Toida’s Conjecture is True
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:246.13 KB
- 文档页数:13
怀疑真理的英语作文带翻译Doubting the Truth。
Truth is a concept that has been debated for centuries. Some people believe that there is an absolute truth, while others argue that truth is subjective and varies from person to person. As for me, I tend to lean towards the latter. I believe that truth is not a fixed concept, but rather a fluid one that can change depending on the circumstances.One reason why I doubt the existence of absolute truth is because of the diversity of human experience. Every person has their own unique set of experiences, beliefs, and values that shape their perception of the world. What may be true for one person may not be true for another. For example, one person may believe that eating meat is morally wrong, while another person may believe that it is necessary for their health. Who is to say which belief is more true?Another reason why I doubt the existence of absolute truth is because of the fallibility of human perception.Our senses can be easily deceived, and our minds can be influenced by biases and prejudices. We may think we know the truth, but in reality, we are only seeing a small partof the picture. For example, a witness to a crime maybelieve they saw the perpetrator clearly, but in reality, their memory may be distorted by their emotional state or the lighting conditions.Despite my doubts about the existence of absolute truth, I do believe that there are certain universal principlesthat can guide our actions. For example, the Golden Rule, which states that we should treat others as we would liketo be treated, is a principle that is found in manycultures and religions. While the application of this principle may vary depending on the context, the underlying idea remains the same.In conclusion, while I may doubt the existence of absolute truth, I do believe that there are certainuniversal principles that can guide our actions. By being open-minded and willing to consider different perspectives, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world around us and make more informed decisions.。
英语阅读教案:一场寻找圣诞老人的冒险English Reading Lesson: An Adventure in Search of Santa ClausIt was a chilly December morning in the small town of Willow Creek. The snow had been falling heavily throughout the night and the streets were covered in a blanket of white.A group of young children, all bundled up in their winter coats and hats, were walking excitedly towards the town square. They were on a mission to find Santa Claus, who they believed would be visiting their town that day.The children had heard rumors that Santa Claus was traveling across the country to visit different towns before Christmas. They were determined to meet him and tell him what they wanted for Christmas. As they walked towards the town square, they chattered excitedly, discussing what they would say to Santa Claus when they met him.When they arrived at the town square, they were disappointed to find that Santa Claus was nowhere to be seen. They looked around for a while, but there was no sign of him. However, they spotted a sign that read 鈥楽anta鈥檚 secrethideout 鈥?this way鈥? The children looked at each other in excitement and followed the sign, not knowing what they would find.The sign led them to an old, abandoned house on the outskirts of the town. The house was surrounded by a large fence, with a sign that read 鈥楴o Trespassing鈥?attached to it. The children looked at each other nervously. Was this really Santa鈥檚 secret hideout?One of the children, a boy named Timmy, bravely walked up to the fence and pushed it open. The other children followed him, all feeling a sense of excitement mixed with fear. They walked towards the house, which was covered in a thick layer of snow.As they approached the house, they heard a strange noise coming from inside. It sounded like someone was hammering something. But who could it be? The children looked at each other nervously, wondering if they should continue.Finally, Timmy mustered up the courage to walk up to the front door and knock. He waited for a moment, but there was no answer. Then he pushed the door open and walked inside.The other children followed him, all feeling a sense of adventure mixed with fear.Inside the house, they found themselves in a large room filled with toys. The room was messy and disorganized, with toys scattered everywhere. The children looked around in wonder, amazed at all the toys they saw. But there was no sign of Santa Claus.Suddenly, they heard a voice from upstairs. It was ajolly voice, sounding just like Santa Claus. The children looked at each other in excitement and ran up the stairs. When they reached the top, they found themselves in a room filled with Christmas decorations. There was an old man sitting in a chair, wearing a red suit and a bushy white beard.The children looked at each other in amazement. It was Santa Claus! They ran towards him, shouting and laughing with joy. Santa Claus greeted them warmly, asking what they wanted for Christmas. The children told him their wishes, and Santa Claus listened patiently.As they were about to leave, Santa Claus smiled and said, 鈥楻emember, the true spirit of Christmas is not about getting gifts, but about giving to others鈥? The children nodded, understanding the true meaning of Christmas. Theysaid goodbye to Santa Claus and left the house, feeling happy and fulfilled.As they walked back towards the town square, the children talked excitedly about their adventure. They had gone on a mission to find Santa Claus, but they had found something much more valuable 鈥?the true spirit of Christmas.。
老外最常用的英文短语200句英语对很多学生来说都是难以迈过的槛,很多同学就是被英语成绩拖累了后腿,导致在班级的名次一直不怎么好。
下面是老外最常用的200句英文短语,希望为大家提供参考帮助。
1. Have a niceday. 祝你今天愉快2. So far, so good. 目前为止一切都好3. Take it orleave it. 要就要,不要就拉倒4. Keep it up! 继续努力,继续加油5. Good foryou. 好啊!做得好!6. Time flies!时光如梭7. Time is money. 时间就是金钱8. That's life.这就是人生9. Now you're talking. 这才对嘛10. have butterflies in one's stomach 紧张11. You asked for it. 你自找的12. read between the lines 字里行间的言外之意13. The rest is history. 众所皆知14. A little bird told me. 我听说的15. It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行16. Mind your own business. 不关你的事儿17. Hang in there. 坚持下去18. could be worse 可能更糟19. Money talks. 金钱万能20. count me out 不要算我21. Over my dead body! 想都别想(除非我死了)22. go fifty-fifty on sth. 平分23. You can say that again! You said it! 你说的没错;你说对了24. Look who's talking! 看看你自己吧!25. It's Greekto me. 这我完全不懂26. take my word for it 相信我的话27. not one's cup of tea 不感兴趣;不合胃口28. Get real ! 别闹了;别开玩笑了29. head over heels 深陷;完全地30. Suit yourself. 随你高兴31. What's the catch? 有什么意图?32. let the cat out of bag 泄漏秘密33. sth. is touch and go 危险的情况;惊险的;一触即发的34. beat a dead horse 白费劲35. The sky's the limit. 没有限制36. once in a blue moon 千载难逢;难得一次37. Be prepared. 准备好38. It's easier said than done. 说的比做的简单39. have second thoughts 考虑一下;犹豫40. behind someone's back 在某人背后;背着某人41. Better lucknext time. 下次运气更好42. come inhandy 派得上用场43. rains catsand dogs 倾盆大雨44. First come,first served. 先来先招待;捷足先登。
名言警句英语翻译名言警句英语翻译导读:1、以真理为灯火,以真理为支柱,不要以别的东西为支柱。
——释迦In truth, for lights, pillar, be truth don't prop for something else.2、人的一生就是进行尝试,尝试的越多,生活就越美好。
——爱默生Person's life is to try, try, the more the more beautiful life.3、不管我们踩什么样的高跷,没有自己的脚是不行的。
——布莱希特No matter what we step on stilts, does not have its own feet.4、良心是守护个人为自我保存所启发的社会秩序的保护神。
——毛姆Conscience is to protect individual for self-preservation inspired the patron saint of social order.5、只有受过一种合适的教育之后,人才能成为一个人。
——夸美纽斯Only with a proper education, people can become a person.6、人生应该如蜡烛一样,从顶燃到底,一直都是光明的。
——萧楚女Life should be like a candle, burning from the top to the end, is always bright.7、生命的长短以时间来计算,生命的价值以贡献来计算。
——裴多菲The length can be calculated by time of life, the value of life to contribute to calculate.8、天才不过是不断的思索,凡是有脑子的人,都有天才。
——莫泊桑Genius is nothing but constantly thinking, anyone with a brain that is genius.9、在无利害观念之外,互相尊敬似乎是友谊的另一要点。
is surprisingly true用法
“is surprisingly true”通常用于描述某种情况或观点,这种观点或情况是出乎意料且真实的。
它可以用来强调某件事情的真实性,或者表达对某件事情的惊讶之情。
例如:
1. The forecast for rain was surprisingly true - we got buckets of rain!
天气预报下雨了,这是出乎意料的真实 - 我们真的得到了大量的雨水!
2. I didn't expect her to be so mean, but it turns out she is surprisingly true to form.
我没想到她会这么刻薄,但事实证明她确实是出乎意料的真实。
3. The rumor about the celebrity's scandal is surprisingly true.
关于这位名人的丑闻的传闻是出乎意料的真实。
请注意,“is surprisingly true”通常用于描述正面或中性的情况,而不是负面情况。
如果描述负面情况,可能需要使用不同的表达方式。
英语作文寓言故事三个和尚Once upon a time, in a small village nestled among the rolling hills, there lived three monks who were known for their wisdom and devotion to the teachings of the Buddha. These three monks, each with their own unique personality and perspective, shared a deep bond that was forged through years of study, meditation, and service to their community.The first monk, named Jian, was a man of few words, but his actions spoke volumes. He was known for his unwavering discipline and his ability to find peace in even the most challenging of situations. Jian spent his days in silent contemplation, often sitting for hours on end, his eyes closed, his mind focused on the present moment.The second monk, named Dao, was a true seeker of knowledge. He was always eager to learn, constantly immersing himself in the teachings of the Buddha and the writings of great philosophers. Dao's thirst for understanding was insatiable, and he would often spend long hours in the village library, poring over ancient texts and engaging in lively discussions with the other scholars.The third monk, named Zhen, was the most outgoing of the three.He had a warm and charismatic personality that drew people to him like a magnet. Zhen was known for his ability to connect with the villagers, offering guidance and support to those in need. He would often lead the community in ceremonies and rituals, his voice ringing out with a deep and resonant tone that seemed to touch the very soul of those who heard it.Despite their differences, the three monks shared a deep respect and admiration for one another. They would often gather together, sharing their insights and experiences, and working to deepen their understanding of the teachings of the Buddha.One day, as the three monks were walking through the village, they came across a group of young children playing in the street. The children were engaged in a heated argument, each one trying to convince the others that their way of thinking was the correct one.Jian, Dao, and Zhen watched the scene unfold, and each of them felt a sense of compassion for the children. They knew that the children's disagreement was rooted in a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of reality, and they felt compelled to intervene.The three monks approached the children and sat down in the middle of the group. Jian, the man of few words, spoke first. "Children," he said, "why do you argue so fiercely? What is it that youare trying to prove?"The children looked up at Jian, their eyes wide with curiosity. "We are arguing about who is right," one of the children said. "We each have our own ideas, and we want to show the others that our way is the best."Dao, the seeker of knowledge, nodded thoughtfully. "I understand your desire to be right," he said. "But tell me, what is the purpose of your argument? What do you hope to achieve by proving that your way is the best?"The children fell silent, unsure of how to respond. They had never really thought about the purpose of their argument; they had simply been caught up in the heat of the moment.Zhen, the charismatic leader, spoke up then, his voice gentle and soothing. "Children, the truth is that there is no single right way. Each of us has our own perspective, our own understanding of the world. And that is what makes life so rich and beautiful."The children listened, their eyes fixed on Zhen's face. "But how can we know what is true?" one of them asked.Zhen smiled. "The truth is not something that can be found in asingle person or a single idea," he said. "It is something that emerges from the collective wisdom of all who seek it."Jian nodded in agreement. "The Buddha teaches us that the path to enlightenment is not one of competition or conflict, but one of cooperation and understanding," he said. "When we come together and listen to one another, we can discover the truth that lies within each of us."Dao leaned forward, his eyes shining with enthusiasm. "And that is the beauty of the teachings of the Buddha," he said. "They show us that the path to wisdom is not one of individual achievement, but one of collective growth and understanding."The children were silent for a moment, their minds processing the words of the three monks. Then, slowly, they began to nod their heads in agreement."You are right," said one of the children. "We should not be arguing, but learning from one another."Another child spoke up, his voice filled with wonder. "I never thought about it that way before. It's like the three of you are the three legs of a stool, each one supporting the others."Zhen laughed, his deep, resonant voice echoing through the streets. "Exactly!" he said. "And that is the lesson we hope to teach you today. When we come together and support one another, we can achieve so much more than we ever could on our own."The children nodded, their faces alight with understanding. And from that day on, they became known as the "Three Wise Children," always working together to solve their problems and learn from one another.As for the three monks, they continued on their journey, sharing their wisdom and their compassion with all who crossed their path. And though they may have been different in many ways, they were united in their commitment to the teachings of the Buddha and their desire to help others find the path to enlightenment.。
2024年万唯中考试题研究英语卷子全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇12024 Gaokao English Test AnalysisHi friends! I'm super excited to tell you all about the English part of the 2024 national college entrance exam (Gaokao)! Even though I'm just an elementary school kid, I've been studying really hard and I think I've got some good insights to share.First off, let me give you an overview of the test format. The English section had four parts - listening, reading comprehension, cloze test, and writing. There were a total of 150 questions and the whole thing took about 2 hours. Definitely a marathon, not a sprint!The listening part had 3 long conversations and 2 passages you had to listen to. The conversations were about daily life topics like shopping, travel plans, etc. The passages covered more academic subjects like history and science. My tips would be to listen reeeeeally carefully for key details and take notes on the key points as you go. Those short-answer questions can be tricky!As for the reading part, there were 5 different passages ranging from narratives to expo texts to argumentative essays. The questions tested things like main ideas, inferencing, vocabulary in context, and author's purpose. My advice? Read the passages slowly and carefully, underlining or circling any confusing parts to come back to. The more you understand the overall meaning, the easier the questions will be.The cloze test was pretty hard in my opinion. You had to fill in 20 blanks in a passage by choosing the right words from a bank of choices. There weren't really any tips besides knowing a ton of vocab words and understanding context clues. Those grammar rules we've learned really came in handy too!Finally, the writing task asked us to write an argumentative essay stating our opinion on whether fitness requirements should be mandatory for university admission. We had to support our view with reasons and examples. I made sure to follow the standard 5 paragraph essay format - introduction with thesis, 3 body paragraphs, and a conclusion restating my position.Overall, I thought the reading passages and cloze section were the hardest parts. The listening was pretty manageable if you concentrated hard enough. And the writing allowed us toexpress our thoughts which was kinda fun! Having a plan for how to approach each section was super important.In the end, the test evaluated our all-around English skills - reading, writing, listening, vocabulary, and grammar. It required stamina, focus, and applying everything we've learned over the years. I'm just glad it's over so I can enjoy my summer break!I know the Gaokao can seem really intimidating. But try to stay positive and confident in all your hard work. You've got this! And just think - in a year, you could be headed off to your dream university. How cool is that?Let me know if you have any other questions! I'll do my best to draw on my experiences and insights to help out. We're all in this together friends!