美国文学期末复习题 -

美国文学史期末考试复习题可以参考课本及其他复习资料一、名词解释（交代背景、内容/特点、代表人物/作品）1. American Realism2. Black Humor3. Henry James’s international theme4. Beat Generation5. American Puritanism6. Transcendentalism7. Themes of Henry James’s writing8. The Lost Generation二、回答问题1. What are the characteristics of American romanticism？2. How is the Darwinian belief in naturalism opposed to the Christian creationist view? What is the determinist view of existence that informs naturalism? What are the implications of this view on ethics?3. What are the philosophical foundations and characteristics of American naturalism?4. What are the important point s for Hawthorne’s style?5. What is the predominant mood in Poe’s poetry? Discuss with two poems as examples.6. What are the parameters of American Realism?7. How is Thoreau revolt manifested both in his social actions and his writing? What is the nature of his revolt?8. The age of American realism is divided into two more periods. What are the periods called? What are the characteristics and who are the representatives of each period?。

作家作品Naturalism1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat《海上扁舟》和blue hotel 《蓝色旅馆》; wounds in the rain 《雨中的伤痕》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家.Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》，被称为《嘉莉妹妹》的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义”在《美国悲剧》中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable. Clyde's tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the "dream of success" at all costs.1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.2. The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law.Dreiser's Writing Features:✓As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side.✓As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time.✓His narrative method is natural and free from artifice.Modern Poetry3、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-196320世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人田园诗；自然诗☐He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country.A Boy's Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;New Hampshire 《新罕布什尔West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树a masque of reason《理智的假面具》a masque of mercy慈悲的假面具complete poems诗歌全集a steeple bush尖塔丛林The Analysis of “The Road Not Taken”1.when confronted with important decisions which one must make in life, one must accept theconsequences, for he will not have a chance to go back.2.He encourages people to try things new and choose the road less traveled by. At the same time,he expresses the regrets that one can not choose two at the same time.3.The poem is written in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABAAB4.Symbolism is used as a very effective writing technique.4、Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972Imagism1) With a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti-romantic and anti-Victorian.2) Imagism produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.3) Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet (creating an image). It calls for brief language, and pinpoints the precise picture in as few words as possible.美国著名诗人，意象派的代表人物。

Directions: In this part of the test, there are 9 items and 10 blanks. Fill in the best answer on the Answer Sheet according to the knowledge you have learned.1.The first American literature was neither ____ norreally ____.2.Of the immigrants who came to America in the firstthree quarters of the seventeenth century, theoverwhelming majority was _____.3.The English immigrants who settled onAmerica’snorthern seacoast were called _____, sonamed after those who wished to “purify〞 the Churchof England.4.Washington Irving, the Father of American literature,developed the _____ as a genre in Americanliterature.5.Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece_____.6.The most outstanding poet in America of the 18thcentury was _____.7.In the early 19th century, “Rip Van Winkle〞 hadestablished _____’s reputation at home and abroad,and designated the beginning of AmericanRomanticism.8._____ has sometimes been considered the father of themodern short story.9.In 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne brought out hismasterpiece _____, the story of a triangular loveaffair in colonial America.Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty items. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letteron the Answer Sheet.1. The Colonial Period of American literature stretchedroughly from the settlement of America in the early17th century through the end of ________ century.A. the 18thB. the 19thC. the 20thD. 21th2. New-England’s Plantation was published in 1630 by________A. Francis HigginsonB. William BradfordC. John SmithD. Michael Wigglesworth3. Of all the books written by Michael Wigglesworth the beatknown is ________A. The Flesh and the SpiritB. The True TravelsC. The Day of DoomD. Christopher Columbus4. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ______.A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist5. In the first section of Autobiography the writeraddressed to ________A. his sonB. his friendsC. his wifeD. himself6. During 1807-1808, Washington Irving wrote for hisbrother’s newspaper called ________A. New York TimesB. Washington PostC. SalmagundiD. Daily News7. History of New York was published in 1807 under the nameof ________A. Washington IrvingB. Diedrich KnickerbokerC. James Fenimore CooperD. John Whittier8. Rip Van Winkle was written by ________A. James Fenimore CooperB. Benjamin FranklinC. Washington IrvingD. Walt Whitman9. The Spy was written by James Fenimore Cooper in 1821. Itis a novel about ________A. American Civil WarB. American RevolutionC. American West ExpansionD. The First World War10. Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper’s ________A. The PrecautionB. The SpyC. The Gleanings in EuropeD. Leatherstocking Tales11. ________ was regarded as a poet of the AmericanRevolutionA. Philip FreneauB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Cal Sandburg12. The Raven was written in 1844 by ________A. Philip FreneauB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson13. The Minister’s Black Veil was written by ________A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Henry David ThoreauD. Ralph Waldo Emerson14. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made sucha stir in England that she became known as the ______ who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse15. The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic16. A new _____ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century.A. RealismB. Critical realismC. RomanticismD. Naturalism17. Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story,Rip Van Winkle, from a ________A. Greek legendB. German legendC. French legendD. English legend18. Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving’s longer work,________A. The Sketch BookB. History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. The Precaution19. ________ was often regarded as America’s first man ofletters, devoting much of his career to literature.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Philip FreneauC. Washington IrvingD. James Fenimore Cooper20. All the following novels are in Cooper’sLeatherstocking Tales except ________A. The PioneersB. The PrairieC. The DeerslayerD. The SpyIII.Identification (20 points, 1 point for each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty titles. Judge the authors of these works and fill them on the Answer Sheet.1.Gleanings in Europe2.Oliver Goldsmith3.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America4.“The Day of Doom〞5. A History of New York6.The Last of the Mohicans7.The House of the Night8. A Forest Hymn9.“The Raven〞10.“The Cask of Amontillado〞11.Mosses from an Old Manse12.“Israfel〞13.“The Flesh and the Spirit〞14.Life of George Washington15.The Pathfinder16.“the Wild Honey Suckle〞17.The Flood of Years18.“The Poetic Principle〞19.The Blithedale Romance20.“The Indian Burying Ground〞IV. Terms (20 points, 4 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five terms. Please give the definition for these terms. Scores will be given for the related contents. Four individual contents will be enough for four points.1. Knickerbocker2. Poor Richard’s Almanac3. Leatherstocking Tales4. Puritanism5. Benjamin FranklinV.Appreciation (10 points, 5 points for each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are two excerpts. Each of the excerpts is followed by three questions. Read the excerpts and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.Part AFrom morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came:If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.1. Who is the poet of the poem and what is the title of the poem?(2 points)2. Tell the metrical structure and rhyme scheme of the poem. (1 point)3. What does the “little being〞 refer to? What meaning is suggested by the phrase “but an hour〞? (2 points)Part BThe opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sundial. It is true he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angrypuffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquility of the assemblage and call the members all to naught; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.1. Who was the writer of this story? What is the title of this story? (2 points)2. Who was Nicholas Vedder? (1 point)3. How did he express his opinions on public matters? (2 points)ment. (20 points, 10 points for each) Directions: In this part of the test, you are given five topics. Choose TWO of them and give a comment on the Answer Sheet. Scores will be given according to the content, grammar and the completeness of the related knowledge.1.What are the features of literature in ColonialAmerica?ment on Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography.ment on Nathaniel Hawthorne’s writing techniques.4.What philosophical meaning is implied in PhilipFreneau’s “The Wild Honey Suckle〞?5.What are the artistic achievements of Edgar Allan Poe?答案I.Blanks: (10%)(每题1分，共10分，答错不给分)1. American literature2. English3. Puritans4.short story5. Autobiography6. Philip Freneau7. Washington Irving8. Edgar Allan Poe9. The Scarlet LetterII.Multiple Choice: ( 20%)(每题1分，共20分，答错不给分)1. A2. B3. C4. A5. A6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C16.C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. DIII.Identification (20%)〔每题1分，共20分，答错不给分〕1.James Fenimore Cooper2.Washington Irving3.Anne Bradstreet4.Michael Wigglesworth5.Washington Irving6.James Fenimore Cooper7.Philip Freneau8.William Cullen Bryant9.Edgar Allan Poe10.Edgar Allan Poe11.Nathaniel Hawthorne12.Edgar Allan Poe13.Anne Bradstreet14.Washington Irving15.James Fenimore Cooper16.Philip Freneau17.William Cullen Bryant18.Edgar Allan Poe19.Nathaniel Hawthorne20.Philip FreneauIV.Terms (20%)〔每题4分，共20分。

