Stephen F LeRoy
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Aron亚伦Abel亚伯;阿贝尔Abner艾布纳Abraham亚伯拉罕(昵称:Abe)Achates阿凯提斯(忠实的朋友)Adam亚当Adelbert阿德尔伯特Adolph阿道夫Adonis阿多尼斯(美少年)Adrian艾德里安Alban奥尔本Albert艾尔伯特(昵称:Al, Bert)Alexander亚历山大(昵称:Aleck, Alex, Sandy)Alexis亚历克西斯Alfred艾尔弗雷德(昵称:Al, Alf, Fred)Algernon阿尔杰农(昵称:Algie, Algy)Allan阿伦Allen艾伦Aloysius阿洛伊修斯Alphonso阿方索Alvah, Alva 阿尔瓦Alvin阿尔文Ambrose安布罗斯Amos阿莫斯Andrew安德鲁(昵称:Andy)Angus安格斯Anthony安东尼(昵称:Tony) Archibald 阿奇博尔德(昵称:Archie) Arnold阿诺德Arthur亚瑟Asa阿萨August奥古斯特Augustine 奥古斯丁Augustus奥古斯都;奥古斯塔斯Austin奥斯汀Baldwin鲍德温Barnaby巴纳比Barnard巴纳德Bartholomew巴托洛缪(昵称:Bart)Benedict本尼迪克特Benjamin 本杰明(昵称:Ben, Benny)Bennett贝内特Bernard 伯纳德(昵称:Bernie)Bertram 伯特伦(昵称:Bertie)Bertrand伯特兰Bill比尔(昵称:Billy)Boris 鲍里斯Brian布赖恩Bruce布鲁斯Bruno 布鲁诺Bryan布莱恩Byron拜伦Caesar凯撒Caleb凯莱布Calvin卡尔文Cecil塞西尔Christophe 克里斯托弗Clare克莱尔Clarence克拉伦斯Claude克劳德Clement克莱门特(昵称:Clem)Clifford克利福德(昵称:Cliff)Clifton克利夫顿Clinton克林顿Clive克莱夫Clyde克莱德Colin科林Conan科南Conrad康拉德Cornelius科尼利厄斯Crispin克利斯平Curtis柯蒂斯Cuthbert卡斯伯特Cyril西里尔Cyrus赛勒斯(昵称:Cy)David大卫;戴维(昵称:Dave, Davy)Denis, Dennis 丹尼斯Dominic多米尼克Donald唐纳德(昵称:Don) Douglas道格拉斯(昵称:Doug)Dudley达德利Duncan邓肯Dwight德怀特Earl, Earle 厄尔Earnest欧内斯特Ebenezer欧贝尼泽Edgar埃德加(昵称:Ed, Ned) Edward爱德华(昵称:Ed, Ned) Edwin埃德温(昵称:Ed)Egbert艾格伯特日bert埃尔博特Eli伊莱Elias伊莱亚斯Elihu伊莱休日ijah伊莱贾(昵称:Lige)Eliot埃利奥特Elisha伊莱沙(昵称:Lish)Elliot, Elliott 埃利奥特Ellis埃利斯日mer艾尔默Emery, Emory 艾默里Emil埃米尔Emmanuel伊曼纽尔Enoch伊诺克Enos伊诺思Ephraim伊弗雷姆Erasmus伊拉兹马斯Erastus伊拉斯塔斯Eric埃里克Ernest欧内斯特(昵称:Errie)Erwin欧文Essex埃塞克斯(埃塞克斯伯爵,英国军人和廷臣,因叛国罪被处死)Ethan 伊桑Ethelbert 埃塞尔伯特Eugene 尤金(昵称:Gene)Eurus欧罗斯(东风神或东南风神)Eustace尤斯塔斯Evan埃文,伊万Evelyn伊夫林Everett 埃弗雷特Ezakiel伊齐基尔(昵称:Zeke)Ezra埃兹拉Felix菲利克斯Ferdinand费迪南德Finlay, Finley 