篇22024 Wanwei Middle School English Exam: A Kid's TakeHello there, fellow kids! It's me again, coming at you with the inside scoop on the 2024 Wanwei Middle School English exam. As a current 6th grader who just took this test, I've got all the deets fresh in my mind. So let's dive right in and go over the juicy details!The Reading SectionAh yes, the reading section - every student's favorite part (not!). This year, they really switched things up by including some pretty wild passages. We had everything from excerpts about the mating habits of the blobfish to a firsthand account of skateboarding down an active volcano. I'm not kidding!My advice? Don't get too bogged down in understanding every single word. Focus on getting the main idea and key details. The questions tend to be more about the big picture rather than nitpicky vocabulary. Oh, and pay super close attention to the questions asking about the author's tone or purpose behind writing the passage. Those really tripped me up.The Writing SectionTime to break out those pencils and get creative, young writers! The writing prompts covered a decent range of topics this year. One asked us to describe our dream career as an adult. As a major Roblox gamer, I naturally wrote about becoming a professional game developer. The other prompt wanted us to explain whether we feel social media is a positive or negative influence overall.My hot tip? Have a solid plan before you start writing. Jot down an outline with your key points and examples. Don't just start freestyling paragraphs right away. The graders are looking for clear organization and logical progression of ideas. Using transition words like "additionally," "moreover," etc. can also boost your score.The Listening SectionOkay, let's talk about those crazy listening exercises! Why they gotta play those audio clips at the speed of lightning is beyond me. The accents were pretty all over the place too - everything from British royalty to Australian outback guides. I had to stay mega focused.One theme I noticed was that many of the recordings centered around exploring different cultures and traditions around the world. Whether it was listening to someone describe their favorite Egyptian holiday or the process of making traditional Polish pierogies, getting familiar with stuff like that paid off.My pro tip? Read the questions for each listening exercise carefully BEFORE it starts playing. That way, you'll know exactly what details to listen for. Seriously, it's a game-changer!The Speaking SectionOof, the speaking section...the cause of endless anxiety for English students everywhere. Having to rattle off coherent responses with a time crunch is so nerve-wracking! This part of the exam had us covering all the usual bases - expressing opinions, describing experiences, answering hypothetical situations, etc.My words of wisdom? Practice giving longer responses out loud as much as you can before the test. The more you get comfortable putting forth logical, multi-sentence answers, the better. Don't be afraid to use filler words like "well" or "you know" to buy yourself some extra think time too.The Surprise Wildcard SectionJust when we all thought we were in the clear, the Wanwei exam throwers hit us with a total curveball - an extra wildcard section! Rumor has it this part gets completely revamped every year, so we had no way to study for it. Let me tell you, it was pretty wacky...For this section, we had to describe the taste and texture of various foods just from looking at pictures of them. From pickled seaweed to lutefisk (whatever that is?!), we had to draw from ourexperiences and imaginations to justify our responses. Talk about an odd way to test English skills!My advice? Stay calm if you encounter something surprising like this on the exam. Don't psych yourself out! Use context clues from the questions and pictures to form logical guesses. A thoughtful, creative response can still earn you points, even if you're not 100% sure of the right answer.The VerdictAll in all, I'd say the 2024 Wanwei English exam was challenging but fair. It really put our reading, writing, listening, and speaking abilities to the test in some funky new ways. The key is to roll with the punches and apply strategies to overcome the tricky sections.Was it the most fun way to spend a Saturday morning? Not quite. But I certainly walked away feeling like I showed off my English know-how to the best of my ability. With some hard work and the tips I've provided, you can too!Welp, that's all I've got for now, my English exam-taking friends. Power through those practice tests, stay confident, and snack strategically during breaks. You've totally got this in the bag! Catch you on the flip side!篇3Certainly! Here's an article about analyzing the 2024 Wanwei Zhongkao (Middle School Entrance Examination) English paper, written from a primary school student's perspective, with a length of around 2,000 words.Wanwei Zhongkao English Paper: A Student's BreakdownHey there, fellow students! It's me, your friendly neighborhood primary school buddy, ready to dive into the depths of the 2024 Wanwei Zhongkao English paper. I know, I know, exams can be a real drag, but trust me, this one was a wild ride! So, let's break it down together, shall we?First things first, the Reading Comprehension section was a real doozy! They threw all sorts of texts at us, from quirky stories about talking animals to mind-boggling scientific articles about black holes (which, let's be real, might as well be written in ancient Greek). But you know what? We powered through it like champs! Those tricky questions? We outsmarted them with our wits and a little bit of luck (okay, maybe more than a little).Next up, the Writing section. Now, this is where things got real interesting. They gave us prompts that ranged from describing our favorite superhero to convincing the principal toinstall a giant chocolate fountain in the cafeteria (hey, a kid can dream, right?). Of course, we had to flex our creative muscles and put our grammar skills to the test. Let's just say, my hand was cramping by the end, but it was all worth it for those sweet, sweet points!But wait, there's more! The Listening section was a true test of our concentration powers. They played all sorts of dialogues and monologues, from a quirky grandma talking about her knitting obsession to a science teacher droning on about the wonders of photosynthesis (yawn). It was like a real-life game of "Spot the Keywords," and let me tell you, my ears were ringing by the end!And lastly, the Speaking section. This was our chance to shine, folks! They asked us to describe pictures, role-play situations, and even give our opinions on controversial topics (like whether pineapple belongs on pizza – the answer is a resounding no, by the way). We got to show off our language skills and charm the examiners with our wit and charisma. Okay, maybe not so much with the charm, but hey, we tried!All in all, the 2024 Wanwei Zhongkao English paper was a rollercoaster ride of emotions, challenges, and occasional moments of pure confusion (seriously, what's with all the blackhole questions?). But you know what? We made it through, and that's what counts!So, to all my fellow primary school pals out there, let's give ourselves a big round of applause for tackling this beast of an exam. And to those who are still preparing for it, don't worry –just keep studying, practicing, and believing in yourselves. With a little bit of hard work and a whole lot of determination, you'll be ready to conquer this thing too!Now, who's up for a celebratory ice cream sundae? My treat!篇4The 2024 Wanwei English Exam: A Student's TakeWhew, what a doozy that was! The 2024 Wanwei English exam had us all sweating bullets. As an elementary student, I thought I had studied real hard, but boy was I wrong. That test was no joke!The reading section completely threw me for a loop. I thought I was a pretty decent reader, able to understand most passages and stories we did in class. But those reading prompts were like a whole other language! The vocabulary was super advanced with lots of big words I'd never seen before. And theconcepts were just mind-boggling complex for a kid my age. One passage was analyzing the philosophical implications of a novel I've never even heard of! How's a 10-year-old supposed to understand that?I had to take a totally random guess on most of the reading comprehension questions. I tried my best to decode the clues in the questions and match them to what seemed relevant in the passage. But it was really just a shot in the dark for the most part. I'm usually a good test-taker, but this section made me feel so inadequate and dumb. Hopefully I salvaged a few points through some educated guesswork!As difficult as the reading was, at least it was in a format I was familiar with - written passages with questions. The listening section was even weirder and more frustrating. Instead of just listening to conversations or stories like we practice, there were all these bizarre audio clips thrown at us. One was someone giving a commencement speech filled with metaphors and analogies I couldn't begin to comprehend. Another was a scientist lecturing about some theoretical physics concept that just went way over my head.And the real kicker - we had to answer comprehension questions immediately after each audio clip, with no chance tolisten again! By the time my young brain could attempt to process the advanced ideas and vocabulary, the recording was over and I had to hurry up and answer the questions before running out of time. I pretty much had to take a stab in the dark for all of those too based on the few words I caught here and there. So unfair for an elementary student!At least the writing and speaking sections allowed me to showcase the English skills I do have, even if the prompts felt overly ambitious. For writing, I had to write a persuasive essay about my stance on a super controversial geopolitical issue. How am I, a 10-year-old, supposed to formulate a coherent argument on that?! I just wrote something about the importance of sharing and cooperation using the vocabulary I knew.The speaking had us give a mock presentation about an area of science we're passionate about. I don't really have academic passions yet beyond like, plants and animals. So I just spoke about how much I love dogs and included some facts about dogs I could remember, like they'rehman's best friend. Probably not the visionary science oration they were looking for, but it's legit what I could muster!By the end, I was mentally and physically spent from that marathon of an exam. As I turned in my test booklet, I just had tolaugh at the absurdity of it all. Either the test writers think today's elementary students are miniature geniuses who imbibe scholarly journals and academic lectures for fun...or they simply failed at designing an age-appropriate English assessment.Whatever the reason, one thing's for sure - that Wanwei test could use a major overhaul to reasonably match its difficulty level to what kids my age are actually capable of understanding and articulating. Or maybe I'll get thrown a softball next year and it'll seem easy by comparison. Only time will tell!For now, I'm just looking forward to decompressing over summer break. Bring on the fun and freedom, no Wanwei-level academic hurdles in sight! An elementary student's idyllic summer dream. Hopefully that exam didn't zap my spirit and love of learning English entirely. If I survived the 2024 gauntlet, I can tackle anything...right?篇5Whew, the 2024 Wanhui Exams are finally over! I worked so hard studying for months leading up to the tests. Now that it's done, I want to take a look back at the English section and share my thoughts. Maybe it will help someone preparing for next year's exams.The reading comprehension passages were pretty tricky this year, at least in my opinion. There was one about the history of chocolate that had a lot of difficult vocabulary words I'd never seen before, like "cacao" and "Mesoamerica." Thank goodness I've been practicing my context clues skills! I was able to use the sentences around those hard words to try and figure out what they meant.There were also some really long and complex sentences in that chocolate reading that I had to re-read a few times to fully understand. The grammar concepts they tested, like identifying subordinate clauses, definitely came in handy. I'm glad I spent extra time reviewing those!The questions about the main idea and the author's purpose for that passage stumped me at first. But after re-reading the intro and conclusion paragraphs carefully, I was able to come up with the right answers. Paying close attention to those important structural elements is so key for comprehension questions.Then there was a reading about environmental conservation that included lots of statistics and data about things like declining rainforest acreage and endangered species populations. I struggled a bit making sense of all those numbers.Having to interpret data from graphs and charts is always one of the most challenging reading skills for me.Moving on to the other sections, I'd have to say the grammar and usage questions weren't too bad this year. There were the usual sentence correction problems testing stuff like subject-verb agreement, punctuation, and parallelism. But nothing too crazy that we hadn't practiced a million times.The writing section, on the other hand, was brutal! The prompt asked us to write a persuasive essay arguing for or against having a school dress code. As soon as I read it, my mind went blank trying to decide which side to take. I ended up writing a so-so introduction and thesis, but then I got stuck trying to come up with enough convincing supporting arguments.By the time I got to the body paragraphs, I realized I was just rambling and repeating myself instead of giving focused evidence to back up my points. Organizing a cohesive, logical essay in the time allotted is something I clearly need to work on more. Constructing solid conclusion paragraphs that restate the main idea has also been an area of struggle for me in past writing assignments.At least the vocabulary section played more to my strengths. I've really been trying to exponentially increase my word power this year, so I felt pretty confident about using context to figure out meanings and identifying roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The analogies were a piece of cake too!All in all, while there were some rough patches, I think my score on the Wanhui English test will be decent this year. I just need to keep chipping away at my weaknesses like data analysis, persuasive writing structure, and dealing with complex sentence syntax. Tests are always a great opportunity to pinpoint the skills I need more practice with.For any fellow English learners out there prepping for next year's exams, here's my advice: Do as many practice reading passages and writing prompts as you can get your hands on! The more exposure you get to different topics, question types, and tasks, the better prepared you'll be on test day. Don't neglect the sometimes boring-seeming grammar rules and vocabulary building either. Nailing down those fundamentals provides such a crucial foundation.Most importantly, try to stay calm and confident when you sit down to take the test. Tests can be stressful, but just do your best and feel proud of how hard you've worked. Like they say,"smooth seas never made a skilled sailor." The English exams may be choppy waters at times, but they'll only make you a stronger learner and test-taker in the long run. Good luck out there!