美国⽂学期末总复习试题⼆卷⼆I.Blanks: ( 10points, 1 point for each blank)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 9 items and 10 blanks. Fill in the best answer on the Answer Sheet according to the knowledge you have learned.1.The first American literature was neither ____ nor really____.2.Of the immigrants who came to America in the first threequarters of the seventeenth century, the overwhelmingmajority was _____.3.The English immigrants who settled on America’s northernseacoast were called _____, so named after those who wishedto “purify” the Church of England.4.Washington Irving, the Father of American literature,developed the _____ as a genre in American literature.5.Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece _____.6.The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was_____.7.In the early 19th century, “Rip V an Winkle”had established_____’s reputation at home and abroad, and designated thebeginning of American Romanticism.8._____ has sometimes been considered the father of themodern short story.9.In 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne brought out his masterpiece_____, the story of a triangular love affair in colonialAmerica.II.Multiple choice:(20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty items. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The Colonial Period of American literature stretched roughly fromthe settlement of America in the early 17th century throughthe end of ________ century.A. the 18thB. the 19thC. the 20thD. 21th2. New-England’s Plantation was published in 1630 by ________A. Francis HigginsonB. William BradfordC. John SmithD. Michael Wigglesworth3. Of all the books written by Michael Wigglesworth the beat known is ________A. The Flesh and the SpiritB. The True TravelsC. The Day of DoomD. Christopher Columbus4. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ______.A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist5. In the first section of Autobiography the writer addressed to________A. his sonB. his friendsC. his wifeD. himself6. During 1807-1808, Washington Irving wrote for his brother’s newspaper called ________A. New Y ork TimesB. Washington PostC. SalmagundiD. Daily News7. History of New York was published in 1807 under the name of ________A. Washington IrvingB. Diedrich KnickerbokerC. James Fenimore CooperD. John Whittier8. Rip Van Winkle was written by ________A. James Fenimore CooperB. Benjamin FranklinC. Washington IrvingD. Walt Whitman9. The Spy was written by James Fenimore Cooper in 1821. It is anovel about ________A. American Civil WarB. American RevolutionC. American West ExpansionD. The First World War10. Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper’s ________A. The PrecautionB. The SpyC. The Gleanings in EuropeD. Leatherstocking Tales11. ________ was regarded as a poet of the American RevolutionA. Philip FreneauB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Cal Sandburg12. The Raven was written in 1844 by ________A. Philip FreneauB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson13. The Minister’s Black Veil was written by ________A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Henry David ThoreauD. Ralph Waldo Emerson14. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the ______ who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best Muse15. The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it putthe Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic16. A new _____ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century.A. RealismB. Critical realismC. RomanticismD. Naturalism17. Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story, Rip VanWinkle, from a ________A. Greek legendB. German legendC. French legendD. English legend18. Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving’s longer work, ________A. The Sketch BookB. History of New Y orkC. Tales of a TravelerD. The Precaution19. ________ was often regarded as America’s first man of letters,devoting much of his career to literature.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Philip FreneauC. Washington IrvingD. James Fenimore Cooper20. All the following novels are in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Talesexcept ________A. The PioneersB. The PrairieC. The DeerslayerIII.Identification (20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty titles. Judgethe authors of these works and fill them on the Answer Sheet.1.Gleanings in Europe2.Oliver Goldsmith3.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America4.“The Day of Doom”5.A History of New Y ork6.The Last of the Mohicans7.The House of the Night8.A Forest Hymn9.“The Raven”10.“The Cask of Amontillado”11.Mosses from an Old Manse12.“Israfel”13.“The Flesh and the Spirit”14.Life of George Washington15.The Pathfinder16.“the Wild Honey Suckle”17.The Flood of Y ears18.“The Poetic Principle”19.The Blithedale Romance20.“The Indian Burying Ground”Directions: In this part of the test, there are five terms. Please give the definition for these terms. Scores will be given for the related contents. Four individual contents will be enough for four points.1. Knickerbocker2. Poor Richard’s Almanac3. Leatherstocking Tales4. Puritanism5. Benjamin Franklin标准答案AI.Blanks: (10%)(每题1分，共10分，答错不给分)1. American literature2. English3. Puritans4. short story5. Autobiography6. Philip Freneau7. Washington Irving8. Edgar Allan Poe9. The Scarlet LetterII.Multiple Choice: ( 20%)(每题1分，共20分，答错不给分)1. A2. B3. C4. A5. A6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C16.C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D III.Identification (20%)（每题1分，共20分，答错不给分）1.James Fenimore Cooper2.Washington Irving3.Anne Bradstreet4.Michael Wigglesworth5.Washington Irving6.James Fenimore Cooper7.Philip Freneau8.William Cullen Bryant9.Edgar Allan Poe10.Edgar Allan Poe11.Nathaniel Hawthorne12.Edgar Allan Poe13.Anne Bradstreet14.Washington Irving15.James Fenimore Cooper16.Philip Freneau17.William Cullen Bryant18.Edgar Allan Poe19.Nathaniel Hawthorne20.Philip FreneauIV.Terms (20%)（每题4分，共20分。

文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. 2013-2014-1 美国文学史及选读 期末复习材料Ⅰ Multiple choices1. Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?A. Common SenseB. The American CrisisC. The Rights of ManD. The Autobiography2. “These are the times that try men ’s souls ”, these words were once read to Washington ’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington3. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ______.A. Chartist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Modernist Movement4. In American literature, the Enlighteners were favorable to______.A. the colonial orderB. religious obscurantismC. the Puritan traditionD. the secular literature5. The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted ______ in 1776.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. the Sugar ActC. the Stamp ActD. the Mayflower Compact6. ______ usually was regarded as the first American writer.A. William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetC. Emily DickinsonD. Captain John Smith7. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “______” who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse8. Who was considered as the “poet of American Revolution ”?A. Anne BradstreetB. Edward TaylorC. Michael WigglesworthD. Philip Freneau9. In 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet ______ to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allen Poe10. The finest example of Nathaniel Hawthorne ’s symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in ______.A. The Scarlet LetterB. Young Goodman BrownC. The Marble FaunD. The Ambitious Guest11. “The universe is composed of Nature and the soul … Spirit is present everywhere ”. This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England ______.A. RomanticismB. TranscendentalismC. NaturalismD. Symbolism12. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. NatureB. WaldenC. On BeautyD. Self-Reliance13. Mark Twain created, in _________, a masterpiece of American realism that is also one of the great books of world literature.A. The Adventure of Huckleberry FinnB. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. C. The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg D. The Gilded Age14. _________ marks the climax of Mark Twain ’s literary creativity.A . The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn B. The Gilded AgeC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer15. Choose the novel which is not written by Henry James.A. The AmbassadorsB. The Wings of the DoveC. The BostoniansD. The Mysterious Stranger16. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be _________.A. transcendentalistsB. idealistsC. pessimistsD. impressionists17. Ezra Pound ’s long poem _________ contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected.A. The Waste LandB. The CantosC. Don JuanD. Queen Mab18. T. S. Eliot ’s first major poem _________(1917), has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English.A. The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockB. The Waste LandC. Four QuartetsD. Preludes19. Ernest Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in love with a nurse. These two persons later became the characters of his novel _________.A. The Old Man and the SeaB. For Whom the Bell TollsC. The Sun Also RisesD. A Farewell to Arms20. In William Faulkner ’s The Sound and the Fury , he used a technique called _________, in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.A. stream of consciousnessB. imagismC. symbolismD. naturalism21. Led by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson and ______, there arose a kind of teachings of transcendentalism in the early nineteenth century.A. Herman MelvilleB. Henry David ThoreauC. Mark TwainD. Theodore Dreiser22. A New ______ had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the nineteenth century.A. realismB. critical realismC. romanticismD. naturalism23. From Henry David Thoreau ’s jail experience, came his famous essay, ______ which states Thoreau ’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. Common Sense24. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his _________.A. international themeB. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolism25. Herman Melville ’s ______ is an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy religion, etc. in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.A. The Old Man and the SeaB. Moby DickC. White Jacket C . Billy Budd26. The ship “______” carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Pequod27. From 1733 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous ______, an annual collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard ’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.28. In American literature, the eighteen-century was the age of the Enlightenment. ______ was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution 29. ______ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.A. Henry David ThoreauB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman30. Edgar Allen Poe ’s first collection of short stories is ______.A. Tales of a TravelerB. Leatherstocking TalesC. Canterbury TalesD. Tales of the Grotesque of Arabesque31. ______ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville ’s stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the “man who lived among cannibals ”.A. Moby DickB. TypeeC. OmooD. Billy Budd32. Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence ”?A. The American ScholarB. English TraitsC. The Conduct of LifeD. Representative Men33. The three dominant figures of the realistic period in American literature are _________.A. Theodore Dreiser, Emily Dickinson and William Dean HowellsB. Mark Twain, Henry James and William Dean HowellsC. Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser and William Dean HowellsD. Mark Twain, Emily Dickinson and William Dean Howells34. American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was _________.A. Anne BradstreetB. Jane AustenC. Emily DickinsonD. Harriet Beecher35. In 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named _________.A. The Son of the WolfB. The Sea WolfC. The Law of LifeD. White Fang36. In Henry James ’ Daisy Miler , the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of _________.A. the force of conventionB. the free spirit of the New WorldC. the decline of aristocracyD. the corruption of the newly rich37. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by _________.A. T.S. EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD.38. The Fitzgerald lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as _________.A. The Roaring TwentiesB. The Jazz AgeC. The Dollar DecadeD. all of the above39. In 1954, _________ was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for his “mastery of the art of modern narration ”.A. T.S EliotB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. William Faukner40. William Faukner ’s novel _________ describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order, told from four different points of view.A. The Sound and the FuryB. StartorisC. The UnvanquishedD. The Town41. “The Lure of the Spirit: The Flesh in Pursuit ” is the title of one chapter in Dreiser ’s novel _________.A. An American DreamB. Sister Carrie文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. C. Dreiser Looks at Russia D. Jannie Gerhardt42. The main theme of _________ The Art of Fiction reveals his literary credo that representationof life should be the main object of the novel.A. Henry James ’B. William Dean Howells ’C. Mark Twain ’sD. O. Henry ’s43. With William Dean Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the scene, _________became the major trend in the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism44. While embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel _________.A. The Call of the WildB. The Sea WolfC. Martin EdenD. The Iron Heel45_________ is a novella about a young American girl who gets “killed ” by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first time.A. The AmericanB. The EuropeansC. Daisy MillerD. The Portait of a LadyAnswers: 1-5 DBCDA 6-10 DBDCA 11-15 BAAAD 16-20 CBADA21-25 BCCCB 26-30 CBBBD 31-35 BABCA 36-40 BCDBA 41-45 BACCCⅡ Filling the following blanks with proper answers1. Captain John Smith became the first American writer.2. The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people.3. The first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England.”4. Anne Bradstreet published The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America , and she was nicknamed the tenth Muse.5. Poor Richard ’s Almanac is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin.6. Thomas Paine ’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence ”.7. Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.8. Philip Freneau developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction, best illustrated in such nature lyrics as “The Wild Honey Suckle ” and “The Indian Burying Ground ”.9. Philip Freneau has been called the “Father of American Poetry ”.10. In Washington Irving ’s Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.11. Cooper ’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the Leatherstocking tales .12. “To a Waterfowl ” is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant ’s wok.13. “Thanatopsis ”, William Cullen Bryant ’s best-known poem, consists of four stanzas in iambic tetrameter abab. The title means “view of death ”.14. Edgar Allan Poe is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories ”.15. Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.16. In Walden , Thoreau thought it better for a man to work one day a week and rest six, and the rest of the time could be devoted to thought.17. Hawthorne ’s stories touch the deepest roots of man ’s moral nature.18. Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. 19. After his death, Longfellow became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet ’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.20. Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom ’s Cabin , had become an American institutionand the most famous literary woman in the world.21. William Dean Howells found his subject matter in the experiences of the American middle class.22. William Dean Howells called for the treatment of the “smiling aspects of life ” as being the more “American.”23. The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.24. The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.25. O ·Henry ’s stories are usually short and interesting; Famous for their surprising end.26. Henry James is famous for his international theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life.27. Jack London believed in the inevitable triumph of the strongest individuals.28. Dreiser ’s greatest and most successful novel, An American Tragedy, is about a young man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth —through marriage if necessary.29. Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.30. Wallace Stevens ’ work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order ”.31. With the publication of The Sun Also Rises , Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation.”Ⅲ Decide whether the statements are true or false (T/F).1. John Winthrop ’s reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been regarded as the first distinct American literature written in English.2. In 1612, William Bradford published in England a book called A Map of Virginia ; With a description of the country.3. Philip Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit.4. Ralph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he always applied the term “Transcendentalist ” to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.5. To Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life.6. Walt Whitman was attacked in his lifetime for his offensive subject matter of sexuality and for his conventional style.7. Tom Sawyer walked out of Twain ’s pages directly from his fresh memory of his boyhood in the west.8. Hurstwood is a character in Theodore Dreiser ’s Sister Carrie .9. In the decade of the 1910s, American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.10. Edwin Arlington Robinson began his career as a novalist in bleakness and poverty.11.The greatest of America ’s realists, such as Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America.12.Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Mark Twain or William Dean Howells.13.Sister Carrie is generally regarded as Theodore Dreiser ’s masterpiece.14.Generally speaking, Jack London was much more interested in ideas than Stephen Crane and less sentimental than Frank Norris.15.Ralph Waldo Emerson ’s prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. 16. American literature is the oldest of all national literature.17. Georgia, Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New York, New England, all were named after Frenchmonarchs and lands.18. Benjamin Franklin was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the neoclassic ideals of clarity, restraint, simplicity and balance.19. The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe ’s poems.20. The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.21. Walt Whitman was so great that he won respect and love during his lifetime for his Leaves of Grass .22. Many of O. Henry ’s stories contain a lot of slang and colloquial expressions, just like his own speech.23. Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Mark Twain or William Dean Howells.24. Robert Frost rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, and chose “the old-fashioned way to be new ” instead.25. John Steinbeck ’s theme was usually that simple human virtues such as kindness and fair treatment were far superior to official hard-heartedness, or the dehumanizing cruelty of exploiters for their own commercial advantage.26. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.27. Washington Irving was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.28. James Fennimore Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga.29. Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.30. “Young Goodman Brown ” seems to prove everyone possesses some evil secrets1-5 FFTFT 6-10FTTFF 11-15 TFFTT 16-20 FFTFT 21-25FFFTT 26-30 TTTTTⅣ Answer the following questions briefly.1. These are the times that try men ’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly —This dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods.Questions:(1)Which book is this passage taken from?(2)Who is the author of this book?(3)Whom is the author praising? Whom is the author criticizing?(4)What do you think of the language?Answers:(1) The American Crisis.(2) Thomas Paine(3) Paine is praising those who stand “it ”, it referring to “the service of their country ”. In the meantime, Paine is criticizing those who shrink from the service of their country in this crisis.(4) The language is plain, impressive and forceful. Paine himself once said that his purpose as a writer was to use plain language to make those who can scarcely read understand and to fit the文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. powers of thinking and the turn of language to the subject, so as to bring out a clear conclusion that shall hit the point in question and nothing else.2. It was not very long after speaking the Goney that another homeward-bound whaleman, the Town-Ho,was encountered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians. In the short gam that ensued she gave us strong news of Moby Dick. To some the general interest in the White Whale was now widly heightened by circumstance of the Town-Ho ’s story, which seemed obscurely to involve with the whale a certain wondrous, inverted visitation of one of those so called judgments of God which at times are said to overtake some men. This latter circumstance, with its own particular accompaniments, forming what may be called the secret part of the tragedy about to be narrated, never reached the ears of Captain Ahab or his mates …Nevertheless, so potent and influence did this thing have on those seamen in the Pequod who came to the full knowledge of it, and by such a strange delicacy, to call it so, were they governed in this matter, that they kept the secret among themselves so that it never transpired abaft the Pequod ’s main-mast. Interweaving in its proper place this darker thread with the story as publicly narrated on the ship, the whole of this strange affair I now proceed to put on lasting record.Questions:(1)From which novel is this paragraph taken?(2) What is the name of the novelist?(3) Who is Ahab?(4) What is Pequod?(5) What is the theme of the novel?Answers:(1) Moby Dick(2) Herman Melville(3) The captain of the whaling ship(4) The name of the whaling ship(5) The rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome sometimes merciless forces.3. When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. Of an intermediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility. The city has its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human temper. There are large forces which allure with all the soulfulness of expression possible in the most cultured human. The gleam of a thousand lights is often as effective as the persuasive light in a wooing and fascinating eye. Half the undoing of the unsophisticated and natural mind is accomplished by forces wholly superhuman. A blare of sound, a roar of life, a vast array of human hives, appeal to the astonished senses in equivocal terms. Without a counselor at hand to whisper cautious interpretations, what falsehoods may not these things breathe into the unguarded ear! Unrecognized for what they are, their beauty, like music, too often relaxes, then weakens then perverts the simpler human perceptions.Questions:(1) From which novel is this paragraph taken?(2) Who is the author of this novel?(3) How do you understand “the cosmopolitan standard of virtue ”?(4) Is there any naturalist tendency in this passage?Answers:(1)Sister Carrie(2) Theodore Dreiser文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. (3) “The cosmopolitan standard of virtue ” is something that makes a person become low in virtue and become worse.(4) Yes.4. Briefly discuss the novel The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby, a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is one of the greatest novels in American literature. It fully explores the disillusionment and despair of the lost generation through the personal tragedy of a young man whose “incorruptible Dream ” is easily smashed into pieces by the crude reality. The protagonist, Gatsby, is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies American itself. His failure magnifies the end of the American Dream. The style of the story is explicit and chilly. Fitzgerald ’s accurate dialogues, his careful observation of mannerism and the colorful images provide the reader with a vivid and profound scene of the reality.5. What are the three main principles that Ezra Pound endorsed?(1) Directly treat poetic subjects.(2) Eliminate merely ornamental or superfluous words.(3) Rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of metronome.6. Tell the differences between Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman(1) Emily Dickinson expresses the inner life of individuals, while Walt Whitman keeps his eyes on the society at large.(2) Emily Dickinson is “regional ”, while Walt Whitman is “national ” in his outlook.(3) Formally, Emily Dickinson uses concise, simple dictions and syntax, while Walt Whitman uses endless, all-inclusive catalogs.Ⅴ Essay Writing (这个部分给大家的答案只是罗列了回答的要点，要将其连缀成文，如果简单按复习题给的答案罗列，只得一半分数)1. Write a short essay about the novel The Grapes of WrathWriter: John Steinbeck----won Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962; spoke for the oppressed and sufferedBackground information: (1) Oklahoma used to be a major agricultural state. In the 1930s, a draught ruined this place. People had to leave here to seek a way out. Many of them went to California in hope of finding jobs there to support their family. (2)The Great Depression.Meaning of title: (1) Hope to despair; (2) Wrath of people; (3) Indications of revolution. Theme: (1) Embodying the mass misery of farmers; (2) Praising the spirit of love and unity; (3) Advocating fight and struggle for better life.Structure: (1) Its structure is dictated by the bible; (2) There are two blocks of material: a. the westward trek of the Joads; b. the depressed Oklahomans, and the general picture of the Great Depression.Symbols: (1) dust---evil forces; (2) grapes---hope →rage2. Write a short essay about the novel A Farewell to ArmsWriter: Hemingway---- (1) in 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize; (2) Main works: The Sun also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The old Man and the Sea. (3) His major contribution: a. Code hero---grace under pressure; b. Iceberg Theory--- economy of expression;(4) the lost generationBackground information: World War ⅡTheme: shows the filth, meaningless, calamity of war; the death, the nothingness of life; the disillusionment with future, hope and love, happiness. The universe is indifferent. There is no God to watch over man.