科技英语1

1．第1题单选题 Before you started to ______, make sure the road is clear ahead of you; otherwise it might lead to an accidentA、overworkB、overtakeC、overhearD、oversee标准答案：B2．第2题单选题 Theories have been proposed by astronomers to ______ electrical disturbances in the atmosphere.A、apply forB、allow forC、account forD、appeal for标准答案：C3．第3题单选题_____ he often forgot their wedding anniversary greatly annoyed his wife.A、AllB、WhatC、WhichD、That标准答案：D4．第4题单选题She heard a terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth.A、itB、thisC、whichD、that标准答案：C5．第5题单选题However much _____, it will be worth the money.A、the dictionary costsB、costs the dictionaryC、the dictionary will costD、does the dictionary cost标准答案：A6．第6题单选题 She devised a plan ______ they might escape from the tightly guarded prisonA、whereasB、whereinC、wherebyD、whereabouts标准答案：C7．第7题单选题The manager decided to give the job to_________he believed had a strong sense of duty.A、whoeverB、wheneverC、whateverD、wherever标准答案：A8．第8题单选题 He was so shy that he was always ______ to shrink up whenever attention was focused on himA、attendingB、intendingC、tendingD、pretending标准答案：C9．第9题单选题You screamed in your sleep last night. You _____ a terrible dream.A、must have hadB、must haveC、should have hadD、should have标准答案：A10．第10题单选题 Another comforting fact is that only 14 per cent of our household income is spent on our mortgages ______ 40 per cent in the late 1980sA、combined withB、dealt withC、compared withD、replaced with标准答案：C11．第11题单选题 Regarding a job interview, though personality is much more important, don’t ______ the importance of having a good appearanceA、overhearB、overcomeC、overtakeD、overlook标准答案：D12．第12题单选题Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained _____ into account before starting a new project.A、be takenB、had to be takenC、would be takenD、have to be taken标准答案：A13．第13题单选题Every boy and girl _____ not to swim in the lake, for it is polluted.A、 has been warnedB、 has warnedC、 have been warnedD、 have warned标准答案：A14．第14题单选题To his great surprise, Al's doctor insists _____ for three months.A、that he is restingB、that he will restC、 his restingD、that he rest标准答案：D15．第15题单选题 No plan for the future will be acceptable unless it ______ poverty and unemployment.A、abolishesB、abusesC、compelsD、commits标准答案：A16．第16题单选题 The police are trying to find out the ______ of the woman killed in the traffic accidentA、evidenceB、recognitionC、statusD、identity标准答案：D17．第17题单选题He hasn't come yet. What do you consider_________to him?A、happensB、has happenedC、had happenedD、will happen标准答案：B18．第18题单选题 As a ______ woman, she was then among the few mothers who sent their daughters to school and encouraged them to take part in social activities.A、sensitiveB、sensibleC、sentimentalD、senseless标准答案：B19．第19题单选题But for his sister's help, I _____ the work.A、could not finishB、would not finishC、should not finishD、would not have finished标准答案：D20．第20题单选题 Success in establishing a good night-time routine leads to increased confidence and happiness all round, making all the hard work well ______ the effortA、worthB、worthwhileC、legalD、worthy标准答案：A。

Unit1AThe section serves to introduce the subject of communications systems.本节的目的在于介绍通讯系统这一课题In its basic electrical sense,the term communications refers to the sending,reception and processing of information by electrical means.从其基本的电学意义上讲,通信是指通过电子手段发送、接收和处理信息。

Radio communication was made possible by the invention of the triode.三极管的发明使得无线电通信成为了可能It has subsequently become even more widespread and refined through the invention and use of the transistor,integrated circuit and other semiconductor devices.随后通过晶体管、集成电路和其他半导体器件的发明和使用，它变得更加广泛和精制,A modern communications system is first concerned with the collation,processing and storage of information before its transmission.现代通讯系统第一步要考虑的是在发送消息前对它进行整理、处理和储存The actual transmission then follows.然后进行实际的传输Finally we have reception.最后我们进行接收In order to become familiar with such a system,it is necessary first to know about amplifiers and oscillators.为了熟悉这样一个系统,有必要先了解放大器和振荡器From time to time it is also well to consider some human factors as they influence a particular system.时不时也应该考虑一些人为因素，因为他们会影响某一特定的系统。