篇6Wanwei Middle School English Exam 2024 - A Kid's TakeHey there, fellow kids! Chinese Charlie here with a super important research topic - the 2024 Wanwei Middle School English exam. I know, I know, you're probably thinking "English?? Boring!!" But trust me, this one's gonna be a doozy.You see, Wanwei is like THE middle school everyone wants to get into around these parts. Their English program istop-notch, which means acing that test is crucial. Cue my intense investigation into what this crazy exam will be like next year!I started my research by hitting up my cousin Billy, who's a current Wanwei 7th grader. After plying him with enough chocolate to make Willy Wonka jealous, he spilled all the deets. Apparently, the reading section is no joke - tons of long, fancy passages to plow through about things like classic literature and global current events. Hey teachers, throw us kids a bone with some video game texts, would ya?Billy also warned me that the writing part is an absolute monster. In addition to boring old essay questions, there's a section where you have to construct logical arguments and use "persuasive techniques." What does that even mean?? I'm 11, the closest I've come to persuasive writing is conning my parents into letting me stay up past bedtime.But you know what has this amateur examologist really sweating? The listening comprehension portion. From what I gathered, they play all these conversations and lectures at blistering speeds, then pummel you with questions testing how much you absorbed. Who can even focus that long without a snack break?Despite the hurdles, I'm determined to help my squad prepare for this epic English showdown. We've been running vocabulary drills where we quiz each other on those ridiculous GRE words no normal human uses. You know, gems like "sanguine" and "obfuscate." Good luck getting those bad boys to stick in our video game and TikTok-addled brains!We're also doing read-alouds to work on our speaking skills and fluency. It's pretty funny hearing a bunch of 11-year-olds try to wrap their mouths around tongue-twisters like "the selfish shellfish shamelessly shunned thesha-sha-sha..." You get theidea. Our English teacher just chuckles and tells us to keep practicing. Harsh critique, Ms. Wang!While preparing for the Wanwei exam honestly seems about as fun as a root canal, I can't deny it will be an amazing opportunity for anyone who survives it. I mean, this is Wanwei we're talking about! Students there have gone on to attend fancy schmancy universities and pursue dream careers.Who knows, if I somehow manage to join the hallowed halls of Wanwei next year, maybe I'll be on track to become...an international Canadian pop star sensation? A brilliant, eccentric inventor? Or, ya know, probably just a tired office worker somewhere. Hey, at least the English will come in handy for those emails!No matter what the future holds, you can bet your Boba I'll be grinding away to try and conquer this English beast. Flashcards? Check. Practice tests? You know it. Earning weird looks from passersby while reciting vocab words under my breath in public? It's all part of the glamorous life of a pre-teen academic warrior.So to all my fellow kids out there with Wanwei ambitions, I salute your drive and commitment! Let's hit those English books hard and show that exam who's boss. And to any currentstudents graciously helping us newbies - thanks a million, you're all heroes in my book.Okay, break time's over. Back tostudying ..."melancholy"..."obsequious"..."profusely"...man, English is wacky!。
善意的谎言名言英语导读:本文是关于善意的谎言名言英语,如果觉得很不错,欢迎点评和分享!1、谣言是越散播越浓厚的东西。
Rumors are spreading more and more strong.2、爱情,是我们都相信的谎言。
Love, is we all believe lies.3、谄媚从来不会出自伟大的心灵。
Flattery never out great minds.4、好人迫不得已的时候也会说谎。
Good people will lie when forced.5、给自己辩护的人,告发了他自己。
To defend himself, turn on his own.6、智慧之于灵魂犹如健康之于身体。
Wisdom is to the soul what health is to the body.7、常识是我所知道的最高的通情达理。
Common sense is the highest I know is reasonable.8、相信谎言的人必将在真理之前毁灭。
People who believe in lies will destroy before truth.9、生命不可能从谎言中开出灿烂的鲜花。
Lies in the life can't leave from the bright flowers.10、大家都不听谎言,说谎的人也就绝迹了。
Everyone don't listen to your lies, liar would be extinct.11、为了他人能够更好的生存下去,而说的谎。
For others will be better able to survive, but tell lies.12、生活中,善意的谎言可以让生活增添色彩。
Life, white lies can make life add color.13、真情告白坦率无忌是一种伤害,我选择谎言。
大学英语第四册unit5Unit 5 To Lie or Not to Lie—The Doctor’s DilemmaSissela BokTeacher: xxxCourse:College English (Intensive Reading Book 4)Students: Sophomores of non-English majors in the 2nd semester.Teaching Time: 4 hoursTeaching Objectives: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to1. grasp the text content, text structure, basic vocabularies and required grammar points of the section.2. know the reading strategy of guessing new words3. grasp the main idea and structure of the text.4. speak out their opinions on whether a doctor should be honest or not to a patient on the patient’s true disease .Important Points:suffixes-----ary, -ory compound adjectives: n.+a. also, as well, too Difficult Points: the use of subordinate clausesTeaching Approaches: Communicative Teaching ApproachGrammar-translation MethodTask-Based Language TeachingTeaching Procedures:I. Pre-reading ActivitiesStep 1. Greetings and introductory remarksGood afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Nice to meet all of you here today. First of all, please allow me to introduce myself. My name is xxx, I graduated from xxx last June as a post graduate specializing in translation. In my spare time, I like reading, singingand playing badminton. I’m easygoing, outgoing and optimistic. And I’m also armed with another quality: honesty.When I was in primary school, I learnt the story of “the wolf is coming” which tells me that to lie may be dangerous. In addition, I have been told time and time again by both our parents and teachers that honesty is the best policy. To my mind, honesty, as a traditional Chinese virtue, is of great significance even in today’s society. Then inyour opinion,Step 2. Warm-up questions1. Is it ever right to tell a lie? Have you ever lied to anyone for good purposes?2. If there were something unpleasant happened to you, let’s say, one of your friends knew that you failed in the English examination just before the spring festival, would you want to be told the truth or kept in the dark?(I want to be to the truth, so that I can make plans about the revisions as early as possible and pass it next time. If I were kept in the dark, I would always think about it and in the end when it it time for the make-up test, I might fail again for I did no preparation.)3. Suppose you were a doctor, and now you were faced witha patient who is seriously ill, would you lie to him? Why? (No, it’s better to have a bad ending than worrying all the time without knowing the truth. After informing the patient of the true condition, I’ll try my best to console him and help him)4. Suppose you were the patient and went to see a doctor, do you want to be told the truth about your disease? Why? (Yes, I could make decisions about the end of my life.)Different people may hold different views when answering these questions. In reality, when treating seriously ill patients,many doctors think that it is best not to tell them the truth about their condition. These doctors sincerely believe that they have good reason to tell lies for the patients’ benefits. However, there are still some people holding contrary ideas. The American author, Sissela Bok is among them.Today we’ll study unit 5To Lie or Not to Lie—The Doctor’s Dilemma, written by Sissela Bok.In this article, she takes a different view on the issue.She gives several reasons why patients, esp. those who are dying should be told the truth. She also discusses the great harm doctors’ lies do not only t o their patients, but also to the doctors themselves and to the entire medical profession.Step 3. Group workDivide the class into 2 groups. And let the Ss do the silent reading on the text (Group 1) Doctors’ reasons for telling lies (Group 2) The authors’s reasons why patients should be told the truth.Now boys and girls, please fall into 2 groups. Group 1, please go over paragraph1-5and find out why some doctors lie to their seriously ill patients. Group 2, please go over paragraph 6-9 looking for the a uthors’ reasons why patients should be told the truth. Try to finish it within 5 minutes.II. While-reading ActivitiesStep1.Read the paragraph to get a general idea. (by the teacher, or one student or the whole class)Step 2.Text-analysisThe teacher analyzes the text in details by explaining words and expressions, sentence structure; by asking questions,paraphrasing and translating.Lines 1-51.what is the doctor’s purpose in treating his patient?To cure illness, speed recovery, save life and prolong life as long as possible.2.can a doctor’s l ie benefit a patient?We’ll find the answer in the text.3.should people tell the truth if they’ve promised to keep ita secret?In most cases, no. they should uphold the promise of secrecy.4.how can lies do good to the need to expose corruption?They can prevent the untimely alerting of the target, perhaps government officials, and avoid adding difficulty to uncovering their wrong doings.5.do you agree that the requirements of honesty may be dwarfed by greater needs inmedicine, law and government for good purposes?Lines 6-121.what is a routine physical checkup?2.if you were this 46-year-old patient, what would you like the doctor to tell you?I want the doctor to tell me the truth because…I don’t want…3.if you were the doctor, would you tell the truth?Lines 13-221.what is a self-serving lie?It is a lie which serves for the teller’s own interest. For example, a doctor exaggerates the seriousness of the illness so that he can charge more.2.try to paraphras e the sentence “Ours is a profession…’asfar as possible d o noharm’”3.we doctors have been following a principle that as far as we can we must avoiddoing any harm to our patients. We should not tell the truth regardless ofconsequences.Lines 23-271.w hat is a doctor’s deceptive practice?2.what is a placebo?3.what d oes “sound more encouraging than facts warrant” mean?4.how does a doctor distort grave news?5.how do these deceptive practices work on the patients?Lines 28-351.how do you understand “the illusory nature…be documented.”2.what does the author mean by “feeling betrayed”?3.how is information humanely conveyed?Lines 36-461.what does “advocates of benevolent deception” mean?2.what is “the autonomy of patients”?3.what are “informed choices”?4.what does “choose to be a patient in the first place” mean?5.how do you underst and “we are becoming…”?6.what does “kept in the dark”mean?Lines 47-521.what is the difference between integrity and credibility?2.how do you understand “the suspicion…”3.what does “it”refer to in “it contributes to…”?4.what are the lawsuits related to?5.what is “defensive medicine”?6.how can lies injure the entire medical profession?Lines 53-601.what is “bills of rights”?2.what are included in the patients’ bills of rights?3.what maybe alternatives for treatment?4.what does”t he most eloquent bill of rights” mean?Lines 61-681.what issue is there urgent need to debate openly?2.whom do “practitioners” refer to?3.how do you understand “serious consequences seem avoidable only throughdeception”?4.whom does “the public” refer to?5.how do you understand “such practices are pec uliarly likely to become deeplyrooted”?Step 3.The teacher asks Ss to analyze the structure of the text and make a summary orally with reference to the following questions:1. What is the doctor’s dilemma?2. What do many doctors choose to do?3. What are the doctors’ reasons for telling lies?4. What are some of the disadvantages of a doctor’s lying?5. What is the author’s attitude toward this issue? Why?Step 4.The teacher summarizes the structure and the main idea of the text.III. Post-reading Activities (Assignments)Task 1. Let the students do the exercises in the textbook by themselves after class. Task 2. Let the Ss hand in the summary of the text.Task 3. Let the Ss further discuss the questions on the topic related to the text and a debate may well be held after the students’ preparation.。
年轻人拥有自己的事业英语作文You asked me what standard a young person should choose, as a basis for studying hard. I think it's difficult to answer this question in a general way, because people are different in environment, talent, and interests, and we can't have a rigid formula that fits every case. But no matter what kind of career a person does in the future, I think he needs four conditions.The first item is the physique of the athlete. I put this first, because it is the basis of various other conditions, and our nation has never paid much attention to physique. Both men and women, everyone loves to be graceful and graceful. Especially in the intellectual class, the yellow skin is thin and hunched, which is almost a common mark. To say that a person is a "jiujiu warrior" is to scold him. We are all proud of "spiritual civilization". As long as the spirit is noble, what is the body worth? This erroneous concept has been poisoned for many years, and we are still receiving retribution.We are inferior in many ways, not because we are inferior in intelligence. As far as intelligence is concerned, we are comparable to any nation in the world. The reason why we are inferior to others is that others can work hard when we are in our 60s or 70s, but we gradually decay when we are around forty; others have time to mature their studies and careers, but we are often forced to give up halfway. ; Otherscan make the last five minutes of struggle, we seem to be anticlimactic everywhere.A frail person can't be a happy person, you can know if you suffer from a little illness; nor can a person with a kind heart, you occasionally have a headache, a toothache or a bowel movement, and the words and smiles of others are particularly annoying: if you I believe that being weak does not prevent you from being a virtuous person. Taking aid Gandhi as an example, then I will ask you: How many Gandhis can you count in the world? And is Gandhi really as weak as you think?All moral action begins with willpower. People with weak willpower are lazy, and laziness is the root of all evil. On the positive side, lazy people don't have the courage, they can't fight when they should be fighting, they can't do good things when they are perfunctory. On the negative side, lazy people blindly follow the path with the lowest resistance, cannot withstand the temptation of evil forces, and are accustomed to doing bad things with joy. Most of the lazy ones have weak physique and insufficient fuel, so the motor cannot be fully opened. "A healthy mind resides in a healthy body". It is to hope for miracles that the body is not healthy and the mind is healthy.The second is the mind of the scientist. Life has to deal with the environment all the time, and the environment needs to be dealt with, so it seems that it has difficulties and problems. So to live is to solve theproblems given by the difficulties of the environment.The solution to all problems must follow the principle of finding some order among the chaotic facts. These orderliness are the clues that produce answers. Just like a detective in a case, the first step is to collect relevant facts. Without facts as basis, you cannot solve the case; if you have facts and you don’t know how to analyze and compare, you may not be able to solve the case. Respecting facts, collecting facts, and seeing the relationship between facts are the skills of scientists. To acquire this ability, you must be calm, objective, modest, cautious, unimpressed, not prejudiced, and not distorting the truth for personal interests.A reasonable world is a perfect world. The reason why there are many unreasonable places in the world is because most people do not have scientific minds and cannot understand them clearly. For example, there are many acts of corruption and perversion in society. People who do such things have a selfish motive, thinking that if they harm the society, they can take advantage of them. In fact, the whole society has become unstable, and the individual can never enjoy happiness. Therefore, such selfish people are still incomprehensible and have not made the abacus clear.The third is the zeal of the religious. People who are "too smart" (of course they are not smart enough) sometimes take everything forgranted, thinking that right and wrong, good, evil, sorrow, joy, success and failure are all the same thing anyway, let it go, what do I do? They said: "Anbang governs the country and the world, and there is a sage of Zhou Gong and Confucius."Everyone wants others to be the sages of Zhou Gong and Confucius, so Anbang governing the country and the world will always be a fantasy. Most of the religious scholars flourished in the era of social disorder. They saw the suffering of human sins and felt great compassion in their hearts, so they made a determination to save human beings from the misery, even if they sacrificed themselves.Throughout the ages, many political leaders are not necessarily religious, but most of them have the enthusiasm of religious. When they see that something should be done, they will do it, and they will do it to the end.Finally, there is the mind of the artist. The natural rhythm has its ups and downs, its tension and its relaxation. It is not only for rest, but also for breaking the monotony, but for the production and nourishment of energy.Science is easy to be cold and dry, and religion is easy to be too hard. They all need the adjustment of art. Art is appreciation, grabbing fresh and interesting paintings in the life and life and lingering around; art is also creation, based on and beyond the real world, depicting manypossible image worlds for lingering and playing. Only with the mind of an artist can we fully understand the value of life, have a rich spiritual life, and absorb profound vitality everywhere.We ordinary people are often trapped in the pursuit of food, sex, fame and fortune, and our minds are often cloudy and cannot be clear and clear; when one desire is satisfied, another desire comes again, often in a state of dissatisfaction, and often driven by dissatisfaction. Eternal slave. The name of a person is really a passive machine, which is dominated by the environment everywhere and cannot be the master of his own.The so-called artist's mind is the ability to be a free man in a limited world; with this copy collar, we can occasionally stop to watch and contemplate in the rush of circulation, to reflect on the aftertaste, and we can see the solemnity of the world from the outside. , the greatness of the human heart can be seen inward.If a person has these four conditions, he deserves to be a perfect person. I don't think he's a superman, because athletes, scientists, religionists, and artists are not mythical characters, but real, flesh-and-blood people. Many people have fought for these titles in the past. Since people can do it, there is no reason why I can't do it. We cannot belittle ourselves and give up on ourselves.。
