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国外风力发电发展现状风力发电是一种可再生能源，被广泛应用于世界各国。
目前，全球的风力发电产能增长迅猛，发展现状可以总结如下：首先，风力发电已成为许多国家的主要能源之一。
丹麦是世界上最早采用风力发电的国家之一，现在已经成为风力发电领域的领先者。
丹麦的风电容量已经达到自己总用电量的40%以上。
同时，德国、美国、中国等国也在积极发展风力发电，已经成为这些国家能源领域的重要部分。
其次，风力发电技术不断创新，效率不断提高。
风力发电是一种成熟的技术，但近年来，随着技术的不断革新，风机的效能不断提高。
新一代的风机利用更大的桨叶面积来获取更多的风能，同时利用更高的塔身和更小的重力中心来提高稳定性。
此外，一些新型材料和智能控制系统的引入也增加了风力发电的效率和可靠性。
另外，风力发电在环境和气候变化问题上发挥了重要作用。
风力发电是一种清洁的能源，不会产生温室气体和排放物。
通过发展风力发电，可以减少对化石燃料的依赖，减少能源的碳排放，有助于应对全球气候变化问题。
然而，风力发电也面临一些挑战和限制。
首先是成本问题。
虽然风力发电已经逐渐变得更加经济实用，但仍然需要巨额的投资。
风力发电的建设成本高昂，包括风机的购买和安装，以及输电设施的建设。
其次，风能资源的分布不均，限制了风力发电的发展。
有些地区风能资源很丰富，但另一些地区则相对较少。
因此，需要在资源丰富的地区建设风电场，并进行远距离输电。
总之，国外风力发电的发展现状是积极向好的。
风力发电已经成为许多国家的主要能源之一，并且技术不断创新和提高。
风力发电在环境和气候变化问题上发挥了重要作用。
尽管还面临一些挑战和限制，但随着技术的不断发展和成本的不断下降，风力发电有望在未来进一步发展壮大。
英国海上风电政策英国海上风电政策是英国政府为推动可再生能源发展而制定的政策措施。
随着致力于减少对化石燃料的依赖和减少碳排放的重要性日益增加，英国政府将海上风电视为未来清洁能源的重要组成部分。
下面将介绍英国海上风电政策的主要内容和目标。
英国政府制定了优惠政策来吸引投资者和开发商参与海上风电项目。
其中最主要的政策措施是风险共担机制和长期购电协议。
风险共担机制允许项目开发商与政府分享项目风险，降低了企业的风险成本。
长期购电协议则确保开发商在一定年限内以固定的价格出售电力，从而保证他们的投资回报。
英国政府还鼓励技术创新和研发，以提高海上风电项目的效率和可靠性。
政府为研究机构和企业提供资金支持和税收优惠，以促进新技术的开发和应用。
英国政府认识到，只有不断推动技术进步，海上风电才能更好地满足能源需求。
英国政府积极推动地方政府和企业合作，鼓励在适宜的海域建设更多的风力发电项目。
政府制定了相关规定和指导方针，确保海上风电项目的开发和运营符合环境和可持续发展的要求。
同时，政府还加强了对项目的监管和审批程序，以确保项目的安全和可靠性。
英国政府设立了海上风电发展目标，旨在逐步增加海上风电的装机容量，以实现清洁能源的替代。
根据目标，到2030年，英国预计将海上风电发电容量增至40GW以上。
这将为英国提供大量清洁能源，同时创造就业机会和经济增长。
总结而言，英国海上风电政策为推动清洁能源转型提供了有力支持。
通过吸引投资、促进技术创新、加强合作和设立目标，英国政府致力于建设更可持续和环保的能源体系。
这些政策措施将促进海上风电的规模化发展，为英国的能源转型和减排目标做出重要贡献。
自从丹麦建设了世界上第一个商业化意义的海上风电场，先进的国家电网成为其大力发展风电的网络基础。
得益于独特的地理位置，英国在发展海上风能一直处于全球领先地位，并不断着力于加强对外合作及促进本土产业链发展。
格兰Hywind风电场。
我国陆上风机技术较为成熟，但海上风机起步较晚，尤其对浮式风电技术研究较少。
2006年，海上风电被正式列入我国可再生能源板块，但初期进展缓慢；2010式风机安装水深灵活、结构重量轻、稳定性好，可以在港口装配后拖航，具有良好的垂荡特性和摇摆运动特性，但锚泊系统载荷很大且安装费用很高，需使用特殊设备进行上大功率机组试验风场，引入了8家国内 外知名海上风机厂商的合作交流，突破了福建地区复杂地质条件下海上风电嵌岩基础关键技术，实现了抗台风大容量机组和海上基础的首次应用。
2、江苏大丰300MW海上风电项目，这是国内首个8m大直径单桩项目，率先采用了6.45MW大容量海上低风速大叶轮直径机组试验，也是国内在建离岸最远、首个批量化使用复核筒型基础的海上风电项目。
3、阳西沙扒300MW海上风电项目，这是我国南海海域离岸距离最远的海上风场，也是国内核准最快、首个浮式海上风电基础示范的海上风电项目，布置了55台5.5MW的大兆瓦风电机组，年发电量约8.4亿千瓦时。
4、乐亭菩提岛300MW海上风电示范项目，这是我国北方在建的第一个海上风电项目，也是渤海第一个海上风电项目。
场址区水深约5~15m，场址中心离岸距离约16km。
该项目选用75台上海电气SWT-4.0-130风电机组，其中36台为高庄混凝土基础，39台为单桩基础。
5、上海临港海上风电一期示范项目，这是上海继东海大桥海上风电项目后第二个国家级海上风电示范项目。
利用海域面积约18平方公里，通过4根35千伏的海缆接入已建成的陆上集控中心。
截至2018年，我国共有23个在建的海上风电我国目前还没有浮式风机试点项目安装，但国内的一些研究机构和高校已经在浮式风机的概念设计、数值分析和模型试验的研究中取得了一定的进展。
•Political Overview•Market Overview•Offshore Wind Energy in UK Today •UK Market ProjectionsScottish Targets -•31% of power from Renewables by 2011•50% by 2020•Currently at 20%•Emission reduction target of 80% by 2050UK Targets –•10% of power from Renewables by 2010•20% by 2020•Currently at 5%•Kyoto target 60% emission reductionby 2050European Targets•The European Heads of State have agreed atarget of 20% of primary energy supply fromrenewable energy by 2020 for all member statesGovernment Targets “act now or pay later”Sir Nicholas SternPolitical Overview “Scotland to be a powerhouse of Renewable Energy”Alex Salmond, First Minister•Political Overview•Market Overview•Offshore Wind Energy in UK Today •UK Market ProjectionsUK Market DriversUK has signed up to the EU’s Primary Energy Directive•20% of all energy requirements from Renewable Energy•To meet this a new target of 35% of electricity from Renewables by 2020 UK Government has identified Offshore Wind as the major contributor towards the 2020 target.Two bid rounds for offshore site licences already completed.