Lights Out! A Survey of Parity Domination in Grid Graphs

星期3 WednesdayBetter to light one candle than to curse the darkness. 与其诅咒黑暗，不如燃起蜡烛。

Text AHalf a dozen radio stations about the face of the globe crackled sparks of electricity from capital and into millions of humble homes; peace came through the air and was simultaneous over all the face of the earth. The great ceremony on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay was anticlimax.The greatest fleet in the world lay amidst the greatest ruins in the world under a dark and cheerless covering of clouds. The USS Iowa was on one side of the Missouri, the USS South Dakota on the other. A tattered flag with thirty-one stars was hung on one of the turrets of the battleship —the flag of the infant republic, which Commodore Perry brought with him to the same bay almost a hundred years before. Above the mainmast fluttered the battle flag of the Union of today. The deck was crowded with the American technicians. There were a Russian with a red band about his cap and a Tass newsreel man who insisted on crawling in among the main actors to get his shots; there was a Canadian general who spoiled his part and signed on the wrong line; there was a carefully tailored Chinese general from Chungking.Half a dozen Japanese were piped over the side of the Missouri, but for the purpose of history and in every man’s memory there were only two —the general, Umezu, and the statesman, Shingemitsu. Umezu was dressed in parade uniform, all his ribbons glistening, and his eyes blank, but you could see the brown pockmarks on his cheeks swelling and falling in emotion.Shingemitsu was dressed in a tall silk hat and a formal morning coat as if he were attending a wedding or a funeral. He had a wooden leg, and he limped along the deck; when he began to climb to the veranda deck where the peace was to be signed, he clutched the ropes and struggled up with infinite pain and discomfort.Shingemitsu and Umezu were brought forward, and, after a few carefully chosen words beautifully spoken by General MacArthur, they signed their names to a document marking an end to the Japanese Empire. When they had signed, the generals and admirals of all the other nations put their signatures to the document, and peace, if peace it was, had come.1. The document was signed on[A] the USS Iowa. [B] the USS South Dakota.[C] the battleship Missouri. [D] didn’t mention.2. In the second paragraph, “A tattered flag with thirty-one stars” is of[A] USS. [B] the infant USA.[C] today’s USA. [D] the greatest fleet.3. When portraying Umezu and Shingemitsu, the author focused on all the following EXCEPT[A] facial expression. [B] appearance.[C] motions. [D] inner activity.4. By saying “and peace, if peace it was, had come”, the author implied that[A] he valued the signature ceremony.[B] he was sure of the peace coming.[C] he suspected that the signature meant the real end of war.[D] he believed the signature ceremony would bring peace.Text BLeft unfettered(无拘无束的), Anthony Konieczka, 9 years old, would happily thumb away at his Game Boy Advance or PlayStation 2 from the minute he gets up to the moment he crawls intobed, 14 bleary-eyed(睡眼惺忪的)hours later.Anthony’s basement is stocked with traditional toys — board games, puzzles, art supplies —and as far as he is concerned, they are relics of Christmases past. His sister Michaely, 6 years old, still likes dressing her Barbies. But once she starts playing Game Boy it’s hard to get her away.Play patterns like this could grab another Christmas for the toy department. Through September, toy sales were down 5% compared with the first nine months of last year, according to the NDP Group. Meanwhile, the video-game industry is heading for another record year. Thanks to hot new games like Halo 2 for the Xbox, the industry is light-years ahead of the toy business when it comes to buzz. With distractions such as instant messaging, cell phone games and iPods angling for kids’ minds and allowances, the digital revolution is making life miserable for the toy industry.While some hard-to-find toys emerge every holiday season, toymakers are heading into this one without a monster hit. Indeed, there has not been a Furby-style frenzy in years. Of 10 toy segments only two, arts and crafts and dolls, have generated sales growth over a recent 12 month period. Some of the weakest categories like construction sets and action figures are the ones aimed at boys, who suffer the most blisters from the video games. Analysts expect one of the top stocking stuffers this season to be not a traditional toy but the new generation of Nintendo’s Game Boy, the DS, which hit stores last week.The deeper issue is that shifts in play patterns are forcing toymakers to fight for shelf space in a tightening market. Boys in particular seem to be abandoning traditional toys at earlier ages in favor of consumer electronics, trendy video games, PC software and the Internet. The notion that kids are growing more sophisticated and tech-savvy (懂技术的), a trend called “age compression”, has bedeviled toy companies for at least a decade. Action figures, for instance, used to be considered healthy for boys up to age 12. Now the items are mainly marketed to boys 4 to 6. A recent study found that nearly half of the U.S children start on video games at 4 to 5 years old —and 20% at age 3 or younger.Toy companies, of course, have long seen this coming. Mattel attempted to get into educational software in the late 1990s, spending $3.6 million to buy the Learning Company. But it turned out to be a blunder and led to more than $400 million in losses. Later on Mattel got back to building basic brands like Barbie and Hot Wheels. But Bar bie’s sales slump may also be a victim of kids growing older at younger ages.Several of the toys expected to sell well this season are, in fact, those that incorporate video gaming and DVD technologies. Mattel’s Fisher-Price introduced a game system called InteracTV this year, featuring DVDs with characters like Dora the explorer. Hasbro came out with a portable color video player called VideoNow and has been putting classic games like Battleship and Yahtzee into hand-held electronic format.5. At the beginning of the passage, the author implies that[A] video games are designed only for boys.[B] girls are usually not interested in video games.[C] both Anthony and Michaely are good at playing PlayStation 2.[D] children would not like to stop playing Game Boy once they start.6. We learn from the passage that in this holiday season[A] it is hard to find traditional toys in the market.[B] toymakers are planning to design monster toys.[C] no hit toys will come onto the market.[D] Furby will become popular among children.7. The sales of construction sets are decreasing because[A] they are not healthy toys for children.[B] they are very weak and easily broken.[C] they are hard to find on shelves of toy stores.[D] they are aimed at boys who are easily attracted by the video games.8. What has been bothering toymakers for almost ten years?[A] The Internet addiction.[B] The trend of age compression.[C] The sales of action figures.[D] The new generation of Game Boy.9. It is predicted that in this season the popular toys would be[A] hot new game Halo 2 for the Xbox.[B] arts and crafts and dolls.[C] action figures designed for boys aged from 4 to 6.[D] toys that integrate video gaming with DVD technologies.Text CSpace is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors(流星) but also because of rays from the Sun and other stars.Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. Doses of radiation are measured in units called “rem”. We all receive radiation here on the Earth from the Sun, f rom cosmic rays and from radioactive minerals. The “normal” dose of radiation that we receive each year is about 100 millirem; it varies according to where you live, and this is a very rough estimate. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than this without being damaged; the figure of 60 rem has been agreed on. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage — a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of children or even grandchildren.Early space probes showed that radiation varies in different parts of space around the Earth. It also varies in time because, when great spurts of gas shoot out of the Sun, they are accompanied by a lot of extra radiation. Some estimates of the amount of radiation in space, based on various measurements and calculations, are as low as 10 rem per year, while others are as high as 5 remper hour! Mission to the Moon have had to cross the Van Allen belts of high radiation and, during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo 8 crew accumulated a total dose of about 200 millirem per man. It was hoped that there would not be any large solar flares during the times of Apollo moon walks because the walls of the lunar excursion modules (LEMs) were not thick enough to protect the men inside, though the command modules did give reasonable protection. So far, no dangerous doses of radiation have been reported, but the Gemini(双子座)orbits and the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory or in a base on the Moon. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far. At present, radiation seems to be the greatest physical hazard to space travelers, but it is impossible to say just how serious the hazard will turn out to be in the future.10. What make space a dangerous place?[A] The radioactive meteors.[B] The Sun and other stars.[C] Rays from the earth.[D] Rem.11. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?[A] The “normal” dose of radiation we rec eive is generally accepted as safe.[B] Scientists are certain that 60 rem of radiation won’t damage man.[C] Harm of radiation is not likely to be seen immediately.[D] We don’t know exactly the seriousness of radiation damage.12. Missions to the moon are dangerous to the explorers because[A] they have to cross the high radioactive area.[B] solar flares may damage the LEMs.[C] they have to stay in space for a long time.[D] they will probably run into meteors.13. How will men effectively protect themselves when they spend long periods in space?[A] By taking special drugs.[B] By wearing special suits.[C] By using a protective blanket.[D] No effective solution has been found yet.14. The example of Apollo is to show[A] the Apollo mission was very successful.[B] protection from space radiation is no easy job.[C] astronauts don’t care about radiation damage.[D] radiation is not a threat to well-protected space explorers.15. The best title for this passage would be[A] The Atmosphere and Our Environment[B] Research on Radiation[C] Effects of Space Radiation[D] Important Protection against RadiationText DA simple computer program that teaches children to distinguish between sounds can dramatically boost their listening skills. It can allow them to progress by the equivalent of two years in just a few weeks, the game’s creator claims.The game, called Phonomena, was devised by David Moore of the University of Oxford, U.K., as an aid for children with language problems, but he says his latest trials also show that it can help any child. Other experts, however, are reserving judgment until independent tests are carried out.Phonomena is designed to improve children’s ability to distinguish between differentphonemes(音素), the basic sounds that form the building blocks of language. Up to a fifth of all children are thought to have problems hearing the differences between some sounds, says Moore, who heads the U.K. Medical Research Council’s Institute of Hearing Research.In the game, children have to distinguish between pairs of phonemes such as the “i” sound from the word “bit” and the “e” from “bet”. They are played one phoneme followed by two more examples, and asked which one matches the first sound. As the game progresses, the phonemes are gradual ly “morphed”(改变) to make them more and more similar, making it increasingly difficult to distinguish between them.With 44 phonemes in English, there are potentially more than 1,000 different pairs, but the game concentrates on just 22 pairs of the commonest and most similar-sounding phonemes.In the latest trials, 18 children aged between eight and ten played the game three times a week for four weeks. Their language abilities were compared before and after exposure to the game using a standard listening test.The team found a dramatic improvement in their language abilities, with listening ages up by an average 2.4 years compared with 12 children who did not play the game. In earlier trials on children with learning difficulties, the speech and language therapists who tested the game reported similar improvements.But Ted Wragg, an expert in education at the U.K’s University of Exeter, warns that such trials can produce misleading results. The improvements could be due to the efforts and attention of teachers and therapists, rather than the game itself. There is a history in education of people and companies making claims about learning products that do not stand up to scrutiny, he says.It is a bit like teaching someone to catch a ball, Moore adds. “Sensor y performance is no different from motor performance. As far as we know, the neural processes driving them both are the same.” And just as playing catch improves hand-eye coordination in other tasks, Moore thinks the phoneme training boosts children’s gene ral language skills.The advantage of using computers, he says, is each game can be tailored to a child’s abilities.An oxford-based company called MindWeavers has been set up to commercialize the game.Similar computer0based language tools already exist, such as those developed by Scientific Learning of Oakland, California. But these are geared exclusively towards children with speech and language problems and involve intensive training.“We don’t believe you need to do this Draconian(严酷的) amount of training for it to do good,” says Moore. He is also exploring the use of phoneme training as an aid to adults learning a foreign language.16. At first, the Phonomena game is designed for[A] adults.[B] disabled children.[C] children with language problems.[D] all children.17. We can infer from the passage that in the game[A] one fifth of the children have difficult distinguishing between sounds.[B] children are asked to tell the differences between similar sounds.[C] the phonemes are becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish.[D] 44 phonemes in English are involved.18. In Ted Wrag g’s opinion,[A] the trial results are not reliable and reasonable.[B] the game is helpful to children with language problems.[C] the trial results are accurate.[D] the trial results show that the game is useless.19. What is the advantage of using computers in Phonomena game?[A] It can provide customized service.[B] It can provide multimedia service.[C] Children can play the game at home.[D] It can improve child’s ability.20. What’s the limitation of the existing computer-based language tools?[A] They are designed exclusively for children.[B] They require too much training.[C] They are too harsh.[D] They do nothing good to language skills.语境词汇Text A1. crackle sparks of electricity <喻>通过电波传递2. anticlimax n.令人扫兴的结尾3. tatter v.扯碎，使变破烂：a tattered flag 一面破旧的国旗4.mainmast n.主桅5. pipe v.召集，召唤6. the veranda deck 舰艇上的游廊7. clutch v.抓住，抓紧Text B1. thumb v.以拇指摆弄n. 大拇指2. blister n.水泡，气泡v.使起水泡3. angle v.谋取；垂钓n.角；角度，观点4. hit n.成功的尝试；击中v.打（击）5. frenzy n.狂乱；极度的激动6. trendy a.时髦的，流行的n.新潮人物,穿着时髦的人7. bedevil vt.使苦恼；折磨8. slump n.经济衰退；消沉v.倒下，陷落；下跌Text C1. radiation n.放射，辐射；放射物，放射线2. cosmic n.宇宙的；广大的，无限的3. probe n.太空探测器；探查v.查究，调查4. spurt n.喷射；忽然的加速、增强vi.喷出，涌出5. accumulate v.积累，聚集；增长6. excursion n.郊游，远足，游览Text D1. distinguish vt.＆vi.区分，辨别2. phoneme n.音素，音位2. exposure n.暴露，揭露；曝光，曝光时间3. scrutiny n.细察，详审4. sensory a.知觉的，感觉的，感觉器官的5. tailor vt.使合适，修改n.裁缝6. exclusively ad.仅仅，专门地；排他地，独占地难句突破Text A1. There were a Russian with a red band about his cap and a Tass newsreel man who insisted on crawling in among the main actors to get his shots; there was a Canadian general who flubbed his part and signed on the wrong line; there was a carefully tailored Chinese general from Chungking. 【分析】并列复合句。

