chapter11 The British Geography

Chapter Eleven11.1 Introduction to JapanStatusA question:According to Professor Kachru (1986), which circle does Japanese English belong to?SignificanceJapanese English belongs to the Expanding Circle. It exhibits unique linguistic and cultural features. Cross-cultural communicationAwareness raisingLanguageJapanese belongs to the Ural-Altaic language family. Japanese is entirely distinct from Chinese, despite its use of large numbers of Chinese characters and words.Chinese: Sino-Tibetan English: Indo-EuropeanLanguageJapanese is the official language in Japan.Japanese has many regional varieties.The national standard, based on the middle-class usage of Tokyo, is the medium of instruction throughout the country.Sources of Japanese WordsJapanese Writing System(1) Kanji: full Chinese characters, with a Japanese reading or value (e.g. 日本語).(2) The kana: Hiragana and Katakana; derived from kanji. Hiragana is used for writing grammatical elements attached to kanji and for some native words. Katakana is mainly used for foreign adoptions.(3) Romanji: for foreign words and loans (e.g. Canon, Sharp, UNESCO).Early Contact Stage: 1600-1867In 1600, William Adams, Dutch merchant shipping, Liefde, Dutch learning (Yan, 2002)By 1633, Tokugawa Ieyasu' s son Hidetada banned Christianity , killed all Japanese converts who would not give up the religion , and expelled many of the Europeans. (Stanlaw, 2004)In 1808, British raided the Dutch storehouse on Dejima in Nagasaki. (Stanlaw, 2004)In 1848, Ranald MacDonald (Rosser, 2002)In 1853, under threat of American invasion and Commodore Matthew Perry’s proclamation. (Rosser, 2002)Development Stage: 1867-19451860s-1880s, there was a fascination in Japan with all things Western (Rosser, 2002).1870-1945, Japan has proposed many educational reform and policy about the language education to encourage young students to learn English for the sake of industrialization (Stanlaw, 2004).Wide Spread Stage: 1945-PresentSince the end of World War II, several factors have promoted the spread and use of English in Japan.At the time of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.In recent years with globalization and internationalization.Maybe, the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.Roles of English(1)English is a foreign language in Japan.(2)It is an important language of tourism,education,commerce, technology,etc.(3)It is a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools, and in universities.有缘学习更多＋谓ｙｇｄ３０７６考证资料Although the vast majority of Japanese seldom use or need English, they use many English words on an everyday basis in the form of gairaigo and commercial names.Japanese English has been heavily influenced by gairaigo ,Roles of Englishi.e.,features of Japanese pronunciation,grammar,vocabulary,etc.有缘学习更多＋谓ｙｇｄ３０７６考证资料。