•Round 1 -15 sites totalling 1,726MW•Round 2 –15 sites totalling 7,105MWCrown Estates Round Three bid process will begin the end of 2008•Expected to total 25GW•More wind farm sites will be in deeper water circa 30m plusScotland has 25% of Europe‘s offshore wind energy potentialThe bulk of this resource is in deepwater >40mOffshore Oil & Gas Legacy•31 billion boe(barrels of oil equivalent) produced since 1965, with 24-32 billion boe remainingreserves•> €300 billion invested in UK offshore sector by industry since mid 1960s•2001 -UK was world’s 4th largest gas producing country and 10th largest oil producer•2,000 specialised companies employing 100,000 people•UK expects to deploy 18GW of offshore wind power by 2015 rising to 33GW by 2020•Scottish Energy Policy to diversify Oil & Gas companies into the Renewable Energy sector,particularly marine energy.Market Overview•Political Overview•Market Overview•Offshore Wind Energy in UK Today •UK Market ProjectionsRound 1 ProjectsLocation Status Capacity Developer/TurbinesNorth Hoyle Operating (Dec 2003)60 MW npower renewables(Vestas2 MW) Scroby Sands Operating (Dec 2004)60 MW E.ON UK Renewables (Vestas 2 MW) Kentish Flats Operating (Sep 2005)90 MW DONG Energy (Vestas 3 MW)Barrow Operating (Sept 2006)90 MW Centrica/DONG Energy (Vestas3 MW) Burbo Bank Operating (Oct 2007)90 MW DONG Energy (Vestas 3.0 MW)Solway Firth Under Construction180 MW E.ON UK Renewables (Vestas 3.0MW) Lynn/Inner Dowsing Under Construction194 MW Centrica (Siemens 3.6 MW)Gunfleet Sands Under Construction172 MW DONG Energy (Siemens 3.6 MW)Rhyl Flats Under Construction90 MW npower renewables (Siemens 3.6 MW) Cromer Approved30 turbines Norfolk Offshore Wind/EDFScarweather Sands Approved30 turbines E.ON UK Renewables/Energi E2Teesside Approved30 turbines Northern Offshore Wind/EDFOrmonde *Approved30 turbines Eclipse EnergyCirrus Shell Flat Array Submitted90 turbines ScottishPower/Eurus/ Shell/DONG Energy Tunes Plateau *Submitted30 turbines RES/B9 EnergySource: British Wind Energy Association, March 08Round 1 Project LocationsSource: British Wind Energy Association, March 08The demonstrator projects at Blyth –4MWBeatrice –10MWAre also shown on the mapBeatrice WindRound 2 ProjectsUK Offshore Wind Energy OverviewSource: British Wind Energy Association, March 08Scotland’s Lead in Offshore Beatrice Offshore WindDemonstrator –Four world firsts •At 5MW it’s the largest wind turbine to be deployed offshoreanywhere in the world and inthe deepest water•At 45 metres it’s in the deepest water in the world•First use of oil & gas jacket technology for offshore windfoundations•The complete turbine wasconstructed on land and takenout to the site in an uprightpositionProjects•The joint Talisman Energy and Scottish & Southern Energy Beatrice Offshore WindProject has proved the concept ofsuccessfully deploying 5MW machines in deep water•Scottish company, BurntilsandFabrications, are to supply the 30quadruped jacket structures for theOrmonde Offshore Wind project•Talisman Energy/SSE are looking at expanding the Beatrice project to a 200 turbine wind farm (1000MW)•The Robin Rigg 180MW project, to be completed in 2008, will be the largestoffshore wind farm yet to be constructed in the