科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading Reading 1Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. Who is Bertrand Russell? Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century. 2. What is Russell’s Paradox? Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. 3. What effect did Russell’s Paradox have on Gottlob Fregg’s system? At first Frege observed that the consequences of Russell’s paradox are not immediately clear. For example, “Is it always permissible to speak of the extension of a concept, of a class? And if not, how do we recognize the exceptional cases? Can we always infer from the extension of one concept’s coinciding with that of a second, that every object which falls under the first concept also falls under the second? Because of these kinds of worries, Frege eventually felt forced to abandon many of his views. 4. What is Russell’s response to the paradox? Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level,1sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type." 5. Have you ever heard of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.? Can you give an account of it? Contradictions like Russell’s paradox arose from what was later called the unrestricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo’s system, the comprehension principle is eliminated in favour of several much more restrictive axioms: a. Axiom of extensionality. If two sets have the same members, then they are identical. b. Axiom of elementary sets. There exists a set with no members: the null, or empty, set. For any two objects a and b, there exists a set (unit set) having as its only member a, as well as a set having as its only members a and b. c. Axiom of separation. For any well-formed property p and any set S, there is a set, S1, containing all and only the members of S that have this property. That is, already existing sets can be partitioned or separated into parts by well-formed properties. d. Power-set axiom. If S is a set, then there exists a set, S1, that contains all and only the subsets of S. e. Union axiom. If S is a set (of sets), then there is a set containing all and only the membersof the sets contained in S. f. Axiom of choice. If S is a nonempty set containing sets no two of which have common members, then there exists a set that contains exactly one member from each member of S. g. Axiom of infinity. There exists at least one set that contains an infinite number of members. With the exception of (b), all these axioms allow new sets to be constructed from already-constructed sets by carefully constrained operations; the method embodies what has come to be known as the “iterative” conception of a set. /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/entries/russell/ Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea. Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradox Part 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.2Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic. Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s paradox in terms of sets Para. 4: Contradiction found in the set. Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it. Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradox Para. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradox Para. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics? Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradox 2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What is the basic idea of Russell’s paradox? 2) How to explain Russell’s paradox in terms of sets? 3) Can you explain the contradiction found in the sets related to Russell’s paradox 4) Is Russell’s own response to the paradox workable? 5) Do you know Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory? (open) 3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text. Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on. Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type."Vocabulary and Structure31. Word-building Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once. discover— (suffix) logic— (suffix) correspond—(suffix) describe—(suffix) contradict— (suffix) symbol—(suffix) form—(suffix) develop—(suffix) able—(prefix) equal—(suffix)1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of_________, and she got to work collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.( discovery) 2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal _________if it relates to the contents of the package.( correspondence) 3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer_________ notation to other numeric representations .( symbolic) 4) To do this, an ideal model based on the _________ paradigm was constructed and then compared with a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act took effect.( equality) 5) Is this not in flagrant _________to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocity of light?( contradiction) 6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a _________ order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.( logical) 7) The mathematical _________ of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, and determining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationally straightforward.( description) 8) The proof we now know required the_________ unknown in Fermat's time.( development) of an entire field of mathematics that was9) Williams adds that many courses in geometry, “the one high school class that demands _________ reasoning,” have already been “gutted” and are no longer proof-based.( formal) 10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditional trade structure be _________to cover the expanse of technologies economically.( unable) 2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities ("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base) 42) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition) 3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow) 4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term) 5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead) 6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way) 7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form) 8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve) 9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become) 10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace) 3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence. 1) A simpleway to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed. 2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead. 3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented. 4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal5sense. 5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways. 4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones. 1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars. 2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers. 3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period. 4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red. 5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A "3 percent margin of error" means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change.Reading 2 (/doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990-hor gan) Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990 1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set? This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery. 2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot? The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. 3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set?6Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim. 4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery? Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them 5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim? Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage. C A B D2. Complete the sentences based on the text. 1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of_________________ and to a particular instance of such a set. （fractal sets） 2) 2.In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the _________________ such that the corresponding Julia set is connected and not computable. （complex plane） 3) "The" Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the _________________ z_(n+1)==z_n︿2+c with z_0==c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n tend to infinity are in the set. （quadratic recurrence equation） does not4) Setting z_0 equal to any point in the set that is not a _________________ gives the same result. （periodic point） 5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a _________________ by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard and A. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected（ molecule） /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/11901033_d.html Language in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 迭代函数 iterative function 优先权之争 priority battle 分形特征 fractal properties7有意义 make sense 以越来越⼩的规模重复同⼀模式 patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales 混沌理论chaos theory 季刊 a quarterly journal 数学界 the mathematics community 波纹线 crisp lines 会议公报 proceedings of a conference 2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones. e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape . b. The shape can be subdivided in parts. c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity. e.g. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmentedgeometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole", a property called self-similarity. 1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c. 2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia 3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns. 4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。