tpo36三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (3)题目 (5)答案 (10)背景知识 (11)阅读-2 (12)原文 (12)译文 (14)题目 (15)答案 (20)背景知识 (20)阅读-3 (24)原文 (24)译文 (25)题目 (27)答案 (32)背景知识 (33)阅读-1原文Soil Formation①Living organisms play an essential role in soil formation. The numerous plants and animals living in the soil release minerals from the parent material from which soil is formed, supply organic matter, aid in the translocation (movement) and aeration of the soil, and help protect the soil from erosion. The types of organisms growing or living in the soil greatly influence the soil's physical and chemical characteristics. In fact, for mature soils in many parts of the world, the predominant type of natural vegetation is considered the most important direct influence on soil characteristics. For this reason, a soil scientist can tell a great deal about the attributes of the soil in any given area simply from knowing what kind of flora the soil supports. Thus prairies and tundra regions, which have characteristic vegetations, also have characteristic soils.②The quantity and total weight of soil flora generally exceed that of soil fauna. By far the most numerous and smallest of the plants living in soil are bacteria. Under favorable conditions, a million or more of these tiny, single-celled plants can inhabit each cubic centimeter of soil. It is the bacteria, more than any other organisms, that enable rock or other parent material to undergo the gradual transformation to soil. Some bacteria produce organic acids that directly attack parent material, breaking it down and releasing plant nutrients. Others decompose organic litter (debris) to form humus (nutrient-rich organic matter). A third group of bacteria inhabits the root systems of plants called legumes. These include many important agricultural crops, such as alfalfa, clover, soybeans, peas, and peanuts. The bacteria that legumes host within their root nodules (small swellings on the root) change nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into nitrogen compounds that plants are able to metabolize, a process, known as nitrogen fixation, that makes the soil more fertile. Other microscopic plants also are important in soil development. For example, in highly acidic soils where few bacteria can survive, fungi frequently become the chief decomposers of organic matter.③More complex forms of vegetation play several vital roles with respect to the soil. Trees, grass, and other large plants supply the bulk of the soil's humus. The minerals released as these plants decompose on the surface constitute an important nutrient source for succeeding generations of plants as well as for other soil organisms. In addition, trees can extend their roots deep within the soil and bring up nutrients from far below the surface. These nutrients eventually enrich the surface soil when the tree drops its leaves or when it dies and decomposes. Finally, trees perform the vital function of slowing water runoff and holding the soil in place with their root systems, thus combating erosion. The increased erosion that often accompanies agricultural use of sloping land is principally caused by the removal of its protective cover of natural vegetation.④Animals also influence soil composition. The faunal counterparts of bacteria are protozoa. These single-celled organisms are the most numerous representatives of the animal kingdom, and, like bacteria, a million or more can sometimes inhabit each cubic centimeter of soil. Protozoa feed on organic matter and hasten its decomposition. Among other soil-dwelling animals, the earthworm is probably the most important. Under exceptionally favorable conditions, up to a million earthworms (with a total body weight exceeding 450 kilograms) may inhabit an acre of soil. Earthworms ingest large quantities of soil, chemically alter it, and excrete it as organic matter called casts. The casts form a high-quality natural fertilizer. In addition, earthworms mix of soil both vertically and horizontally, improving aeration and drainage.⑤Insects such as ants and termites also can be exceedingly numerous under favorable climatic and soil conditions. In addition, mammals such as moles, field mice, gophers, and prairie dogs sometimes are present in sufficient numbers to have significant impact on the soil. These animals primarily work the soil mechanically. As a result, the soil is aerated broken up, fertilized, and brought to the surface, hastening soil development.译文土壤形成①活生物体在土壤形成中起着重要作用。

《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》专题05阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）原卷版(专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)目录一、原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三、专家评价P3四、全文翻译P3五、词汇变式P4(一)考纲词汇词形转换P4(二)考纲词汇识词知意P4(三)高频短语积少成多P5(四)阅读理解单句填空变式P5(五)长难句分析P6六、三年真题P7(一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P8(三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文）P10八、阅读理解变式P12 变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P12变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类）6篇P20一原题呈现阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性; 科学探究精神;科学素养In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observation s of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not w ell-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on?A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study?A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.二答案解析三专家评价考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。

2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标Ⅰ卷）英语学科姓名________________准考证号________________全卷共12页，满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

考生注意：1.答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔分别填写在试题卷和答题纸规定的位置上。

2.答题时，请按照答题纸上“注意事项”的要求，在答题纸相应的位置上规范作答，在本试题卷上的作答一律无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题纸上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A.£19.15.B.£9.18.C.£9.15.答案是C。

1.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】What is Kate doing?A.Boarding a flight.B.Arranging a trip.C.Seeing a friend off.2.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】What are the speakers talking about?A.A pop star.B.An old song.C.A radio program.3.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】What will the speakers do today?A.Go to an art show.B.Meet the man's aunt.C.Eat out with Mark.4.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】What does the man want to do?A.Cancel an order.B.Ask for a receipt.C.Reschedule a delivery.5.【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】When will the next train to Bedford leave?A.At9:45.B.At10:15.C.At11:00.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

2017考研英语阅读：政治中的“阿拉丁神灯每年考研英语阅读篇章很多都取材于经济学人，因此2017年考研复习之初，一定要从基础打好，稳扎稳打。

凯程考研频道分享《经济学人》文章，希望大家能够多看、多练，提升阅读能力！Campaign organizers活动组织者The political genie政治中的“阿拉丁神灯”New and mysterious, the campaign organiser iscredited with mighty powers活动组织者们被认为有一种新的、神秘的伟大力量ROBIN MCGHEE's desk is a library of transatlanticelectoral wisdom. “The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama'sHistoric Victory”, reads one title. “Respect, Empower, Include”, urges another, a manual forDemocratic Party activists in Colorado. Mr McGhee's choice of literature is apt: although heworks for the Liberal Democrats in Bristol, his job as a professional campaigner is an Americanimport.罗宾·麦吉的书桌像是一个跨大西洋的选举智慧的图书馆。

读取一个标题，“无畏的胜利：内幕和巴拉克·奥巴马取得历史性胜利的经验教训”。

给另一个在科罗拉多州的民主党积极分子们一个指南，“尊重，授权，包容”。

麦吉先生对文学的选择是恰当的：尽管他为布里斯托尔的自由民主党工作，但他作为一个职业竞争者的工作可以说是从美国进口的。

英语一阅读理解考研真题英语一阅读理解考研真题1Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their medialiteracy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 20XX presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in thepolitically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed being more skillful at separating fact from fictionin cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open aboutany bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A20XX survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s relia nce on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in co unteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental disciplinein thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.[C] the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] journalists’ made-up stories.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.英语一阅读理解考研真题2TEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similarto say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and prehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of "cloud puting." meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, pares theexplosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of[A] tolerance.[B] indifference.[C] disapproval.[D] cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one's phone content is parable to[A] getting into one's residence.[B] handing one's historical records.[C] scanning one's correspondences.[D] going through one's wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens' privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr's parison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California's argument violates principles ofthe Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.英语一阅读理解考研真题3Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August， his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses， he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a pany.” Bro adcasting his ambition was “very much my decision，” McGee says. Within two weeks， he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group， which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of pany he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‘t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boardsscrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold， deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter， CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had， according toLiberum Research. As the economy picks up，opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：“I can‘t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look atsitting CEOs first.”Those who j umped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age， saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based modities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 20XX with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are，but that’s been fundamentally inverted，” says one headhunter. “The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure， his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2， seniorexecutives‘ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3， Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it‘s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs： Where to Go?[B]CEOs： All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers英语一阅读理解考研真题4Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, panies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 20XX America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to doso this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It saidthat Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some panies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signaland press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it sayswill ply with DNT requests, though it is stillworking out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will bee the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge sellingpoint for windows 8-though the firm has pared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chiefprivacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease petition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid plaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-merce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticism。