Chapter 11 爱尔兰共和国Geography and History 地理与历史1.the Great Famine Chapter 11The Great Famine refers to the disaster that happened in the mid 19th century in Ireland. The year 1845, when the Great Famine began , marked the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland. As the result of this disaster , the population reduced 19.5% and shrank to 6.6 million . And many people left Ireland during and after the Great Famine. It was one of the reasons that Ireland suffered a Great Famine.2.Geographical FeaturesThe British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside. Ireland is divided into two political units. They are Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Island is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is an independent country.The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70, 282 sq. km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland, on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. George's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. The countrys total boundary is 3, 603 km long, of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km.The capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the Liffey River at its confluence with the Dodder River. Dublin is a city of over I million. The other main urban centres are: Cork, Limerick, Gaiway and Waterford. Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands. he principal mountain ranges are the Maurne Mountains, the Wicklow Mountains in the east and the Macgillicuddy's Reeks in the southwest. The highest peaks are Carrantuohill (1, 041 m) and Mount Brandon (953 m) near Killarriey, and Lugnaquilla (926 m), about 64 km. south of Dublin.Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It rises in the plateau near Sligo Bay, flows sluggishly over the western part of the lowland and then fills Lough Derg before beginning its final flow through rapids to its estuary.there are only 1,300 species of plants in Ireland, as against 2, 300 in Britain. The most common trees in Ireland are oak, ash, elm and birch. Pine is dominant on poorer soils.Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape.3.Climate and WeatherThe weather of Ireland is described as "mild, moist and changeable." Ireland has excessive rainfall.The Central Lowland: This is the area of the tightest rainfall in Ireland, with two areas that receive less than 762 mm per annum The mean winter temperatures are about 4t to 5t.4.Population and ReligionIn Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic, with an admixture of Norse, French, Norman and English. Ireland has four unusual demographic features: a low birthrate compounded by a century of emigration, a late marriage age (35 for men and 29 for women), an excess of males in the population and a high proportion of bachelors and spinsters of all ages.Together they have reduced Ireland's population by one-half during the past 100 years. The year 1845, when the Great Famine began, marks the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland. The first census of Ireland, in 1821, recorded a population of 6,802,000 and it rose to 8.2 million by 1841. There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English.Ireland is one of the most Catholic countries of Europe. Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influence on national life and en!ture. Missionary work in Ireland was begun by Palladius in 431 AD and by Patrick in 432 AD and Ireland became a centre for the evangelization of other countries, including England. Today 93 % of the Irish population are Roman Catholics. About half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.The Anglican Church of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denominati5.Historical BackgroundIreland was invaded by a number of Celtic tribes in prehistoric times. The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 432 wasperhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture.Towards the end of the 8th century the Viking invasions began. However, the Danes were defeated and driven away by Brian Boru in 1014 (battle of Clontarf). In 1170 the Anglo-Saxons invaded Ireland. Tiey gradually gained control of the island. Conflict between the English and the Irish went on for almost 800 years.Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century and climaxed in the Easter Uprising of 1916 in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed. In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World War 11 to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British. In 1937, under a new constitution, the Governor-.General was replaced by an elected president and the name of the country was officially changed to Ireland (Eire in Gaelic). In 1948, Ireland voted itself out of the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic.6.Foreign PolicyIt has contributed personnel to U. N. peacekeeping units in the Middle East, New Guinea,, Zaire and Cyprus. Since Albert Reynolds became prime minister in February 1992, both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland.7.the Easter Uprising of 1916Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century .In 1916 the Easter Uprising broke out and an Irish Republic was proclaimed. War broke out betweem the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the British government (1919-21). In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.8.the Irish Republic Army Chapter 11The Irish Republic Army is an army formed in the Easter Uprising by Irish nationalists against the British rule in 1916. It fought a war with the British government in 1919-1921. It showed its violent opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty and a civil war which lasted for one year broke out. The Irish Republic Army continued to demand that the Republic of Ireland should be united with the six countries that form Northern Ireland. It is an illegel organization in Ireland.9.Anglo-Irish TreatyFrom 1918—1921 there was fighting between the irish republican army and the british government. In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The Gritish government agreed to organize a partition of Ireland. The southern part of Ireland gained dominion status as the Irish Free State,while the northern part would remain a part of the United kingdom.Chapter 23 Canada Geography and History 加拿大历史与地理10.Size and location 地理与所处位置Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million square kilometres(9, 976, 186 square kilornetres to be exact). It covers about two fifths of the North American continent. Canada lies to the north of the United States. The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and northern Vermont and New York of the United States. However, most of Canada is north of the 49th parallel. Canada and the United States share a 6, 378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Every day it is crossed by thousands of travelers.With such a vast territory Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million( 1994). Most of Canada is thinly inhabited. Nearly 89 % of the land has no permanent population. Nearly 80 % of Canadians live in large cities near the border with the United States. 60 % of the population is concentrated between Quebec City and the westernend of Lake Ontario.Toronto, Canada's largest city, has a population of over 3. 4 million. Montreal is the second largest city with a population of over 2. 9 million, and the third largest city is Vancouver which has a population of over 1.3 million.11.Topography 地形Canada has an extremely varied topography. In the east the mountainous maritime provinces have an irregular coast line on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic. The St. Lawrence plain and the interior continental plain are the principal cultivable areas. Westward towards the Pacific, the area is covered by mountain ranges from north to south including the Rockies. The highest peak in Canada is Mount Logan (6, 050 m), which is in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence , with its tributaries is navigable for over 3, 058 kilometres.12.Mackenzie River 马更些河Mackenzie River is one of two principal river systems in Canada. It flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in west Canada. It is the second largest river system of North American.13.Climate 气候The climate throughout Canada is varied and uncomfortable.A humid continental climate can be found from eastern Canada to the Canadian prairie. A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone.The icy Labrador Current chills the shores of eastern Canada, and winds blowing across Hudson Bay make the interior of the country very cold.Because of the cold climate that exists throughout most of Canada, a major part of the population lives along the southern border.14.Geographical regions 地理区域Canada is made up of ten provinces and two territories. From east to west they can be divided into six geographical regions: Atlantic provinces, St. Lawrence-Great Lakes provinces, the Canadian Shield, Prairie provinces, British Colombia, Northern provinces and territories.(1)Atlantic provinces include New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. Potatoes grow well there and are particularly important in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.Some farming also takes place in the valleys of Nova Scotia, where apples are grown. The climate is milder there because mountains give protection against wind and fog. Dairying and raising animals for fur are other activities engaged by farmers in this region.The irregular coast line on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic allows for good fishing habours and the Grand Banks, off the eastern shore of Newfoundland, form one of the world's great fishing grounds.The tourist trade is an important part of the region's economy. The rich green mountains and valleys make these provinces some of the most beautiful in Canada.(2)St. Lawrence-Great Lakes provinces include the St. Lawrence Lowlands and the southern part of Quebec and Ontario. This is the most highly developed part of Canada. This area, which is among the mast fertile, was easily accessible to European settlers and is today the most densely populated and industrialized part of Canada.(3)Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield.(4)The Prairie Provinces lie west of Ontario. They are Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. This region is the Canadian section of the Great Plains of North America. Much of the southern part of these provinces is made up of great stretches of level and fertile grasslands. It is ideal for growing wheat. The area also contains important deposits of oil, gas, coal and potash.Winnipeg is the chief city of the wheat region. All east-west rail traffic passes through Winnipeg. This important collection and shipping point for the products of the prairie is sometimes called the Chicago ofCanada.(5)The province of British Columbia lies on the Pacific coast of Canada. Vancouver is British Columbia's largest city and the third largest city in Canada. It is an important ice-free harbour and the major canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the Pacific.(6)The bare, thinly settled region of northern Canada takes up four fifth of the country.15.the Canadian Shield 加拿大大地盾The Canadian Shield is a semicircular band of rocky highlands and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. It is a region of rounded hills and tens of thousands of lakes and swamps.16.The European discovery 欧洲人的发现The name "Canada" is believed to have come from the native people, the Indians, who used the word "kanata" to describe a settlement. The word was misheard and understood to be the name of the country.The European discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the 15th century. Two men are important in the early discovery of Canada. They were John Cabot, an Italian sea captain, and Jacques Cattier, a French navigator from St. Malo, France.John Cabot discovered and claimed Newfoundland and the east coast of Canada in the name of King Henry VII of England in 1497. However, it was Jacques Cartier who in 1535 sailed up the St. Lawrence River as far as what it is today the site of Montreal. While he failed to find the passage to Asia he was seeking, he opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and later colonizers.Four years later in 1608, Samuel de Champlain, the French explorer established his" habitation"in what now is Quebec City, to lay the roots of French Canada.In 1610, Henry Hudson, the English explorer, gave his name to the huge bay in the centre of Canada and later in 1670 the English Hudson Bay Company was established.Through the seventeenth century the French settled the banks of the St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia or"Arcadia"of Canada's eastern coast, while the English established larger and better settlements in their New England colonies and Virginia.17.the Seven Year s’ War 七年战争By the middle of the 18th century the French in North America realized that they could not avoid a fight to the death with the British and their American colonists. After the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763, the French were forced to give up every inch of land in North America and the whole of Canada came under the British rule.18.the Quebec Act of 1774 1774年魁北克法案The British-appointed Governor , Sir Guy Carleton , recongnized the French character of Quebec. This recognition was made official by the Quebec Act of 1774, in which the British Parliament granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians. The Act introduced English