Book4Unit 1 Big Bucks The Easy WayTeaching Time: 4 hoursStudents’ level: Sophomores of non-English majors in the 2nd semester. Teaching Objectives:1.Help Ss get to know the lesson “No pains, no gains” and there is no“big bucks the easy way”.2.About the text, Ss should grasp the text content, text structure, basicvocabularies and required grammar points of the section.Words: cash, echo, competitive, leisurely, pain, sour, finance, marvelous, party, stack, cram, harm, minimum, range, thoughtful,deadline, inform, normally, sale, trash, delivery, inquire, odd,shrinkPhrases & Expressions: pull up, a piece of cake, even as, know better than, be at, make a dent, cut into, have no business, settle for,settle one’s account, quite awhile, draw attention to, for sale,for rent, be done with, may as wellGrammar: p143. About the reading, Ss should learn avoiding vocalization and innerspeech.4. About the writing, Ss should learn word choice..5. About the listening, Ss finish the Unit 1 directed by teacher. Teaching Procedures:I. Pre-reading Activities1.Background information1)Montgomery Ward2)Sears,3)Roebuck2.Warm-up questions1)Do you depend on your parents financially?2)Is it easy to earn money by working part-time?3)Are there any easy ways to make much money?3.Key words and expressions:New words and old wordTeacher students(old words or expressions) (new ones)U.S. dollar buckDoor handle doorknobUnhurried leisurelyRelaxed leisurelyProfitable lucrativeSent out deliverEndure live withBeg panhandleTell informFill cramTie bandIncrease reproduceExtra money bonusPart sectionA path walkAn easy job a piece of cakePay settleHave no reason have no business Come to terms with settle forStrange oddMoney financeFinish be done withEnglish and Chinese phrasesTeacher(Chinese) Students( English)考虑 look into总是 all the time可以容忍 live with令我痛心 it pains me易如反掌 a piece of cake壮汉 a big guy干快些 get busy好几卡车的 truck loads of百货商店 department store廉价商店 a dime store小杂货店 drug store汽车行 auto store外卖餐馆 takeout restaurant提高嗓门 voice rises超过极限 out of the range of恍然大悟 work a profound change in 教会某人做人 work a profound change inone’s personality 经过调解 in mediation结账 settle the account劳务支出 labor cost相同数额 a like amount托某人做 enlist sb. To doII. While-reading Activities1.Ss have the silent reading on the text (10 mins)2.Text and questions for discussionLines 1-91.what did the father tell his college sons to think about?(to deliver bags of magazines to make some of their own money.)2.what was the father worried about?( the sons would become used to or feel content with living by asking for money all the time.)Lines 10-221.why did the mother phone the father?( she wanted him to know what was going on at home.)2.How do you understand the word “super” she snap ped?( “super” means very good. But,she “snapped” it, which means she was very angry. She was being sarcastic,i.e. she meant the opposite of what she said.)3.can you paraphrase the sentence “Another truck just pulled up outfront”?(Another truck has stopped outside in front of our hous to deliver more materials.)Lines 23-291.which company did the two sons do the delivery job for?( the Sunday Newspaper Company.)2.why did each truck deliver 4000 of the inserts?( Each one was from a different company and had the ads the sons were required to deliver to 4000 houses.)3.why did he think so?( He had no idea of how much work it would mean.)Lines 30-35What did the father mean when he said “they are college men.”?He meant that they were grown-ups, and should be capable of dealing with the situation.Lines 36-501.In what cases does people’s voice become unnaturally high andquavering?When they are excited, angry, upset and the like.2.what does “magazine sections” mean?Parts of magazines, 8 or 12 pages long.3.how many steps are there in the process before delivering?Five: take out, roll, slip, band and slide.Lines 51-661.what do you think of the father’s answer?Clever and sensible. It is a lie, a harmless lie, one told in order to avoid upsetting somebody.2.why did the father say “That’s encouraging”?the sons were learning how to solve the problem of manpower shortage;they hired other people to help, and learnt to improve efficiency by establishing assembly lines.3.why did the mother say “it is very discouraging”?t he measures weren’ working at all.Lines 67-771.what do you think of the father’s bonus program?It is reasonable and logical. Bonus is a popular incentive that management adopts. Sometimes we have to lose something in order to gain something. If you are reluctant to use a small bait, you can hardly geta big fish.2.did the son understand that at first thought?No. he thought the more the workers got, the less he obtained.3.why did the son answer “Yes, Sir”?he had come to realize it was a business and he too k the father’s instructions as and order.Lines 78-861.what does “see the color of cash” mean?See Note 7 in your text book.2.what’s the difference between the original payment and the demandedone?The original payment was five dollars per person, shile now they demanded five dollars per hour.3.who probably played the mediating role?The mother.Lines 87-94Why did the son think it “enough”?No matter how much, it was the money they made by themselves with great efforts and they learnt a lot from the experience.Lines 95-1091.what did the youngest sons learn from their college brothers?They learnt to make their own money in order to avoid having to ask for money all the time.2.what were they going to do to try to earn money?They were going to sell or rent the family’s books.3.do you agree “you’re never done with books”?Yes. Because………No. because ………..3.T asks Ss to come out the main idea, structure of the text (10mins)4.T summarizes the main idea and structure of the text (5 mins)III. Post-reading Activities1.Let the students do the exercises in the textbook which are relatedto the new words.2.Ss hand in the summary of the text.Summary questions and concluding remarks1) Do you think it necessary for the sons to make some money forthemselves? Give reasons for your answer.I think it necessary…….because………..2) what do you think is needed in accomplishing something difficult?I think it is self-confidence, perseverance, co-operation or teamwork, reasonable management, strategies of solving problems,etc.3)what i s the father’s tone in telling the story?The tone is light and ironic because the story is meant to be funny.The problem in the story was one that people think is very seriouswhen it happens, but later they can laugh about.3.Ss discuss the questions on the topic related to the text.4.Let Ss do the exercises in the text book which are mainly relatedto the new words and topic.5. Exercise:Sentence making in dialoguesTeacher: now I’d like you to complete the following dialogues bymakingSentences with the giver phrases.Pull up1.what do you ask your driver to do when you reach your destination?I ask the driver to pull up near the place I want to go.2.what does a bus driver do when a passenger wants to get off?He pulls up at a bus stop.3.what does the red light mean to a moving vehicle?It means that the vehicle must pull up at the zebra.A piece of cake1.can you recite the 26 English letters?Sure. It’s a piece of cake.2.do you think it difficult to use a tape recorder?No. it’s a piece of cake.Make a dent in1.have you finished your outline?No, I’ve hardly made a dent in it.2.How are you getting along with your project?We have made only a small dent in it.Cut into1.do you watch TV in your study period?No. that would cut into my study time.2.what cuts into the factory’s profit?The rise of the labor costs, material prices, the increased consumption of power, etc.Settle for1.if you can’t sell your bicycle at a high price, what will you do?I have to settle for a lower price.2.If you can’t get a well-paid job, will you settle for a lower-paidjob?Might/may/could as well1.what do you suggest we do during the winter vacation?If you have nothing to do, you might as well take up a part-timejob.2.what should I do if I can’t afford a house?You may as well rent an apartment and set aside your money for anew house.Unit 2 Deer and The Energy CycleTeaching Time: 4 hoursStudents’ level: Sophomores of non-English majors in the 2nd semester. Teaching Objectives:1.Get Ss to know the energy cycle and instruct them to observe the animal’s living instinct in order to value the natural resource; learn about food-enery-life-death.2.About the text, Ss should grasp the text content, text structure, basic vocabularies and required grammar points of the section.Words: tendency, rate, area, plentiful, possessions, currency, scarce, ample, drowsy, fundamental, accumulate, internal, hence Phrases & Expressions: to meet the needs, turn of mind, convert into Grammar:3. About the reading, Ss should know the usage of dictionary.4. About the writing, Ss should get to know the writing skill—coherence .5. About the listening, Ss finish the Unit 2 directed by teacher. Teaching Procedures:I. Pre-reading Activities1. Warm-up questions1)Allow Ss to go over the text for 10 mins.2)Ask them to list the facts about the life of deer in the four seasonsrespectively.3)Sum up Ss’s results2. Introductory remarks:1) What do you think life depends on?Money, love, or something else?2) where does energy come from?Food, spirit, God, or what?3)what happens to life there is no food , or source of energy?if life useless after it comes to an end?4) Life is energy, isn’t it? What do you think?The planet we live on is made up of 2 major components: living organisms and inorganic substances. As far as living things are concerned, life spans vary. Some may live for thousands of years, while others live only a few seconds. Regardless of the this difference, every life develops from a lower stage to a higher stage until its death, and everyspecies develops in this way, too. But what makes life perform in this way? What happens after life? Our earth has been functioning for billions of years. What has made it work for so long? Let’s have a careful study of the text3. New words and phrases studyStudy of the words and phrasesNew words and old wordsTeacher students(old words or expressions) (new ones)tendency turn of mindmoney currencychange into convert intoautumn fallsomething stored reservesrare scarceto satisfy the demands to meet the needs area regionplentiful amplepossessions resourcestore depositspend expendsleepy drowsybecome liquid meltat the same time meanwhilebasic fundamental therefore hencecollect accumulateinside internalsmall wooden house cabinEnglish and Chinese PhrasesTeacher(Chinese) students(English)注重/有……的倾向 a … turn of mind生态系统 an ecological system 倚赖 to depend on年复一年 from year to year尽可能多 as much as one can旺季 times of plenty储存的脂肪reserves of fat/stored fat不甚出名,鲜为人知 less well known能说明问题的例子 a good case in point 营养食品 nutritious food生理成熟 physically mature生育 to give birth to食物资源 food resources熬过冬天 to survive the winter/to pull through the winter大雪 deep snow小雪 light snow基本规律 a fundamental ruleII. While-reading Activities1.Text and questions for discussion .Lines 1-61.what does “love makes the world go round” mean?People with a romantic turn of mind think that love, romantic love, is what makes life worth living..2.why does the author say that energy is the “currency” of theecological system?An ecological system is all the plants, animals and people, and their surroundings, considered as a whole, In the commercial world, money is the currency , or means of survival. For life, the most important support is food, the source of energy for life, which allows growth, reproduction, and survival.Lines 7-121.what do wild animals do with the food in different seasons? Why do theydo so?Wild animals seem to know when there will be plenty of food and when there won’t. so they eat as much as they can when there is plenty of food so that they can become fat and strong and grow well. In winter, they have little to eat. But they do not starve because the fat they have stored in their bodies brings them through this hard time. Lines 13-221.what does “ this is good timing” mean?This means that the female deer uses the most suitable seasons,i.e.summer and fall, for the birth of fawns and the production of milkbecause both the conception and production cost the female deer muchenergy and in both seasons there is plenty of food, which meet the deer’s physical needs.Lines 23-311.to what does the author compare the process of fat reserving?A bank savings account, from which one can draw when he needs the money. Lines 32-441.what is the phenomenon of lowering metabolism?The heart rate slows. The animal becomes slow and drowsy. Therefore, the use of and need for energy is reduced.2.what protects the deer from cold winter? How does it work?They undergo physical and internal physiological changes, i.e. the hair growth and the slow metabolism. The thick hair keeps the deer warm and the slow metabolism makes the deer consume less energy, which is stored in the form of fat for use when they need it for growth. Lines 45-561.what decreases as winter progresses?The deer’s activities.2.why were people advised to behave like that?To use less oil and electricity for conserving energy to pull through the crisis.3.what does the author imply by “watched the deer”?He implies that men can learn from the deer to reduce unnecessary cost of energy.Lines 57-641.“…to pull them through”. Can you say it in other words?…to help them survive the winter.2.what is the fundamental rule of life?The more fat the deer reserve, the more chance there is for them to survive the crises. Only the largest and strongest are likely to survive.3.Is the fundamental rule of life applicable to human beings?Yes. If we human beings do not protect nature and ourselves by saving energy, we will be punished by nature and will eventually be wiped out from this planet.Lines 65-681.what is the life cycle?Food-energy-life-survival-reproduction-death-food-energy-otherlife… .Food –energy-seek more food-new energy-food…..Energy is vital to our world. But energy is not always plentiful. The supply can vary, either seasonally or for other reasons. Some animals, the white-tailed deer, for instance, have developed natural ways or varying their own use of energy with the variations of the supply. Human beings can and should learn this lesson for their own survival. 