart diagram graph shows (that)...The figures statistics show (that)...The diagram shows describes illustrates how...According to the As (is) shown in the As can be seen from the table/chart,diagram, graph,figures, ...It can be seen from the We can see from the It is clear apparent from thetable/chartdiagram graph figures (that)...除了上述动词show, describe和illustrate以外，常用在图表报告导言部分中表示说明的动词还有：display, exhibit, indicate, reflect, represent, reveal, unfold etc.在图表报告的导言部分，作者经常会用到表示“说明”的句子结构，有效使用下列结构，可以帮助读者弄清楚所引信息的出The table/chart diagram graph shows (that)...其中动词show, 还可以用下列常见动词替换，帮助作者describe, display, exhibit, indicate, illustrate,reflect, represent, reveal, summarize, unfold;②用“it”It can be seen from the table/chart greaph diagram that...It is apparent clear obvious evident from thetable greaph figure thatWe can see conclude find from the table/chart diagram graph figure that...构时，作者必须格外注意，在图表写作④用关系代词“asAs (is) shown in the As can be seen from thechart graph diagram table that...2①在数据统计时，表示“有”“占”“是”“适到”等意义时，常用的动词和结构有have/be/reach/hit/etc.take up/account for/peak at/bottom at etc.Examples are as follows:Australia and UK both had 10%. 澳大利亚和英国都占10%The Chinese had the largest percentage of market share. 中国人所占市场份额最大。
英语议论文模板英语议论文模板范文英语议论文万能模板简单优秀5篇英语议论文一直以来被认为是书面语篇中一种基本的文本模式。
而英语议论文对外语学习者来说也是较难的一种语篇类型。
参考一些英语议论文模板，问题或许就迎刃而解了。
下面这5篇英语议论文模板范文英语议论文万能模板简单是作者为您整理的英语议论文模板范文模板，欢迎查阅参考。
大学英语议论文篇一要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述。
1. 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义。
分析并举例使其更充实。
the good old prover________(名言或谚语)reminduthat ________(释义). indeed, we can learn manthingform it.first of all,________(理由一). for example, ____________(举例说明). secondly,________(理由二). another case ithat ________(举例说明). furthermore , ____________(理由三).英语四级英译汉的目的。
,要求和评分in mopinion, ________(我的观点). in short, whatever you do, please remember the say____a. if you understand it and applit to your studor work, you”ll necessarilbenefit a lot from it.2.大学英语议论文通用模板the topic of ①________(主题)ibecoming more and more popular recently. there are two sideof opinionof it. some people saa itheir favorite. thehold their view for the reason of②________(支持a的理由一)what imore, ③________(理由二). moreover, ④________(理由三).while otherthink that ia better choice in the following three reasons. firstly,________(支持b 的理由一). secondl(besides),⑥____________(理由二). thirdl(finally),⑦____________(理由三).from mpoint of view, i think ⑧________(我的观点). the reason ithat ⑨____________(原因). aa matter of fact, there are some other reasonto explain mchoice. for me, the former isurela wise choice .(2) 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点some people believe that ①________(观点一). for example, thethink ②________(举例说明).and it will bring them ③________(为他们带来的好处).in mopinion, i never think thireason can be the point. for one thing,④____(我不同意该看法的理由一). for another thing, ⑤____(反对的理由之二). form all what i have said,i agree to the thought that ⑥____(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).