criminal law but kept French civil law and recognized the right fo Catholic Church.19.Loyalist 忠诚分子The first British settlers in Canada were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the War of American Independence ( 1775-1783), because they felt they were more British than American. They called themselves Loyalists.20.British Canada 英国统治下的加拿大By an Act of 1791 Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French)were created. In 1837 a conflict took place between Upper Canada and Lower Canada.So with the Act of Union in 1840, the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again, and given internal self-government in 1848.As a result three colonies, already controlling their local affairs, Canada(Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined in 1867 in a" Confederaticn", a federal union and was made a dominion in 1867 by the British North America Act.21.Self-government and Confederation 自治政府和联盟制In 1869 Under the first prime minister Sir John Macdonald, Canada bought from the Hudson's Bay Company the vast middle west from which the province of Manitoba ( 1870), and later the other prairie provinces (Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1905) and northern territories were formed.During the years between 1866 and 1896 the country was govened by the Conservative Party, led by Sir John Macdonald except during the years 1873-78. In 1896, the Liberal Party took over and the country was ruled under Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an eminent French Canadian, until 1911.Under Laurier a change also took place in Canada's foreign relations. He founded the Canadian Navy, and tried to increase Canada's control over its foreign relations.22.John Macdonald 约翰·麦克唐纳The first Prime Minister of Canada, John Macdonald let the country buy from the Hudson’s Bay Company the vast middle west ,from which the province of Manitoba and later the other prairie provinces and other territories were formed.23.The Canadian nation 加拿大国By the Statute of Westminster in 1931 the British Dominions, including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain and "equal in status, in no way subordinate to each other", and bound together only by their loyalty to a common Crown. Since then Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.In 1949 Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province and in 1959 the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway saw a further growth in Canada's economy.Chapter 27 Australia Land and People 澳大利亚国土与人民24.Introduction 导言Australia is in the southern hemisphere. In other words it lies south of the equator. To the Europeans it is at the other end of the world. That is why Australia is popularly known in the West as "the Land Down Under". Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 million square km.It is the world's sixth largest country after Russia, Canada, China, Brazil and the USA. With a geological history of more than 3 billion years Australia is one of the oldest land masses in the world. Australia is the only continent that contains one country. The highest point is Mount Kosciusko at 2,255 metres above sea level.25.The Geographical Structure 地理结构It is generally divided into three topographical regions—the Great Western Plateau, the Eastern Highlands and the great lowland belt known as the Central Eastern Lowlands.The Outback usually refers to the interior and the centre of the Western Plateau and its northern plains. The Red Centre refers to an area with red-brown and tan soils in the heart of the country.1. The Western Plateau is a vast upland made of ancient rock. It covers almost two thirds of the continent.2. The Eastern Highlands, better known as the Great Dividing Range, follow the eastern coast south from northern Queensland to southern T asmania. The Australian Alps, the highest plateau in Australia, and the Snowy Mountains lie in the southern part. Mount Kosciusko, the highest peak in Australia, is also located there.The Great Dividing Range is Australia's main watershed. Short, swift rivers flow from the Eastern Highlands eastwards into the Pacific Ocean, while long inland rivers that supply water for the fertile lands flow slowly away from the coast. Off the north-eastern coast is a 2,000 km line of coral islands and reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef. The Murray, Australia's longest river(2, 520 km),.forms the major part of the boundary between the states of New South Wales and Victoria before it enters the sea in South Australia.3. The land between the Western Plateau and the Eastern Highlands is a great lowland known as the Central Eastern Lowlands. Lake Eyre is regarded as Australia's largest lake, but it is known as a part-time lake. In 1974 it was filled with water, making the lake 5.7 m deep at its deepest point.This lowland area has the country's richest farmland and best grazing land26.Climate 气候39 % of Australia lies in the tropics and the rest of the continent also has a warm climate. Australia is a dry land. More than half of Australia receives less than 350 mm of rainfall each year. Drought is a fact of life in Australia. There have been nine major droughts since European colonization in 1788. The worst one, which was between 1885 and 1903, affected the whole of Australia.Australia is hot and dry because of the following factors: First, most of Australia ties 20°and 35° south. This is a hot, dry area of the world. Secondly, Australia has few mountains. Mountain areas have cool, wet climates but Australia has few areas like this. Thirdly, the air masses that affect Australia for most of the year are dry, sunny, high pressure cells. Finally, distance from the ocean also affects the weather.27.Plants and Animals 动植物Eucalypts and wattles are drought and fire resistant and grow in poor soils.Kangaroos and emus, the largest native desert animals, can survive in hot conditions, need little moisture arid can travel over long distances in search of food and water. The budgerigar, which is kept as a pet all over the world, can live in desert areas for up to 30 days without water.In Australia about half of the native animals are marsupials. Apart from kangaroos marsupials include koalas, wombats, and possums. Echidnas (spiny ant-eater) and platypus are monotremes.28.Multicultural society 多文化社会Among Australian people , the overwhelming majority are immigrants from over 30 countries, or their descendants. These people have come from other countries with a different way of life, often with different languages, religions, dress, customs, food and sports. In recent years, Australian government have encouraged people with different ethnic backgrounds to keep their own culture, thus, Austalia is known as a multicultural society (multiculturalism).29.People 人民Although Australians are the descendants of many nations, Great Britain has had the greatest influence because Australia was settled as a British colony. The Australian population is still mainly of British descent. There are many aspects of Australian way of life that are British: their language, system of government, the Australian flag, legal system, sports, family and place names and even school system (including school uniforms). Two hundred years after the arrival of the First Fleet, the head of the Australian government is not their Prime Minister, but the Queen of England.Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world. 80 % of Australians live in the suburbs of coastal cities and towns, with most of these in the narrow coastal strip between Brisbane and Adelaide. hy are there so few people in Australia? Why do so many people prefer to live in a coastal city or town? The main reason is an envi-ronmental one. The hot, dry environment has also had a great influence on population distributiOn. Since the north and centre of the continent are generally hot and/or dry, 80 % of Australians live in the cooler, wetter south and east. Lack of water, poor soils, heat and distance from the coast discourage people from living there.30.Australia’s Built Environment 澳大利亚的人造环境The environment can be divided into two types—the natural and the built. The natural environment consists of living and non-living features. The built environment refers to those parts of the environment built by people or changed by people.The term "urban sprawl" is used to describe a city that has grown over a large area of land. Urban sprawl occurs because most Australians prefer to live as small family units in their own homes on their own blocks of land, rather than share buildings or land in the form of flats, home units, townhouses or villas.Among the five cities with a population of more than one million, four of them (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide) are located on the eastern coast while one of them (Perth) is on the western coast.About 60 % of the land is used for sheep and cattle grazing on large properties called stations. In the thinlypopulated outback, they have been so successful that Australia has ranked first in the world export of wool. Children learn their lessons through a radio educational system called School of the Air. Lessons are transmitted by radio. Homework is now exchanged by fax. People can also use radio to call doctors who will come by plane. They are called flying doctors.31.Political Divisions 政治区划分Australia is politically divided into six states and two territories.1. New South Wales is located in the south-east of Australia. As the first colony established by Britain in 1788 it is the oldest of the Australian states. That is why it is called the premier state. Sydney, its capital, is the largest city in Australia with a population of 3. 6 million. It is one of the world's great seaports.2. Victoria is in the south-eastern corner of the mainland Australia. It became a colony in 1851. It grew rapidly during the goidrushes of the 1850s. Though the smallest mainland state, Victoria has an importance in the country's economy far greater than its size might indicate. Its economy is based on agricultural and pastoral industries. It produces about a quarter of Australia's rural output. It has a broadly based manufacturing industry and highly developed service industries. Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, is Australia's second largest city - It has a population of3. 1 million. It is also regarded as the cultural and sports centre of Australia. It is also known as the garden state.3.The second largest and youngest state, Queensland, occupies the tropical north-eastern corner of Australia. More than one million live in Brisbane, the capital. Queensland accounts for a fifth of Australia's agricultural and mining production and about a quarter of the value of its exports. Queensland is also called the sunshine state because it has 7. 5 hours of sunshine daily. The sunniest in Australia is Darwin, with 8.4 hours of sunshine daily. Brisbane is the gateway to two of Australia' s major tourist playgrounds, the Gold Coast and the Great Barrier Reef.4. South Australia is the third largest state in Australia. Half of the world's opals are found there. South Australia is also a leader in shipbuilding and lumbering. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, is internationally known for its arts festival. Every other year, leaders in music, drama, and dance from many parts of the world join Australian artists for a fortnight of cultural events, including jazz, ballet and art exhibitions.5. Western Australia is the biggest Australian state, accounting for one third of the total area of the country, but its population ( about 1.5 million) is only 9% of the country's population. Western Australia is also known as the state of excitement. Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, has more than half the population in the state. Situated on the estuary of the Swan River, Perth is a beautiful city with a perfect climate.6. T asmania is the smallest of the Australian states. It is an island lying south of the south-eastern corner of the Australian mainland. It is the second oldest of the Australian states with a population of about half a million. T asmania is often called the holiday isle. The T asmanian Wilderness which consists of the Cradle Mountain-Lake, St Clair National Park, the Franklin-Lower Gordon Wild Rivers National Pak and the Southwest National Park is on the World Heritage List. Hobart is the capital city of T asmania. It has a deep harbour and a big casino.7. The Northern Territory covers nearly a fifth of the continent. The southern area of the Northern Territory is the famous Red Centre of Australia. It consists of miles and miles of red-sand desert and mountain ranges. Uluru (it used to be called Ayers Rock) has probably Australia's best known national park and the rock itself probably attracts more overseas visitors than any other national scenic feature in Australia. Darwin is the only large city on the entire northern coast of Australia. The city is like a frontier town and often serves as the place of entrance and exit for people who come to visit the area.8. Australian Capital Territory: Shortly after the Australian colonies joined together to form a federation in 1901, it was decided that the new nation should have a new seat of government. So the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), an area of 2, 333 square km, was mapped out of the state of New South Wales to be the site of the national capital. "Canburry" is an Aboriginal word for "meeting place" and from it came the name of the capital, Canberra. Canberra is also called the garden city because of its beautiful layout.32.Flying Doctors 会飞的医生。