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. Characters: Henry--- initially detached from life----though well-disciplined and friendly, he feels as if he has nothing to do with the war. After falling in love with Catherine he becamea code hero in some way. Catherine---code hero: unfaltering devotion to Henry, brave, considerate,optimisticSymbols: rain---sadness, desperation, depression. It is raining outside almost every time something bad occurs. mud---nature's hostility to man.3. Write a short essay about the novel The Adventures of Tom SawyerAuthor: Mark Twain —the first truly American writer, a local colorist; he used short, concrete and colloquial language; his sentences are simple, and even ungrammatical; good at writing children ’s adventures; masterpieces including: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom SawyerAbout the novel: The first famous novel about growing up and showing the contradictions between adults ’ world and teenagers ’ world, a story of his seeking for freedom, fame, fortune, love, manhood; reveals the American values such as hero complex and American dream; records the rising Age of American Bourgeois system; bears the irony and satire toward the religion and rigid, didactic children education, which curbed the imagination of children and their innate nature for freedom and adventures and molded them into a stereotype of lifeless man.4. Comment briefly on Theodore Dreiser ’s theme and writing style?Theme: Dreiser ’s works are mainly concerned with the tragic nature of the human condition by depicting the coarse, vulgar, cruel, and terrible aspects of life like sex and crime.Style: In terms of style, Dreiser has sometimes been censured for his clumsy syntax, deficient characterization, and inept and dull prose. Yet his accumulated detail, carefully selected and faithfully recorded, is a technique of power. Like the other naturalists, he refused to judge —to consider people as good or evil. He clothes his concepts symbolically in the details of reality. It is his journalistic method that has made him one of America ’s foremost novelists.。

美国文学一期末复习资料I. Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _________, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.A. AhabB. IshmaelC. StubbD. Starbuck8. Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by____________.A. short, clear sentencesB. abundance of local imagesC. ordinary American speechD. highly refined language9. One of the characteristics that have made Mark Twain a major literary figure in the 19th century America is his use of____________ .A. vernacularB. interior monologueC. point of viewD. photographic description10. It is on his____________ that Washington Irving’s fame mainly rested.A. childhood recollectionsB. sketches about his European toursC. early poetryD. tales about America11. At the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called “____________________”.A. the English RenaissanceB. the Second RenaissanceC. the American RenaissanceD. the Salem Renaissance12. As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ____________________.A. nature, man and the universeB. the relationship between man and womanC. the development of Romanticism in American literatureD. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism13. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is NOT right?A. It’s very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin.B. It’s a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism.C. It’s mainly about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sinupon the main characters and the people in general.D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel.14. The great sea adventure story Moby-Dick is usually considered____________.A. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe.B. an adventurous exploration into man’s relationship with natureC. a simple whaling tale or sea adventureD. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the artistic truth and beauty15. In his poems, Walt Whitman is innovative in the terms of the form of his poetry, which is called “____________________.”A. free verseB. blank verseC. alliterationD. end rhyming16. After the Civil War America was transformed from ______ to _________.A. an agrarian community …an industrialized and commercialized societyB. an agrarian community … a society of freedom and equalityC. a poor and backward society …an industrialized and commercialized societyD. an industrialized and commercialized society …a highly developed society18. Which of the following is not right about Mark Twain’s style of language?A. His sentence structures are long, ungrammatical and difficult to read.B. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect.C. His humor is remarkable and characterized by puns, straight-facedexaggeration，repetition and anti-climax.D. His style of language had exerted rather deep influence on the contemporary writers.20. Which of the following is not written by Henry James?A. The Portrait of A Lady and The Europeans.B. The Wings of the Dove and The Ambassadors.C. What Maisie Knows and The Bostonians.D.The Genius and The Gilded Age.21. More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which hergeneral Skepticism about the relationship between ______ is well-expressed.A. man and manB. men and womenC. man and natureD. men and God22. Which of the following is right about Emily Dickinson’s poems about nature?A. In them, she expressed her general affirmation about the relationship betweenman and nature.B. Some of them showed her disbelief that there existed a mythical bondbetween man and nature.C. Her poems reflected her feeling that nature is restorative to human beings.D. Many of them showed her feeling of nature’s inscrutability and indifference tothe life and interests of human beings.23. As a great innovator in American literature, Walt Whitman wrote his poetry in anunconventional style which is now called free verse, that is _________.A. lyrical poetry with chanting refrainsB. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme schemeC. poetry without rhymes at the end of the lines but with a fixed beatD. poetry in an irregular metric form and expressing noble feelings37. Which of the following is not a work of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s?A. The House of the Seven Gables.B. The Blithedale Romance.C. The Marble Faun.D.White Jacket.38. In Hawthorne’s novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear as ______________.A. commentatorsB. observersC. villainsD. saviors39. Besides sketches, tales and essays, Washington Irving also published a book on ______, which is also considered an important part of his creative writing.A. poetic theoryB. French artC. history of New YorkD. life of George Washington41. In American literature, escaping from the society and returning to nature is a common subject. The following titles are all related, in one way or another, to the subject except _________.A. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Hu ckleberry FinnB. Dreiser’s Sister CarrieC. Copper’s Leather-Stocking TalesD. Thoreau’s Walden43. Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is not a usual subject of her poetic expression?A. Religion.B. Life and death.C. Love and marriage.D. War and peace.44. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______ at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as "Our intellectual Declaration of Independence."A. "Nature"B. "Self-Reliance"C. "Divinity School Address"D. "The American Scholar"46. In American literature the first important writer who earned an international fameon both sides of the Atlantic Ocean is_______________.A. Washington IrvingB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman47. The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his“black vision．”TheTerm “black vision” refers to______________.A. Hawthorne's observation that every man faces a black WallB. Hawthorne's belief that all men are by nature evilC. that Hawthorne employed a dream vision to tell his storyD. that Puritans of Hawthorne's time usually wore black clothes52. Though Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were romantic poets in theme andtechnique, they differ from each other in a variety of ways. For one thing, whereasWhitman likes to keep his eye on human Society at large, Dickinson oftenaddresses such issues as_______, immortality, religion, love and nature.A. progressB. freedomC. beautyD. death53. The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the_______in the American literary history．A. individual feelingB. survival of the fittestC. strong imaginationD. return to nature55. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, ______becamethe major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19thcentury．A. SentimentalismB. RomanticismC. RealismD. Naturalism57. Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely Characters in_______.A. The House of the Seven GablesB. The Scarlet LetterC. The Portrait of a LadyD. The pioneers58. In his realistic fiction, Henry James's primary concern is to present the_________.A. inner life of human beingsB. American Civil War and its effectsC. life on the Mississippi RiverD. Calvinistic view of original Sin60. Which of the following is NOT the virtue that Franklin enumerated in his The Autobiography?A. TemperanceB. Humanity (Humility)C. FrugalityD. Immoderation61. American Romanticism stretches from the end of the ________ century through the outbreak of ______.A. 18th, the Civil WarB. 18th, the War of IndependenceC. 19th, WWID. 19th, WWII62. _________ believes that the chief a im of literary creation is beauty, and “the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.”A. Walt Whitman B. Edgar Allen PoeC. Anne BradstreetD. Ralph Waldo Emerson63. In Emily Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop for Death, ______________.A. death is personified as a devilB. death is described as the tragic end of a person’s lifeC. death is a stage of life and it leads people to the Heaven of immortalityD. death is described as a beaut iful girl who couldn’t find her final destination64. Which is generally regarded as the manifesto and the Bible of American Transcendentalism?A. Thoreau’s WaldenB.Emerson’s NatureC. Poe’s Poetic PrincipleD. Tho reau’s Nature65. Henry David Thoreau’s work, ________, has always been regarded as amasterpiece of the New England Transcendental Movement.A. WaldenB. The PioneersC. NatureD. "Song of Myself"66. ‘Leaves of Grass’ commands great attention because of its uniquely poeticembodiment of________, which are written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War and the American Civil War.A. the democratic idealsB. the romantic idealsC. the self-reliance spiritsD. the religious ideals67. ________is the author of the work “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.A. Washington IrvingB. James JoyceC. Walt WhitmanD. William Butler Yeats68. After "The Adventure of Tom Sawyer", Twain gives a literary independence toTom’s buddy Huck in a book called_________, and the book from which "all modern American literature comes".A. Life on the Mississippi RiverB. The Gilded AgeC. Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD. The Sun Also Rises69. The greatest work written by Theodore Dreiser is__________.A. Sister CarrieB. An American TragedyC. The FinancierD. The Titan70. We can perhaps summarize that Walt Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except that they are _______________.A. conversational and crudeB. lyrical and well-structuredC. simple and rather crudeD. free-flowing72. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ____.A. international themeB. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolism74. Most of Herman Melville’s novels are based on sea voyag es and sea adventures. Which of the following is not the case?A. Typee.B. Moby-Dick.C. Omoo.D. The Confidence-Man75. In Henry James’ Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of _______________.A. the force of conventionB. the free spirit of the New WorldC. the decline of aristocracyD. the corruption of the newly rich77. The Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is ____________.A. insignificantB. vicious by natureC. divineD. forward-looking78. The Publication of ______established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Over-SoulExplain the following literary terms.2. American TranscendentalismNew England Transcendentalism was, in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil. It was a system of thought that originated from three sources. First William Ellery Channing (1780---1842) was an American Unitarian clergyman. His Unitarianism represented a thoughtful revolt against orthodox Puritanism. Unitarianism believed God as one being, rejecting the doctrine of trinity, stressing the tolerance of difference in religious opinion, and giving each congregation the free control of its own affairs and its independent authority. It laid the foundation for the central doctrines of transcendentalism. Secondly, the idealistic philosophy from France and Germany exerted enormous impact on American intellectuals. Thirdly, oriental mysticism asrevealed in Hindu and Chinese classics reached America in English translations. As a result, New England Transcendentalism blended native American tradition with foreign influences.3. American Realism Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner. This is the theory that authors try to use and guide them in their writing. It stresses truthful treatment of material. It is anti-romantic, anti-sentimental, and without abstract interest in nature, death, etc. Mark Twain laughed at people who were caught up in the world of illusions, who were not mature enough to see real situations. This is one example of the truthful treatment of material.4. American RomanticismRomanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. It was a movement of conscious rebellion against being too objective. The romantic spirit was one of subjectivity of inward feelings that one could trust one’s subjective responses. Romantics placed a high premium upon the creative function of imagination, and saw art as a formulation of intuitive and imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact.5. Multiple points of view The employment of several narrators or narrative points of views to tell a story, thus making the structure of the book somewhat radioactive. For example, The Sound and the Fury uses four different narrative voices to piece together the story and thus challenges the reader by presenting a fragmented plot told from multiple points of view.Answer briefly4. Please give a brief analysis of the major features of American romanticism.5. Give a brief analysis of the differences between the three realists：William D. Howells，Mark Twain and Henry James7. Whitman has made radical Changes in the form of poetry by Choosing free verse ashis medium of expression．What are the characteristics of Whitman's free verse?9. What are the major features of New England Transcendentalism?10. What are the similarities and differences between Whitman and Dickinson’s poetry?11. What are th e writing features of Mark Twain’s literary creation?12. Who is the first American poet to write free verse? What is his masterpiece? What are the symbolic meanings of the title of this work?Topic Discussion1. What makes Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn more than a child’s adventure story? Briefly discuss the question from THREE of the followingaspects: the setting, the language, the character(s), the theme and the style.2. Take Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustratethe statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature．6. O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done,The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is wonThe port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;But O heart! heart! heart!Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.1) Who is the writer of this poem?2) Who is “Captain” the poet compares to, and what do the “fearful trip” and the “prize” respectively refer to?3) What are major rhetorical devices used in this stanza?2. Take examples to analyze the style and theme of Mark Twain.9. Reality reflected in realistic writings （现实主义的简要背景，现实主义文学的特点，举例说明）Realism came as a reaction against ‘the lie’ of romanticism and sentimentalism. The battle between ‘idealists’ and ‘realists’ provided the major issue of American literary history after the Civil war (1861-1865). Literature began to pay less attention to general ideas and more to the immediate facts of life. As a way of writing, realism has been applied in almost every literature throughout history. But as a literary movement, realism is a period concept and it refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the latter part of the 19th century.In part, the rise of realism came as a protest against the falseness and sentimentality seen in romantic literature. The realists were determined to create a new kind of literature that was completely and totally realistic.Major Features1Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner.This is the theory that authors try to use in their writing. It stresses truthful treatment of material. It is anti-romantic, anti-sentimental, and without abstract interest in nature, death, etc.2In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth. The realist writers hold on to characters and keep examining how these people relateto each other.3Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.4Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarily ignored by the arts. Realists are interested in commonplace, the everyday, the average, the trivial, and the representative.5Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. The realist writers are detached observers of life. They are like scientists, making an investigation.Realism presents moral visions. The author has a purpose for presenting an objective account of real life in order to express his moral sense. Realists are ethical writers, interested in the problems of the individual conscience in conflict with social institutions. Many of their works show the American businessman in the conflict over whether he should accept a bribe, give a bribe, participate in unfair business practices, etc. Generally, these writers show how the individual conscience wins when he opposes social conventions and social practices and they are always interested in focusing on the dilemma. This indicates their disbelief in romantic individualism.6. The influence of Transcendentalism（定义1分，社会意义1分，文学意义2分，代表人物1分）Transcendentalism can be best understood as a late and localized manifestation of romantic movement in literature and philosophy. The triumph of intuition over five senses, the elevation of the individual over society, the critical attitude toward formalized religion, the rejection of any kind of restraint or bondage to custom, the new and thrilling delight in nature --- all these were characteristics of transcendentalism.As formulated by Emerson, transcendentalism became a loud and clear call to action, urging young people to cast off their enslavement to the past, to follow God within, and to live every moment of life with great effort, to regard nature as the great objective lesson proving God’s presence everywhere in His creation.Transcendentalism was also an ethical and moral guide to life for a young nation of America. It preached the positive life and appealed to the best side of human nature. Therefore, it stressed the tolerance of difference in religious opinion and the free control of its own affairs by each congregation, and called to throw off shackles of custom and tradition, and to go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.Transcendentalism is important to American literature at least for two reasons:1)It is represented by two major writers of the country, Emerson and Thoreau. Theybecame movers and shakers whose writings have had more and more impact with the passage of time.A new group of writers under the influence of Emerson and Thoreau began to apply transcendental ideas in their works. Hawthorne, Melville, Lowell, Dickinson, and Whitman were all exponents of transcendentalism in one way or another. They createdone of the most prolific periods in the history of American literature.Topic Discussion:50. Mark Twain presented the 19th century America in his own unique way. Discuss Twain’s art of fiction: the setting, the language, and the characters, etc., based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.Answers:A. Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom, writing about the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and is therefore known as a local colorist.B. He creates life-like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality.C. He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from any precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial belonging to the lower class, the living local American English.D. He has created a special humor to satirize and the decayed convention.III. Terms (10 points, 2.5 points for each)1. Puritanism2. Blank Verse3. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow4. Moby DickIV. Comment. (30 points, 15 points for each)1. Comment on Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography.2. What are the artistic achievements of Edgar Allan Poe?3. Comment on Hawthorne’s "black" vision of life and human beings and its influence on his works.4. Comment on Whitman’s poetic style and language.5. What are the features of literature in Colonial America?6. What philosophical meaning is implied in Philip Freneau’s “The Wild Honey Suckle”?I. True or false questions: ( 20points, 1point for each)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write A for true ones and B for false ones on your answer sheet.( ) 1.The Calvinist doctrine of "original sin" exerted great influence up Hawthorne.( ) 2.To Hawthorne, sin will get punished,one way or another.( ) 3.Emily Dickinson didn't like using capital letters where small ones are needed.( ) 4.Walt Whitman used parallelism and refrain in his poems.( ) 5.Walt Whitman was regarded as the Zenith in American romantic poetry.( ) 6.Dickinson was original. She never imitated others.( )7.Allan Poe was regarded as the forerunner of American Imagism.( ) 8.Allan Poe defined poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty.( ) 9.O.Henry seldom wrote about poor people.( )10.According to Poe, art serves for pleasure.The chief aim of poetry is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.( )11.According to Dickinson,death means immortality.( )12.According to Henry James,the aim of the novel is to reflect life reality.( )13.James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society,and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life,whereas Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.( )14.Allan Poe advocated "pure" poetry.( )15.Mark Twain's contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction, and partly through his themes.( )16.Henry James adopted a new point of view in one of his novels.( )17.Henry James discovered the trick of making his characters reveal themselves with minimal intervention of the author.( )18.N.Hawthorne was a symbolic writer in some sense.( )19.Whitman's poetry suggests rather than tells.( )20. President Lincoln praised Anne Bradstreet as “the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.”Identification (16 points, 2point for each)Directions: Write the names of the novels or poems according to the given passage. ( ) 1. The carriage held but just OurselvesAnd Immortality( ) 3. " I will go home with you," said Mr. Dimmesdale ( ) 4. My Captain doesn't answer, his lips are pale and still.My father doesn't feel my arm, he has no pulse and will.( ) 5. Helen, thy beauty is to meLike those Nicean barks of yore( ) 6. I Loaf and invite my soulI Lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.( ) 7. But, on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rosebush, covered in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and frail beauty to the prisoner as he went in...( ) 8. Were I with theeWild Nights should be Our luxury!Appreciation (10points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are two excerpts. Each of the excerpts is followed by several questions. Read the excerpts and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.Part AI went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion. For most men, it appears to me, are in a strange uncertainty about it, whether it is of the devil or of God.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a famous work entitled _________ . (1 points )2. The author of the work is____________ . (1 points )3. List by yourself at least five reasons that the author gives for going to live in the woods. (4 points )Part BIt was many and many a year ago,In a kingdom by the sea,That a maiden there lived whom you may know.By the name of Annabel Lee; —And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThan to love and be loved by me.Questions:1. The stanza is taken from the poem________________?(1 points )2. The author of the poem is____________ . (1 points )3. What is the most obvious rhetorical device the author uses for effect? (2 points )11。