参考答案第1章第1节翻译的标准第1节翻译练习11．动力装置是船舶的心脏。

(英语中一词多义的现象很普遍，翻译时要根据上下文判断多义词的准确含义，尤其是在翻译科技英语时，一定要选用恰当的中文词汇。

plant一词含义很多，但在此句中应该是“设备，装置”的意思。

)2．驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。

(该句也存在英语中一词多义的现象。

unit一词含义很多，但在此句中应该是“装置”而不是”单元”的意思。

)第1节翻译练习21．半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多应用中替代电子管。

(不好)半导体器件也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。

(较好)2．狭窄的条件就意味着旅客的腿不能自由活动。

(不好)空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。

(较好)3．所有物体被知道具有重量并占据空间。

(不好)我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。

(较好)第1节翻译练习31．从水中把矿物质去除被叫做软化。

(欠佳)去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。

(简洁)2．属于双子叶的植物的典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。

(欠佳) 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。

(简洁)第4节翻译的一般方法第4节翻译练习11．爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一的理论。

(直译)2．这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属，硅酸盐和水构成。

(意译)3．设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。

(意译)4．要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。

(意译)第4节翻译练习21．植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。

(合译)2．医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。

(分译)3．太阳的大小看起来有变化．这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。

(分译) 4．这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1，000公里，小的不到1公里。

(分译) 5．制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。

前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。

(分译)第4节翻译练习31.制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。

科技用英语怎么说社会上习惯于把科学和技术联在一起，统称为“科技”。

实际二者既有密切联系，又有重要区别。

科学解决理论问题，技术解决实际问题。

科学要解决的问题，是发现自然界中确凿的事实与现象之间的关系，并建立理论把事实与现象联系起来;技术的任务则是把科学的成果应用到实际问题中去。

那么你知道科技用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。

科技英语说法1：technology科技英语说法2：science and technology科技的相关短语：创新科技 Creative T echnology ;联发科技 MediaTek ;MTK ; mediatek科技树 Technology tree; Arbre des technologies ; technology tree科技创业 Technology Review ; technology entreprencurship 朗讯科技Lucent Technologies ; LUCENT ; LU ; Avaya Technologies资讯科技Information T echnology ; IT ; Geotechnology ; Information Technologies科技的英语例句：1. Several of the delays were caused by the new high-tech baggage system.几次延误都是由新的高科技行李传送系统造成的。

2. Scientific development meant the growth of numerous professions ancillary to medicine.科技发展意味着许多医学衍生职业的增长。

3. Please enclose your remittance, making cheques payableto Thames Valley T echnology.请附上汇款，支票收款人为泰晤士河谷科技公司。

增译翻译练习This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor.这一作用从表面上看起来像是电容器的放电现象。

Once out of the earth's gravity, an astronaut is affected by still another problem — weightlessness.一经摆脱了地球的引力束缚，宇航员又会遭遇到另一个问题—失重。

By minimizing the microscopic imperfections scientists are making far stronger ceramics.科学家们正通过最大限度地减少微观瑕疵来制造强度高得多的陶瓷。

Atomic cells are small and very light, as compared to ordinary dry ones.与普通干电池相比，原子电池体积小，而且重量特轻。

Transistors can make previously large equipment much smaller.晶体管能使原先体积很大的设备大为缩小。

Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.天文学家们有证据表明，还存在一些其他的恒星，这些恒星可能以黑洞为伴星。

The key to the new materials is researchers‘ increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level.开发新材料的关键在于增强研究人员在分子层次操纵物质的能力。

The largest and most expensive products cannot, because of their size, be testable in the factory.体积最庞大价格最昂贵的产品正是由于其体积太大，不能在厂里测试。

Unit 1 EnvironmentEarth’s Health in Sharp Decline, Massive Study Finds大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下The report card has arrived from the largest ever scientific Earth analysis, and many of the planet’s ecosystems are simply not making the grade.有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。

The UN-backed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report found that nearly two-thirds of Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems, including clean water, pure air, and stable climate, are being degraded by unsustainable use.由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统（包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候）正遭受破坏。

Human has caused much of this damage during the past half century. Soaring demand for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel have led to dramatic environmental changes, from deforestation to chemical pollution, the report says. The already grim situation may worsen dramatically during the first half of the 21st century, the report’s authors warn.以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。