江苏省百校大联考2025届高三压轴卷英语试卷考生请注意：1．答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。

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第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．—You speak very good French!—Thanks. I __________ French in Sichuan University for four years.A．studied B．study C．was studying D．had studied2．. Some people say more but do less ______ others do the opposite.A．once B．when C．while D．as3．— Do you know ______ the meeting room earlier?— She had a headache.A．why Ann left B．why did Ann leaveC．why Ann will leave D．why will Ann leave4．Come off it! Oversleeping is as lame an excuse as other.A．one B．eachC．some D．any5．Have you ever been in a situation ______ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him? A．where B．which C．that D．as6．---- What do you think of zoology?---- In my opinion, zoology is ______ botany.A．a subject so interesting as B．as a interesting subject asC．as interesting a subject as D．interesting as a subject as7．The farmer said the PLA men came to rescue timely when they _____in the snowstorm.A．were trapping B．were being trappedC．are trapping D．are being trapped8．If an entire country gets richer at the same time, individuals wouldn't ________ feel wealthier, since their relative positions in society haven't changed.A．necessarily B．initially C．typically D．sustainably9．—Amazing! You wear slippers at work.—Don’t you know it’s a fashion?A．must B．should C．can D．may10．Don’t fo rget to send ______ attended the conference a follow-up email.A．however B．whateverC．whoever D．wherever11．In fact，most of us would the consequences of stupid decisions taken byothers.A．handle B．solve C．follow D．suffer12．—What does the sign over there read?—"No person_______ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area．"A．shall B．may C．must D．Will13．---Did you visit the famous cultural relics last month?---No, we____ it, but we spent too much time shopping．A．could have visited B．must have visitedC．can't have visited D．shouldn't have visited14．I was going to pay by cash when it suddenly occurred to me _________ I had left my purse at home.A．whether B．whatC．that D．where15．Ifyouhaveanyquestion,**********************************************.A．to feel B．feeling C．feel D．felt16．—I know it is really a lot to ask, but can I use your apartment during the summer?— ________. I happen to be out of town. It is all for your taking.A．Behave yourself B．Be my guestC．Have fun D．Take care17．A new ________ bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago.A．common B．usualC．regular D．ordinary18．—Do you ________ ready for the spring outing?—No,I still have to buy some fruit.A．everything B．anything C．something D．nothing19．Both men have been _______to life imprisonment because of robbery.A．choked B．condemnedC．consisted D．convinced20．A survey of the opinions of experts _________ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week ________ good for o ne’s health.A．show; are B．shows; isC．show; is D．shows; are第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