1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer。

2.The puritans looked upon themselves asa chosen people.is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin.4.Thomas Paine’s famousboldly advo cated a “Declaration for Independence”。

5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams，Benjamin Franklin，Roger Sherman，and Robert Livingston.has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.7.In Washington Ir ving’sappeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novelsWilliam Cullen Bryant’s wok.is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories"。

10.Emerson believed above all inand self—reliance.11.deepest12.Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. 13.After his death，Longfellow became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey。

美国文学期末复习题2013-2014-1 美国文学史及选读期末复习材料ⅠMultiple choices1. Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?A. Common SenseB. The American CrisisC. The Rights of ManD. The Autobiography2.“These are the times that try men’s souls”, these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words? A.Benjamin Franklin B. Thomas PaineC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington3.At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ______.A. Chartist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Modernist Movement4. In American literature, the Enlighteners were favorable to______.A. the colonial orderB. religious obscurantismC. the Puritan traditionD. the secular literature5.The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted ______ in 1776.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. the Sugar ActC. the Stamp ActD. the Mayflower Compact6.______ usually was regarded as the first American writer.A. William BradfordB.Anne BradstreetC. Emily DickinsonD. Captain John Smith7.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “_____”who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse8. Who was considered as the “poet of American Revolution”?A. Anne BradstreetB. Edward TaylorC. Michael WigglesworthD. Philip Freneau9.In 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet ______ to appear in Americaup to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allen Poe10. The finest example of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in ______.A. The Scarlet LetterB. Young Goodman BrownC. The Marble FaunD. The Ambitious Guest11. “The universe is composed of Nature and the soul⋯Spirit is present everywhere”. This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England ______.A. RomanticismB. TranscendentalismC. NaturalismD. Symbolism12. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. NatureB. WaldenC. On BeautyD. Self-Reliance13.Mark Twain created, in _________, a masterpiece of American realism that is also one of the great books of world literature.A. The Adventure of Huckleberry FinnB. The Adventure of Tom SawyerC. The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgD. The Gilded Age14._________ marks the climax of Mark Twain’s literary creativity.A . The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn B. The Gilded AgeC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer15.Choose the novel which is not written by Henry James.A. The AmbassadorsB. The Wings of the DoveC. The BostoniansD. The Mysterious Stranger16. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be_________.A. transcendentalistsB. idealistsC. pessimistsD. impressionists17. Ezra Pound’s long poem _________ contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected.A. The Waste LandB. The CantosC. Don JuanD. Queen Mab18.T. S. Eliot ’s first major poem _________(1917), has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English.A. The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockB. The Waste LandC. Four QuartetsD. Preludes19.Ernest Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in love with a nurse. These two persons later became the characters of his novel _________.A. The Old Man and the SeaB. For Whom the Bell TollsC. The Sun Also RisesD. A Farewell to Arms20. In William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called _________, in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.A. stream of consciousnessB. imagismC. symbolismD. naturalism21.Led by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson and ______, there arose a kind of teachings of transcendentalism in the early nineteenth century.A.H erman MelvilleB. Henry David ThoreauC. Mark TwainD. Theodore Dreiser22.A New ______ had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the nineteenth century.A. realismB. critical realismC. romanticismD. naturalism23.From Henry David Thoreau ’s jail experience, came his famous essay,______ which states Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. Common Sense24.Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his _________.A. international themeB. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolism25. Herman Melville ’ s is an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy religion, etc. in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.A. The Old Man and the SeaB. Moby DickC. White Jacket C. Billy Budd26.The ship “_____” carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Pequod27. From 1733 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous ______, an annual collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine28.In American literature, the eighteen-century was the age of the Enlightenment. ______ was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution29.______ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.A. Henry David ThoreauB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman30.Edgar Allen Poe’s first collection of short stories is ______.A. Tales of a TravelerB. Leatherstocking TalesC. Canterbury TalesD. Tales of the Grotesque of Arabesque31. ______ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville’s stay among the Polynesians. The successof the book soon made Melville well known as the “man who lived among cannibals”.A. Moby DickB. TypeeC. OmooD. Billy Budd32.Which is regarded as the“Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?A. The American ScholarB. English TraitsC. The Conduct of LifeD. Representative Men33.The three dominant figures of the realistic period in American literature are _________.A. Theodore Dreiser, Emily Dickinson and William Dean HowellsB. Mark Twain, Henry James and William Dean HowellsC. Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser and William Dean HowellsD. Mark Twain, Emily Dickinson and William Dean Howells34.American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was _________. A. Anne Bradstreet B. Jane AustenC. Emily DickinsonD. Harriet Beecher35.In 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named_________.A. The Son of the WolfB. The Sea WolfC. The Law of LifeD. White Fang36.In Henry James’Daisy Miler, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of_________.A. the force of conventionB. the free spirit of the New WorldC. the decline of aristocracyD. the corruption of the newly rich37.“ Theapparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by _________.A. T.S. EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD. E.E.Cumings38.The Fitzgerald lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as _________.A. The Roaring TwentiesB. The Jazz AgeC. The Dollar DecadeD. all of the above39.In 1954, _________ was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.A. T.S EliotB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. William Faukner40. William Faukner’ snovel _________ describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order, told from four different points of view.A. The Sound and the FuryB. StartorisC. The UnvanquishedD. The Town41.“The Lure of the Spirit: The Flesh in Pursuit” si the title of one chapter in Dreiser’s novel _________.A. An American DreamB. Sister CarrieC. Dreiser Looks at RussiaD. Jannie Gerhardt42.The main theme of _________ The Art of Fiction reveals his literary credo that representation of life should be the main object of the novel.A. Henry James’B. William Dean Howells’C. Mark Twain ’sD. O. Henry ’s43. With William Dean Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the scene, _________became the major trend in the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism44.While embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel _________.A. The Call of the WildB. The Sea WolfC. Martin EdenD. The Iron Heel45_________ is a novella about a young American girl who gets“killed”by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first time.A. The AmericanB. The EuropeansC. Daisy MillerD. The Portait of a LadyAnswers: 1-5 DBCDA6-10 DBDCA11-15 BAAAD16-20 CBADA21-25 BCCCB26-30 CBBBD31-35 BABCA 36-40 BCDBA41-45 BACCCⅡFilling the following blanks with proper answers1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer.2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people.3.The first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay colony was John Cotton, sometimes called“the Patriarch of New England.”4.Anne Bradstreet published The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, and she was nicknamed the tenth Muse.5.Poor Richard’s Almanac is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin.6.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a“Declaration for Independence”.7.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.8.Philip Freneau developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction, best illustrated in such nature lyrics as “ The Wild Honey Suckle ”and “The Indian Burying Ground”.9.Philip Freneau has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.10.In Washington Irving ’s Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.11.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the Leatherstocking tales.12.“To a Waterfowl”is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok.13.“Thanatopsis”,WilliamCullenBryant’sbest-known poem, consistsof four stanzas in iambic tetrameter abab. The title means“view of death”.14. Edgar Allan Poe is considered“ father of American detective stories and American gothic stories.”15.Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.16.In Walden, Thoreau thought it better for a man to work one day a week and rest six, and the rest ofthe time could be devoted to thought.17.Hawthorne’s stories touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature.18.Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.19.After his death, Longfellow became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.20.Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, had become an American institution and the most famous literary woman in the world.21.William Dean Howells found his subject matterin the experiences of the American middle class. 22.William Dean Howells called for the treatment of the “smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American.”23.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.24.The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.25.O·Henry’s stories are usually short and interesting; Famous for their surprising end.26.Henry James is famous for his international theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life.27.Jack London believed in the inevitable triumphof the strongest individuals.28.Dreiser’s greatest and most successfulnovel, An American Tragedy, is about a young man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth—through marriage if necessary. 29.Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,”devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.30.Wallace Stevens’work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order”.31.With the publication of The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called“a lost generation”.ⅢDecide whether the statements are true or false (T/F).1.John Winthrop ’s reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been regarded as the first distinct American literature written in English.2. In 1612, William Bradford published in England a book called A Map of Virginia; With a description of the country.3.Philip Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit.4.Ralph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he always applied the term “Transcendentalist”to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.5.To Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life.6.Walt Whitman was attacked in his lifetime for his offensive subject matter of sexuality and for his conventional style.7.Tom Sawyer walked out of Twain’s pages directly from his fresh memory of his boyhood in the west.8.Hurstwood is a character in Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.9.In the decade of the 1910s, American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.10.Edwin Arlington Robinson began his career as a novalist in bleakness and poverty.11.The greatest of America’s realists, such as Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America. 