Monograph1、What is a Monograph?什么是专著？A monograph is a specialized scientific book.一本专著是一本专业的科学书籍。

As learned treatises on clearly defined topics, which may be infra-, inter-, or cross- disciplinary, monographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists.和有infra-, inter-, or cross规律，明确界定主题的学术论文一样，专著一般是专家为了其他专家的利益而写的。

Although usually regarded as a component of the review literature of science, monographs are works that demand the highest standards of scholarship.尽管通常被认为是科学综述文献的一个组成部分，专著是要求最高学术标准的作品。

Their preparation calls for exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge on the part of their authors, who, interalia, must be able to collect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of the scientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.就能够收集、核对、分析、集成体，综合所有能用的上的科学和工程学术期刊的档案文献和根据需要加入的一些原始资料的作者而言，专著的起草要求知识异常的深度和广度。

一 1 expirical sciences 经验科学2 Financial Mathematics3 plane geometry4 Diffierential Equations 微分方程5 combinatorics 数学6 Theory of Functions 函数论7 topology 拓扑学8 physical sciences 物理科学9 应用数学Applied Mathematics10 工程数学Engineering mathematics11 解析几何Analysical geometry12 微积分和实分析Calculus and real analysis13 复分析complex Analysis14 数值分析和最优化Numerical Analysis and Optimization15 微分几何differential geometry16 概率与统计Probability andStatistics二1 particle physics粒子物理2 subatomic family3 particles and antiparticles 粒子和反粒子4 quantum effects 量子效应5 proton 质子neutron 中子molecule 分子6 electromagnetic force电磁力7 gluon/photon 胶子8 物质与反物质matter and antimatter9 天体物理学Astrophysics10轻子lepton11 中微子neutrino12 地心引力gravity13 原子核nuclei14 引力子graviton三1 cross-discipline 交叉学科2 3-dimensional structure3 super conductor 超导体4 molecular molding 分子模型5 polymers 高聚物6 有机化学organic chemistry7 无机化学inorganic chemistry8 化学分子式chemical formula9 原子结构atomic structure10 吗啡morphine七 1 applied technology 应用技术2 information source 信息资源3 desktop computer 台式机 4laptop computer 手提电脑 5vector instructions 矢量指令6 mainframe computer 大型机7 motion picture 动画片8 计算机网络computer network9 微型计算机microcomputer10文字处理word processing11 终端terminal12 超导电性superconductivity13 人工智能artificialintelligence14 并行处理计算机parallelprocessing computer九 1 key industry 关键产业 2fiber optics 光纤3 cable television 有线电视 4steel collar workers 钢领工人5 home banking 家庭自助银行服务6 automatic ticket booking 自动订票7 微电子学microelectronics8 空间产业space industry 9电信网络telecommunicationnetworks 10 电视购物to shopby TV screen十三 1 interdisciplinary 交叉学科2 directionality 方向性3 bulk property 综合性能4 microscopic 精微的5 turbine engine 涡轮发动机6 transition temperature 转变温度7 strength-density ratio8 强度strength9 合成composite10 相互影响interplay11 集成电路integrated circuits12 抗磨性的wear-resistant 13光学纤维optical fiber 14 半导体semiconductorozone depletion臭氧减少polar stratospheric vortex极地同温层涡流anomaly反常的phase sth. Out逐步淘汰latitude纬度nitrogen oxide氮氧化物臭氧层ozone layer太阳风solar wind纬度latitude紫外辐射ultraviolet radiation海拔高度altitude太阳粒子solar particleflu epidemic流感self-copying code自我复制编码the human genome人类基因组primeval genetic coding原始基因编码blood vessel血管to encode编码biotechnology生物技术核酸nucleic acids疫苗vaccine抗菌素antibiotic放血bloodletting遗传工程genetic engineeringwinter blues冬季抑郁症sleep disorders失眠to simulate the sun’s naturalwavelegenths模拟太阳的自然波长to set off a complex response引起复杂反应shift work sleep disturbance由倒班引起的失眠circadian rhythms昼夜生物节奏人体节奏body rhythms荷尔蒙褪黑激素hormone melatonin受试者the subject有效地治疗方法effective treatment睡眠周期sleep cycle homosexual同性恋intravenous needle静脉注射针头transmission传播macrophage巨噬细胞swollen肿大的lethal diseases致命疾病life expectancy寿命vaccine疫苗placenta胎盘输血blood transfusion未消毒的unsterilized皮疹skin rash淋巴结lymph node唾液saliva抗体antibody。