芬利Floyd弗洛伊德Francis弗朗西斯(昵称:Frank)Frank弗兰克Franklin富兰克林Frederick弗雷德里克(昵称:Fred)Gabriel加布里埃尔(昵称:Gabe) Gail盖尔Gamaliel甘梅利尔Gary加里George乔治Gerald杰拉尔德Gerard杰勒德Gideon吉迪恩Gifford吉福德Gilbert吉尔伯特Giles加尔斯Glenn, Glen 格伦Godfrey戈弗雷Gordon戈登Gregory格雷戈里(昵称:Greg)Griffith格里菲斯Gustavus古斯塔夫斯Guthrie格思里Guy盖伊Hans汉斯Harlan哈伦Harold哈罗德(昵称:Hal)Harry 哈里Harvey哈维Hector赫克托Henry 亨利(昵称:Hal, Hank, Henny)Herbert 赫伯特(昵称:Herb, Bert)Herman赫尔曼Hilary希拉里Hiram海勒姆(昵称:Hi)Homer霍默Horace霍勒斯Horatio霍雷肖Hosea霍奇亚Howard霍华德Hubert休伯特Hugh 休Hugo雨果Humphrey汉弗莱Ichabod伊卡伯德Ignatius伊格内修斯Immanuel伊曼纽尔Ira艾拉Irene艾林Irving, Irwin 欧文Isaac艾萨克(昵称:Ike)Isador, Isadore 伊萨多Isaiah埃塞亚Isidore, Isidor 伊西多(昵称:Izzy)Islington伊斯林顿Israel伊斯雷尔(昵称:Izzy)Ivan伊凡Jack杰克Jackson杰克逊Jacob 雅各布(昵称:Jack, Jake)James 詹姆斯(昵称:Jamie, Jim, Jimmy)Jared贾雷德Jarvis贾维斯Jason贾森Jasper加斯珀Jean 琼Jeffrey杰弗里(昵称:Jeff) Jeremiah杰里迈亚(昵称:Jerry) Jeremy杰里米Jerome杰罗姆(昵称:Jerry)Jervis杰维斯Jesse杰西(昵称:Jess)Jesus杰苏斯Jim吉姆Joab乔巴Job乔布Joe乔Joel乔尔John 约翰(昵称:Jack, Johnnie, Johnny)Jonah乔纳Jonathan乔纳森(昵称:Jon)Joseph约瑟夫(昵称:Joe, Jo)Joshua乔舒亚(昵称:Josh)Josephus约瑟夫斯Josiah乔塞亚Judah朱达(昵称:Jude)Jude朱达Jules朱尔斯Julian朱利安(昵称:Jule)Julius 朱利叶斯(昵称:Jule, Julie)Junius朱尼厄斯Justin 贾斯丁Justus贾斯特斯Keith基斯Kelvin凯尔文Kenneth肯尼斯(昵称:Ken)Kevin 凯文Kit基特Larry拉里Laurence, Lawrence 劳伦斯(昵称:Larry)Lazarus拉扎勒斯Leander利安德Lee李Leif利夫Leigh李,利Lemuel莱缪艾尔(昵称:Lem)Leo利奥Leon利昂Leonard 列奥纳多(昵称:Len, Lenny)Leopold利奥波德Leroy勒鲁瓦Leslie 莱斯利Lester莱斯特(昵称:Les)Levi利瓦伊(昵称:Lev)Lewis 刘易斯(昵称:Lew, Lewie)Lionel莱昂内尔Lewellyn 卢埃林Loyd劳埃德Lorenzo洛伦佐Louis 路易斯(昵称:Lou, Louie)Lucian卢西恩Lucius卢修斯Luke卢克Luther卢瑟Lyman莱曼Lynn林恩Manuel曼纽尔Marcel马赛尔Marcellus马塞勒斯Marcus马库斯Marion 马里恩Mark 马克Marshal马歇尔Martin 马丁Matthew 马修(昵称:Mat, Matt)Maurice莫里斯Max马克斯Maximilian马克西米利安(昵称:Max)Maynard梅纳德Melville梅尔维尔Melvin梅尔文Merle莫尔Merlin莫林Mervin 莫文Micah迈卡Michael 迈克尔(昵称:Mike, Mickey)Miles迈尔斯Milton 米尔顿(昵称:Milt, Miltie)Morgan摩根Morton 莫顿(昵称:Mort, Morty)Moses 