第11课最近，我刚刚结束了魁北克五日之行，那是一座位于圣劳伦斯河畔古色古香、风景如画的小镇，今后，它将以“世界催泪瓦斯之都”载入史册。

我此行的目的是为了打入反全球化、反自由贸易运动的头脑人物内部，但问题是，那里根本没有“头脑”可寻。

我所看到的只是心绪的漫天宣泄，我面前是一派悲天悯人的景象。

显而易见，这里的稀缺之物是清醒的思考。

我来魁北克有个堂而皇之的理由，那便是采访美洲高峰会，这是一次跨越西半球三十四位国家首脑的聚会，会议最重要的议题是通过谈判，努力建立起美洲自由贸易区–一个地域跨越阿拉斯加至阿根廷的无贸易壁垒区域。

其实，我来魁北克是为了“人民的峰会”，那才是真正的亮点。

这一应运而生、有组织的活动看起来是要反映“人民的观点”，还会是别的吗？（我曾想，那些参加峰会、经选举产生的领导人是为此目的而来，但我有什么资格向“那些人民”提出质疑呢？）半球社会联盟由不同的社会团体组成，他们有着共同的思想意识和经济利益，他们共同反对贸易自由化。

该联盟这次邀请参加“反资本主义狂欢节”的都是激进团体，从极左到更极左，“狂欢节”在沿河畔搭建的硕大白色帐篷内举行。

加拿大政府好事做过了头，不仅资助了这项活动（其实是加拿大纳税人提供的资助），而且还为拉丁美洲的激进分子付费参加活动。

“反资本主义狂欢节”丝毫无愧于它的名称，有小丑、木偶表演、拉拉队长的呐喊、舞者和演员的表演，还有“愤怒的奶奶们”（一群不算太老辱骂大公司的妇女），甚至还有一个悬在空中、上面写着“实施安全贸易！”的巨大绿色安全套。