2. Teacher explains the key points in detailsturn of mind1.what is your turn of mind?I have a logical turn of mind, orliterary/critical/philosophic/humorous/optimistic turn of mind.2.what kind of person is likely to create things?A person of a creative turn of mind is likely to create things.3.what words can you use to describe people of different turns of mind?Down-to-earth, poetic, business-like, humorous, etc.Depend on1.How do crops grow?They depend on the sunlight,water, and fertilizer for growth.2.How are the prices of commodities set?They mainly depend on the relation between demand and supply.A case in point1.can you give an example of a successful person?Yes. A case in point is Thomas Edison, a great inventor.2.can anything heavier than air stay in the sky?Yes. A case in point is the helicopter.3.How can we conclude that a person is selfish.A case in point is…Meet…needs1.why do people drink so much water on the sports ground?They have to meet their body’s needs for water as they play in the sun.2.why does a factory install another assembly line?They want to meet the needs of increasing production.Draw on1.How can a good writer write so many interesting stories?He draws on his experience, knowledge, observation, perception and interpretation of life for the material of his stories.2.How can a person put forward such a peculiar idea?I think he’s drawn on his imagination.Slow down1.what is a driver expected to do if a police car comes towards or followshim/her?He/she is expected to slow down and then stop by the road side.2.what does a runner do after he passes the finish line?He slows down and stops.Pull through1.what should you do in face of difficulties?I should use my skills, work hard,and sometimes I should takesomebody’s advice. This might help to pull me through the difficulties.2.why was the little boy, Schatz,waiting for death?He believed he had a fatally high temperature and would not pull through.3.T asks Ss to come out the main idea, structure of the text (10mins)4.T summarizes the main idea and structure of the text (5 mins)III. Post-reading Activities1.Let the students do the exercises in the textbook which are related tothe new words.2.Ss hand in the summary of the text.3.Ss discuss the questions on the topic related to the text.4.Let Ss do the exercises in the text book which are mainly relatedto the new words and topic.Unit 3 Why Do We Believe That The Earth Is Round? Teaching Time: 4 hoursStudents’ level: Sophomores of non-English majors in the 2nd semester. Teaching Objectives:1.Get Ss to know the author’s purpose is to teach Ss to have a correct attitude towards knowledge and accepting of knowledge by taking the examples of other’s arguments of the shape of Earth.2 About the text, Ss should grasp the text content, text structure, basic vocabularies and required grammar points of the section.Words: preface, remark, cite, exaggerate, mast, appeal, analogy, cast, precarious, produce, burden, botherPhrases & Expressions: appeal to, follow up, for the sake of, throw light on, shaped like, cast on, fall back on, stray away from, Grammar:3. About the reading, Ss should know the reading skills of tellingdifference bwteen facts and opinion sentences.4. About the writing, Ss should get to know the writing skill—coherence.5. About the listening, Ss finish the Unit 3 directed by teacher. Teaching Procedures:I. Pre-reading Activities1.Background information1)George Orwell2) George Bernard Shaw3)The Flat Earth Theory and the Round Earth Theory4)Eclipses5)Playing Cards6)Comrade Mao Tse-tung on knowledge, on Direct Experience andIndirect Experience2. warm-up questions and introductory remarks1)Do you believe that the earth is round? Why?Yes, I do, because science proves that it is true.2) Have you heard of other conclusions about the shape of the earth?What are they? Why don’t you believe them?Yes. The earth was said to be flat or oval. I don’t believe them because the photos from satellites or the scenes of eclipses show that it’s round.2)why is “the earth is round” put in a question?3.Key words and expressions:study of the words and phrasesnew words and old wordsteacher students(old words or expressions) (new ones)forward prefacesay,argue remarkquote citesimply merelyaccept without question swallowoverstate exaggerateattract appeal tofor the good of for the sake ofpole on a ship mastbend curvecomparison analogyquickly promptlyround plate discthrow castgo to aim atinsecure precariousturn to for help fall back onin another way otherwisemove from stray away fromshow produceload burdentake trouble botherEnglish and Chinese PhrasesTeacher(Chinese) students(English)在某处 somewhere or other序言 the preface to中世纪 the middle ages普遍认为 the widespread belief that普通人 the ordinary citizen迎合口味 appeal to我的…完蛋了bang goes my…求助于 fall back on不屑一顾 would not even bother to反驳say…against天体 heavenly body由此可见 it will be seen that靠不住的理由 precarious reasons知识面 the range of knowledge无力的论据 weak argumentII. While-reading Activities1.Ss have the silent reading on the text (10 mins)2.T explains the text in details.Appeal to1.do detective films appeal to you?Yes, ….No, … .2.what kinds of books appeal most to youth?Books on …3.why are children’s clothes colorful?Bright and colorful clothes usually appeal to children.Follow up1.what do the police do if a case is reported to them?They follow up the case.2.what do you do if you read an interesting story series on a newspaper?I follow it up.For the sake of1.what do people usually do for the sake of health?They eat healthy fo od, do exercises and don’t smoke,don’t…2.why is it necessary to widen the streets?It’s necessary to widen the streets for the sake of a smoother flow of traffic.Throw light on1.what is the use of the background knowledge of a story?It throws light on it.2.why are illustrations, data and charts or tables necessary inscientific reports or business presentations?They throw light on the reports and presentations.Shaped like1.Why is a UFO also called a flying saucer?It is shaped like a saucer.2.what is a space shuttle like?It is shaped like a huge plane.Cast on1.what can you see on a moon-lit night in the open?I can see my shadow cast on the ground.I can see the shadows of the trees cast on the wall/window.Fall back on1.why do you set aside some money every month?I set aside some money every month so that I can fall back on it ifI get sick or become unemployed.2.what do you do when you get lost in a new city?I fell back on the police.Stray away from1.what must you bear in mind when you walk along a path in an area ofswamp?I must not stray away from the path.2.what kind of people don’t you like to talk to?I don’t like to talk to those who often stray away from the topic. Text and questions for discussionLines1-71.why is “ Saint Joan” in italics?It is the name of a play. See note 3 in your textbook.2.who is Bernard Shaw?See Note 4 in your textbook. He is widely considered the treatest British dramatist since Shakespeare. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. For more details, refer to Note 1,2. in Teacher’s book.3.what do “gullible and superstitious” mean?Gullible means willing to believe anything or anyone, easily deceived.“superstitious” means willing to believe something that cannot be explained by reason or science or that brings good or bad luck.4.can you paraphrase “swallows this theory”?accepting the theroy blindly without questioning and suspicions. Lines 8-131.what does “it” refer to in the sentence “ the light it throws onmodern knowledge”?It refers to “ the question”2.what is the question that is worth following up?Are we too gullible and superstitious today?3.why does the author only tend to speak of ordinary men when answeringwhy webelieve that the earth is round?Ordinary men don’t have the espertise to prove it scientifical ly. Lines 14-191.why is a distant ship invisible but its mast and funnel can be seenfrom the seashore?Look at the picture on the next page.2.can you paraphrase “what can I say against it?”I can refute the Flat Earth theory but I need more proofs to refutethe Oval Earth theory.Lines 20-261.does the author really “play cards”?no. this is a figure of speech used to mean preenting an argument point by point. “the first card I can play” means the first pointi can make to support my argument.2.what does “analogy of the sun and moon” mean?To compare the earth to the sun and the moon.Lines 27-311.when does a lunar eclipse occur?When the earth passes between the sun and the moon and blocks the sunlight, or casts its shadow onto the moon, a lunar eclipse occurs.2.U se the Oval Earth theory to refute the author’s eclipse argument.The shadow cast on the moon is round, but it doesn’t follow that the earth is spherical. It may perfectly well be flat like a disc.3.what is the author’s argument about the eclipses based on?Publications, such as newspapers and magazines.Lines 32-391.what does the author mean by “ the minor exchanges?”the less important points of debate.2.what does the author think of his previous defeats?He considers them minor/unimportant points, and he is hopeful to win in the debate.3.who is Royal?See note 6.4.which is higher, Queen,King, or Ace?King is higher than Queen,and Ace is higher than King.5.can you paraphrase the last sentence?Refer to note 23.Lines 40-461.what does “bang goes my ace” mean?My ace doesn’t work. I lose my ace. My argument isn’t conclusive.2.what does the author think of his “ last card”?he believes that the last point of his argument defeats the Oval Earth man.Lines 47-601.what does the author think of his evidence?He doesn’t th ink it convincing enough.2.what does “an exceptionally elementary piece of information” mean?A piece of information that everyone knows.3.what is this piece of information?The earth is round.4.can you use a Chinese saying to explain “when the range of knowl edgeis so vas that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty”?隔行如隔山5.what does “ credulous” mean?Ready to believe, without evidence.3.T asks Ss to come out the main idea, structure of the text (10mins)Summary questions and Concluding remarks1.what cards does the author play to refute opinions different from his?The phenomenon of the seashore view, the analogy of the sun and the moon, the earth’s shadow, the newspapers and books, the opinions of the experts, and navigation.2.do you have any other cards to support the author?High above on a plane, we can see the curved horizon, still higher above in a space ship, astronauts tell us that the earth is round, like a ball. Pictures taken from spaceships or sky labs show the earth in no other shape than spherical.3.can you sum up the main idea of this text?III. Post-reading Activities1.Let the students do the exercises in the textbook which are related to the new words.2.Ss hand in the summary of the text.3.Ss discuss the questions on the topic related to the text.4.Let Ss do the exercises in the text book which are mainly related tothe new words and topic.Unit 4 Jim ThorpeTeaching Time: 4 hoursStudents’ level: Sophomores of non-English majors in the 2nd semester. Teaching Objectives:1.Get Ss to know Thorpe’s experiences before and after his career success and the influence of racial discrimination towards American Indians.2.About the text, Ss should grasp the text content, text structure, basic vocabularies and required grammar points of the section.Words: await, arrival, beat, opponent, bunk, strain, utterly, glide, bewildered, desert, declinePhrases & Expressions: build on, breeze through, catch up with Grammar:3. About the reading, Ss should know the usage skimming.4. About the writing, Ss should get to know how to write a recount.5. About the listening, Ss finish the Unit 4 directed by teacher. Teaching Procedures:I. Pre-reading Activities1.Background information2.Introductory remarks: This is a well-known story. The story may not be true,3.Warm-up questions1) who was Jim Thorpe?He was an American Indian, was a great athlete. He won both the pentathlon and the decathlon, the two most demanding Olympic events, in the 1912 Stockholm Olympic Games.2)Can you say anything about Olympic Games?---what is the symbol?。
Mr. GoodI could鈥檝e kicked myself for chasing a woman bass player all the way to Cincinnati: a month after I got there, I left her for a twenty-three-year-old grocery clerk. A few weeks later that was over, too, and I didn鈥檛 even have money for a bus ticket back to Dallas. I hadn鈥檛 been able to find a gig since I鈥檇 moved.I tried finding work in a music store, and then started applying anywhere and everywhere鈥攆ast food, motels, convenience stores鈥攁nd finally to stay out of a homeless shelter I had to pawn the only one of my guitars worth much, a 1965 Gibson Hummingbird. I stayed drunk for two days. Then I started working day labor so I could get it back. I was mixing mortar and carrying bricks, which I hated because it messed with my hands. The second week I smashed a thumbnail.Everyday I went to the pawnshop to make sure the guitar was still there. The owner looked like a vaguely degenerate antique dealer in a movie. He wore a vest.Every morning I got up at five and made the half-hour walk to the temp service, a trailer set up in a gravel lot. The place looked like a used car dealership without any cars and the owner was a big thick guy named Purcell who was quick to let you know he was retired Navy. The whole set up was pretty shady. Pay was always in cash and you had to get there before dawn to get a job. Except for me the crowd was all Mexican, illegals I鈥檓pretty sure. They stayed to themselves, so I鈥檇 stand alone while we waited for Purcell to show up and smoke and drink coffee and think about how I was going to smash the guitar over a low brick wall once I got it back. My father gave it to me when I was eighteen. One afternoon, 1979, when my high school let out hewas in the parking lot sitting on the hood of an old Lincoln he鈥檇 parked sideways across five spaces. You couldn鈥檛 miss him any way you looked. He was dressed in the same outfit Hank Williams was buried in. I hadn鈥檛heard from him for seven years.I told my friends I was supposed to meet with a teacher and went back inside and hid in the bathroom鈥擨 figured if I waited long enough he鈥檇 leave. The janitor ran me out of there so I wouldn鈥檛 interfere with his drinking. I killed some time walking the halls, then fooling at my locker. Finally the assistant principal who was locking up made me leave.He was still outside. It was deserted now. He smiled and waved."Thought that was you I saw," he said. "Figured I鈥檇 wait."I nodded. I didn鈥檛 know what to say."I hear you鈥檙 e getting ready to be a high school graduate," he said.I nodded again."That鈥檚 real good." He cocked his head, looking at me and smiling. "Your grandma don鈥檛 mind your hair being that long?""She hasn鈥檛 said anything.""First time I came in with a duck tail she chased me with the scissors." He took a pack of cigarettes from his inside coat pocket and rapped it on his knee and a single cigarette jumped halfway out, and if he hadn鈥檛 been my father that would鈥檝e been cool as hell.He wanted to go get a hamburger. The inside of the Lincoln smelled like a strip club at six AM. The radio was missing. I reminded him how to get to McKenna鈥檚, a place that had curb service. After we got our drinks he poured part of his Coke outthe window and filled it back up from a pint of bourbon he pulled from under the seat. He offered me the bottle but I shook my head."Don鈥檛 drink?" he asked.I shrugged.He nodded. "Don鈥檛 seem to talk, either."After seven years that crawled all over me. I turned away and stared out my window."Ah son," he said, "I know, I know. I . . . well," and then I heard his cup slosh. I was looking out at a station wagon where a woman was handing around soft serve cones to her kids. A little boy in the backseat was looking back at me."Your grandma tells me you鈥檙e playing now," he said."Yeah." I still didn鈥檛 look at him."What鈥檙e you doing?"I was in a bad cover band that played sock hops and dances at country clubs. I鈥檇been listening to Earl Klugh and Wes Montgomery, too, trying some of that out."Not much," I said.The boy pulled his nose up with his thumb and grinned. He had braces. His mother had on a green scarf."I guess you don鈥檛 go in for Bob Wills and such," he said."No," I said."Not many do anymore," he said. "That鈥檚 why this car鈥檚 such a piece of shit."Then neither of us said anything. A long minute passed, then another. The little boy kept making faces between licks of his cone. Then the mother caught him. After a glance at me, she jerked him around by the collar.I heard him splash bourbon into his cup again.Then the car hop brought the tray with the food and hung it on his window and I felt like I could finally turn around."Anything else?" she asked. She was bleach blond and pudgy 鈥擨 recognized her from school a couple years back but didn鈥檛 know her. She had on white jeans and a pink shirt with the tails tied into a knot below her breasts. When you looked at her all you saw was stomach."You all got any ice cream left in there?" he said."Sure," she said."Then get you one and charge it on my ticket. Girl who looks sweet as cake needs some ice cream to go with her."She giggled."Or maybe you want a drink of this special Co鈥?Cola instead?" he asked.She leered, looked left and then right. "Sure," she said. He handed her the cup and she ducked her head and took a drink."When they let you off here?" he said."Not soon enough," she said. "The horse鈥檚 ass that runs the place keeps us here half the night.""Well, we鈥檙e big boys," he said. "We get to stay up late."I opened my door and got out. He looked around. "Hey, where you going?"I shut the door. My eyes met the girl鈥檚 over the roof of the car, then I ducked my head in the window. "I鈥檝e got to go," I said. "I鈥檒l see you," and I started away from the car."Hey!" he yelled.But I didn鈥檛 turn around. He yelled a couple more times but I kept going. When I was far enough away I looked back. The girl was still standing at the Lincoln.I was hoping he鈥檇 be waiting outside the house when Igot home. He wasn鈥檛.A week later a notice came from Martin鈥檚 Drugs saying I had a Trailways package. It was a cardboard box wrapped in brown butcher鈥檚 paper and tied with string, light to carry but about the size of Shakespeare鈥檚coffin. When I got it home and opened it I found a new calfskin guitar case packed in newspaper and inside that was the Hummingbird. The guitar was in good shape, but the words Mr Good were scratched in tall letters on the back of the body. In the bottom of the case was a note:SonI wont you to have this a fine instrumint i bought it new in 1965. Maybe somday we can play together i can teech you some Bob wills. The only thing about it is i got no idee how the writing got on the back i woke up in a motel in oddessa tex 8 yeer ago and it was almost nite and their it was this is stil a good guitar.DadI hadn鈥檛 heard from him since. If he was alive he鈥檇 be sixty-three, and the older I got the more I wished I could see him. We鈥檇 have something to talk about now that I鈥檇 made every mistake he had.Once I was living with a psychologist and she started ribbing me after she saw how I took such good care of the Gibson. Better take Mr. Good to soccer practice, she鈥檇 say, or Mr. Good says he wants to order Chinese. If she hadn鈥檛 been so good-looking I wouldn鈥檛 have put up with her鈥攕he鈥檇 come home after counseling all day and make astrology charts on her clients and smoke pot. She finally drank enough coffee one morning to think to ask how I got the guitar. I told her the story about my dad."That鈥檚 cute," she said.I just stared at her."What is it?" she said.I shook my head."No, what is it?" she asked, almost hysterical."Nothing," I said. "Just looking at your hair."