摩西(昵称:Mo, Mose)Murray默里Myron米隆Nathan 内森(昵称:Nat, Nate)Nathanael纳撒尼尔Neal,Neil 尼尔Ned内德Nelson纳尼森Nestor涅斯托尔Nicholas, Nicolas 尼古拉斯Nick尼克Noah诺亚Noel诺埃尔Norman诺曼Octavius屋大维Oliver奥利弗Orlando奥兰多Orson奥森Orville 奥维尔Oscar 奥斯卡Oswald, Oswold奥斯瓦尔德Otis奥蒂斯Otto奥拓Owen欧英Patrick 帕特里克(昵称:Paddy, Pat)Paul保罗Perceval, Percival 帕西瓦尔(昵称:Percy)Percy珀西Perry佩里Peter彼得(昵称:Pete)Philip, Phillip 菲利普(昵称:Phil)Phineas菲尼亚斯Pierre皮埃尔Quentin, Quintin 昆廷Ralph拉尔夫Randal, Randall 兰德尔Randolph兰道夫Raphael拉斐尔Raymond雷蒙德(昵称:Ray)Reginald雷金纳德Reubin鲁本Rex 雷克斯Richard理查德Robert罗伯特Rodney罗德尼Roger罗杰Roland, Rowland 罗兰Rolf罗尔夫Ronald罗纳德Roscoe罗斯科Rudolph鲁道夫Rufus鲁弗斯Rupert鲁珀特Russell, Russel 罗素Sammy萨米Sam萨姆Samson萨姆森Samuel塞缪尔Saul索尔Seth赛思Seymour西摩尔Sidney西德尼Sigmund西格蒙德Silas塞拉斯Silvester西尔维斯特Simeon西米恩Simon西蒙Solomon所罗门(昵称:Sol)Stanley斯坦利Stephen斯蒂芬Steven史蒂文Stewart, Stuart 斯图尔特Sydney西德尼Sylvanus西尔韦纳斯Sylvester西尔威斯特Terence特伦斯(昵称:Terry)Thaddeus, Thadeus 萨迪厄斯Theobald西奥波尔德Theodore西奥多Theodosius西奥多西Thomas 托马斯(昵称:Tom, Tommy)Timothy蒂莫西(昵称:Tim)Titus泰特斯Tobiah托比厄(昵称:Toby)Tony托尼Tristram特里斯托拉姆(昵称:Tris)Uriah尤赖亚Valentine 瓦伦丁Vernon弗农Victor维克托(昵称:Vic)Vincent文森特Virgil弗吉尔Waldo沃尔多Wallace 华莱士(昵称:Wally)Walter 沃尔特(昵称:Walt, Wat)Warren沃伦Wayne韦恩Wesley韦斯利Wilbert威尔伯特Wilbur威尔伯Wilfred, Wilfrid威尔弗雷德Willard威拉德William 威廉(昵称:Will, Willy)Willis威利斯Winfred温弗雷德Woodrow伍德罗(昵称:Woody)Zachariah扎卡赖亚(昵称:Zach)Zacharias扎卡赖亚斯Zachary 扎卡里Zebulun泽布伦。
与钢结构有关国外书籍以下是与钢结构有关的一些国外书籍推荐:1. "Design of Steel Structures" by Edwin H. Gaylord, Jr., Charles N. Gaylord, and James E. Stallmeyer2. "Steel Structures: Design and Behavior" by Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson, Faris A. Malhas3. "Steel Design" by William T. Segui4. "Structural Steel Design" by Jack C. McCormac and Stephen F. Csernak5. "Steel Structures: Practical Design Studies" by Hassan Ilyas and