或许我最喜欢的是那些身着蓝色服装、面对由纸浆制成的女水神像歌唱并参拜的演员们。

除了此道风景，别无其他实质性内容，无论是在街面上，还是在各类有组织的“讲道论坛”中，情况均如此。

看一看下面的对话，这是我同一个保养得极好的年轻激进分子之间的谈话（当然喽，此人穿的是进口的牛崽裤和运动鞋）。

她向我挥动着拳头，肌肉松弛，毫无力量。

她的一位同志把我们之间的对话用一架日本摄象机拍了下来，摄象机的价值起码要比拉丁美洲人一年的平均工资还要多。

英Introduction toPhysical and Human Geography ofthe UK国自然人文地理国家哲学社会科学项目“英语专业基础阶段内容依托式教学改革研究”项目组 编主编常俊跃 赵秀艳 赵永青Unit 1 Pano Tex Text B Text C Unit 2 A Sur Tex Text B Text C Unit 3 South Text A Tex Text C Unit 4 South Text A Text B Tex Text D Unit 5 Lond Text A Tex Text C Text D Unit 6 East o Tex Text B Text C Unit 7 East M Text A Tex Text C Northampton............................................................107 Unit 8 West Midlands (115)Text A View of West Midlands…………………………………………116 Text B West Midlands………………………………………………….122 Text C Stratford-Upon-Avon…………………………………………..,124 Text D The Black Country……………………………………………..125 Unit 9 North West England………………………………………….……133 Contentsramic View of the U.K (1)t A View of the U.K (2)Names about the U.K (7)Britain and Ireland........................................................8 vey of England.. (14)t A View of England.........................................................15 Climate in England......................................................20 A Ramble Around England by Stephanie Prescott (24)West England (32)View of South West.....................................................33 t B The Origin of Bath......................................................39 Stonehenge: Probably Pilgrimage Site for Sick.....................40 East England (46)View of South East England...........................................47 Oxford University. (53)t C Stephen Hawking (54)On The Canterbury Tales ...............................................55 on (62)Greater London and the City of London (63)t B Landmarks in London (65)More Landmarks.........................................................70 One Square Mile: The Historic City of London (73)f England (83)t A View of the East of England (84)New Stone Installed with China's Best-known Poem...............91 The Broads, Dedham Vale and Fens..................................92 idlands (98)View of East Midlands..................................................99 t B Heroes in Nottinghamshire. (105)Text A Tex Text C Text D Unit 10 York Tex Text B Text C Unit 11 Nor Text A Tex Text C Unit 12 Sco Text A Tex Text C Text D Unit 13 Wal Text A Tex Text C Unit 14 Nor Text A Tex Tex Text D Unit 15 Revi Text A Text B Text C Key to the Appendixes (277)Appendix 1United Kingdom Regions Map ....................................277 Appendix 2 United Kingdom Landforms Map ................................278 Appendix 3 England Landforms Map ..........................................279 Appendix 4 Scotland Landforms Map ..........................................280 Appendix 5 Wales Landforms Map .............................................281 Appendix 6 Northern Ireland Landforms Map ................................282 View of North West England..........................................134 t B The Beatles..............................................................141 Lancaster................................................................143 Great Manchester......................................................143 shire and the Humber (152)t A View of Yorkshire and the Humber..................................153 Sharing Cars in Leeds.................................................161 More about York.......................................................162 th East England (168)View of North East England.........................................169 t B Hadrian’s Wall..........................................................176 Durham and Durham Cathedral......................................178 tland (185)View of Scotland........................................................186 t B Loch Ness...............................................................196 Edinburgh Festivals....................................................198 Thistle: Scotland’s National Flower.................................200 es.. (209)View of Wales...........................................................210 t B Legends of Wales......................................................,216 More about Wales.......................................................218 thern Ireland.. (224)View of Northern Ireland.............................................225 t B More about Northern Ireland.........................................233 t C Legend of Giant’s Causeway.........................................234 St. Patrick’s Day.......................................................235 ew of the U.K (242)Review of England and Scotland.....................................243 Review of Wales........................................................250 Review of Northern Ireland...........................................251 Exercises. (260)Appendix 7 England Regions Map (283)Appendix 8 Symbols of Constituent Countries of the U.K (284)Appendix 9 National Flags (286)Appendix 10 List of Towns and Cities in England by Population (2001).288 Appendix 11 List of English Counties by Population (2007) (291)重点参考的书目和网站 (294)Unit 1Panoramic View of the U.K.When people say England, they sometimes mean Great Britain, sometimes the United Kingdom, sometimes the British Isles, but never England.——George MikesUnit Goalsz To have a general idea of the geography of the U.K.z To be familiar with the geographical terms about the U.K.z To learn to use the words and expressions that describe the geographical features of the U.K.Before You Read1.How large is the U.K., especially compared with the U.S.A.?Which of the following shows the possible proportion?ABD.C2.Where is the U.K.? Tick (√) the neighboring countries and seas.Countries √Oceans√PacificChina TheBelgium The AtlanticFrance The IndianIreland The ArcticGermany The North SeaDenmark The Irish SeaNetherlands The English Channel3. What four major countries make up the U.K.?England, ____________, ____________, and ____________. 4. Is the U.K. mountainous or flat?5. Have you ever heard of Lock Ness, which is famous for a monster? Where is it in the U.K.?6.Form groups of three or four students. Try to find, on the internet or in the library, more general information about the U.K., which interests you. Get ready for a 5-minute presentation in class.Start to ReadText A View of the U.K.I. Location and CompositionThe official title of the U.K. is theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland . It is an island nation inWestern Europe just off the coast ofFrance. The mainland areas lie betweenlatitudes 49°N and 59°N and longitudes8°W to 2°E. The U.K. lies between theNorth Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea,and comes within 35 km (22 miles) of thenorthwest coast of France, from which it isseparated by the English Channel.Northern Ireland shares a 360 kminternational land boundary with theRepublic of Ireland. The Channel Tunnel（海峡隧道）bored beneath the EnglishChannel （英吉利海峡）, now links the UKwith France.The UK is made up ofseveral islands: Great Britain(the formerly separate realms ofEngland and Scotland , and theprincipality of Wales ), NorthernIreland (also known as Ulster),and numerous smaller islandsincluding the Isle of Wight （怀特岛）, Anglesey(安格尔西岛）, andthe Scilly (锡利岛）, Orkney(奥克尼岛), Shetland (舍得兰岛), andHebrides(赫布里底群岛). Theonly land border connecting theUK to another country isbetween Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The UK is bordered by four seas: to the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europe; to the east by the North Sea; tothe west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.II. LandscapeThe UK has atotal area ofapproximately245,000 km², almostaquarter-of-a-millionsquare kilometers.Its Landscape is veryvaried, ranging fromthe GrampianMountains （格兰扁山脉）of Scotland to the lowland fens (沼泽地带)of England whichare at or below sealevel in places.Sco tland and Wales are the most mountainous parts of the UK. A ridge of hills, the Pennines （奔宁山脉）, runs down the centre of northern England. Many coastal areas are low-lying, especially in the east and south of England.These include the wetlands of the Somerset levels(萨默塞特平原), which regularly flood during heavy rain.Most of the UK is made up of gently rolling hills with isolated areas of high ground such as Dartmoor (达特姆尔高原) in the south-west of England or the Mourne Mountains （莫恩山脉）in Northern Ireland.Northern Ireland is also home to the UK’s largest lake, Lough Neagh （内伊湖）, which covers an area of 396sq.Km (153 sq miles). Other major lakes include Windermere （温德米尔）in the English Lake District and Loch Lomond （洛蒙徳湖）in Scotland. Another of Scotland’s lakes, Loch Ness （尼斯湖）is famous for sightings of Bein ‘Nessie’, a mythical monster!g a relativelysmall Island, the UK’srivers are not very long.The Severn （塞文河）, itslongest river, is just 338km in length, beginning inWales and entering theAtlantic Ocean nearBristol （布里斯托尔市）inEngland. Other majorrivers include the Thames（泰晤士河）, which flowsthrough Oxford andLondon, and the Trent （特伦特河）and Mersey （墨西河）rivers, which drain rainfall from large areas of central England.AFTER YOU READKnowledge Focus1. Fill in the blanks according to the geographical knowledge you have learned in the text above.(1) The U.K. is an island nation in ____________ Europe just off thecoast of ____________.(2) The U.K. is separated from France by the ____________. (3) The UK is mainly made up of England, Scotland, ,and .(4) The longest river in the UK is , which beginsin .(5) , a lake in Scotland, is famous for sightings of amythical monster.(6) The largest lake in the UK is , locatedin .(7) A ridge of hills, , called the “backbone of England”,runs down the center of Northern England.(8) _ , one of the major rivers in the U.K., flows throughOxford and London.2. Write T in the bracket if the statement is true, and write F if it is false.(1) The official title of the U.K. is the United Kingdom of GreatBritain and Ireland. ( )(2) The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the North Sea, now links theUK with France. ( )(3) The only land border connecting the UK to another country isbetween Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. ( )(4) The UK is bordered by the North Sea to the East. ( )(5) Scotland and England are the most mountainous parts of the UK.( )(6) Lough Neagh, the largest lake in the U.K. is located in Wales. ( )(7) Nessie is an animal living in Lock Ness in Scotland. ( )(8) There are many rivers in the U.K., such as the Severn and theThames. ( )Language Focus1.Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the phrases below.(1) The UK ____________ several islands(2) The U.K.’s landscape is very varied, ______ the GrampianMountains of Scotland ______ the lowland fens of England.(3) Another of Scotland’s lakes, Loch Ness ____________ sightings of‘Nessie’, a mythical monster!(4) Northern Ireland ______ a 360 km international land boundary______ the Republic of Ireland.(5) The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel, now______ the UK ______ France.(6) Northern Ireland ____________ the UK’s largest lake, LoughNeagh.2. Fill in the blanks with the appreciate form of the words in the brackets.(1) Great Britain includes the (former) separate realms ofEngland and Scotland, and the (principal) of Wales. (2) The low-lying lands in the east and south of England ______(regular) flood during heavy rain.(3) The film—Mee-Shee, The Water Giant, is about the ______ (myth)monster in Loch Ness.(4) Dartmoor is an (isolation) area of high ground in thesouthwest of England.(5) The Channel Tunnel, (bore) beneath the English Channel,links the UK and France.(6) The landscape in the UK is varied, (range) from highmountains to lowland fens.(7) The UK consists of (numerously) small islands.3. Fill in the blanks with the proper prepositions and adverbs thatcollocate with the neighboring words.(1) It is an island nation in Western Europe just ____ the coast ofFrance.(2) The mainland areas lie ____ latitudes 49°N and 59°N andlongitudes 8°W to 2°E.(3) The lowland fens of England are ____ or ____ sea level in places.(4) The Severn, its longest river, is just 338 km ____ length, beginning____ Wales and entering the Atlantic Ocean near Bristol in England.(5) The Channel Tunnel is bored ____ the English Channel. Comprehensive Work1. Pair Work: With your partner, discuss the following questions in turn:(1) What is the official title of the U.K.?(2) Where is the UK? Locate the four seas that border the U.K.(3) What geographical relationship does the U.K. have with Ireland?(4) What tunnel links the UK and France? And where is it?(5) What are the capital cities of the four major countries in the U.K.?2. Solo Work: Try to locate the following on the outline map of the U.K.EnglandWalesScotlandNorthern IrelandLondonEdinburghCardiffBelfastthe Thamesthe Severnthe Penninesthe Grampian Mountainsthe Mourne MountainsLough NeaghLoch NessRead MoreText B Names about the U.K.Read the passage and finish the multiple-choice questions just below the passage.Did anyone find the names of “Great Britain”, “the United Kingdom”, “England” and “the British Commonwealth” which have the same meaning? Strictly speaking, these names all refer to something different. None of them are exactly the same as any of the others.The British Isles refer to the main islands and several thousand small ones as well, which you can see on the map. Great Britain, or Britain, refers to the larger of the two main islands. But the word “Britain” is often used as a short form for the United Kingdom or you call it the UK.Now as for England, it refers simply to the largest of the three countries on the island of Great Britain. The United Kingdom is the name of the state and the official name of the country, which many people popularly refer to England.Finally, the Britain commonwealth is the usual name for what is left of the British Empire. This change shows the weakening of British Empire and the rising of the national liberation movements throughout the world today.1. According to the passage, we know that ____ .A. Great Britain has the same meaning as BritainB. the United Kingdom has the same meaning as Britain or EnglandC. all the names in the first paragraph have the same meaningD. all the names refer to England2. It is clear that the British isles refer to ____ .A. Britain, England and the UK.B. the two main islands and thousands of small onesC. three countries and several islandsD. Great Britain or the United Kingdom3. Which of the following shows the right relationship between the British isles (BI), Britain (B) and England (E)?A. B>BI>EB. BI>E>BC. E>B>BID. BI>B>E4. If you want to write to someone in Edinburgh that lies in Scotland, you should write the address as ____ .A. Edinburgh, EnglandB. Edinburgh, Great BritainC. Scotland, Edinburgh, EnglandD. Great Britain, Scotland, EdinburghText C Britain and IrelandThere are 20 blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. Circle the answer that best fit into the passage.What is the difference between the British Isles , Britain, the United Kingdom and England? These terms are so often confused by us.The British Isles is made up of two large islands: One is called Ireland and the other 1. Britain, or Great Britain, is the larger of these two islands, and it is 2 into three parts: Scotland, Wales and England.The United Kingdom is that 3 of the British isles ruled over by the Queen. It is made up of Scotland, Wales and England, that is, the 4of Britain, and also about one sixth of Ireland, the Northern part. The 5 of Ireland is self governing. The 6 name of the United Kingdom is 7 “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”.8 is larger and richer than Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, and has the most 9 of the United Kingdom, so people often use the 10 “England” and “English” when they 11 “Britain” and “British”. This sometimes makes the Scots and the Welsh a little 12. The Scots in particular are very 13 of their separate nationality. The Welsh too do not regard 14 as English, and have a culture and even a 15 of their own.Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in 1801, but for forty years the “Irish 16” was the greatest headache of the United Kingdom. 17, Ireland is divided into two: Northern Ireland still 18 to the United Kingdom and in 1922 the rest of Ireland 19 to found an Irish Free State, later called Eire and now the Republic of Ireland.The Republic of Ireland does not regard itself as part of Britain, and is not now even a supporter of the Commonwealth of Nations (英联邦). Unlike the major Commonwealth countries it did not lift a finger to 20 British in the Second World War and now wants the whole of Ireland to be a republic.1. A. Wales B. Britain C. England D. Scotland2. A. divided B. cut C. broken D. separated3. A. piece B. island C. country D. part4. A. south B. north C. part D. whole5. A. smaller B. larger C. rest D. island6. A. correct B. true C. full D. complete7. A. also B. therefore C. likely D. perhaps8. A. The UK B. The British isles C. Great Britain D. England9. A. colleges B. officials C. cities D. population10. A. words B. names C. spellings D. pronunciations11. A. call B. forget C. speak D. write12. A. angry B. difficult C. tired D. lonely13. A. proud B. fond C. full D. kind14. A. it B. Wales C. them D. themselves15. A. capital B. language C. history D. programmer16. A. Country B. Question C. Disease D. Republic17. A. At last B. So C. Meanwhile D. Also18. A. returns B. belongs C. gets D. speaks19. A. hoped B. refused C. broke away D. used20. A. feel B. touch C. fight D. helpProper NamesBristol布里斯托尔市Dartmoor 达特姆尔高原England 英格兰Great Britain 大不列颠Hebrides赫布里底群岛Loch Lomond洛蒙徳湖Loch Ness尼斯湖Lough Neagh内伊湖Northern Ireland 北爱尔兰Scotland 苏格兰the British Isles 不列颠群岛（英伦群岛）the Channel Tunnel海峡隧道the Commonwealth of Nations (又称：the British Commonwealth 英联邦) the English Channel 英吉利海峡the Grampian Mountains格兰扁山脉the Isle of Anglesey 安格尔西岛the Isle of Scilly 锡利岛the Isle of Wight怀特岛the Lake District 湖区the Mersey墨西河the Mourne Mountains莫恩山脉the Orkney Islands奥克尼岛the Pennines奔宁山脉the Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国the Severn塞文河the Shetland Islands舍得兰岛the Somerset Levels萨默塞特平原the Thames泰晤士河the Trent特伦特河Wales 威尔士Windermere温德米尔湖For FunWebsites to visit/customs/questions/geography.htmlThis is a webpage about the general geography of the U.K. /en/2004-10-25/26874.htmlThis is a webpage on which you can find the answer to and the explanation of Text C and Text D in this unit.Books to ReadNational Geographic Traveler: Great Britain, 2d Ed.by Christopher SomervilleVisit every region of this diverse andbeguiling land, including the distinctivecountries of Scotland and Wales. This newedition offers the latest information on historicsites, city highlights, scenic drives, walkingtours, and more—from London's venerableWestminster Abbey and Shakespeare's scenichometown of Stratford-Upon-Avon to JohnLennon's boyhood home in Liverpool.Movies to seeKing Arthur (2004)Historians have thought for centuries thatKing Arthur was only a myth, but the legendwas based on a real hero, torn between hisprivate ambitions and his public sense of duty.A reluctant leader, Arthur wishes only to leaveBritain and return to the peace and stability ofRome. Before he can head for Rome, one finalmission leads him and his Knights of theRound Table, Lancelot, Galahad, Bors, Tristan,and Gawain to the conclusion that when Romeis gone, Britain needs a king--someone not only to defend against the current threat of invading Saxons, but to lead the isle into a new age. Under the guidance of Merlin, a former enemy,and the beautiful, courageous Guinevere byhis side, Arthur will have to find the strengthwithin himself to change the course of history.Listen To Britain (1942)It is a depiction of life in wartime England during the Second World War. Director Humphrey Jennings visits many aspects of civilian life and of the turmoil and privation caused by the war, all without narration.Songs to enjoyGod Save the Queen—the British National AnthemGod save our gracious Queen,Long live our noble Queen,God save the Queen!Send her victorious,Happy and glorious,Long to reign over us;God save the Queen!O Lord our God arise,Scatter her enemiesAnd make them fall;Confound their politics,Frustrate their knavish tricks,On Thee our hopes we fix,God save us all!Thy choicest gifts in storeOn her be pleased to pour;Long may she reign;May she defend our laws,And ever give us causeTo sing with heart and voice, God save the Queen!Not in this land alone, But be God's mercies known, From shore to shore! Lord make the nations see, That men should brothers be, And form one family,The wide world over.From every latent foe,From the assassins blow,God save the Queen!O'er her thine arm extend,For Britain's sake defend, Our mother, prince, and friend, God save the Queen! Lord grant that Marshal Wade May by thy mighty aidVictory bring.May he sedition hush,And like a torrent rush, Rebellious Scots to crush.God save the Queen!。