雅思剑桥阅读词汇（1）★剑桥三P691.raise the spirits 使得人的情绪高涨2.under full-spectrum lamps 在灯下3.fluorescent and tungsten lights 荧光灯和钨光灯4.it is generally believe that 人们相信5.there is no doubt that 无疑6.street riots 街头暴力7.slow down 降低8.distract from 使得分散精力9.conduct study 进行试验10.become less skeptical 不那样怀疑11.hormone level 荷尔蒙水平12.* melatonin 褪黑色素13.pineal gland 脑部的松果腺14.put on more weight 增加了体重15.skeptics might say that 怀疑者也许会说16.put sb in a better mood 使某人的情绪很好17.is borne out by 被证实（bear out 证实）18.be on edge 紧张19.serotonin 复合胺20.irritable 易怒的21.aggressive 富于侵略性22.hamsters 小白鼠23.time cues 时间★剑桥三P881.suffragette movement 妇女争取选举权2.bring cohesion and focus 带来了凝聚力和工作的重心3.membership 成员4.desert 退出5.limited communications 有限的通讯设配6.stretch to 延伸到7.play a vital role in 发挥重要的作用8.fund-raising events 筹款活动9.return a profit 带来了利润10.like-minded commercial enterprises 观点相似的商业机构11.12.provide another money-making opportunity 提供了另外的赚钱机会13.provide sufficient funds 提供足够的资金14.ice-skating rink 冰场15.campaign banner 运动条幅16.a forthcoming meeting 即将来到的会议17.bully her poor, abused husband 欺负可怜的，受到虐待的丈夫itant 激进的（military force / military target）19.cohesion 团结，凝聚力20.trinket 小装饰物21.suffrage 选举权；投票权22.enfranchise women 给公民选举权23.draw on= call on 利用24.the museum of London 伦敦博物馆25.harridan 形容枯槁的老人26.newsreel 新闻短片27.accessory 附加物；妇女的装饰品28.archive collection 档案文件29.project a corporate identity 表明团体特征30.put women’s suffrage on the political agenda 使得妇女投票权被提上了政治的议程31.exploit 利用雅思剑桥阅读词汇（2）★剑桥三P591.antiquity 古代遗物----original department of antiquity 古文物馆2.ethnography 人种学---the department of ethnography 人种馆3. a separate department 独立部门4.the primary focus of ---- 的焦点5.document 1）记录2）展示3）to document for culture change 记录了文化的改变6.the product of sth ---的产品7.the museum has a vital role to play in providing information on ——to visitors （写作句式）8.the emphasis has been less on sth than on sth 重点在于前而不是在于后9.society’ cultural expressions 社会的文化风貌10.textiles 纺织品11.examples of coracles 小圆舟12.the necessities生活的必须品，生活用品（写作词汇）13.while on the other hand 在另一方面（写作词汇）14.principally for aesthetic value 主要为了美学价值（写作词汇）15.sth could act as ---- not merely for ---- but for ----（写作词汇）16.in collaboration with 与---合作17.a series of acquisition 一系列的收集品/展品18.camel trappings 饰品19.particularly interesting are 尤其有意思的20.collections 展品21.mundane 世俗的22.banal 平庸的23.artefact 艺术品24.approximately大概25.anthropology 1）人类学；2）anthropological 人类的；3）anthropologist人类学者26.assemblage 集会，集合27.ingenuity 独创性----technological ingenuity 技术创新28.ecological 生态的29.disposable 用过就处理的30.assimilation 同化31.irrevocable 不能取消的32.notoriously 臭名昭著的----- notoriously fickle world economy 变化无常的世界经济（写作词汇）33.utilitarian 实用主义的34.aesthetic 美学的35.multicultural 多元文化36.exceptional 非凡的37.marginal communities 边缘社会★剑桥三431.the role of the government 政府的作用------ the government has theinescapable role to play in environmental management 政府在环保方面有责无旁贷的责任（写作句式）2.sth may have damaging environmental impacts 对于环境保护有负面的影响（写作句式）3.subsidize 资助----subsidies 补贴4.scrap＝desert 丢弃5.soil erosion 土壤侵蚀6.diminish the soil’s productivities 减少土地肥力7.convert ---- to 转变成8.meadow 牧场9.World Bank loading 银行贷款10.higher yields 很高的产量11.under the plough (田地)在耕种中12.cause of deforestation 森林砍伐的原因13.contaminate water supplies 污染水源14.fertilizers 化肥15.in less enlightened countries 在一些不开明的国家16.in environmentally friendlier ways 以更加环保的方式17.are sustainable in the long run从长远看是可持续发展的18.vanish 消失19.exploitation 开采pound 增加了21.invested interest 既得利益22.fallow period 耕作期23.treadmill 单调工作24.lethal 致命的25.poison 农药26.crop re sid ues农作物残渣27.over-stocking 过度放牧28.rotate 使旋转----rotate crops 轮种作物29.have the incentive to do sth 有做---的动力★雅思较难的词汇：1.elastic 灵活的＝flexible；弹性的2.epidemic 流行病3.dispenser 自动售货机4.aesthetic 美学的5.disfigure 毁容/ transgfigure6.dissert 论述(dissertation)7.dubious =suspicious 怀疑★剑桥三P191.ingredient 成份----active ingredient 活性成分2.cancer-causing sustatcnaces 致癌物质3.chemical compounds 化合物4.develop fatal medical conditions 患绝症5.cervical caners 子宫癌6.preventable cause of -----可以预防的原因7.smoking, causes a serious health risk 吸烟导致健康危险8.side-stream smoke 吸入侧流烟9.be deposited deep in 被沉淀于10.cardiovascular system 心血管系统11.the effect is far greater on A than on B 影响在于前者不在于后者（写作词汇）12.deliver life-giving oxygen 输送供血的氧气13.blood clot 血块14.platelets 血小板15.leukemia 白血病16.exhale 呼气17.spouse 配偶18.it has been calculated that 据计算（写作词汇）19.to produce substantial adverse effects on 有负面的影响（写作词汇）pensate for 赔偿21.the smoke inhalation 吸烟22.nicotine and other toxins 尼古丁和其它毒素23.have the same impact on 有相同的影响（写作词汇）24.smoke-free work places 禁烟地点★剑桥三P 4330.the role of the government 政府的作用----the government has theinescapable role to play in environmental management 政府在环保方面有责无旁贷的责任（写作句式）31.sth may have damaging environmental impacts 对于环境保护有负面的影响（写作句式）32.subsidize 资助----subsidies 补贴33.scrap＝desert 丢弃34.soil erosion 土壤侵蚀35.diminish the soil’s productivities 减少土地肥力36.convert ---- to 转变成37.meadow 牧场38.world bank leading 银行贷款39.higher yields 很高的产量40.under the plough (田地)在耕种中41.cause of deforestation 森林砍伐的原因42.contaminate water supplies 污染水源43.fertilizers 化肥44.in less enlightened countries 在一些不开明的国家45.in environmentally friendlier ways 以更加环保的方式46.are sustainable in the long run从长远看是可持续发展的47.vanish 消失48.exploitation 开采pound 增加了50.invested interest 既得利益51.fallow period 耕作期52.treadmill 单调工作53.lethal 致命的54.poison 农药55.crop residues农作物残渣56.over-stocking 过度放牧57.rotate 使旋转----rotate crops 轮种作物58.have the incentive to do sth 有做---的动力雅思剑桥阅读词汇（3）★剑桥四P881.the international athletic federation 国际田联2.hurl massive objects 投抛重物3.brief explosive release of energy 短期的爆发力的能量释放4.100-metre sprint 百米短跑5.sprinter 短跑运动员6.endurance events 耐力项目7.set a new world record 创造了世界记录8.genetics 基因9.invoke a adage 