* * *It was cold. I was in Purcell鈥檚 lot, smoking, drinking coffee, half-listening to the Spanish talk all around me. I had seven hundred dollars in my socks鈥攁fter getting paid today I鈥檇have enough to get the Gibson back, and after Monday and Tuesday I鈥檇have enough to go back to Dallas鈥攁nd then suddenly an angry shout came from behind the trailer, then another. The lot quickly fell silent. Then the Spanish started up again and most of the men walked over and looked behind the trailer but as soon they did they started leaving, some running, and in about two minutes the place was deserted except for me.I kept watching the trailer, about fifteen yards away. Nothing.I couldn鈥檛 hear anything either but the hum of the arc lights. I didn鈥檛 know what to do. I was kind of scared, but I had to try to work that day, no matter what, so I decided to stay where I was and wait for Purcell to show up. I started to light another cigarette, then footsteps sounded on the gravel and a man staggered around the side of the trailer. He was clutching his side and when he saw me he said something in Spanish. He was big, at least three hundred pounds, and looked like a bear coming toward me. Then he just stopped and stood there. I could hear his breathing. He sank to his knees like a camel sitting down and fell over.For about a hundred and fifty dollars I would鈥檝e left. But there weren鈥檛 any philanthropists in the vicinity. I went over tohim. He had rolled onto his back and when he saw me standing over him he started talking in Spanish. He had a rip in the side of his thin jacket and there were dark stains around it. I took off my denim coat and kneeled down, and when he saw what I was doing he moved his hands and let me use the coat as a compress. Some warm blood soaked into the denim, but not much. He seemed more panicked than anything. He just kept on jabbering.Then I heard other voices. Two Mexicans were standing a few yards away, at the edge of the light."Habla ingles?" I called out."No much, no much," the taller of the two said.I got him to hold the jacket in place and right away he and the injured man started talking, arguing it sounded like. I ran the three blocks to the store where I made a point of buying my coffee every morning because I liked the way the clerk looked. I asked her to call 911."Sorry, the phone鈥檚 not public," she said."Are you kidding?" I said.She shook her head. "That鈥檚 the rule.""But a guy鈥檚 been knifed or something."She hesitated, then looked at her watch, a pink thing the size of a coaster. "My manager鈥檚 due here any minute now and he says you can鈥檛 let the phone thing get started or people鈥檒l be asking to use it all the time." She looked over my shoulder. "Could you move, please?"I stepped over but stayed at the counter and an old black guy in a baseball cap moved up and gave her numbers for a lottery ticket."So you鈥檙e not going to call?" I said."No," she said.I went outside and picked up the receiver on the pay phone on the side of the building and put it to my ear even though I knew it was dead. I asked two people going into the store if they had cell phones鈥攂oth shook their heads, though one had his in a holster on his belt. Then I ran back to the temp service because there wasn鈥檛 another payphone nearby and I didn鈥檛 know what else to do.Purcell was there. He had his headlights directed onto the scene and he stood in their beams next to the injured man and the two Mexicans who were squatting over him. The shorter one, who I could now see was an older man, was crying."I can鈥檛 have this kind of helling going on here," Purcell was saying."Mr. Purcell," I said.He jerked his head around and squinted into the headlights. "Hey, who鈥檚 there?" He recognized me. "So did you see what happened here?""No. I just tried to call an ambulance but I couldn鈥檛 find a phone."He waved like he was shooing a fly. "I checked him, he doesn 鈥檛 need one. It鈥檇 be a waste of the taxpayers鈥?money. All he鈥檚 got is a little lard sliced off." Then he put his hands on his hips and stared down at the man. He had on a white short sleeve shirt and a dark tie; I had never seen him in a coat, no matter the temperature. "Hey," he said loudly and all three Mexicans looked up at him and he spoke to them in broken Spanish. The tall one holding my jacket answered.According to Purcell鈥檚 translation: the two Mexicans who had stayed were from the same town in Mexico as the injured man, and the older one was his uncle or cousin or something.Two days ago the tall Mexican had heard that the injured man鈥攚ho looked at least thirty鈥攈ad gotten someone鈥檚 teenage daughter pregnant. The tall Mexican wasn鈥檛 sure who the girl was, but he鈥檇 heard there鈥檇 been a blow up with her father."I didn鈥檛 think there was anybody left who cared about that," Purcell said. He took out a pack of Juicy Fruit and put a stick in his mouth. He stared down at the man, his face a brown study.I crossed my arms and hugged myself. I was freezing."This has implications," Purcell said."We should probably call an ambulance," I said."We might do that," he said. "But we鈥檝e got to move him off this property first."I didn鈥檛 say anything, but Purcell jerked his head around like I had."Just because this pussel-gut decides to tap some Mexican cheerleader, I should have to pay double and triple on my liability insurance? And as for the police," he said, "what鈥檇 you think: Columbo鈥檚 gonna show up here at dawn?" He pulled a wallet-on-a-chain out of his back pocket and started speaking Spanish again. When he finished all three Mexicans nodded. The old one wiped his eyes with the back of his hand. Then Purcell took out two fifty-dollar bills and handed one to each of the two squatting men. They both spoke to the injured man, patted him on the shoulder, then stood up and left. Purcell bent over the injured man and slipped two bills into his pants pocket. He spoke to him and the man answered. Purcell replied, his voice angry. The man shook his head back and forth on the ground. Purcell started cursing in English. He turned to me, "Sack of shit says he can鈥檛 get up.""Huh," I said.Purcell gave the man a little kick in the hip and said something in Spanish. Then he grabbed the man鈥檚 arm and tried to haul him up. He didn鈥檛 budge. He was dead weight. Purcell dropped his arm. "All right," he said, "you get his shoulders and I鈥檒l get his legs," and he stepped around the man to his feet. I didn鈥檛 move.He waved. "Come on, let鈥檚 go.""That鈥檚 my coat there," I pointed."Yeah? So?" he said."It鈥檚 ruined," I said.His expression deadened as he figured it out, which took about two seconds. He shook his head and cursed again. He took out his wallet and handed over a fifty."I need a hundred more," I said.If either of us had been smoking the whole block would鈥檝e exploded. "Listen," he said, "I wouldn鈥檛 be paying anybody anything if I could speak enough Spanish to make these tacos understand if they don鈥檛 do what I say I鈥檒l tell the police whatever I want. But even though you鈥檙e a goddamn briar you understand me, don鈥檛 you?""The police might hassle me on your sayso," I said, "but that 鈥檚 about all they could do. And think about it. If I do end up talking to them, I鈥檓 such a briar I might let it slip how you run a straight cash business."He turned his back to me and started muttering. He stayed that way at least a half-minute. Then he turned back around holding out five twenties. His mouth was very tight.Lifting the man was like picking up one end of a rowboat full of water, if you鈥檝e ever done that. We carried him ten yards, rested, then went the last ten yards to the street. Purcell droppedthe man鈥檚feet and stayed bent over with his hands on his knees, huffing and puffing. He glanced up at me, then unhooked his key ring from his belt and tossed it and it hit the sidewalk right in front of me and I had to do a skip to keep it from hitting my feet. "Move my car up to the trailer," he said.I looked at the keys, then at him. "What?" I said."Do it, or I鈥檒l tell the cops you robbed me." He took his cell phone out of his back pocket."Why do you want me to do it?" I said."Just because I do," he said."Forget you," I said."All right," he said and punched a button on the phone, and that鈥檚 when I thought of the seven hundred dollars in my socks and how great it would look on a guy without a coat.The car was a Cadillac in name only. The last time it looked good Eddie Murphy was funny. I slid under the wheel, but didn 鈥檛 close the door so the rooflight would stay on and I could find things. The seat was too far up for me to fit my feet to the pedals, so I reached down to find the lever and my hand hit a bottle under the seat. It was a half-pint of Jack Daniels and all that was empty was the neck. I unscrewed the cap, bent over like I鈥檇 dropped the keys and took a drink, then sat up again. The glove box was missing its door, a cigar with an inch of dead ash was in the ashtray, a single porno playing card was in the passenger seat, a woman who looked like she was waiting for surgery to begin. I turned the card over: seven of clubs. I bent over and took another drink. I was thinking of the last time I saw my father鈥攐ne of these old boats always did that.I discovered the seat wouldn鈥檛 move, so I managed to get situated with my legs splayed out on either side of the steeringwheel. I shut the door, then pulled the car up in front of the trailer and cut the engine and the lights. I stuck the half-pint down the front of my pants. Then I looked in the rearview mirror: Purcell was still at the curb, under a streetlight, standing over the injured man talking and gesturing. It looked like he was haranguing a corpse.I leaned over to get at my pants pocket and took out the hundred and fifty and put it on the dash behind the steering wheel. I just couldn鈥檛abide the idea of having to think of Purcell everytime I played the Gibson. I would鈥檝e rather seen it in the hands of Campfire Girls.The pawn shop opened a half-hour before the liquor stores. I鈥檇 been waiting in a coffee shop across the street. I had the Gibson鈥檚 empty calfskin case and a Epiphone in its case. I was going to pawn the Epi which would give me the last fifty I needed to get the Gibson back, plus another sixty or seventy. That much would get me to Shreveport, and I figured I knew enough people in Dallas I could find someone who鈥檇 drive out and get me.I went in the pawn shop, the bell ringing over my head, and right away I noticed the Gibson wasn鈥檛 on its stand in the line of guitars that sat on a high shelf in the back. Holding the two cases I suddenly felt like an idiot in a Norman Rockwell painting. The empty one felt light enough to throw through the display window.The owner was still wearing his pea coat and was at the back of the long shotgun room behind a line of jewelry cases to my left. He came up front."It鈥檚 gone," he said. "Girl bought it last night not long after you came in."I set down the guitar cases."She paid cash so I don鈥檛 know who she was," he said.I asked him what she looked like."I wouldn鈥檛kick her out of bed for eating crackers," he said.I kept looking at him. I couldn鈥檛 believe he had said that. Then he gave a police blotter description of the girl鈥攜oung, long brown hair, skinny, pale, wearing jeans and a green jacket, said he wouldn鈥檛call her pretty exactly. I asked him, if she came back in, to give her my name and the place where I roomed and to tell her I鈥檇 pay to get the Gibson back. I said I鈥檇 pay him, too, for doing that."Once I tell her, you got no reason to pay me," he said."That鈥檚 true," I said."A twenty ought to take care of it," he said.I felt so beat I didn鈥檛 argue. I squatted down and lifted my pants leg to get at my sock. The bell rang and a guy in a dirty overcoat and came in and set down a kit bag and started pulling out barber tools. I stood up and the owner took my twenty. I picked up my guitar cases and left.Walking down the street, freezing, I realized I could take the money I had and buy a coat and a bus ticket and be back in Dallas by midnight or I could stay in Cincinnati and buy a coat and try to find the Gibson. I thought about it three seconds and decided to stay.I can play guitar pretty well. And I鈥檝e spent twenty years worth of afternoons in libraries killing time before gigs so I know the difference between Augustine of Hippo and all the other Augustines and I know that even if we do come up with a unified field theory it isn鈥檛 going to change a damn thing. But other than that, I wouldn鈥檛 take my own advice about anything.。
星际争霸种族语言狂热者(Zealot)(出场00) My life for Aiur! 我为Aiur而生!(选择00) What now calls? 现在做什么?(选择01) Issah'Tu! (神族语)(选择02) I long for combat! 我渴望战斗!(选择03) G'hous! (神族语)(行动00) Gau'gurah! (神族语)(行动01) Thus I serve! 所以我服务!(行动02) Honor guide me! 荣誉指引着我!(行动03) For Adun! 为了Adun!(闲聊00) En Taro Adun! (神族语)(闲聊01) All for the Empire! 一切为了帝国!(闲聊02) Doom to all who threaten the homeworld. 如果谁威胁到了家园,厄运就会降临到他的头上!龙骑士(Dragoon)(出场00) I have returned. 我重生了!(选择00) Receiving. 收到。
(选择01) Awaiting instructions. 等候指示。
(选择02) Transmit. 发射信号。
(选择03) Input command. 输入指令。
(选择04) Glah'sos. (神族语)(选择05) Cah'karadahs. (神族语)(选择06) Make use of me. 发挥我的作用。
(选择07) I am needed. 我是必需的。
(行动00) Confirmed. 确认。
(行动01) Initiating. 初始化。
(行动02) Loch'tide. (神族语)(行动03) Meto'rah. (神族语)(行动04) Commencing. 开始。
(行动05) Nagat'soon. (神族语)(行动06) For vengeance. 为了复仇(闲聊00) Unauthorized transmission. 非法信号。