UK.Eclipse Energy been given the go ahead to develop their Round 1 offshore wind farm (108MW) off Walney Island on the Cumbrian West Coast in conjunction with their two undeveloped gas fields, Ormonde North and South, in the same area.The Natural Gas turbine platforms at both fields will share the same subsea cable infrastructure as the wind farm and generate 93MW Eclipse have selected BiFab jackets for their wind turbine substructures as the water depth is 30mOrmonde Wind & Gas HybridOffshore Wind Energy•Political Overview•Market Overview•Offshore Wind Energy in UK Today •UK Market Projections•Crown Estate and BERRexpected to issue site licencesfor up to 25GW of offshore wind•Many of these sites will be indeeper water, 30-50m•BERR currently carrying out aSEA (Strategic EnvironmentalAssessment) to identity sites•Licences will be awarded under competitive tender rules•Up to 5 such sites expected to be in Scotland•Most Third Round wind farms will be in the 500-1000MW range •Consortia bids expected from many of the companies alreadyactive in the Round 2 projectsCompanies Active in the UK Offshore Wind MarketEuropean Offshore Supergrid•Airtricity are planning a Europeanoffshore wind grid in the North Seaand Atlantic region•They are already in partnership withSwiss company, ABB, and will usetheir Voltage Source Converter -High Voltage Direct Current (VSCHVDC) technology.•Rather than point to point interconnectors, the VSC HVDC system will be an offshore network and act as an extension of theonshore grid –a multi terminal network•New sections of this Supergrid will be added as more offshore wind, wave and tidal projects come to fruition•The system as a whole will offer 70% availabilitySupergrid Foundation Project•Airtricity are lobbying thegovernments of the UK, Germanyand the Netherlands between whichthe initial Foundation Project will liein the North Sea•Consortium will need to raise €20Bnfor this Foundation Project –a10,000MW wind farm development,potentially from the EIB (EuropeanInvestment Bank)•2000 wind turbine units of 5MW each, on a €2bn offshore grid infrastructure based on ABB’s HVDC Light transmissiontechnology. (VSC HVDC)•Airticity is currently looking for partners for this project•Report from Crown Estates showingfeasibility of sub sea cable networkto link the Shetland and OrkneyIsles and the East Coast•To bring the power from wind farmsin Shetland, wave and tidal powerin the Orkneys and link up withRound Three offshore wind projectsdown the East Coast•Offshore grid infrastructure based on ABB’s HVDC Light transmission technology. Core cost £1.7bn•The VSC HVDC substations will be spokes of a flexible offshore grid network and could link up to other networks such as theEuropean SupergridUK Offshore Wind Market Projections Scottish East Coast –2020 Network•Report from Crown Estates showingfeasibility of sub sea cable networkto link the Shetland and OrkneyIsles and the East Coast•To bring the power from wind farmsin Shetland, wave and tidal powerin the Orkneys and link up withRound Three offshore wind projectsdown the East Coast•Offshore grid infrastructure based on ABB’s HVDC Light transmission technology. Core cost £1.7bn•The VSC HVDC substations will be spokes of a flexible offshore grid network and could link up to other networks such as the European Supergrid。