12.Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Mark Twain or William Dean Howells.13.Sister Carrie is generally regarded as Theodore Dreiser’s masterpiece.14.Generally speaking, Jack London was much more interested in ideas than Stephen Crane and less sentimental than Frank Norris.15.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry.16.American literature is the oldest of all national literature.17.Georgia, Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New York, New England, all were named after French monarchs and lands.18.Benjamin Franklin was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the neoclassic ideals of clarity, restraint, simplicity and balance.19.The Fall of the House of Usheris one of EdgarAllan Poe’s poems.20. The Scarlet Letteris set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took outof the life of the Puritan past.21.Walt Whitman was so great that he won respectand love during his lifetime for hisLeaves of Grass. 22.Many of O. Henry ’s stories contain a lot of slang and colloquial expressions, just like his own speech.23.Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Mark Twain or William Dean Howells.24.Robert Frost rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, and chose “the old-fashioned way to be new”instead.25.John Steinbeck’s theme was usually that simple human virtues such as kindness and fair treatment were far superior to official hard-heartedness, or the dehumanizing cruelty of exploiters for their own commercial advantage.26.Transcendentalistsspoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.27.Washington Irving was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.28. James Fennimore Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga.29.Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.30.“Young Goodman Brown”seemsto prove everyone possesses some evil secrets1-5 FFTFT 6-10FTTFF 11-15 TFFTT 16-20 FFTFT 21-25FFFTT 26-30 TTTTTⅣAnswer the following questions briefly.1.These are the times that try men’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly—This dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods.Questions:(1)Which book is this passage taken from?(2)Who is the author of this book?(3)Whom is the author praising? Whom is the author criticizing?(4)What do you think of the language?Answers:(1)The American Crisis.(2)Thomas Paine(3)Paine is praising those who stand“it”, it referring to “the service of their country”. In the meantime, Paine is criticizing those who shrink from the service of their country in this crisis.(4)The language is plain, impressive and forceful. Paine himself once said that his purpose as a writer was to use plain language to make those who can scarcely read understand and to fit the powers of thinking and the turn of language to the subject, so as to bring out a clear conclusion that shall hit the point in question and nothing else.2.It was not very long after speaking the Goney that another homeward-bound whaleman, the Town-Ho,was encountered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians.In the short gam that ensued she gave usstrong news of Moby Dick. To some the general interest in the White Whale was now widly heightened by circumstance of the Town-Ho’s story, which seemed obscurely to involve with the whale a certain wondrous, inverted visitation of one of those so called judgments of God which at times are said to overtake some men. This latter circumstance, with its own particular accompaniments, forming what may be called the secret part of the tragedy about to be narrated, never reached the ears of Captain Ahab or his mates⋯Nevertheless, so potent and influence did this thing have on those seamen in the Pequod who came to the full knowledge of it, and by such a strange delicacy, to call it so, were they governed in this matter, that they kept the secret among themselves so that it never transpired abaft the Pequod’s main-mast. Interweaving in its proper place this darker thread with the story as publicly narrated on the ship, the whole of this strange affair I now proceedto put on lasting record.Questions:(1)From which novel is this paragraph taken?(2)What is the name of the novelist?(3)Who is Ahab?(4)What is Pequod?(5) What is the theme of the novel?Answers:(1)Moby Dick(2)Herman Melville(3)The captain of the whaling ship(4)The name of the whaling ship(5)The rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastnessof the universe andits awesome sometimes merciless forces.3. When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. Of an intermediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility. The city has its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human temper. There are large forces which allure with all the soulfulness of expression possible in the most cultured human. The gleam of a thousand lights is often as effective as the persuasive light in a wooing and fascinating eye. Half the undoing of the unsophisticated and natural mind is accomplished by forces wholly superhuman. A blare of sound, a roar of life, a vast array of human hives, appealto the astonishedsensesin equivocal terms. Without a counselor at hand to whisper cautious interpretations, what falsehoodsmay not these things breathe into the unguarded ear! Unrecognized for what they are, their beauty, like music, too often relaxes, then weakens then perverts the simpler human perceptions. Questions:(1)From which novel is this paragraph taken?(2)Who is the author of this novel?(3)How do you understand “the cosmopolitan standard of virtue”?(4)Is there any naturalist tendency in this passage? Answers:(1)Sister Carrie(2)Theodore Dreiser(3)“The cosmopolitan standard of virtue”is something that makes a person become low in virtue and become worse.(4)Yes.4. Briefly discuss the novelThe Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby, a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is one of the greatest novels in American literature. It fully explores the disillusionment and despair of the lostgeneration through the personal tragedy of a young man whose “incorruptible Dream” is easily smashed into pieces by the crude reality. The protagonist, Gatsby, is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies American itself. His failure magnifies the end of the American Dream. The style of the story is explicit and chilly. Fitzgerald’s accurate dialogues, his careful observation of mannerism and the colorful images provide the reader with a vivid and profound scene of the reality.5.What are the three main principles that EzraPound endorsed?(1)Directly treat poetic subjects.(2)Eliminate merely ornamental or superfluous words.(3)Rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of metronome.6.Tell the differences between Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman(1)Emily Dickinson expresses the inner life of individuals, while Walt Whitman keeps his eyes on the society at large.(2)Emily Dickinson is “regional”, while Walt Whitman is “national”in his outlook.(3)Formally, Emily Dickinson uses concise, simple dictions and syntax, while Walt Whitman uses endless, all-inclusive catalogs.ⅤEssay Writing (这个部分给大家的答案只是罗列了回答的要点，要将其连缀成文，如果简单按复习题给的答案罗列，只得一半分数 )1.Write a short essay about the novel The Grapes of WrathWriter: John Steinbeck----won Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962; spoke for the oppressed and suffered Background information: (1) Oklahoma used to be a major agricultural state. In the 1930s, a draught ruined this place. People had to leave here to seek a way out. Many of them went to California in hope of finding jobs there to support their family. (2)The Great Depression. Meaning of title: (1) Hope to despair; (2) Wrath of people;(3) Indications of revolution.Theme: (1) Embodying the mass misery of farmers; (2) Praising the spirit of love and unity; (3) Advocating fight and struggle for better life.Structure: (1) Its structure is dictated by the bible; (2) There are two blocks of material: a. the westward trek of the Joads; b. the depressed Oklahomans, and the general picture of the Great Depression.Symbols: (1) dust---evil forces; (2) grapes---hope→rage2.Write a short essay about the novel A Farewell to ArmsWriter: Hemingway---- (1) in 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize; (2) Main works: The Sun also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The old Man and the Sea. (3) His major contribution: a. Code hero---grace under pressure; b. Iceberg Theory--- economy of expression; (4) the lost generation Background information: World War ⅡTheme: shows the filth, meaningless,calamity of war; the death, the nothingness of life; the disillusionment with future, hope and love, happiness. The universe is indifferent. There is no God to watch over man. Characters: Henry--- initially detached from life----though well-disciplined and friendly, he feels as ifhe has nothing to do with the war. After falling in love with Catherine he became a code hero in some way. Catherine---code hero: unfaltering devotion to Henry, brave, considerate, optimisticSymbols: rain---sadness, desperation, depression. It is raining outside almost every time something bad occurs. mud---nature's hostility to man.3.Write a short essay about the novelThe Adventuresof Tom SawyerAuthor: Mark Twain —the first truly American writer,a local colorist; he used short, concrete and colloquial language; his sentences are simple, and even ungrammatical; good at writing children’s adventures; masterpiecesincluding: The Adventuresof Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom SawyerAbout the novel: The first famous novel about growing up and showing the contradictions between adults ’world and teenagers world,’ a story of his seeking for freedom, fame, fortune, love, manhood; reveals the American values such as hero complex and American dream; records the rising Age of American Bourgeois system; bears the irony and satire toward the religion and rigid, didactic children education, which curbed theimagination of children and their innate nature for freedom and adventures and molded them into a stereotype of lifeless man.ment briefly on Theodore Dreiser’s theme and writing style?Theme: Dreiser’s works are mainly concerned with the tragic nature of the human condition by depicting the coarse, vulgar, cruel, and terrible aspects of life like sex and crime.Style: In terms of style, Dreiser has sometimes been censured for his clumsy syntax, deficient characterization, and inept and dull prose. Yet his accumulated detail, carefully selected and faithfully recorded, is a technique of power. Like the other naturalists, he refused to judge—to consider people as good or evil. He clothes his concepts symbolically in the details of reality. It is his journalistic method that has made him one of America’s foremost novelists.。