引用格言10.appreciably 略微11.tempt athletes 诱惑运动员12.unique complements 独特的成份13.emeritus professors 退休教授14.can go much further 可以做得更好15.impressive improvements 骄人的成绩16.duplicate 复制17.pioneer 倡导18.rate 速度；价格；比率19.a tenth of a second 十分之一秒nd 着地；着陆/ push off 蹬地21.brief intervals 短暂的间歇22.address 强调vitae23.supplements 补品24.minerals 矿物25.biomechanics 生物力学26.to date 到目前plex and unorthodox 复杂的和非正统的28.mathematical simulation 数学模拟29.sawdust 木屑30.foam cushions 泡沫垫子31.be humbled by 被折服32.vexingly 令人懊恼的33.mundane 平凡的34.resourceful 足智多谋的★剑桥四P921.archaeology考古学2.Inuit因纽特人3.the painstaking task 辛苦的任务4.loot掠夺；抢劫5.mixture 混合6.distinguish a from b 区别7.smaller disciplines 更小的学科8.artifact 人造物品9.pot罐10.overlap 重叠11.span of time 时间的跨度12.significant source of information 信息的重要源泉13.dividing line 分界线14.lessen the importance 降低---的重要性15.make statements 作出声明16.conduct experiments 进行试验17.hypothesis 假设18.dwellings 住处19.analyst 分析家；/ analyse 分析20.portrayal 描述21.ethnography 人种学22.coherent 一致的；连贯的23.humanistic 人文主义的★剑桥四P971.allocate 分配2.to be apportioned 被分配3.it now seems quite incredible that 不可思议的是4.exercise personal right 行使个人权力5.formal right 正式权利6.out of public purse 出自于政府的预算7.put another way 换言之8.the exercise of personal autonomy 个人自治9.in respect of 关于10.as a whole 总体上11.clientele 客户12.sustain economic development 维持经济发展13.revelation 显示；启示14.poverty-stricken 贫困的15.indispensable 不可缺少的16.doomsday 世界末日雅思剑桥阅读词汇（4）1.micro-enterprise credit 小型企业贷款；credit programs 贷款计划2.street youth 流浪儿童；street children 流浪儿童3.people who live in difficult circumstances 生活贫困的人4.partner organizations 伙伴组织5.family breakdown and violence 家庭离异和家庭暴力6.bun 小面包7.decent 体面的8.learn the way of keeping money 学习节俭的方式9.allow sb a degree of independence 使得某人有某种程度的自由10.exemplify the effects to 解释说明效果11.entrepreneur 企业家；entrepreneurship 企业家身份；chooseentrepreneurship 选择做生意; support the entrepreneurial dreams 支持创业的梦想12.be essential to 对于-----很重要（写作词汇）13.be more likely to do 更有可能做-----（写作词汇）14.abide by 遵守（写作词汇）15.guardians 监护人16.purchase fixed asset 购买固定资产17.a market stall 市场上的货摊18.range from 从-----到-----变化19.rate have been modest 比率是适度的20.impoverished young people 贫困的年轻人21.the provision of _______can be an effective means to help 提高----是一种有效的方式去-----22.dearth 缺乏23.adventurous play 冒险游戏24.exploitative employment 剥削性的工作25.shine shoe 擦鞋26.are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks whichrequire long hours 做一些无需技巧的，长时间的劳动密集性的任务27.participate in domestic tasks 做家务（写作词汇）28.innovative opportunity 新的机会（写作词汇）29.the red cross society 红十字会30.have a major role in 在-----有主要的作用（写作词汇）31.shoe shine kits 擦鞋工具箱剑桥四P651.earth-moving machine移山倒海的机器2.scatter tine ash 分散细灰3.hurl sth into 将----扔进，抛进4.mushroom cloud 蘑菇云5.burges of molten lava 岩浆喷涌6.volcanism 火山作用7.shape the world 塑造了世界8.rift continents 撕裂大陆9.shape the topography 造就了地形10.b asalt 玄武岩11.i ce-caps 冰帽；冰冠12.c rust 地壳13.v olcanic craters 火山口14.w ater vapour 水蒸汽15.a molten core 溶化的核心16.s oft-boiled egg 半熟的鸡蛋17.y olk 蛋黄18.w hile 蛋清19.b ubble 起泡20.o ver the crack 在裂口处21.t he mantle 地幔22.l ike thick treacle 浓稠的蜜糖23.t he form of convection currents 对流的形式24.p lates 板块25.b ump and grind 碰撞磨擦26.o verlap互相重叠27.t hese fracture zones 破碎的地区28.h ot spots 热带地区29.p ut at its simplest 简言之30.s wiftly 迅速地31.m agma 岩浆32.g ranite 花岗岩33.s queeze out 挤出来34.d yke 沟35.s lurping eruption 爆发36.s urge 巨浪；喷涌37.f orth 冒泡38.e xplode 喷发39.b last 爆发40.p umice 浮石41.r ough outline 大致轮廓42.t ectonic plates 地壳板块43.r ing of fire 火山环44.t he Rockies 落基山45.n ot to mention 更别提46.s hell 地壳47.q uiet periods 休眠期48.m olten rock slopping 溶岩的溢出★剑桥四p741.many procedures are available for doing 方式很多2.casual introspection 不经意的反思nguage date 语料4.native speaker of a language 以该语言为母语的人5.provide utterances 提供话语6.properties 特征7.the norm 规范8.enquiry 询问9.child speech 儿童语言rmants 语料提供者rge-scale sample 大规模的样本12.the social setting 社交场合13.consistency 连贯性14.the best investigative techniques 调查技术15.claims 论断16.sound quality 音质17.paradox 自相矛盾18.minimize 使最小话19.ethical objection 道德反对20.attempts can be made to 可以努力去21.stimulate natural language style 激发自然语言风格22.in one’s locality 在一个人的家乡23.non-verbal behaviours 非语言行为24.context 语境25.transcription 记录26.structure sessions 结构回忆27.interview worksheets 面试问题28.questionnaire 调查问卷29.elicit 引出----- be elicited by30.elicitation 诱导方式31.corpus 尸体；语料库32.hypothesis 假设33.derive from 来自于34.take extracts 节选材料35.be supplemented by 被补充雅思剑桥阅读词汇（5）★剑桥五p161.scholarly 学者的2.fine learning 良好的教育3.lexical 词汇的4.middle class 中产阶级5.heyday 全盛时期6.academy 学院7.single-handed 无帮助的8.garret 阁楼9.counting house 会计室10.rickety chair 摇椅11.synthesis 综合12.predecessor 原有事物13.vicissitude 曲折14.lexicographer 词典编写者15.patronage 资助16.shelter 遮掩处17.eccentricity 古怪18.obscurity 默默无闻19.esteem 尊敬20.prevail upon 说服21.folklore 民间传说★剑桥五p861.the marked for tourism 旅游市场2.require initial investment 无需最初的投资3.natural landscape beauty 美丽的自然景色4.indigenous（本土的）people 当地人5.the prime source of tax revenue 主要的税收源泉6. a reliable source of income 收入的稳定来源7.foreign trekkers 外国背包客（trek 艰苦跋涉）8.increase dependence on bought food 增加依赖性9.the physical impact of 实质影响10.maintain terraces and irrigation system 保持梯田和灌溉11.culprit 犯人；罪魁祸首；ernment handouts 政府救济13.employ transient workers 雇用临时工14.repatriate （遣返）most of the profits to their home base 为本国谋求经济利益15.integrate tourism with the local economy 旅游与地方经济结合16.pueblos and reservations 印第安人村落17.ensure that the benefits accrue （自然产生）locally 保证地方经济利益的增加18.reinvigorate（使复兴）local cultures 振兴地方经济19.pottery and jewelry 陶器和珠宝20.erosion 破坏★剑桥五P201.nature or nurture 先天还是后天2.fascinating and disturbing 吸引人的和令人不安的3.from all walks of life 来自生活的各个方面4.feel a personal distaste 感到厌恶5.have a positive effect on 有积极的影响6.experimental set-up 实验方案7. a