TheMidnightVisitorThe Midnight VisitorAusable did not fit the description of any secret agent. Fowler had ever read about. Following him down the corridor of the old French hotel where Ausable had a room, Fowler felt disappointed. It was a small room, on the sixth and top floor and hardly a setting for a romantic figure.銆?銆? Ausable was, for one thing, fat. Very fat. Very fat. And then there was his accent. Though he spoke French and German fairly well, he had never altogether lost the New England accent he had brought to Pairs from Boston twenty years ago.銆?銆? 鈥淵ou are disappointed,鈥?Ausable said over his shoulder. 鈥淵ou were told that I was a secret agent, a spy. You wished to meet me because you are a writer, young and romantic. You expected mysterious figures in the right, the crack of pistols, drugs in the wine.鈥?銆?銆? 鈥淚nstead, you have spent a whole evening in a French music hall with a dirty顎憀ooking fat man who, instead of having messages slipped into his hand by dark -- eyed beauties, gets only an ordinary telephone call making an appointment in his room. You have been bored!鈥?The fat man laughted quietly as he unlocked the door of his room and stood aside to let his guest enter.銆?銆? 鈥淏ut take cheer, my young friend,鈥?Ausable told him.銆?銆? 鈥淪oon you will see a paper, a quite important paper for which several men and women have risked their lives, come to me in the next顎憈o顎憀ast step of its journey into official hands. Some day that paper may well affect the course of history.In that thought is drama, is there not?鈥?As he spoke, Ausable closed the door behind him. Then he turned on the light.銆?銆? And as the light came on, Fowler had his first shock of the day. For halfway across the room, a small pistol in his hand, stood a man. Ausable blinked a few times.銆?銆? 鈥淢ax,鈥?he said, 鈥測ou gave me quite a start. I thought you were in Berlin. What are you doing in my room?鈥?銆?銆? Max was thin, not tall, and with a face that suggested the look of a fox. Except for the gun, he did not look very dangerous.銆?銆? 鈥淭he report,鈥?he said in a quiet voice. 鈥淭he report that is being brought to you tonight about some new missiles. I thought I would take it from you. It will be safer in my hands than in yours.鈥?銆?銆? Ausable moved to an armchair and sat down heavily. 鈥淚'm going to raise the devil with the management this time; I am angry,鈥?he said firmly. 鈥淭his is the second time in a month that somebody has gotten into my room from that balcony!鈥?Fowler's eyes went to the single window of the room. It was an ordinary window, with the black night outside.銆?銆? 鈥淏alcony?鈥?Max asked. 鈥淣o, I had a passkey. I did not know about the balcony. It could have saved me some trouble had I known about it.鈥?銆?銆? 鈥淚t's not my balcony,鈥?explained Ausable angrily. 鈥淚t belongs to the next apartment. You see, this room used to be part of a large unit, and the next room had the balcony, which extends under my window now. You can get onto it from the empty room next door, and somebody did, last month. The management promised to block it off. But they haven't.鈥?銆?銆? Fowler was standing stiffly near Ausable. 鈥淧lease sitdown,鈥?said Max to Fowler, waving his gun with a commanding gesture. 鈥淲e have a wait of about half an hour.鈥?銆?銆? 鈥淚 wish I knew how you Germans learned about the report, Max,鈥?said Ausable.銆?銆? The little spy smiled. 鈥淎nd we wish we knew how people got the report. But, no harm has been done. I will get it back tonight. What is that? Who is at the door?鈥?銆?銆? Fowler jumped at the sudden knocking at the door.銆?銆? usable just smiled. 鈥淭hat will be the police,鈥?he said, 鈥淚 thought that such an important paper as the one we were waiting for should have a little extra protection. I told them to check on me to make sure everything was all right.鈥?銆?銆? Max bit his lip.The knocking was repeated.銆?銆? 鈥淲hat will you do now, Max?鈥?Ausable asked. 鈥淚f I do not answer the door, they will enter anyway. The door is unlocked. And they will not hesitate to shoot.鈥?銆?銆? Max's face was black with anger as he backed swiftly toward the window; with his hand behind him, he opened the window and put his leg out into the night. 鈥淚 will wait on the balcony. Send them away or I'll shoot and take my chances!鈥?銆?銆? The knocking at the door became louder and a voice was raised. 鈥淢r. Ausable! Mr. Ausable!鈥?銆?銆? Keeping his body twisted so that his gun still covered the fat man and his guest, the man at the window seized the frame with his free hand to support himself as he rested his weight on one thigh. Then he swung his other leg up and over the window sill.銆?銆? The doorknob turned. Swiftly Max pushed with his left hand to free himself, and dropped to the balcony. And then as he dropped, he screamed once shrilly.銆?銆? The door opened and a waiter stood there with a tray, a bottle and two glasses. 鈥淗ere is the drink you ordered, sir.鈥?He set the tray on the table and left the room.銆?銆? White faced and shaking, Fowler stared after him. 鈥淏ut... but... what about... the police?鈥?he stammered.銆?銆? 鈥淭here never were any police,鈥?Ausable said. 鈥淥nly Henry, whom I was expecting.鈥?銆?銆? 鈥淏ut what about the man on the balcony...?鈥?Fowler began.。
be true for例句
be true for例句:
1.This statement is true for everyone. 这个陈述对每个人都适用。
2.The law of gravity applies to all objects on Earth and is true for other planets as well. 万有引力定律适用于地球上所有的物体,也适用于其他行星。
3.The statement “All swans are white”is true for all swans we have observed so far, but there may be black swans in other parts of the world. “所有天鹅都是白色的”这个陈述对我们迄今观察到的所有天鹅都是正确的,但在世界其他地方可能存在黑天鹅。
4.The rule “Oil and water do not mix”is true for most combinations of these two substances. “油和水不相容”这个规则对于这两种物质的大多数组合都是正确的。
5.The statement “Climate change is real”is true for scientific reasons as well as for our own personal experience. “气候变化是真实存在的”这个陈述是正确的,不仅基于科学原因,也基于我们个人的经验。
TOIDA’S CONJECTURE IS TRUEEDWARD DOBSON AND JOY MORRISAbstract.Let S be a subset of the units in Z n.LetΓbe a circulant graph oforder n(a Cayley graph of Z n)such that if ij∈E(Γ),then i−j(mod n)∈S.Toida conjectured that ifΓ is another circulant graph of order n,thenΓandΓare isomorphic if and only if they are isomorphic by a group automorphism of Z n.In this paper,we prove that Toida’s conjecture is true.We further prove Zibin’sconjecture,a generalisation of Toida’s conjecture.In1967,´Ad´a m conjectured[1]that two Cayley graphs of Z n are isomorphic if and only if they are isomorphic by a group automorphism of Z n.Although this conjec-ture was disproven by Elspas and Turner three years later[7],the problem and its generalizations have subsequently aroused considerable interest.Much of this inter-est has been focused on the Cayley Isomorphism Problem,which asks for necessary and sufficient conditions for two Cayley graphs on the same group to be isomorphic. Particular attention has been paid to determining which groups G have the property that two Cayley graphs of G are isomorphic if and only if they are isomorphic by a group automorphism of G.Such a group is called a CI-group(CI stands for Cayley Isomorphism).One major angle from which the Cayley Isomorphism problem was considered was the question of which cyclic groups are in fact CI-groups.The problem raised by´Ad´a m’s conjecture has now been completely solved by Muzychuk[15]and [16].He proves that a cyclic group of order n is a CI-group if and only if n=k,2k or 4k where k is odd and square-free.The proof uses Schur rings and is very technical. Many special cases were obtained independently along the way to this result.In1977,Toida published a conjecture refining the conjecture that had been pro-posed by´Ad´a m in1967and disproven in1970.Toida’s conjecture[20]suggests thatif X= X(Z n;S)and if S is a subset of Z∗n ,then X is a CI-digraph.Although thisconjecture has aroused some interest,until recently it had only been proven in the special case where n is a prime power.This proof was given by Klin and P¨o schel[11], [12]and Golfand,Najmark and P¨o schel[8].In this paper,we will prove Toida’s Con-jecture.We remark that Muzychuk,Klin and P¨o schel[10]have also independently proven Toida’s Conjecture.In fact,they(as we do)verify a conjecture of Zibin’[23] that includes Toida’s Conjecture as a special case,although it is straightforward to show that Zibin’s Conjecture and Toida’s Conjecture are in fact equivalent.Also, Muzychuk,Klin,and P¨o schel’s result uses the method of Schur rings,and does not use the Classification of the Finite Simple Groups.The proof presented here makes use of a result that does depend on the Classification of the Finite Simple Groups. Our proof also proves these conjectures explicitly for the case of directed Cayley graphs,while theirs is written for the undirected case.We would recommend that12EDWARD DOBSON AND JOY MORRISthose readers interested in a survey of the Cayley Isomorphism Problem see[13].This work appears as one chapter in the Ph.D.thesis of Joy Morris[14].1.Background Definitions and TheoryThe notation used in this paper is something of a hodge-podge from a variety of sources,based sometimes on personal preferences and sometimes on the need for consistency with earlier works.For any graph theory language that is not defined within this paper,the reader is directed to[4].In the case of language or notation relating to permutation groups,the reader is directed to Wielandt’s authoritative work on permutation group theory[22],although not all of the notation used by Wielandt is the same as that employed in this paper.For terminology and notation from abstract group theory that is not explained within this paper,the reader is referred to[9]or[19].1.1.Graph Theory.Many results for directed graphs have immediate analogues for graphs,as can be seen by substituting for a graph the directed graph obtained by replacing each edge of the graph with an arc in each direction between the two end vertices of the edge.Consequently,although the results of this paper are proven to be true for all digraphs,the same proofs serve to prove the results for all graphs. Although for the sake of simplicity we assume in this paper that directed graphs are simple,this assumption is not actually required in any of the proofs that follow. We do allow the digraphs to contain digons.Definition1.The wreath product of two digraphs X and Y,denoted by X Y, is given as follows.The vertices of the new digraph are all pairs(x,y)where x is a vertex of X and y is a vertex of Y.The arcs of X Y are given by the pairs{((x1,y1),(x1,y2)):(y1,y2)is an arc of Y},together with{((x1,y1),(x2,y2)):(x1,x2)is an arc of X}.In other words,there is a copy of the digraph Y for every vertex of X,and arcs exist from one copy of Y to another if and only if there is an arc in the same direction between the corresponding vertices of X.If any arcs exist from one copy of Y to another,then all arcs exist from that copy of Y to the other.The concept of wreath product of digraphs will be considered in the fully generalised context of digraphs whose arcs have colours associated with them.In the context of digraphs whose arcs are not coloured,simply ignore all references to colour in this discussion.Definition2.The digraph X is said to be reducible with respect to if there exists some digraph Y,such that X is isomorphic to Y E k for some k>1.If a digraph is not reducible with respect to ,then it is said to be irreducible with respect to .TOIDA’S CONJECTURE IS TRUE31.2.Permutation Group Theory.Notation3.Let V be any orbit of G.Then the restriction of the action of g∈G to the set V is denoted by g|V .This ignores what the action of g may be within other orbits of G.For example, g|V =1indicates that for every element v ∈V ,g(v )=v ,but tells us nothing about how g may act elsewhere.Sometimes the action of a permutation group G will break down nicely according to its action on certain subsets of the set V.Certainly,this happens when G is intransitive,with the orbits of G being the subsets.However,it can also occur in other situations.Definition4.The subset B⊆V is a G-block if for every g∈G,either g(B)=B, or g(B)∩B=∅.In some cases,the group G is clear from the context and we simply refer to B as a block.It is a simple matter to realise that if B is a G-block,then for any g∈G, g(B)will also be a G-block.Also,intersections of G-blocks are themselves G-blocks. Definition5.Let G be a transitive permutation group,and let B be a G-block.Then, as noted above,{g(B):g∈G}is a set of blocks that(since G is transitive)partition the set V.We call this set the complete block system of G generated by the block B.Some of the basic language of blocks will be required in this paper.Notice that any singleton in V,and the entire set V,are always G-blocks.These are called trivial blocks.Definition6.The transitive permutation group G is said to be primitive if G does not admit nontrivial blocks.If G is transitive but not primitive,then G is said to be imprimitive.Using[22,Proposition7.1],the following theorem is straightforward to prove.The proof is left to the reader.Theorem7.Every complete block system of Z n consists of the orbits of some sub-group of Z n.Definition8.The stabiliser subgroup in G of the set V is the subgroup of G consisting of all g∈G such that gfixes V pointwise.This is denoted by Stab G(V ), or sometimes,particularly if V ={v}contains only one element,simply by G V ,or G v.In some cases,we allow the set V to be a set of subsets of V(where V is the set upon which G acts)rather than a set of elements of V.In this case,the requirement is that every element of Stab G(V )fix every set in V setwise.For example,if B is a complete block system of G,then Stab G(B)is the subgroup of G that consists of all elements of G thatfix every block in B setwise.Definition9.Let U and V be sets,H and K groups of permutations of U and V respectively.The wreath product H K is the group of all permutations f of U×V4EDWARD DOBSON AND JOY MORRISfor which there exist h∈H and an element k u of K for each u∈U such thatf((u,v))=(h(u),k h(u)(v))for all(u,v)∈U×V.Theorem10.Let x be an n-cycle in S n and n=mk.The centraliser in S n of x m is isomorphic to S m Z k.The proof of this theorem is straightforward,and is left to the reader.Proofs of this and other results whose proofs are omitted in this paper may be found in[14]. Notation11.Let G be a transitive permutation group admitting a complete block system B of m blocks of size k.For g∈G,define g/B in the permutation group S m by g/B(i)=j if and only if g(B i)=B j,B i,B j∈B.The following classical result of Burnside is quite useful.Theorem12([5],Theorem3.5B).A transitive permutation group of prime degree p is either doubly transitive and nonsolvable or has a regular normal Sylow p-subgroup. The following result is a combination of Theorems1.8and4.9of[17].Theorem13([17]).Let x and y be regular cyclic subgroups of degree n.Let n=p a1 1...p a rrbe the prime power decomposition of n,with m= r i=1a i.Then there existsδ∈ x,y such that x,δ−1yδ is solvable.Furthermore, x,δ−1yδ admits complete block systems B0,...,B m+1such that if B i∈B i,then there exists B i+1∈B i+1such that B i⊂B i+1and|B i+1|/|B i|is prime for every0≤i≤m+1.The following result will prove useful and is not difficult to prove.Again,its proof is left to the reader.Lemma14.Let G≤S n such that x ≤G.Assume that G admits a complete block system B of m blocks of size k formed by the orbits of x m .Furthermore,assume that Stab G(B)|B admits a complete block system of r blocks of size s formed by the orbits of x mr |B for some B∈B(rs=k).Then G admits a complete block system C of mr blocks of size s formed by the orbits of x mr .Definition15.The digraph X is a unit circulant if it is a circulant digraph oforder n whose connection set is a subset of Z∗n.1.3.Algebraic Graph Theory.Definition16.Let S be a subset of a group G.The Cayley digraph X= X(G;S) is the directed graph given as follows.The vertices of X are the elements of the group G.If g,h∈G,there is an arc from the vertex g to the vertex h if and only if g−1h∈S.In other words,for every vertex g∈G and element s∈S,there is an arc from g to gs.Notice that if the identity element1∈G is in S,then the Cayley digraph will have a directed loop at every vertex,while if1∈S,the digraph will have no loops.For convenience,we may assume that the latter case holds;it is immaterial to the results. Notice also that since S is a set,it contains no multiple entries and hence there are no multiple arcs.Finally,notice that if the inverse of every element in S is itself inTOIDA’S CONJECTURE IS TRUE 5S ,then the digraph is equivalent to a graph,since every arc can be paired with an arc going in the opposite direction between the same two vertices.Definition 17.The Cayley colour digraph X= X (G ;S )is very similar to a Cayley digraph,except that each entry of S has a colour associated with it,and for any s ∈S and any g ∈G ,the arc in Xfrom the vertex g to the vertex gs is assigned the colour that has been associated with s .All of the results of this paper also hold for Cayley colour digraphs.This is not always made explicit,but is a simple matter to verify without changing any of the proofs used.Definition 18.The set S of X (G ;S )is called the connection set of the Cayley digraph X.Definition 19.We say that the digraph Y can be represented as a Cayley digraph on the group G if there is some connection set S such that Y ∼= X(G ;S ).Sometimes we say that Yis a Cayley digraph on the group G .Definition 20.The automorphism group of the digraph Xis the permutation group that is formed of all possible automorphisms of the digraph.This group is denoted by Aut( X).Theorem 21.