MainContent:UNIT1MATHEMATICSI.TextOrganizationParts ParagraphsMainIdeasPartOne Paras.1-3 Gametheorycanbedefinedasthescienceofstrategywhichstudiesbothpureconflicts(zero-sumgames)andconflictsincooperativeforms.PartTwo Paras.4-11 Therearetwodistincttypesofstrategicinterdep endence:sequential-movegameandsimultaneous-movegame.PartThre e Paras.12-19Thetypicalexamplesofgametheoryaregivenasthebasicprinciplessuchasprisoners’dilemma,mixingmoves,strategicmoves,bargaining,concealingandrevealinginformation.PartFour Para.20 Theresearchofgametheoryhassucceededinillustratingstrategiesinsituationsofconflictandcooperationanditwillfocusonthedesignofsuccessfulstrategyinfuture.nguagePointsThegamesitstudiesrangefromchesstochildrearingandfromtennistotak eovers.(Para.1)Paraphrase:Thegamesit(gametheory)studiesextendsfromchesstochild bringing-upandfromtennistohandovers.range:v.tovarybetweenlimits,extend,runinalinee.g.(1)Thepricerangesfrom$30to$80.(2)Theboundaryrangesfromnorth tosouth.takeover:n.theactoraninstanceofassumingcontrolormanagementoforr esponsibilityforsth.接收、接管e.g.TheeconomyofHongkonggoeswellafteritstakeover. GametheorywaspioneeredbyPrincetonmathematicianJohnvonNeumann.(P ara.2)pioneer:v.tobeapioneer;tooriginate(courseofactionetc.,followedl aterbyothers)e.g.Thenewtreatmentforcancerwaspioneeredbytheexpertsofstatehosp ital.pioneer:n.originalinvestigatorofsubjectorexplorerorsettler;init iatorofenterprisee.g.Theyounggenerationwasgreatlymotivatedbythepioneers’exploit s.Thatis,theparticipantsweresupposedtochooseandimplementtheiracti onsjointly.(Para.2)Paraphrase:Thatis,theplayerswereexpectedtoselectandcarryoutthei ractionstogether. …hemustanticipateandovercomeresistancetohisplans.(Para.3) anticipate:v.1)toexpectorrealizebeforehand;toforeseee.g.Theexpertsareanticipatingthenegativeeffectsofairpollution. anticipate:v.2)todealwithorusebeforepropertime预支e.g.Tedwasnotusedtosavingmonthlyandhewouldalwaysanticipatehisin come. Theessenceofagameistheinterdependenceofplayerstrategies.(Para.4 )Paraphrase:Thekeyprincipalofagameisthatplayerstrategiesaredepen dentoneachother.essence:n.1)thequalitywhichmakesathingwhatitis;theinnernatureor mostimportantqualityofathinge.g.Thetwothingsarethesameinoutwardformbutdifferentinessence. essence:n.2)extractobtainedfromasubstancebytakingoutasmuchofthe massaspossiblekessence;essenceofpeppermint(椒薄荷、椒薄荷油) interdependence:n.thequalityorfactofdependingoneachotherinter-为前缀，意为betweeneachother,类似的词还有interchange、intermarry、international、interview等。

1.1 翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.动力装置是船舶的心脏。

驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。

第1节翻译练习2Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。

我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。

空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。

第1节翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening.A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。

双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。

1.2 对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。

一．英汉互译1.Friction（摩擦）will causethe bearingsto become heated摩擦会使轴承变热2.Eachatom normally has the same number of electrons revolving about the nuclear asit has protons.通常每个原子内绕原子核旋转的电子数和原子核内的质子数相同3.In a solid or liquid,the molecules are much closer together,resulting in much more material in a given volume.在液体和固体中，分子结合得紧密得多，导致在一定体积内的物质也多得多4.The determination of what element or elements are present in a substance is called qualitative analysis.测定物质中存在哪种或哪几种元素叫做定性分析5.Thesteel should not contain more than0.5%of carbon钢中的含碳量不应超过0.5%6.Sounddoes not travel asfast aslight声音不如光传播的快7.Theinstallation of the new equipment is the responsibility of the manufacturers.厂家负责安装这种新机器二．填空题1.From the results of the measurements it can be concluded that temperatures on the surface of Venusis too hot for life asknown on earth.从观测结果可以得出结论：金星表面的温度对地球上已知的生物来说太高。