Sambit Bhattacharya6. "Design of Welded Structures" by Omer W. Blodgett7. "Steel Structures: Analysis and Design for Vibrations and Earthquakes" by Karuna Moy Ghosh8. "Structural Steel Design to Eurocode 3 and AISC Specifications" by Claudio Bernuzzi and Silvio L. Celaschi9. "Designers' Guide to Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures" by Leroy Gardner and David A. Nethercot10. "Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete" by Roger P. Johnson and John F. McCarthy这些书籍涵盖了不同方面的钢结构设计和分析,从基础概念到高级应用都有涉及。
浅析安德鲁勒菲弗尔的翻译理论安德鲁勒菲弗尔曾为当代翻译理论提出了很多贡献,是翻译理论发展中起着重要作用的一位学者。
其翻译理论的思想具有重要的历史意义,从古典翻译理论到当代翻译理论的发展过程中,勒菲弗尔的翻译理论发挥了重要作用。
因此,本文将从四个方面来论述勒菲弗尔的翻译理论,即勒菲弗尔翻译理论的发展史、翻译理论基础、翻译实践、以及在当代翻译理论发展中的作用等。
一、安德鲁勒菲弗尔的翻译理论发展史安德鲁勒菲弗尔作为一名伟大的翻译理论家,他的翻译理论主要受到了20世纪50年代维特根斯坦的学术思想的影响。
他的翻译理论,以此时正在兴起的结构主义对语言现象的研究以及对翻译理论的研究作为基础,渐渐形成并得到发展。
安德鲁勒菲弗尔在语言学及翻译学领域的研究,是以语言结构为理论基础,以语言功能和翻译实践为研究方法,立足于语言关系,建立起一部完整翻译理论之上。
它以句法、语义和范畴关系作为翻译原则,把翻译看作是语言系统间连接作用的一种过程,认为译者应该突出文本的结构,注重语义的准确表达等,从而形成了安德鲁勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。
二、安德鲁勒菲弗尔的翻译理论基础勒菲弗尔的翻译理论的基础是结构主义,其中提出的翻译理论有以下三点:(1)翻译是词语系统之间的连接,是原文与译文语言系统之间的关系;(2)译文不仅要有一定的格式,而且还要考虑文体、风格、语气等,以表达原文作者的意图;(3)当翻译同义词时,译者应当选择同一种语言的词语,因为同义词不同的语言表达可能会产生误解。
三、安德鲁勒菲弗尔的翻译实践勒菲弗尔的翻译实践是一种实验性翻译方式,他在实践中提出了一些翻译原则和方法:(1)翻译应考虑句法,在原文和译文中保持句子结构的一致性;(2)在翻译句子时,应保持词语的原义,重点突出原文的语义特征;(3)翻译应考虑文化文本,语言应当尽量保持原文的文化特征;(4)应尽可能把原文的语法、语气、节奏等保留在译文中,使译文表达出原文的意义;(5)除去原文的冗余和无用的部分,使译文简洁、流畅,以便容易理解。
金融学必读书籍1、曼昆《经济学原理》北京大学出版社点评:很多人真正读懂西方经济学都是从曼昆的《经济学原理》开始的,因为有趣、易懂,“十大经济学原理”令人印象深刻,当年学萨缪尔森的经济学时感觉经济学像个严谨的老学究,读曼昆的就不一样了,像个会讲故事的朋友,即使不从事金融行业,相信你也会喜欢上她的。
这绝对是一本让人拿得起,放不下的枕边图书。
2、弗雷德里克S.米什金《货币金融学》(原书第2版) 机械工业出版社点评:但凡从事金融行业的专业人士对这本书都不会感到陌生,这是金融专业第一本专业基础课教材。
过去我国大学课程里叫“货币银行学”,后来随着金融业的发展,货币逐渐成为金融产品里的一部分而非全部,银行也是金融机构的一个分支,于是和国际接轨改成“金融学”或者“货币金融学”,其实是同一类书。