期末考试题型复习I.Multiple Choice（30‘）II.Find the relevant match in column B for each in column A(10’): Writers:( ) 1. Toni Morrison( ) 2. Joseph Heller( ) 3. Eugene Glastone O’Neill( ) 4. Archibald MacLeish( ) 5. Emily Dickinson( ) 6. Benjamin Franklin( ) 7. Ralph Waldo Emerson( ) 8. F·Scott Fitzgerald( ) 9. William Faulkner( ) 10. Wallace StevensWorks:a.The Hairy Apeb.I’m Nobody!c. We Bombed in New Havend. English Traitse. The Sound and the Furyf. The Autobiographyg. Tender is the Nighth. Anecdote of the Jari. Song of Solomonj.J.B.Writers:( ) 1. Edgar Allan Poe( ) 2. Walt Whiteman( ) 3. F·Scott Fitzgerald( ) 4. William Carlos Williams( ) 5. Toni Morrison( ) 6. Ralph Waldo Ellison( ) 7. Langston Hughes( ) 8. Ezra Pound( ) 9. Stephen Crane( ) 10. Nathaniel HawthorneWorks:a.O Captain! My Captain!b.The Bluest Eyec. In a Station of the Metrod. The House of the Seven Gablese.The Fall of the House of Usherf. The Red Wheelbarrowg. The Open Boath. Dreamsi. The Great Gatsbyj.Shadow and ActWriters: ( ) 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson( ) 2. Robert Frost( ) 3. Saul Bellow( ) 4. Joseph Heller( ) 5. Ralph Waldo Ellison( ) 6. Ezra Pound( ) 7. Ernest Hemingway( ) 8. Emily Dickinson( ) 9. Katherine Anne Porter( ) 10. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Works:a.Self-Relianceb.Invisible Manc. Pale Horse, Pale Riderd. The Sun Also Risese. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningf. Success is Counted Sweetestg. Song of Myselfh. Catch-22i. Looking for Mr. Greenj.CantosWriters: ( ) 1. Benjamin Franklin( ) 2. Toni Morrison( ) 3. William Faulkner( ) 4. Archibald MacLeish( ) 5. Nathaniel Hawthorne( ) 6. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow( ) 7. Stephen Crane( ) 8. Katherine Anne Porter( ) 9. William Carlos Williams( ) 10. Saul BellowWorks:a.Ars Poeticab.Maggie: A Girl of the Streetsc. Twice-told Talesd. Belovede. A Psalm of Lifef. Barn Burningg. Poor Richard’s Almanach. Patersoni. Anderson the Rain Kingj. The Flowering JudasIII.Define the listed literary terms(15’)American Puritanism:Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. In content it means scrupulous moral rigor, especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences, that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets.Actually it is a code of values, a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds, also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level-headed mon sense.;Aerican Romanticism;is one of the most important periodds in the history of American literature. I was a rebellion againstr the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and men sense. They emphazed individualism, placing the individual against the group. The afirmed the inner life of the sels,and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild ,the remote, thw mysterious and the stange. They stressed the element “Americaness”in their works. It started with the pulication of Washington Irving’The stretch Book and ened with Walt Whiteman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “American Renaissance”American Romantists include such literary figures as Washinton Irving,Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthrone,Mellville Whiteman and some others.;Local Colorism:Is concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town The style of writing derived from the presentation of the features and peculiarities of a particular locality and its inhabitants. Simply it means The use of regional detail in a literary or artistic work. The name is given especially to a kind of American literature that in its most characteristic form made its appearance just after the Civil War and for nearly three decades was the single most popular form of American literature. Following in the footsteps of the pre-war "sectional humorists," local colorists were interested in realistically depicting life in different sections of the United States in order to promote understanding and unification. Fiction writers like Sarah Orne Jewett, Bret Harte, O. Henry, and Mark Twain have been identified within this tradition.;Naturalism;accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those charaters in the literary works wh were regarded as more or less plex bination of inheritted attibutes, their habits condition by social and economic forces. American Naturalism is evoled from realism hen the author’s tone in writing bees less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophicalapproach to reality, or to human existence. Dreiser is a leading figure of this schoolThe Lost Generation:is a term used by Gertude Stern to describe the post –WWI generarton of American writers::man and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructivness of the war. Ful of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of the life, drank excessivly, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literture to date. The three best-known representatives of Lost Generation are F.Sccot Fitzgerald,Ernest hemingway and John Dos Passos.Amrican Dream refers to the ream of materral success, in which one, regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains succes by working hard and good luck. In literature, the theme of American dream recurs. In The Great Gatsby,Gatsby came from the west to the east with the dream of material success.By bootlegging and other illegal means he filfilled his dream but ended up being killed.The novel telles the shattering of Ameracan Dream rather than its success.Impreessionism:is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the sublect on the artist without much attentin to details. Writers accfepted the same conviction that personal attitude and moods of the writer were legitimate element in dipicting charaters or setting or action.Briefly ,it ia a style of literature characterixed by the creartion of general impresion and moods rather than realitic moods.IV.Question and Answers(20’)You will be given two poems, and asked to tell from which poem does the stanza e,who is the author,what does some specific word in the pome mean,and how will you appreciate the poem.Pay attention to the following poems:1.Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro2.Walt Whiteman’s O Captain, My Captain3.Robert Frost’s The Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening4.Emily Dickson”s I’m NobodyI hear a Fly Buzz When I Died5.Adgar Allen Poe To HelenV.Give brief answers to the following questions.(25’)1.Make a short summary about Washington Irving”s masterpiece “Rip Van Winkle”and ment on the theme of it.2.Why are natuaralits inevitably pessimistic in their views?What are thenatrualists’ writing style? Please explain by examples.3.Mark Twain presented the 19th century America in his own unique way. Discuss Twain’s are of fiction:the settin, the language, and the characters, based on his novel The Advenrures of Huckleberry Finn.4.What are the similarities and differences between the three literary giants,Howells,Mark Twain, Henry James ,n terms of their literary orientations?5.。

1.Poor Richard’s Almanac is an annual collection of proverbs written byBenjamin Franklin.2.Philip Freneau developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction,best illustrated in such nature lyrics as “The Wild Honey Suckle” and “The Indian Burying Ground”.3.Ph ilip Freneau has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.4.In Washington Irving’s Sketch Book appeared the first modernshort stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 5.“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of William CullenBryant’s wok.6.“Thanatopsis, William Cullen Bryant’s best-known poem,consists of four stanzas in iambic tetrameter abab. The title means “view of death”.7.Edgar Allan Poe is considered “father of American detectivestories and American gothic stories”.8.Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind,and self-reliance.9.In Walden, Thoreau thought it better for a man to work one daya week and rest six, and the rest of the time could be devotedto thought.10.Hawthorne’s stories touch the deepest roots of man’s moralnature.11.After his death, Longfellow became the only American to behonored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.12.The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.13.Henry James is famous for his international theme of thetradition less American confronting the complexity of European life.14. Jack London believed in the inevitable triumph of thestrongest individuals.Terms1.Transcendentalism2. Naturalism3. The Lost Generation5. Modernism6. Romanticism7. PuritanismIdentify the fragments.2. From morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came;If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.(1) Who is the writer of these verses?(2) What is the title of this poem?(3) Give a brief comment on this poems.Answer:(1) Philip Freneau(2) The Wild Honeysuckle(3) Here Freneau offers a version of an abundant America with potential for providing a good life for all. The poem is also an indication of his dedication to American subject matter as he examined peculiarly American characteristics of the countryside.3.From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboring country. Drowsy and dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some say that the place was bewitched by a high German doctor, during the early days of the settlement; others, that an old Indian chief, the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson.Question:(1) Who is the writer of this short story from which the passage is taken?(2) What is the title of this short story?(3) Give a definition of “short story”?Answer:(1) Washington Irving(2) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(3) A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single sitting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view and style.5. To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.Question:(1)This paragraph is taken from a famous essay. What is the essay?(2)Who is the author?(3)What does the author say would happen if the stars appeared one night in a thousand years?(4)Give a peculiar term to cover the author’s belief.Answer:(1) Nature(2) Ralph Waldo Emerson(3)Then, the men cannot believe and adore the God, cannot preserve the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown.(4)Transcendentalism6. Isabel always felt an impulse to pull out the pins; not that she imagined they inflicted any damage on the tough old parchment, but because it seemed to her aunt might make better use of her sharpness. She was very critical herself-it was incidental to her sex, and her nationality but she was very sentimental as well, and there was something in Mrs. Touchett’s dryness that set her own moral fountains flowing.Questions:(1) This passage is taken from a well-known novel. What is the name of the novel?(2) Who is the author of this novel?(3) Make a brief comment on the heroine of this novel?(4) What is theme of the author? Tell something about it. Answer:(1) The Portrait of a Lady(2) Henry James(3) She is one of the Jamesian American girls. She arrives in Europe, full of hope, and with a will to live a free and noble life, but in fact, she only falls prey to the sinister designs of two vulgar and unscrupulous expatriates, Madam Merle and Gilbert Osmond.(4) Jamesian theme refers to Henry James’s handling of his major fictional theme, “the international theme”: the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and Psychological complications arising there from.Give brief answers to the following questions.ment briefly on Emily Dickinson’s themes?(1)By far the largest portion of Dickinson’s poetry concerns death and immortality, theme which lie at the centre of Dickinson’s world.(2)Dickinson’s nature poems are also great in number and rich in matter. Natural phenomena, changes of seasons, heavenly bodies, animals, birds and insects, flowers of various kinds, and many other subjects related to nature find her way into her poetry.(3)Dickinson also wrote some poems about love. Like her death and nature poems, her love poems were original.(4)Besides deaths and immortality, nature and love, Dickinson’s poems are concerned about ethics, with respect to which, she emphasizes free will and human responsibility.4 Henry James is a great realistic writer. Name two of his major works. Do you know anything about his narrative point of view? What is it for? How does James employ it in his works? Briefly discuss this question.(1) Henry James’s major works include Daisy Miller and The Portrait of a Lady, etc.(2) One of Henry James literary techniques is his narrative point of view. As the author, James avoids the authorial omniscience as much as possible and makes his characters reveal themselves with his minimal intervention. So it is often the case that in his novels we usually learn the main story by reading through one or several minds and share their perspectives. This narrative method proves to be successful in bringing out his themes.6.Tell the differences between Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman (1)Emily Dickinson expresses the inner life of individuals, while Walt Whitman keeps his eyes on the society at large.(2)Emily Dickinson is regional, while Walt Whitman is national in his outlook.(3)Formally, Emily Dickinson uses concise, simple dictions and syntax, while Walt Whitman uses endless, all-inclusive catalogs.9. Jack Lon don’s themes(1) London was logically inconsistent in his viewpoint.On the one hand, he took faith in Darwin’s survival of the fittest, evolutionary concept of progress, and on the other hand, he embraced the socialists’ doctrines of Marx.(2) London wrote on many subjects and themes which centered around primitive violence, Anglo-Saxon supremacy(至上), biological evolution, class warfare, and mechanistic determinism. His heroes are physically robust and rugged but often psychologically harried(苦恼). His heroines are athletic, daring, yet intensely feminine. They are man’s intellectual equal and his e motional superior.。