英语六级考试写作技巧大学英语议论文篇二1. 问题现状英语四级英译汉的目的，要求和评分怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)in recent days, we have to face i problem——a, which ibecoming more and more serious. first, ________(说明a的现状).second, ________(举例进一步说明现状) confronted with a, we should take a serieof effective measureto cope with the situation. for one thing, ________(解决方法一). for another ________(解决方法二). finally, ________(解决方法三).personally, i believe that ________(我的解决方法). consequently, i’m confident that a bright future iawaiting ubecause ________(带来的好处).说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，较后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)1. 说明事物现状事物本身的优缺点(或一方面) 你对现状(或前景)的看法nowadaymanpeople prefer a because it haa significant role in our daillife. generally, itadvantagecan be seen afollows. first ________(a的优点之一). beside____________(a的优点之二).but evercoin hatwo sides. the negative aspectare also apparent. one of the important disadvantageithat ________(a的一个缺点).to make matterworse,____________(a的第二个缺点).through the above analysis, i believe that the positive aspectoverweigh the negative ones. therefore, i would like to ________(我的看法).(from the comparison between these positive and negative effectof a, we should take it reasonabland do it according to the circumstancewe are in. onlbthiway, ________(对前景的预测).推荐英语议论文模板范文(精篇三姓名：性别：女民族：汉族政治面貌：团员出生日期：婚姻状况：未婚学历：大专毕业院校：师范学院毕业时间：所学专业：英语教育外语水平：英语（pets—3）电脑水平：熟练工作年限：3年联系方式：工作类型：全职期望行业：培训机构、教育、科研院所期望职位：幼儿教育、教师、培训工作地点：不限期望月薪：1000—20xx20xx年9月—20xx年6月就读于xx幼儿师范学校，多次获得奖学金20xx年9月—20xx年6月就读于师范学院，多次获得奖学金。
英语议论文范文(共5篇)英语议论文范文(共5篇)篇一：英语议论文范文1．On the Internet 1 Noadays, the Internet is playing an increasing important role in our life. We can use it for different kinds of purposes. The advantage of Internet hich e can take of can be listed as follos. To start ith, the Internet can provide us ith a variety of nes and information. It keeps us informed of the nes from home and abroad conveniently. We can get almost all kinds of information needed. Besides, e can use it for munication,. For instance, not only can e use it to send e-mail, but also e can call others through Internet if e have not a telephone on hand. Moreover, Internet is also a means of entertainment. For instance, e can enjoy music, atch sport matches and play chess or cards. Last but not the least, there are so many on-line schools and on-line books on the Internet packed ith lots of information that e can read them ithout even leaving your home…… In a ord, the Internet has made our life more colorful and convenient as ell.2 现在很多高中生利用节假日深入到社区参加社会实践。