弗雷德里克S.米什金是这个领域绝对的权威。
中国人民大学出版社出版了这本书的另一个版本,但是最新版删去了非银行金融机构、衍生金融工具和金融行业内的利益冲突等章节,感觉不爽!3、弗兰克J. 法博齐《金融市场与金融机构基础》(原书第4版)机械工业出版社点评:米什金也写过《金融市场与金融机构》,但我个人更倾向于这本由耶鲁大学弗兰克J. 法博齐编写的《金融市场与金融机构基础》,因为米什金的长项在于货币理论研究方面,对于金融机构方面略逊,而且法博齐这本书也是耶鲁大学公开课的指定教材,本人很喜欢主讲教师罗伯特.席勒的谦逊、严谨与博学,还有他上课时不时的害羞模样,哈哈。
况且公开课网上视频随处可以下载,对照视频看书,会有在耶鲁大学上课的感觉呢!4、滋维.博迪《投资学》(原书第7版) 机械工业出版社点评:还能找到比这本书更权威的吗?答案是否定的。
如果说以前威廉.夏普版《投资学》还可以与之掰掰手腕的话,如今夏普版《投资学》第5版已经被定格在2002年的现实再一步证实:博迪版《投资学》已经是投资学领域绝对的NUMBER 1,当之无愧的集大成者。
但是第7版的翻译确实有些问题,英语好的朋友们可以找找对应的英文版。
ENGLISH NAMESFORMALE(男)英文名册A英文名代表含义1.Aaron被启迪的2.Abel呼吸,空虚3.Achilles力量4.Adam红土5.Adan大地6.Addison Adam的儿子7.Ade王冠,皇家的8.Adley鹰9.Adolph高贵的英雄10.Agustin尊贵的人,兴奋的人11.Ahren鹰12.Aidan火13.Alan英俊的,快乐的14.Alban白色15.Albert高贵,聪明16.Alcander强壮的17.Alfred顾问18.Allen高贵19.Alphonse渴望,高贵20.Alvin高贵的朋友21.Anders强壮的,男子气概的22.Andrew男子气概的23.Andy男子气概的24.Angelo信使25.Angus被选中的人,唯一的力量26.Anker男子气概的27.Anthony无价的28.Armand属于军队的29.Asher幸运的,快乐的30.August被尊敬的,尊贵的B英文名代表含义1.Baldwin勇敢的朋友2.Bali强大的战士3.Barclay白桦树牧场4.Barnett高贵的人5.Barney勇敢的熊6.Baron自由的男子7.Barrett像熊一样的8.Barth小山,犁沟9.Beck小溪10.Ben儿子11.Benjamin右手的儿子12.Benson优秀的儿子13.Berkeley白桦树牧场14.Bern勇敢的熊15.Bert聪明的16.Bill坚定的卫士17.Billy坚定的卫士18.Bob显赫的声望19.Bobby著名的20.Bowen Owen的儿子21.Bradley来自宽阔的牧场22.Brady宽阔的岛23.Brand剑刃24.Brian强壮的25.Brooks流淌的水26.Bruno褐色27.Bryant强壮的28.Buddy朋友29.Burton显赫的声望30.Byron熊英文名代表含义1.Caesar头发长的2.Cain工匠3.Clavin光秃的,枯燥的4.Cari男子5.Carlos自由的男子6.Carson Carr的儿子7.Carter货车司机8.Cavan英俊的9.Chale强壮而有男子气概的10.Chandler蜡烛制造者11.Charles 男子,强壮的12.Chen伟大的,辽阔的13.Chevalier骑士14.Chilton靠近河边的城市15.Christoph基督的信使16.Clark学者17.Clement慈悲的18.Clinton小山上的城镇19.Colin胜利20.Conan聪明的21.Conrad大胆而聪明的顾问22.Cornell牛角色的23.Crispin卷发的24.Curtis有礼貌的25.Cyrus云英文名代表含义1.Dalton山谷农场2.Dan上帝是我的审判者3.Daniel上帝是我的审判者4.Danny上帝是我的审判者5.Dante持久的6.Daren夜晚出生7.Darin珍贵的礼物8.Darren伟大的9.Dave被爱的10.David被爱的11.Davin芬兰的12.Davis