海底两万里第11章英文原文Chapter 11: The NautilusIn this chapter, the narrator Professor Aronnax and his companions finally get their first good glimpse of the enigmatic Nautilus, Captain Nemo's underwater vessel. The Nautilus is described as "tremendous" in size, easily able to hold the ship's company of thirty crewmen. The exterior ofthe Nautilus is slate-colored, with a long deck and ridges running down the sides of the vessel. The windows of the ship are made of unbreakable glass, and the propeller is poweredby electricity generated by sea water.The interior of the Nautilus is luxurious and comfortable, with finely furnished rooms, electric lighting, and an incredible library containing works in every language. The narrator notes that Captain Nemo is a man of great learning and culture, as evidenced by his extensive book collection. The Nautilus is also equipped with state-of-the-art equipment for underwater exploration, including a diving chamber and a searchlight that can illuminate the ocean floor.Despite the impressive nature of the vessel, the narrator notes that there is a certain air of mystery and secrecysurrounding the Nautilus. The crew is extremely loyal to Captain Nemo and the submarine's operations are highly secretive, with no one outside of the ship's company knowing the true nature of the craft or its mission.Overall, this chapter provides a fascinating glimpse into the inner workings of the Nautilus and sheds light on the enigmatic figure of Captain Nemo. It also reinforces thesense of wonder and excitement that the characters experience as they journey deeper into the underwater world. For readers, the Nautilus is a symbol of both the thrill of explorationand the eerie allure of the unknown.。