高考英语作文经典模板作文中常用的转折词有下列：表层次：to begin with, to start with, in the first place, in the second place, furthermore, what’smore, last but not least, equally important to, in addition, besides表转折：by/in contrast, despite the fact that, on the contrary, in spite of , on the other hand, at thesame time, otherwise, instead表因果：therefore, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a consequence, as a result, in this way，on that account (因为那个缘故)表举例：for example, for instance, for one thing that is to illustrate,表解释：as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, namely, in other words•解决问题的优点和缺点：in recent years, we are faced with a problem --------a, which is becoming more and more serious . first,---------. second, ----------. last but not least, ---------.confronted with a, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. for one thing, ---------.for another, ------------. finally, --------.as far as i am concerned, i hold the view that---------解决问题的方法. consequently, i’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because -----------带来的好处.•说明利弊：1.说明事物的现状；2. 事物本身的优点和缺点;3. 你对事物的看法.nowadays many people prefer a because it plays a significant role in our daily life. in general, its advantages can be seen as follows. firstly, --------a的优点之一. besides,-------- a的优点之二. what’s more, --------a的优点之三.however, every coin has its two sides. the negative aspects are also apparent. one of the important disadvantages is that ----------a的缺点之一. in addition, ---------a的缺点之二. to make matters worse, ----------a的缺点之三.through the above analysis, i think that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. therefore, i’d like to hold my view that---------我的看法.from the comparison between these positive and negative effects of a, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. only in this way can we -------对前景的预测.•议论文1.不同观点的说明there is a widespread concern over the issue that -------作文题目. but it is well known that theopinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. a majority of people think that -------观点之一. in their views there are two factors contributing to this attitude as follows：in the first place, -------原因之一.furthermore / in the second place, -------原因之二. so it goes without saying that --------观点之一.people , however, differ from their opinion on this matter. some people hold the idea that ------. from their point of view, on the one hand, -------观点之二. on the other hand, -------原因之一. therefore, there is no doubt that -------原因之二.in conclusion, i firmly support the view that --------原因之一或原因之二. it is not only because --------, but also because----------. the more we ---------, the more ---------.1.利弊型议论文currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) --------作文题目. actually, there are both advantages and disadvantages in -------题目议论. generally speaking, it is widely believed that there are several positive aspects as follows. firstly, --------优点之一. secondly, ---------优点之二. and finally, --------优点之三.just as a popular saying goes, “every coin has its two sides”, ---------讨论议题is no exception. and in other word, it still has negative aspects. to begin with, --------缺点之一. in addition, -------缺点之二. what’s more, --------缺点之三.to sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of --------讨论议题into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. in that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ---------讨论议题.1.