David的儿子13.Delbert 亮如白昼14.Dennis Dionysius(酒神)的15.Derek统治者16.Devlin勇敢的17.Dick像统治者一样强壮、有力量的18.Dionysius酒神和狂欢之神19.Dirk统治者20.Dixon Richard的儿子21.Dominick 属于上帝的22.Donal自豪的首领,世界统治者23.Douglas/ Douglass黑色的溪流24.Duncan黑皮肤的战士25.Dustin英勇的斗士英文名代表含义1.Eamon 富有的监护人2.Earl 有敏锐智慧的高贵领导者。
第31卷第2期2010年4月首都师范大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition )No.2Apr.,2010拉尔夫·霍华德·福勒与量子理论在英国的发展*尹沛尹晓冬(首都师范大学物理系,北京100048)摘要福勒是英国剑桥的数学家,从数学物理角度对天体物理、统计物理、量子物理等物理领域作了许多工作.他与当时剑桥各个物理领域的前沿人物都有密切的交往,从而使他对不同物理领域都有涉及,尤其是在量子领域,他是早期关注量子发展的英国科学家之一.关键词:拉尔夫·霍华德·福勒,量子理论,剑桥,狄拉克.中图分类号:O O4-09.收稿日期:2009-07-06基金项目:留学回国人员科研启动基金,北京市教育委员会科技计划面上项目.本文研究得到德国马克斯·普朗克科学史研究所“量子力学的历史与基础”项目的资助.20世纪初,科学界立下了两座丰碑,一座是爱因斯坦的相对论,另一座则是量子力学.量子力学虽然在建立之初是在德国、丹麦等欧洲大陆国家,但是不久之后,就出现了狄拉克(Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac ,1902-1984)等人,在英国也开辟出一片量子理论的沃土.拉尔夫·霍华德·福勒(Ralph Howard Fowler ,1889-1944)似乎是一个有些陌生的名字,但是他却是在20世纪20年代早期,英国剑桥少有的几位坚持关注量子理论发展的科学家之一.当我们了解福勒的一生时,会发现他的学术范围涉及很多当时的前沿领域.针对国内外都少有文章和专著介绍福勒以及他在学术和人才培养上的贡献,因此特撰此文以飨读者.1福勒的生平拉尔夫·霍华德·福勒,1889年11月17日出生于英国埃塞克斯郡的罗伊敦(Roydon ,Essex ).他的父亲霍华德·福勒(Howard Fowler )曾经在牛津大学学习法律,在校期间连续三年是校板球队和橄榄球队的明星队员,毕业后转入商界.拉尔夫是家中的长子,他还有一个妹妹和一个弟弟.拉尔夫从小就显现出从父亲那里继承来的运动天赋.在校期间,他一直是学校板球队和足球队的队员,而高尔夫这项运动更是伴随了他终生[1].拉尔夫的早期教育是在家中由一位女家庭教师进行的.当他十岁时,他被位于哈里斯山(Horris Hill )的埃文斯(Evans )预备学校录取.1902年,由于他在入学考试取得了第二名,他获得了温彻斯特学校(Winchester )的奖学金.他在温特斯特中学学习了六年,是学校最好的学生,并且获得了该校的数学和自然科学奖学金.1906年12月,拉尔夫获得了剑桥三一学院的主修奖学金,在1908年的圣米迦勒(Michaelmas term )学期(每学年第一学期)去了三一学院.1909年他在三一学院完成了第一部分的数学荣誉学位考试,并进入了最优秀的班级.1911年他完成了第二部分的数学荣誉考试,并由此获得了他的文学学士学位.1913年,他获得了数学瑞利奖(Rayleigh Prize ).在完成了他的学士学位后,拉尔夫开始了纯数学的研究.1914年10月,他的数学技巧和洞察力为他赢得了三一学院的奖金.但是,一战在此刻爆发了,他成为了英国皇家海军炮兵队的一员.不久福勒就深切体会到了战争的残酷.