(Sabidussi [18],pg.694)Let Uand V be digraphs.Then Aut( U) Aut( V )≤Aut( U V ).This follows immediately from the definition of wreath product of permutation groups,and is mentioned only as an aside in Sabidussi’s paper and in the context of graphs.It is equally straightforward for digraphs.In the case where the digraph U is irreducible with respect to and V =E k for some k ,the group Aut( UV )will admit each set of vertices that corresponds to a copy of E k as a block.Consequently,there is a straighforward partial converse to the above theorem.Corollary 22.If Uis a digraph that is irreducible with respect to ,then Aut( U) Aut(E k )=Aut( U ) S k =Aut( U E k ).Let G be a transitive permutation group that admits a complete block system B of m blocks of size p ,where B is formed by the orbits of some normal subgroup N G .Furthermore,assume that Stab G (B )is not faithful.Define an equivalence relation ≡on B by B ≡B if and only if the subgroups of Stab G (B )that fix B and B ,pointwise respectively,are equal.We denote these subgroups by Stab G (B )B and Stab G (B )B ,respectively.Denote the equivalence classes of ≡by C 0,...,C a and let E i =∪B ∈C i B .The following result was proven in [6].Lemma 23.(Dobson,[6])Let X be a vertex-transitive digraph for which G ≤Aut( X )as above.Then Stab G (B )|E i ≤Aut( X )for every 0≤i ≤a (here if g ∈Stab G (B ),then g |E i (x )=g (x )if x ∈E i and g |E i (x )=x if x ∈E i ).Furthermore,{E i :0≤i ≤a }is a complete block system of G .6EDWARD DOBSON AND JOY MORRISWe now define some terms that classify the types of problems being studied in this paper.Definition 24.The digraph X is a CI-digraph on the group G if X = X (G ;S )is a Cayley digraph on the group G and for any isomorphism of X to another Cayley digraph Y = Y (G ;S )on the group G ,there is a group automorphism φof G that maps Xto Y .That is,φ(S )=S .If Xis a CI-digraph on the group G ,we will be able to use that fact together with the known automorphisms of G to determine all Cayley digraphs on G that are isomorphic to X.One of the most useful approaches to proving whether or not a given Cayley digraph is a CI-digraph has been the following theorem by Babai.This theorem has been used in the vast majority of results to date on the Cayley Isomorphism problem.Theorem 25.(Babai,see [3])Let X be a Cayley digraph on the group G .Then X is a CI-digraph if and only if all regular subgroups of Aut( X )isomorphic to G are conjugate to each other in Aut( X).The following result was first proven by Turner in 1967.Theorem 26.(Turner,[21])The permutation group Z p is a CI-group for any prime p .2.Main TheoremLet x :Z n →Z n by x (i )=i +1.We use this conceptualisation of the n -cycle x at times in what follows.We begin with a sequence of lemmas.Lemma 27.Let x,y ∈S n be n -cycles such that there exists a |n such that x a = y a .Let B be the complete block system of x,y formed by the orbits of x a = y a .Assume that x,y /B contains a normal elementary abelian p -subgroup K for some p |a and x a/p /B ≤K , y a/p /B ≤K .Then either Stab x,y (B )= x a , x a/p = y a/p ,or p |n a and there exists a normal elementary abelian subgroup K of x,y such that K /B =K and |K |≥p 2.Proof.For this lemma,it will be convenient notationally to assume that both x,y act on Z a/p ×Z p ×Z b ,where b =n/a ,in the following fashion:(1)B ={{(i,j,k ):k ∈Z b }:i ∈Z a/p ,j ∈Z p },(2)x a/p (i,j,k )=(i,j +1,k +αj ),where αj =1if j =p −1and αj =0otherwise.It is straightforward to see that x a (i,j,k )=(i,j,k +1)so that y a (i,j,k )=(i,j,k +d ),d ∈Z ∗b and ya/b (i,j,k )=(i,j +a i ,ωi,j (k )),where a i ∈Z ∗p and ωi,j ∈S b .As x a = y a ,y centralizes x a so by Theorem 10,we have that ωi,j (k )=k +b i,j ,b i,j ∈Z b for every i ∈Z a/p and j ∈Z p .As y a/p (i,j,k )=(i,j +a i ,k +b i,j ),we have that y a (i,j,k )=(i,j,k + p −1j =0b i,j ).Hence p −1j =0b i,j ≡d (mod b )for every i ∈Z a/p .Note that x −a/p (i,j,k )=(i,j −1,k −αj −1)so that for s ∈Z ∗p ,x−sa/p (i,j,k )=(i,j −s,k +γj ),where γj =−1if p −1−s ≤j ≤p −1and γj =0otherwise.Thus y a/p x −sa/p (i,j,k )=(i,j −s +a i ,k +γj +b i,j −s )for s ∈Z ∗p .If a i −s =0TOIDA’S CONJECTURE IS TRUE7[y a/p x−sa/p]p(i,j,k)=(i,j,k+pj=0b i,j+p−1j=0γj)=(i,j,k+d−s).If a i−s=0,then[y a/p x−sa/p]p(i,j,k)=(i,j,k+pb i,j−s+pγj).Now,if y a/p /B= x a/p /B,then y a/p x r∈Stab x,y (B)for some r∈Z∗p.Hence either Stab x,y (B)= x a or y a/p x ra/p∈ x a ,for some r∈Z∗p.In the latter case, y a/p∈ x a/p .In either case,the result follows.If y a/p /B= x a/p /B,then there exists u,v∈Z a/p such that a u≡a v(mod p),and,of course,a u,a v≡0(mod p).IfStab x,y (B)= x a ,then,as[y a/p x−sa/p]p∈Stab x,y (B)and a u−a v≡0(mod p), we would have that d−a u≡pb u,j−a u+pγj(mod a).If p|b,we then have that d−a u≡0(mod p)so that d≡a u(mod p).Analogous arguments will then show that d≡a v(mod p)so that a v≡a u(mod p),a contradiciton.Thus p|b.If Stab x,y (B)= x a ,p|b,and there exists u,v∈Z a/p such that a u=a v,then let K be a Sylow p-subgroup ofπ−1(K),whereπ: x,y →S a byπ(g)=g/B.Note that Ker(π)=Stab x,y (B)= x a ,and as a u=a v,we have that|K|=p.Then π−1(K) x,y and,of course, x a π−1(K).Furthermore,|π−1(K)|=|K|·b.As p|b,every Sylow p-subgroup ofπ−1(K)has order|K|.We conclude thatπ−1(K)= K · x a .Let k,κ∈K and x r∈ x a .Then(kx r)−1κ(kx r)=k−1κk∈K as every element of x,y centralizes x a .Whence K π−1(K).As a normal Sylow p-subgroup is characteristic,we have that K x,y .That K is elementary abelian follows from the fact that K /B=K so that K ∼=K.The result then follows. The proof of the following result is straightforward and left to the reader. Lemma28.Let m,k and s be integers,with gcd(m,s)=1.Then there exists some integer i≡s(mod m)such that gcd(i,mk)=1.Lemma29.Let X1be an irreducible CI-digraph of Z m and k≥2.Then X= X1 E k and X =E k X1are CI-digraphs of Z mk.Proof.We will show that X is a CI-digraph of Z mk.The proof that X is a CI-digraph of Z mk is similar,although not exactly analogous.As X1is irreducible,it follows by Corollary22thatAut( X)=Aut( X1) S k.As Z m Z k≤Aut( X), X is a Cayley digraph of Z mk.Furthermore,Aut( X)admits a complete block system B of m blocks of size k,formed by the orbits of x m .Let δ∈S n such thatδ−1 x δ≤Aut( X)and y=δ−1xδ.As X1is a CI-digraph of Z m,any two regular cyclic subgroups of Aut( X1)are conjugate.Hence there exists γ∈Aut( X)such thatγ−1yγ/B∈ x /B.For convenience,we replaceγ−1yγwith y and assume that y/B∈ x /B.AsStabAut( X)(B)=1SmS k,8EDWARD DOBSON AND JOY MORRISthere existsγ∈StabAut( X)(B)such thatγ−1y mγ=x m.Again,we replaceγ−1yγwith y and thus assume that y m=x m.Fix v0∈B0,and define s such that x(v0)=y s(v0).Since x/B and y/B are m-cycles and y/B∈x/B,we must have gcd(s,m)=1.By Lemma28,there exists some i such that| y s+im |=mk.Furthermore,it is clear that y s+im/B=x/B.Replace y s+im with y.Observe x,y ≤Z m Z k,and of course,Z m Z k≤Aut( X).We identify Z mk with Z m×Z k so thatx(i,j)=(i+1,j+σi(j)),whereσi(j)=0if i=m−1andσm−1(j)=1.Theny(i,j)=(i+1,j+b i),where b i∈Z k.As|y|=mk,we have thatΣm−1i=0b i≡b(mod k)and b∈Z∗k.Let β∈Aut( X)such thatβ(i,j)=(i,b−1j).We replace y withβyβ−1and thus assumethatΣm−1i=0b i≡1(mod k).Let x m=z0z1···z m−1where each z i is a k-cycle thatcontains(i,0).Letγ=z−(Σm−1i−1b i)1z−(Σm−1i=2b i)2···z−b m−1m−1.It is then straightforward to verify thatγ−1yγ=x andγ∈1SmZ k≤Aut( X). Lemma30.Let X be a circulant digraph of order n such that if x and y are distinct regular cyclic subgroups of Aut( X)and x,y admits a complete block system C,then X[C]=E|C|for every C∈C.Assume(inductively)that every such circulant digraph with fewer than n vertices is a CI-digraph.If x,y admits a complete block system B of n/p blocks of size p for some prime p|n and Stab x,y (B)is not faithful on some block of B,then X is a CI-digraph of Z n.Proof.By Lemma23,since the action of Stab x,y (B)is not faithful,there are clearly at least two blocks in the block system formed in Lemma23.Denote this block system by E.If vertices of X are labeled0,1,...,n−1,according to the action of x, then the vertices in the block E of E that contains the vertex0form the exponents of a proper subgroup of x ,by Theorem7.By hypothesis there are no arcs within the block E;and since the action of x is transitive on the blocks of E,there are no arcs within any block of E.If there is an arc from some vertex in the block B of B to some vertex in the block B of B,where B and B are in different blocks of E,then Lemma23tells us that all arcs from B to B exist(take x a |E ,where B∈E ).Thus X= X/F ( X[B])for B∈B.Since X[E]contains no arcs for any E∈E,we certainly have X[B]contains no arcs for any B∈B.Thus X= X/B E p.If X/B is reducible, say X/B= X E k,then X=( X E k) E p= X E kp.We continue this reduction until we reach a digraph X such that X is irreducible and X= X E kp for some k.Let x and y be distinct regular cyclic subgroups of Aut( X )such that x ,y admits a nontrivial complete block system C .Let D be the unique complete block system of x,y of n/kp blocks of size kp.Then,as Aut( X)=Aut( X ) S kp,there exist regular cyclic subgroups of Aut( X),say x1 and y1 such that x1 /D= xTOIDA’S CONJECTURE IS TRUE9and y1 /D= y /D.As x ,y admits C as a complete block system of,say,r blocks of size s,we have that x1,y1 admits a complete block system C of r blocks of size kps.Notice that if e is an edge of X between two vertices of C ∈C ,then there is an edge in X between two vertices of C∈C,where C is the block of C that corresponds to the block C .As there are no edges of X between two vertices of C∈C,there are no edges in X between two vertices of C ∈C .Thus,either Aut( X )contains a unique regular cyclic subgroup(in which case X is a CI-digraph), or by inductive hypothesis X is a CI-digraph.Then by Lemma29,since p≥2, X is a CI-digraph,and we are done. Lemma31.Let x,y be n-cycles acting on a set of n elements.Assume that every element of x,y commutes with x a for some0<a<n.Let ab=n,so that x,y admits a complete block system B of a blocks of size b.Assume that the action of Stab x,y (B)|B is not faithful for some B∈B.Then x,y admits a complete block system C b consisting of ab/b blocks of size b for every b |b;furthermore,there is some prime p|b such that the action of Stab x,y (C p)is not faithful.Proof.Notice thatStab x,y (B)|B= x a |Bfor any B∈B,since x a commutes with every element of x,y .Hence Stab x,y (B)|B admits blocks of every possible size b for which b |b.By Lemma14, x,y admits a complete block system with blocks of size b for any b |b.Suppose that b=rs.We choose r,s in such a way that r is as large as possible so that Stab x,y (C r)|C is faithful for every C∈C r.(Notice that the transitivity of x,y means that if Stab x,y (C r)|C were not faithful for some C∈C r,then it would not be faithful for any C∈C r.)We have1≤r<b,and2≤s≤b,since Stab x,y (B)|B is not faithful.Let h∈Stab x,y (B)be such that h|B=1|B but h=1.Since Stab x,y (C r)|C is faithful for every C∈C r,and for any C⊂B we have h|C=1,but h=1,we must have h∈Stab x,y (C r).So if B ∈B is such that h|B =1,then there exists some C⊂B such that h(C)=C.Now,h|B =x i B a|B for some i B .Since there are s blocks of C r in B ,formed by the orbits of x sa ,we have h s=1,so x i B as=1. Hence b|i B s,say k B b=i B s.But b=rs,so k B rs=i B s,meaning that k B r=i B for any B .Thus h∈Stab x,y (C s).Since x i B a|B is nontrivial,this has shown that Stab x,y (C s)is not faithful.Now,suppose that gcd(r,s)=t=1.Let r be such that r t=r and let s be such that s t=s.Then for any B ,i B =k B r=k B tr ,and soh s | B=x i B as | B=x k B ts r a=x k B r as.Since C r is formed by the orbits of x sa,we have h s ∈Stab x,y (C r),so h s =1.It is not difficult to calculate that i B =k B rt,and since gcd(rt,s/t)=1,to see that in fact Stab x,y (C rt)is faithful,contradicting the choice of r.So we see that gcd(r,s)=1.10EDWARD DOBSON AND JOY MORRISLet p be any prime such that p|s.We claim that the action of Stab x,y (C p)is not faithful.Towards a contradiction,suppose that the action of Stab x,y (C p)were faithful. We will show that this supposition forces the action of Stab x,y (C rp)to be faithful, contradicting the choice of r.Let D be a block of C rp and let h∈Stab x,y (C rp)be such that h|D=1.If every such h is an element of the group Stab x,y (C r),then every such h=1and we are done.So we suppose that there is some such h that is not an element of the group Stab x,y (C r).As before,we can calculate that h|B =x i B a,and that i B =k B r; and,similarly,i B =k B p.Since gcd(s,r)=1,we have p |r,so i B =k B rp.Now,theintersection of the orbit of h containing the vertex v in B with the block D of C rp that contains the vertex v is clearly the singleton{v},since the block D is an orbit of x as/p.This shows that when hfixes the block D setwise,it in factfixes this block pointwise,so that h∈Stab x,y (C rp)with h|D=1in fact forces h=1,as required. This proves our claim.Thus,C p is a collection of blocks of prime size of x,y ,formed by the orbits of x n/p,upon which Stab x,y (C p)is not faithful. Theorem32.Let X be a circulant digraph such that whenever x and y are two distinct regular cyclic subgroups of Aut( X)and x,y admits a nontrivial complete block system B,then X[B]=E|B|for every B∈B.Then X is a CI-digraph. Proof.Let x,y be n-cycles in Aut( X).LetY={y ∈Aut( X):there existsγ∈Aut( X)such thatγ−1yγ=y }.By Theorem25,we need only show that x∈Y.Note that by Theorem13there existsδ∈ x,y such that x,δ−1yδ is solvable and x,δ−1yδ admits complete block systems B0,...,B m+1such that if B i∈B i,then there exists B i+1∈B i+1such that B i⊂B i+1and|B i+1|/|B i|is prime for every0≤i≤m+1,where|B0|=n and |B m+1|=1.We thus assume without loss of generality that x,y has the preceeding properties.In order to enable us to use Lemma29,the proof will proceed by induction on the number of prime factors of n.The base case where n is prime is given by Theorem 26,so in what follows,we can assume that any digraphs of strictly smaller order than n that satisfy the hypothesis of this theorem are in fact CI-digraphs.Choose y ∈Y in such a way that x a = (y )a ,where a is as small as possible (0<a≤n).If gcd(a,n)=k,then (y )k = x k ,so by the choice of a,k=a.Thus, we must have that a|n,say ab=n,and by[22,Proposition7.1],the orbits of x a are blocks of x,y ,yielding a complete block system B consisting of a blocks of size b. It follows by the proof of[17,Theorem4.9]that we may assume B=B i for some 0≤i≤m+1.Let p=|B i+1|/|B i|,B i+1∈B i+1and B i∈B i.As x,y admits B i+1as a complete block system(if not,conjugate it by an element of x,y as in Theorem13), x,y /B admits a complete block system C of a/p blocks of size p induced by B i+1.Hence CTOIDA’S CONJECTURE IS TRUE 11is formed by the orbits of x a/p /B and also by the orbits of (y )a/p /B .As x,y is solvable,Stab x,y /B (C )|C is solvable of prime degree p for every C ∈C ,so by Theorem 12Stab x,y /B (C )|C has a unique Sylow p -subgroup for every C ∈C .Let K be a Sylow p -subgroup of Stab x,y /B (C ).Then K Stab x,y /B (C )and is elementary abelian.As a Sylow p -subgroup is characteristic,we have that K x,y /B .It then follows by Lemma 27and our choice of a that Stab x,y (B )= x a or p |b and there exists a normal elementary abelian subgroup K of x,y such that K /B =K and |K |≥p 2.If Stab x,y (B )= x a ,then as x a = (y )a ,we have that every element of x,y centralizes x a .Hence by Theorem 10, x,y ≤ x,y /B Z b .As |Stab x,y (B )|>b ,we have that Stab Stab x,y (w )=1for every w ∈Z n .As Z b is regular in its action on Z b ,we conclude that Stab x,y (B )is not faithful on some block of B .By Lemma 31, x,y admits a complete block system C b consisting of ab/b blocks of size b for every b |b ;furthermore,there is some prime p |b such that the action of Stab x,y (C p )is not faithful.It then follows by Lemma 30that Xis a CI-digraph of Z n ,so that in this case a =1and we are done.If p |b and there exists a normal elementary abelian subgroup K of x,y such that K /B =K and |K |≥p 2,then x,y admits a complete block system C p of n/p blocks of size p ,formed by the orbits of K .As p 2divides |K |,p 2also divides |Stab x,y (C p )|.Then Stab x,y (C p )does not act faithfully on some block of C p andby Lemma 30, X is a CI-digraph of Z n .Thus a =1and the result follows.Corollary 33.Let Xbe a unit circulant digraph on n vertices.Then X is a CI-digraph.Proof.If Aut( X )contains a unique regular cyclic subgroup,then X is a CI-digraph as required.We let x be the regular representation of Z n contained in Aut( X ).If y is any other regular cyclic subgroup of Aut( X)and x,y admits a complete block system B ,then B is formed by the orbits of a normal subgroup of x ,so that B consists of cosets of a subgroup H of Z n .As X is a unit circulant digraph, X [B ]=E |B |and the result follows by Theorem 32. Let d be an arbitrary divisor of the positive integer n .Let (Z n )d ={z ∈Z n :gcd(z,n )=d }.The d −th layer of S ⊆Z n is defined as (S )d =S ∩(Z n )d .In 1975,Zibin’made the following conjecture.Conjecture 34(Zibin’,[23]).Let X and X be two isomorphic circulant graphs with connection sets S and T ,respectively.Then there exists m d ∈Z ∗n such that m d (S )d =(T )d for every divisor d of n .Note that if d =1,then (S )1⊆Z ∗n .Hence this special case of Zibin’s Conjecture is Toida’s Conjecture,so that Zibin’s Conjecture implies Toida’s Conjecture.Corollary 35.Toida’s Conjecture implies Zibin’s Conjecture.。