答题型议论文at present, there is a widespread concern over the issue that ------作文题目. it is really an important concern to every one of us. as a result, we should spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.as is known to all, there are many steps which can be taken to solve this problem. first of all, -------途径一.additionally, another way contributing to success in solving the problem is -------途径二.what’s more, we can also -------途径三.above all, to solve the problem of --------作文题目, we should find many various ways. but as far as i amconcerned, i would prefer to settle the problem is this way, that is to say, --------方法.•图表作文的结构英语书面表达在高考中占有重要地位，只要同学们训练得法，肯下功夫，记忆常用语句并根据情况灵活运用，书面表达的水平一定会有很大程度的提高。
成考专升本语文国家作文万能模板一、议论文。
1.议论文开头句型：1）Some people think that……。
2）To some people,……。
3）There is a widespread concern over the issue of……。
4）Nowadays, there is a growing concern over the issue of……。
5）With the rapid development of……, more and more people begin to……。
6）Nowadays, it is common to hear that……。
7）It is widely acknowledged that……。
8）It is universally acknowledged that……。
9）There is no denying that……。
10）It is generally accepted that……。
2.议论文正文句型：1）First and foremost,……。
2）Second,……。
3）Moreover,……。
4）Furthermore,……。
5）In addition,……。
6）Last but not least,……。
7）On the one hand,……on the other hand,……。
8）For one thing,……for another,……。
9）In the first place,……in the second place,……。
10）To begin with,……next,……finally,……。
3.议论文结尾句型：1）In conclusion,……。
2）To sum up,……。
3）In summary,……。
4）To conclude,……。
5）In a word,……。
6）On the whole,……。
广西自治区城市(城镇)化发展状况的统计分析第一章引言进入21世纪以来，世界城市发展呈现三个特点: 首先，全球城市化进程还将继续发展，预计到2030年全世界有2/3的人口居住在城市; 其次，巨型城市无论从数量还是规模上都将继续增加和增长; 第三，世界各国经济会更大程度地依赖城市经济。
因此，有学者断言: 21世纪是“城市世纪”。
快速城市化、城市人口向大城市集中、城市大范围扩张以及特大城市的迅速扩大等现象，成为当代社会最主要的一些变化。
随着城市发展，城市对经济社会发展的影响更为重大、深远。
据有关资料，我国70%的GDP、60%的工业增加值、80%的第三产业增加值和税收来自城市; 广西50%以上的GDP和财政收入来自21个市。
城镇化工作在实施可持续发展战略中的地位日显重要。
所以，几乎每一个地区的发展都在很大程度上取决于城镇化是否能够积极稳妥地推进。
广西城镇化正处在加速发展阶段，必须从战略和全局的高度，充分认识城镇化在经济社会发展中的地位和作用，积极稳妥推进城镇化。
§1 关于城市化城市化是一种经济现象,它是人类社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物，是生产力与社会经济发展到一定水平的结果。
作为一种经济进化过程,它是城市在社会经济生活中功能强化、制约作用比重上升的趋势与发展态势,要深刻理解城市化的涵义，首先需要回顾城市的概念。
城市是现代工业革命的产物，也是现代文明的标志，是一个人口集中、工商业发达、居民以非农业人口为主的地区，也是政治、经济、文化、教育和信息的中心，并且它具有对周围乡村地区资源集聚，使经济活动规模化，以及辐射自身效应等功能。
从城市的定义来看，不同学科的学者对此有不同的看法，究其原因，城市文明源远流长，随着经济、社会的发展，城市的内涵也在不断的延伸。
经济地理学家认为，城市的产生、发展与劳动地域分工的出现和深化有关；社会学家认为，城市是社会化的产物，城市可以看作是生态的社区；统计学家认为，城市是集中了众多人口，有独立的组织制度，以及在生活方式上相联系的一个集合体，通常他们是以居住区的范围和居民的人数作为确立城市的主要方法；建筑学家认为，城市主要是给聚集的人民提供良好的公共设施和生活条件的多种建筑形式的空间组合。
城市化是经济社会发展的必然趋势，是一个国家和地区现代化水平的标志。
城镇化与经济建设一样有其自身的发展规律，推进城镇化必须遵循这些规律，才能促进城镇化持续健康发展。
城市化的国际经验证明: 城市化是一个国家经济、社会发展客观形态的综合体现，它决不仅仅是人口的城镇化，而是以经济增长和社会发展为基础和前提的，整个社会基本形态由农业型社会向城市型社会的转型，城市化水平必须与工业化和经济发展相适应。
综合来看，笔者认为，城市化是一个动态的发展过程，主要是以人为中心的农村经济向城市经济的转变，包括人口向城市（镇）的聚集，产业结构的变化以及由此引起的生活方式、消费方式的转变。
城市化以工业化为基础，工业化又促进了城市化的发展。
§2 广西自治区的基本情况介绍广西地处祖国南部，南临北部湾，与海南省隔海相望，东连广东，东北接湖南，西北靠贵州，西邻云南，西南与越南毗邻。
陆地区域面积23.67万平方公里，占全国国土总面积的2.5%，居各省区市第9位。
广西具有沿海、沿边、沿江的区位优势，同时处在我国大陆东、中、西三个地带的交汇点，是华南经济圈、西南经济圈与东盟经济圈的结合部，是西南乃至西北地区最便捷的出海通道，也是联结粤港澳与西部地区的重要通道。