spectrum of 各种的8.writhing 挣扎9.denounce 谴责10.questions posed by 由---提出的问题11.bring on 招致12.balk at sth 回避13.for the sake of 为了14.psychiatrists 精神病学家15.the overwhelming consensus 一致的意见16.a lunatic fringe 疯子17.account for this vast discrepancy 解释了巨大的差异18.pressured, flustered but cooperative 有压力，很慌乱但是合作的19.built-in animal aggression instinct 内在的动物性攻击性本能20.pent-up primal urge 压抑的原始冲动21.as a remnant of sth 是----的痕迹22.teacher-subject 扮演教师的研究对象23.legitimacy 合理性；正确性24.evoke trust博得了信任25.merge sth with sth 合并26.personal and moral code 个人和道德准则27.forgo one’s sense of perso nal responsibility 放弃个人责任感28.is more plausible 更有说服力29.elucidate 阐明30.at least strongly biases 产生行为倾向雅思剑桥阅读词汇（6）剑桥五P481.world science 科学界2.be dominated by 被统治3.German 德语4.English is probably the most popular global language of science英语大概是最流行的科学语言5.in scientific research 在科学研究领域6.reach a wide international audience 获得广泛的国际读者7.lingua franca 混合语；通用语言8.revival of learning 学习的复兴9.renewed interest 复兴的兴趣10.world exploration 世界探索11.the discovery of magnetism 磁铁的发现12.improvements in cartography 绘图法的进步13.Copernicus 哥白尼14.with enthusiasm 热情地15.promote empirical scientific research 促进经验主义的科学研究16.encyclopedias 百科全书cation textbook 教材18.on the property of light 关于光的性质19.treatise 专题论文20.a concern for secrecy 出于保密的考虑21.be fully exploited by the author 被彻底研究清楚mercial exploitation 商业开发mon practice 普遍的做法24.in cipher 有密码25.deposited in sealed box 放在密封的盒子里26.in an objective and impersonal way 以客观的非个人的方式27.hypothetical entities 假设的实体28.insider language 内部语言29.narrative in style 风格上是叙事的30.was inaugurated 被创立31.linguistic inadequacy of English 英语语言上的缺陷32.enjoy substantial lexical growth33.was instituted to do 被任命去做34.prominence 重要性，显著35.the European renaissance 文艺复兴36.encourage the development of suitable writing style 鼓励规范的写作风格pass 指南针38.publicize 推广，宣传39.popular science 大众科学40.perversely 过分地41.secrecy 秘密42.precisely 精确地43.cling to 依靠，坚持44.monograph 专著，专论45.curator of experiment 实验管理者46.curator 馆长，管理者47.transcript of oral demonstration 口头演示48.transaction 公报；学报49.focused accounts 有重点的描述50.momentum 动力；势力；势头51.privileged 享有特权的雅思剑桥阅读词汇（7）剑桥五P671.be eroded 被侵蚀2.sediment 沉淀物3.scour 冲刷4.blame sth on sb 归咎于5.nutrient-rich soil 营养丰富的土地6.dispense with 免除7.pick up silt and sand 堆积起瘀泥和沙子8.to replenish the coastline 补充——填充海岸线9.desalination 海水淡化10.p ay closer attention to 重视11.u pset the ecology 破坏生态12.c oncurs同意13.a rtificial flood 人造洪水14.b e trapped 被囤积15.i ndustrial and agricultural waste 工农业废物16.a ffect the productivities 影响了产量17.w aterways 水道18.d evise a way to 设计一种方式剑桥五P621.send children to pre-schools 幼儿团2.miss out on 错过3.is born with natural curiosity 天生好奇（写作词汇）4.it is generally acknowledged that 人们认为（写作词汇）5.people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds6.in an attempt to 为了（写作词汇）7.under-achievement 学习成绩不良8.was launched 发起9.substantial funding 大量的资金10.d isadvantaged home environment 不利的成长环境11.a pilot programme 试点项目12.i s the most effective way to 是有效的方式（写作词汇）13.a cross-section of socio-economic status 各个社会阶层14.f amily configuration 家庭结构（写作词汇）15.f oster the child’s motor-skill 运动技能16.s hare experience and discuss topics of interest 分享经验和讨论有意思的话题（写作词汇）17.f acilitator 推进者18.a longside 在---旁边19.i s phenomenal 明显的20.h ad made greater strides 进步显著21.p erpetuate（使永存）that disadvantage 延续那种不利22.s th is undoubtedly vital 无疑是重要的23.o vercome educational inequity 克服教育的不公平剑桥五p621.be poised to make a comeback 准备好回到人们的视野中2.vanish 消失3.this has ignited public debate about 引起了公众的争议（写作词汇）4.marketing people 销售人员5.inverted commas 引号6.rehabilitation of term 术语的复原7.encompass 包括——compass 指南针8.cybernetics 控制论9.attack different problems 研究不同问题10.p eak 达到顶峰11.g rowing power of computers 计算机日益强大的功能12.a breakthrough was just around the corner 突破只有咫尺之遥13.a false dawn 错误的开始14.a backlash ensued 激烈的反应随之发生15.u ndue optimism 不适当的乐观16.r etrenchment 削减——trench 挖掘战壕17.o pt to do 选择去做18.a lign oneself with 与---结盟19.m undane problem 世俗的问题20.b lue-sky 无价值的，不保险的21.r eckon 认为22.s pot camouflaged vehicles 发现伪装的车辆23.e xacerbate 恶化24.e ncapsulate 压缩25.h ype 天花乱坠的宣传26.u nder-achieving 成绩不理想的27.d isparate 不同的28.m aterialize 实现29.m undane 平凡的30.u nattended 无人在场的31.f ilter and categorize 过滤和分类32.i mplement 使生效，贯彻33.e lusive 难以捉摸的雅思剑桥阅读词汇（8）剑桥五P891.flawed beauty 缺陷美2.toughened glass 钢化玻璃3.shattered 破碎4.frame 结构5.fragments 碎片6.pane 玻璃7.minute crystal 微型晶体8.nickel sulphide 硫化镍9.be aware of this issue 意识到这个问题10.believe the reason is simple 相信原因很简单11.what you hear is only the tip of the iceberg 你看到的是冰山的一角12.bus shelters 公共汽车亭13.tiny cubes 小的立方体rge, razor-sharp shards 大的锋利的碎片15.can be bolted together16.contract and solidify 收缩和凝固17.shrinks 收缩18.materials under tension 压力下的物质19.propagate 传播20.nickel sulphide impurities硫化镍杂质21.alloy 合金22.convert a to b 使得转变为23.coiled spring 被压缩的弹簧24.revert to 转化为25.elapse 时间的流逝26.the process is speed up 过程加速27.occur in batches 大批地出现28.suffer a rash of failures 遭受损失29.contamination 污染30.were scanned under --- 被扫描31.in the furnace 熔炉剑桥六P181.demolish rivals 击败对手2.underpinned by 由---支持3.squash 垒球4.ethereal scientific question 虚无的科学问题5.tweak 小小的改良6.slice 切7.stroke 一划8.spine脊椎骨9.unconstructive 不显眼的10.swivel 旋转11.velocity 速度剑桥六P 221.at a startling pace 以惊人的速度2.play a more important role in 发挥重要真的作用3.was dominated by 被统治4.thanks to 由于5.pose no obstacles to 不造成障碍6.purchase sth on the domestic market 在国内市场购买7.reduce the employment 减低了就业8.customs duties and import quotas 关税和进口配额9.iron ore 铁矿10.c omponents 零件11.h eavy and bulky 容量大的12.d isk drive 光驱13.v aluable = expensive 昂贵的14.f reight rates 运费15.d eregulation 规章制度的撤销16.c ontainerization 集装箱化17.c rane 起重机18.v essels 装箱船19.t ransform sth into sth20.d eter international trade 妨碍了国际贸易剑桥六p271.Inuit family因纽特家庭2.thaws 解冻3.igloo 圆顶建筑4.permafrost melt 结冰地带融化5.is already have dramatic effects 产出了巨大的影响6.the knock-on effects are likely to include 间接的影响包括7.increased precipitation.