他的弟弟克里斯多佛(Christopher )1914年也加入了军队,但在1917年四月战死在法国索姆(Somme )战役中.这件事对拉尔夫来说打击很大.他们兄弟关系非常好.在假期时,他们经常一起玩高尔夫.残酷的战争还使拉尔夫失去了两位学生时代的挚友———A D Gillespie 和R H 02第2期尹沛等:拉尔夫·霍华德·福勒与量子理论在英国的发展Hutchison.1919年4月福勒回到了剑桥三一学院.他很快与同年回到剑桥任卡文迪什实验室主任的欧内斯特·卢瑟福(Ernest Rutherford,1871-1937)相识并成为至交好友.高尔夫球这个共同的爱好应该在他们的友谊中起到了一定的作用,并让福勒熟识了更多的人.在剑桥的岁月中.他、卢瑟福、阿斯顿(Francis William Aston,1877-1945)、达尔文(Horace Darwin,1851-1929)、泰勒(Geoffrey Ingram Taylor,1886-1975)等人每周都要聚在一起玩一次高尔夫.1921年,福勒与卢瑟福的独女艾琳(Eileen)结婚.他们俩有四个孩子.而艾琳在1930年最后一个孩子出生后就过世了.1925年,他被选为皇家学会特别会员,并且在1933年成为了温彻斯特的学会会员.1932年他被选为新创建的热力学物理的讲座教授.1936年他被奖予皇家奖章,并于1938年被委任为国家物理实验室的主任,但是他因为生病没有能够承担.1939年,二战爆发,他立即恢复了在军火部的工作.尽管身体仍然有恙,但他最终还是选择成为了加拿大以及后来的美国的科学联络员,而这两个国家他以前就很熟悉,因为他曾经去过多伦多,也曾经拜访过威斯康星州的普林斯顿大学.1942年,福勒因为这种联络性的工作而被授予爵士[2].之后,福勒一直在军火部和海军部工作,到他1944年7月28日早逝前几星期才卸任.2学术成就从1889年出生到1944年过世,福勒经历了短暂的55个春秋,然而他的学术历程却相当的丰富.在剑桥三一学院期间(1913-1915)他发表了四篇论文,全部都是对纯数学的研究.一战的爆发对福勒的心灵和身体虽然造成了创伤,但是对他的学术生涯却是一次机遇.1915年在加里波利(Gallipoli)战役中,福勒的肩背部受了严重的创伤,以至于一个肺也受到了感染.于是他不得不在家修养.1916年,他渐渐恢复了健康,遇到了剑桥郡的上尉(Captain in the Cambridge)、剑桥大学国王学院、同时也是在三一学院的同学A.V希尔(A.V.Hill,1886-1977).正是这位希尔上尉使拉尔夫将其数学才能应用到物理领域.当时,希尔与贺瑞斯·达尔文合作,发明了一个镜像反应系统,叫做“达尔文-希尔镜像位置定位器”(Darwin-Hill Mirror Position Finder).这个系统最初被设计为测定飞机的飞行路线,之后用于防空射击.希尔提议福勒加入,一起在实际中测试了这个刚刚开发出来的仪器.这次合作,希尔直接改变了福勒的研究兴趣,对福勒的整个学术生涯来说是一个重要的转折点.由于这位年轻有为的科学家的加入,这个团体开始被人们叫做“希尔的土匪帮”(Hill’s Brigands),并且,在这个团体中,福勒结识了几位最为亲密的朋友.其中就包括E.A米尔恩,他在福勒过世后写了纪念他的讣告.福勒在这个领域的工作让他特别考虑了海拔高处风的特性和温度构成,这些为他后来对热力学和统计力学感兴趣埋下伏笔.例如在他与他人一起合作的两篇文章中,主要研究了刚射出枪口的子弹在有角度振动的情况下的力学系统,是空气动力学对飞行子弹的应用[3,4].这两篇文章甚至对当时美国和加拿大的弹道学研究都有明显的影响.因为福勒在弹道学上的工作,在1918年,他被授予英帝国勋章(O.B.E).1919年回到剑桥后,一战期间对数学知识的实际应用,大大扩展了福勒的视野.而与卢瑟福等实验物理学家、天体物理学家的亲密关系,也让福勒收益匪浅.在此,福勒研究了各种不同种类的数学问题,并最终开始转向数学物理上的前沿问题,包括各种气体的动力学理论.这些再次引领着他朝着热力学和统计力学的道路走去.1922年,福勒开始了他一生中最为重要的研究工作.