选择题Unit1 英国Chapter 1 地理、民族、语言1. The two main islands of the British Isles are （）.A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. （）is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom,（）is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland4. English belongs to the （）group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman5. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of （）words to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek6. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the （）influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish7. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of （）.A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation8. At present, nearly （）of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifthChapter 2 历史1. The （）attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2. By the late 7th century, （）became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. The （）marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law4. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of （）.A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to（） .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church6. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between （）.A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians7.（）was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta8. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the （）century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20 thChapter 3 政府和英联邦1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the （）.A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on （）.A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to （）the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4. （）is at the center of the British political system.A. The CabinetB. The House of LordsC. The House of CommonsD. The Privy Council5. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to （）.A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a （）system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party7. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and （）.A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism8. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every （）years.A. threeB. fourD. sixChapter 4 经济1. The （）in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem2. Of the following practices, （）does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions3. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except （）.A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted （）of its land area to agriculture.B. 60%C. 70%D.80%5. Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except （）.A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain andIreland6. Coal mining industry in Britain provides （）of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/37. The car industry in Britain in mostly（） .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD.privately-owned8. Of the following sectors in Britain, （）has experienced spectaculargrowth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industryChapter 5 教育、媒体和节日1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the （） .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2. About （）of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources except （）.A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions4. To be admitted to the Open University, one needs （） .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications5. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three”with the exception of （）.A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily T elegraph6. Life on Earth is a kind of （）program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera7.（）is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB8. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except （）.A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 6 文学1. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is——.A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet2. ——is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of independence”.A. “I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC. The preface to Lyrical BalladsD. Prometheus Unbound3. Of Dicken’s novels, ——is considered most autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. Davied CopperfiedC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations4. ——is a representative of English Critical Realism in the turn of the 19 thcentury.A. Robert Louis SetevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConardD.Thomas Hardy5. Of the following books, ——is NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A.Jude the ObscureB.Tess of the d’UrbervillesC.Adam BedeD.The Return of the Native6. ——is not included in the modernist group.A.Oscar WildeB.Virginia WoolfC.William Bulter YeatsD.T.S.Eliot7. Of the following writers, ——is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A.Samuel BeckettB.James JoyceC.William GoldingD.V.S.Naipual8. Waiting for Godot is written by——.A.Samuel BeckettB.Geroge OrwellC. William GoldingwranceUnit2 爱尔兰Chapter 7 社会和文化1. ---- established a unified Irish culture and language in the 6 th century BC.A. Hunter-gatherers from BritainB. Celtic tribesC. British invadersD. The Vikings2. Divergent views about ----resulted in the Irish Civil War.A. the Act of UnionB. the Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceC. the Anglo-Irish TreatyD. the Anglo-Irish Agreement3. -----was the first Irish President to visit Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ .A. Eamon de ValeraB. John A. CostelloC. Mary RobinsonD. Albert Reynolds4. -----brought Anglo-Irish relations to a new height.A. The British recognition of the Irish RepublicB. The signing of the Downing Street DeclarationC. The signing of the Belfast AgreementD. The IRA’s formal declaration of the disarmament in 20055. In Ireland, the head of state is-----A. the Prime MinisterB. the PresidentC. the British monarchD. the General Governor6. ------has been the dominant party in Ireland since 1930s and supports peaceful reunification of the island of Ireland.A. Fine GaelB. The Labor PartyC. Fianna FailD. The Progressive Democrats7. Emigration in Ireland started since the ----A. medieval periodB. 17 th centuryC. Great Potato FamineD. early 18 th century8. Ireland now has a ---- economy.A. agriculture-basedB. knowledge-basedC. industry-basedD. foreign investment-basedUnit3 美国Chapter 8 地理和民族1. The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic to its and the Pacific to its （）.A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west2. The continental United States has （）statesA. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353. The state of （）is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4. The largest river in the U. S. is （）.A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River5. Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located in （）.A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6. San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to （）.A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD.California7. The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into theUnited States, particularly from （）.A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8. The characteristic of the dominant American culture are （） .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-class Chapter 9 历史1. The first successful English colony in North America was founded at（）in（）.A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2. The Seven Years’War occurred between the （）.A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians3. “No taxation without representation”was the rallying slogan of （）.A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies4. In May 1775, （）was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation5. Abraham Lincoln issued （）to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights6. The policy of the United States was （）at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement7. President （）applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy8. The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout the terms of Presidents （）.A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and JohnsonChapter 10 政府1. The U. S. Constitution came into effect in （）.A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932. The Constitution of the United States （）.A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3. The Bill of Rights （）.A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4. The terms for a Senator and Representative are （）and （）years respectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two5. All the following except （）can make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6. The following except （）are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7. The Supreme Court is composed of （）justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine8. The President is directly voted into office by （）.A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representativesChapter 11 经济1. America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except （）.A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2. The modern American economy progressed from（）to（）, and eventually, to（）.A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3. Chartered companies were NOT granted the （）by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4.（）urged the federal government to establish a national bank.A. George WashingtonB. President RooseveltC. Abraham LincolnD. Alexander Hamilton5. The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except （）.A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6. President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society”by introducing various programs like the following except （）.A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7. The following statements are all true except （）.A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports andexports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.8. Employment in the （）sector has been increasing in the U.S. since the 1970s.A. serviceB. agricultureC. manufacturingD. high-tectChapter 12 教育、媒体和节日1. Formal education in the United States consists of （）, secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2. Of the following subjects, （）are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of （）.A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4. Of the following, （）are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5. To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are requiredto do the following except （）.A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits6. （）is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News7. Of the following, （）is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)8. The National Day of the United States falls on （）.A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14thChapter 13 文学1.Of the following writer, --------are from the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods .A. Benjamin Franklin and Edgar Allan PoeB. Edgar Allan Poe and Jonathan EdwardsC. Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan EdwardsD. Edgar Allan Poe and Washington Irving2. ----- is regarded as the “father of American literature”A. James Fenimore CooperB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Thomas JeffersonD. Washington Irving3. Of the following , ---- is considered Herman Melville’s masterpieceA. The Last of the MohicansB. The Legend of Sleepy HollowC. Mody DickD. Daisy Miller4. Of the following ,-----is NOT characteristic of Mark Twain’s worksA. colloquial speechB. a sense of humorC. a realistic viewD. an idealistic view5. Of the following writer, ----- is NOT included in the group pf naturalistsA. Stephen CraneB. Frank NorrisC. Theodore DreiserD. Herman Melville6. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is ---- ,and its theme is about ---A. The Great Gatsby , the American DreamB. Tender Is the Night , loveC. Tales of the Jazz Age , the loss of oneselfD. The Beautiful and Damned , the evil of human nature7. Of the following writer, ----- is NOT a Nobel Prize winnerA. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. Eugene O’Neill8. -----is the first African –American winner of the Noble Prize for LiteratureA. Ralph EllisonB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. James BaldwinUnit4 加拿大Chapter 14 地理和历史1. Canada’s fur trade , later fur monopoly , gradually began to take shape in the -----centuryA. 15 thB. 16 thC. 17 thD.18 th2. The Liberal government led by Mackenzie King did the following to lay the foundations of the Canadian welfare state EXCEPT----A. increasing the old age pensionsB. promoting federal-provincial welfare programsC. expending unemployment benefitsD. introducing health insurance3. -----won the Nobel Prize for Peace in1957 for organizing a peacekeeping force to defuse the Suez CrisisA. Pierre TrudeauB. Lester PearsonC. Jean ChretienD. Brian Mulroney4. In the ----, Canada was obsessed with economic recessionA. 1950sB. 1960sC. 1970sD. 1980s5. Pierre Trudeau retired from his post as head of the government and party leader partly because ----A. he opposed the American war in VietnamB. he agreed Quebec to be an independent French-speaking nationC. he had not been able to reverse the declining economic trendD. he weakened government intervention in the national economy6. ----- recognized Quebec as a “distinct society”A. The Meech Lake AccordB. The Quebec ActC. The Constitutional ActD. The British North America Act7. -----was Canada’s first woman Prime MinisterA. Pierre TrudeauB. Brian MulroneyC. Jean ChretienD. Kim Campbell8. Martin’s Liberal government tried to do the following EXCEPT---A. legalizing same-sex marriage in CanadaB. giving the Quebec city sovereigntyC. improving Canadian- US relationsD. forging a closer relationship with ChinaChapter 15 政府和社会1. On average, members of the House of Commons are elected for a maximum of -----yearsA. 3B. 4C. 5D. 62. ----holds the highest position in the Canadian parliamentary systemA. The Britain CrownB. The Governor GeneralC. The PresidentD. The Prime Minister3. In each province, ----represents the British CrownA. a Lieutenant GovernorB. a Governor GeneralC. a PrimeD. a Governor4. -----of Canada serve(s) as the final court of appeals in CanadaA. The provincial courtsB. The Federal CourtC. The Supreme CourtD. The Federal Court of Appeal5. In Canada , the largest religious denominations is ----A. the Protestant churchB. the Roman Catholic churchC. the Puritan churchD. the Anglican church6. If applicants meet the basic requirement for immigration to Canada , they need to do the following EXCEPT----A. applying for citizenshipB. taking a medical examC. paying an application feeD. paying a landing fee7. In the 19 th century , ---was the principal export item of CanadaA. fishB. furC. timberD. wheat8. Canada’s major trading partners include the following EXCEPT---A. BritainB. AmericaC. MexicoUnit5 澳大利亚Chapter 16 地理和历史1.____ is the lowest point in Australia.A. Lake EyreB. The Great Artesian BasinC. Mount KosciuszkoD. The Great Victoria Desert2.____ is Australia’s capital.A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. BrisbaneD. Canberra3.Britain’s first permanent colony was founded in ____ .A.1606B.1770C.1787D.17884.The Commonwealth of Australia was established in ____ .A.1847B.1885D.19015.The movement to gain recognition of Aboriginal rights was started in the ____ .A.1950sB.1960sC.1970sD.1980s6.Australia completely abolished the White Australia Policy during the government of ____ .A. Earle PageB. Gough WhitlamC. Joseph LyonsD. Stanley Bruce7.The following were all aspects of the economic reforms which took place between 1983 and 1996 EXCEPT ____ .A. enlarging the scale of the mining industryB. deregulating the financial marketC. reducing tariffsD. privatizing the state-owned enterprises8.The Howard government’s foreign policies were based in relations with four key countries, namely, ____ .A. the U.S. ,Japan, Britain, ChinaB. the U.S. ,Japan, China, IndonesiaC. the U.S. ,Japan, Britain, ChinaD. the U.S. , Britain, China, ChinaChapter 17 政府和社会1.Of the following, ____ is NOT among the three major Australian political parties.A. the Australian Labor PartyB. the NationalsC. the Liberal PartyD. the United Australia Party2. Australia tries to attract immigrant from any country with ____ .A. a good family backgroundB. education or work skillsC. high social statusD. adequate work experience3. Australia’s high economic performance is due to its ____ and ongoing structural reform.A. open-up policyB. effective economic managementC. historical developmentD. proper investment4. Australia is a leading supplier of ____ to international markets.A. hi-tech productsB. agricultural productsC. industrial productsD. mineral resources5. Australia’s foreign capital mainly comes from ____ .A. the United States and JapanB. Britain and GermanyC. Japan and Republic of KoreaD. Britain and the United States6.Among the following tourist attractions, ____ can be seen from the moon.A. the Gold CoastB. UluruC. the Great Barrier ReefD. the Sydney Opera House7. ____ is/are mainly responsible for education in Australia.A. the federal governmentB. the individual statesC. the territory assembliesD. the municipal government8.The Australian system of teaching and school discipline puts emphasison the following EXCEPT ____ .A. learning by discovery and questioningB. self-disciplineC. preparing for testD. encouraging students’interest in learningUnit6 新西兰Chapter 18 社会和文化1. ____ is often referred to as “our third island”of New Zealand.A. PolynesiaB. The North IslandC. The South IslandD. The Stewart Island2.The climate in New Zealand is ____ .A. subtropicalB. arcticC. temperateD. tropical3.The ____ were the first group of people who arrived on the island of New Zealand.A. MaorisB. EuropeansC. AustraliansD. Chinese4. New Zealand was granted internal self-government in ____ .A. 1804B. 1852C. 1893D. 19075.During World War Ⅱ, New Zealand strengthened its relationship with ____ .A. BritainB. the United StatesC. AustraliaD. France6. ____ is the head of the New Zealand government.A. The British monarchB. The Governor GeneralC. The Prime MinisterD. The President7.The Cabinet is responsible to ____ in New Zealand.A. ParliamentB. the Prime MinisterC. the British monarchD. the Governor General8.Schooling in New Zealand is compulsory for all children ____ .A. from ages 6 to 12B. from ages 6 to 14C. from ages 6 to 16D. from ages 6 to 18。

中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and Philosopher’s Stone《哈利˙波特与魔法石》CHAPTER ElevenQuidditch第十一章魁地奇比赛As they entered November, the weather turned very cold. The mountains around the school became icy grey and the lake like chilled steel. Every morning the ground was covered in frost. Hagrid coul d be seen from the upstairs wind ows, d efrosting broomsticks on the Quid ditch pitch, bundl ed up in a l ong mol eskin overcoat, rabbit-fur gl oves and enormous beaverskin boots.进入十一月后，天气变得非常寒冷。

学校周围的大山上灰蒙蒙，覆盖着冰雪，湖面像淬火铜一样又冷又硬。

每天早晨，地面都有霜冻。

从楼上的窗口可以看见海格，他全身裹在长长的鼹鼠皮大衣里，戴着兔毛皮手套，穿着巨大的海狸毛皮靴子，在魁地奇球场上给飞天扫帚除霜。

The Quid ditch season had begun. On Saturday, Harry woul d be playing in his first match after weeks of training: Gryffind or versus Slytherin. If Gryffind or won, they would move up into second place in the House Championship.魁地奇赛季开始了。