仓促8.be increasingly keen to find out 越来越希望去9.canary in the mine 矿井的里的金丝雀10.precarious balance 不稳定的平衡11.ancestral knowledge 祖先的知识12.get some idea of the hardship of 了解---的艰难13.be uniquely well adapted to 很好的适应14.life for sb is still harsh 生活依然艰难15.indigenous 本土的16.nomadic ways 游牧的生活方式17.opportunities are scarce 机会是很稀少的18.a high incidence of depression 高发的抑郁症19.play a key role in 发挥关键的作用20.draw on this wisdom 利用这种智慧21.impinge too much on.撞击22.scientific onslaught 科学的冲击23.natural capriciousness 自然的反复无常雅思剑桥阅读词汇（9）剑桥六p411.public transport 公共交通2.creating a better place to live 改善居住环境3.Melbourne墨尔本4.tram network 有轨电车网络5.correlation 联系；相互关系6.when it comes to 当谈及到7.make a success of sth8.referendum 公民投票9.causing massive congestion problems 导致大规模的交通拥堵10.refute 反驳11.be converted to 转变为12.the best approach 最好的办法13.lead to more dispersal 使得更加分散14.sprawl 蔓延15.attract business 招商1.arthritis 关节炎2.major medical complaint 主要的疾病3.dementia 老年痴呆4.stroke 中风5.atherosclerosis 动脉硬化6.emphysema 肺气肿7.medical advances 医疗的进步8.on the downside 从负面来看9.bronchitis 支气管炎10.b etter-educated people 受过良好的教育的人11.s eek more medical attention 寻求更多的医疗照顾12.m anage one’s finances理财13.h ome medical aids 家庭医疗辅助设备14.r etain a sense of independence 保留独立感15.m aintain a level of daily physical activities 保持一定水平的身体锻炼16.d eteriorate 衰老17.a social epidemiologist 流行病学家18.s elf-esteem 自尊19.a ging 老龄化20.t readmill 单调的工作；踏车1.numeration 计数2.intellectual feats 智力技艺3.be bound up with 有密切的关系4.facility 熟练；便利5.reflect on 思考；反思6.keep one’s thought in order 使思想有序7.herb animals 放牧8.the need become paramount 需要变得极为重要9.semi-permanent settlements 暂时定居10.h uman existence 人类生活11.t he indigenous people 土著居民12.v ersion 形式13.w itness 目击证人14.h indrance 障碍15.c an be registered in the mind 记录在人的思想里16.c anoes 独木舟17.r elic 遗物；遗迹18.i ntermix with sth 使混合19.p ebbles 鹅卵石剑桥六p631.stunned, thrilled audience 令人震惊的，使人兴奋的观众2.take a determined leap of imagination to 充分发挥想象力3.hypnotic quality 催眠的——引人入胜的特质4.panic 惊慌的5.embrace one’s audience and transport them to a different world 吸引观众并且将他们带到一个完全不同的世界6.encyclopedic detail 百科全书式的细节7.give a new lease of life to the idea of story 将真实生活的点滴寓于故事情节之中8.a passing gimmick 过去的小花招9.narrative 叙事性的10.fairground 露天广场剑桥六p681.motivate employees 激发员工2.entice and encourage employees 吸引和激励员工3.create feelings of optimism 带来乐观情绪4.those with highest skills and experience 有丰富的经验和高超技能的人5.morale 士气6.to be made redundant （多余的）被开除7.under such retrenchment conditions8.the ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into_______ key points, which are outlined below. 如何去迎接挑战，可以列为以下六点9.match a to b 使得相配10.h igh achiever 高效员工11.h ave a high need for power and a low need for affiliation 有权利欲但是依附感少12.h ave specific goals 有具体的目标13.i n conjunction with 与---协力14.i s incongruous 不协调的15.m anipulative 操纵的16.r educe one’s effort 懈怠17.a ppraisal process 评估制度18.r einforcement 促进的事物19.g oal-setting and decision-making 目标设定和决策20.a ttainment 达到21.r emuneration 报酬22.r ate sthe very highly 认为---很重要23.c lerical workers 办公室人员24.p lace different degrees of importance on sth 重视的程度不同25.e quity 公平的事物/ equitable 公平的雅思剑桥阅读词汇（10）剑桥六P711.anti-aging pills 抗衰老药2.prolong lifespan and youthful vigor 延长寿命保持青春活力3.equivalent to 等于4.caloric restriction 热量限制5.few mortals 很少有人6.harsh（苛刻的）a regimen （政权——养生法）7.mimicked the effect 模仿效果8.diabetes 糖尿病9.arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化10.rodents啮齿动物11.o n average 平均而言12.m aximum lifespan 最长的寿命13.b een replicated many times 被复制许多次14.h amsters 小白鼠15.s pider 蜘蛛16.r hesus恒河猴(一种猕猴,多用于实验)17.s quirrel monkeys 松鼠猴18.p ancreatic（胰腺的）hormone insulin 胰岛素19.a ge-related disease 上了年纪的疾病20.g lucose 葡萄糖21.e lixirs 万能灵药22.b eing touted 被吹捧23.t oxic 有毒的24.f ree radicals（化）自由基，游离基25.i nduce sb to do 促使某人做26.h ypothesis 假设剑桥六P851.sales representatives 销售代表2.promotional gifts and gadgets 促销礼物和小玩意3.fit the drug’s profile 适应药品的轮廓/外形4.honoraria 酬劳5.pharmaceuticals 医药品6.ethical 有关于于伦理的7.escalating extravagance 急剧的上升8.healthcare-giver = doctor 医生9.flashy brochures 华丽的手册10.pamphlets 小册子11.emblazon 颂扬12.logo 标识lions of 许多14.prescribe one’s medicine 开药15.dispense 分散/ dispersal 分散16.to increase sales 提高销量17.grapple with 挣扎18.be scrutinized for 被审查19.it is legitimate for sb to do 是合法的，是合理的20.do sth go too far 是否过分剑桥六P891.literate women 有文化的妇女2.ability to read 读书能力3.values one’s ed ucation more highly 高度重视教育4.eliminate these factors by 以---排除这些因素5.have a direct effect on =have an immediate impact on sth 有直接的影响6.establish a number of social programmes 设立社会项目7.well-nourished 营养良好的8.the infant morality rate 婴儿死亡率9.newly-literate mothers 刚学会识字的母亲10.m ake better use of clinics 更好的利用诊所11.o pt for sth 选择---12.d irect their resources 利用资源13.m aternal education 女性的受教育14.i t is notoriously difficult to do 很难做15.m edical care 医疗16.m alnourished 营养不良的剑桥六P94背下来1.anti-bullying 反欺凌2.can take a variety of forms 可以有不同的形式3.being shoved 被猛推4.up to a quarter of pupils 达到了四分之一5.be particularly recalcitrant 尤其难以控制的6.in extreme cases 在极端的情况下7.anti-social offences 反社会的违法行为8.a common refrain 一种常见的重复——老生常谈9.Norway 挪威10.b ullying was halved 欺凌事件减半11.r educing bullying 减少欺凌事件12.a key step is to 关键的步骤13.g ive explicit guidelines 给予清晰的指导14.t hrough consultation 通过咨询15.b e disseminated and implemented effectively 被有效地传播和执行16.t he curriculum 课程17.r aise awareness 提高意识18.a ssertiveness training = confidence training 自信训练19.v ictims 受害者20.a nother possibility is to 另外的一种可能21.a worthwhile objective 值得努力的目标41。

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。