特别是随着中国—东盟自由贸易区的建立，广西作为连接中国西南、华南、中南以及东盟大市场的枢纽，在拥有5.3亿人口的东盟和5.4亿人口的泛珠三角经济圈两个大市场中，将发挥结合部的重要战略作用。
广西城镇化水平与全国相比差距还比较大，主要表现在：一是城镇化总体水平仍然偏低，城镇化滞后于经济发展水平；二是中心城市不大不强，城市辐射带动能力较弱；三是城镇化质量和水平有待提高，个性和特色不明显；四是城镇化发展的制度创新不够，影响城镇发展的体制性障碍依然存在。
以城镇人口占总人口比例这一指标来衡量，2005年，全国为43.0%，广西为33.5%，滞后于全国约10个百分点；从发展速度上来看，“十五”期间，广西城镇化水平提高约5.4%，比全国的6.8%低了1个多百分点。
因此，广西的城镇化发展任重而道远。
第二章广西城市化水平的时序主成分分析§1 人口城市化情况§1.1 人口城市化水平的测度本节中，选用城镇人口/总人口来计算人口城市化的指标值。
其中，城镇人口的统计口径：设区的市（直辖市和地级市）统计的市区的人口以及不设区的市（县级市）和县辖镇中的非农业人口总和计算。
时间跨度上选取了1995 年到2005 年的数据，选取这个时间段有两个方面的考虑：一、为了数据来源统计口径一致，二、和综合城市化水平相比分析。
这个指标优点是数据来源易得，但是也存在缺点，即数据容易受到不同口径的限制，在不同时期、不同地区所计算出来的结果缺乏可比性。
所以，在使用这个指标时，首先需要明确城市人口的划定标准，以及确保统计口径的一致。
表1 广西自治区人口城市化数据表１给出了广西自1995-2005年人口城市化的有关数据，其中1X 为人口城市化率，2X 为二、三产业从业人员比重（%），3X 为二、三产业产值比重（%），4X 为人均GDP （元/人）。
数据来源于广西自治区统计年鉴和中国统计年鉴。
从表中数据可以看出，广西的人口城市化呈现出逐步增长的趋势，且增长速度于2000年为一个飞跃，但从数字方面来说，广西的人口城市化进程低于全国的平均水平40.53%，究其原因，主要是城镇化推进速度低于全国速度，差距呈扩大趋势；中心城市发育程度低，辐射带动力有限；城镇建设管理较为粗放，节能、节水、节材和新材料、新技术、新工艺扩大应用不够；城镇化水平较低、标准不高，城镇功能不全，要素聚集较弱，综合实力不强。
这些都极大地影响了广西省的城市化进程。
根据城市化发展的S 型曲线，人口城市化率低于30%时，仍处于前期的发展阶段，当人口城市化处于30%-70%时，处于中期发展阶段，这说明广西刚刚从前期阶段，开始进入城市化的中期发展阶段。
图1给出了广西1995-2005年人均GDP 序列图。
从图1可以看出，人均GDP 在2001年之前增长缓慢,2001-2005年发展比较快，总体来说，人均GDP 的增长速度快于人口城市化的发展速度。
图1 人均GDP的序列图人口城市化水平增长缓慢，而产业结构向二三产业的发展增长速度较快，以及二三产业的就业人数比重也在增加，造成这样的原因是广西城市建设过程中，城市基础设施滞后，吸纳非农业人口和农业人口的能力有限。
这种情况制约了产业层次和经济增长质量的提高，影响了广西省经济发展的后劲。
§2 综合城市化的时序主成分分析人口城市化水平与综合城市化水平之间有一个相互适应的问题，如果前者低于后者的发展速度，则会由于城市聚集经济要素的能力不足而制约区域经济的发展；如果出现人口城市化率高于相应经济发展水平下应达到的标准城市化率，即经济发展水平低于人口城市化水平，这种情况称为过度人口城市化。
严重的过度人口城市化会引起城市人口密度过高，从而使得人均拥有的城市资源量下降，具体表现为住房拥挤，道路拥塞，结果是城市生活质量下降，影响城市长远发展。
因此判断人口城市化是否与经济发展水平相匹配有着重要的意义。
在下文中，针对于广西省的综合城市化水平从五个方面选取了十四个指标，以来测算1995～2005年的综合城市化水平。
§2.1 测度指标的选取指标选取原则综合城市化水平测度的指标很多，在不同的指标体系下结果会有所不同。
结合全文的思路，在选择指标时，笔者认为，应该遵循以下思路：1、全面性原则：城市化过程是经济、人口、生活方式、地域景观等多要素的转化过程，指标的选择要能涵盖城市化的基本内涵。
2、主导型原则，指标的选择并非越多越好，应该尽量选择能突出反映城市化内涵和特征的指标。
3、可操作性原则，评价指标须从实际出发，既要有较好的可度量性、可比性，又要有可获取性，尽量利用现存数据和已有规范标准以便计算和操作。
依据以上原则，结合其他学者先前所作的研究，构建了城市化水平测度指标体系，共包括五类十四项指标。
具体如下：上述15个指标1995-2005年广西的具体数据见附表1。
数据来自广西统计年鉴和中经数据统计网中的城市统计年鉴。
§2.2计算结果分析运用主成分分析方法，借助SPSS11.5对指标原始数据进行处理，对1995-2005年的数据进行运算，按照累计贡献率的原则选取主因子，并得出主因子得分和综合城市化得分。
如下文所示：表2.1给出了用因子分析法提取公共因子前后各分量的共同度，从表中可以看出，提取的公因子对变量X1的方差做出了95.5%的贡献。
从Extraction 的数值可看出除了变量4X 、11X 的公共度低于70%外，大部分变量的共同度都比较大，说明变量空间转化为因子空间时保留了比较多的信息，因此因子分析的效果是显著的。
表2.1 变量共同度表2.2给出了前三个公因子的累计贡献率，从表中可以看出这三个因子的累计贡献率达到了85.286%，符合因子分析中各主因子累计贡献率大于85%的要求。
表2.3给出了这三个因子的因子得分的协方差矩阵。
从表中看，因子得分的协方差矩阵为单位矩阵。
说明提取的三个公因子是不相关的，分析结果是有效的。
表2.2 ：公因子累计贡献率表2.3协方差矩阵Component Score Covariance Matrix我们再用回归法计算各因子得分函数的系数，并据此计算出 1995～2005 年各年份城市化综合水平的因子得分 F（其中，F1、 F2和F3分别是公因子 1、公因子 2 和公因子3的得分）。
即：F = (58.212*F1+14.795*F2+12.279*F3)/85.286这样就形成了一个城市化的综合得分时间序列。
见表3。
表3：广西自治区的综合城市化水平表图3.1由图3.1的综合得分线形图可以更清楚的看出广西城镇化水平正逐年稳步提高。
广西城镇化水平也已从1995年的18.45％增加到2005年底的33.62％，设市城市从18个增至21个，依托主要交通干线的“四群四带”城镇体系初步形成，是建国以来城镇化水平提高最快时期。
1997-2001 五年间，城市供水能力增长9.6％，城市道路面积增长69.18％，人均道路面积增长40.88％，气化率提高18.75％，污水处理率提高18.12％，垃圾无害化处理能力增长172％，每万人拥有公交车辆增长86％，城市建成区绿地率、人均公共绿地面积以及绿化覆盖率分别提高16.67％、33.23％和15.42％。