受艾伦费斯特(Paul Ehrenfest,1880-1933)和Viktor Trkal(1888-1956)两人在统计力学上的某些工作的启发,他与C G达尔文(Charles Galton Darwin,1887-1962)一起合作完成了一篇关于能量分配的文章The Partition of Energy.前两者测算了一个集合的最概然态,这个集合包含有多个相互作用的相似系统.而福勒和C G达尔文则根据计算概率直接计算了这个集合的平均态.他们还根据算出的平均态计算了波动的大小.之后,福勒又独自一人应用上面的方法发展了研究物理化学的新方法,并利用这些新发现证明了萨哈(Meghnad Saha,1893-1956)、林德曼(Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann,1852-1939)、查普曼(David Leonard Chapman,1869-1958)等人完成的公式和计算.1922年到1923年,福勒又与米尔恩合作完成了恒星光谱、温度和压力上的关键性工作.这些工作12首都师范大学学报(自然科学版)2010年一直贯穿在20世纪20年代他们发表的一系列文章中,并使福勒获得了1923-1924年度剑桥大学的亚当斯奖(Adams Price).1929年福勒出版了以这些文章组成的专著———《统计力学》.这本书接着在1936年去掉了天体物理学的应用这一部分内容后被再一次出版.而在1939年,他又与古根海姆(Edward Armand Guggenheim,1901-1970)合著了《统计热力学》.1926年,福勒发表了一生中自己完成的最原创的一篇论文The Statistical Mechanics of Assemblies of Ionized Atoms and Electrons.在这篇文章中他证明了白矮星是由一种处于简并态的气体组成的.这种气体遵从了由狄拉克(Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac,1902-1984)和费米(Enrico Fermi,1901-1954)发现的量子统计.福勒的这个理论很快被爱丁顿(Arthur Stanley Eddington,1882-1944)等天文学家用来研究天狼星.在之后的一段时间,福勒发表的文章内容分散于光谱学、物理化学以及现在我们所知道的凝聚态物理(或固体态物理)和磁性材料.因为福勒与他的岳父卢瑟福一起工作,他也检验了很多有趣的问题.他在1935年的贝克尔演讲(Bakerian Lecture)中阐述了运用统计物理和量子力学推算考虑分子自旋时不规则的晶体比热和晶体平衡特性的研究[5].而在1934年的利弗西奇讲座(Liversidge Lecture)上的演讲主题是氢的重同位素.福勒的学术研究遍布数学、统计力学、气体动理论、量子理论以及相应的实验物理的各个领域.虽然并没有像他同时代的一些人那样,在某一领域做出开创性的贡献,但是他的各个领域的影响也是不可忽视的.尤其是在20世纪20年代早期就对量子理论的关注,对英国在此领域的突飞猛进有着不可磨灭的推动作用.3对量子理论的研究发展1900年,普朗克(Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Plank,1858-1947)在描述他的辐射能量子化的时候,假设被吸收和放射的辐射能是量子化的.从此“量子理论”开启了它的篇章.在福勒1919年回到剑桥时量子理论仅仅发展了不到20年的时间,普朗克在提出后自己也无法完全确信,从而不再继续研究.而到1905年时,爱因斯坦扩展了普朗克的量子理论,提出不仅仅物质与电磁辐射之间的相互作用是量子化的,而且量子化是一个基本物理特性的理论.通过这个新理论,他得以解释光电效应.1913年,尼尔斯·玻尔(Niels Henrik David Bohr,1885-1962)吸收了量子的理论,提出了以他命名的原子模型———玻尔模型.这时候的量子理论还存在很多问题.但是这个新兴的理论还是吸引了福勒的目光.在一战结束福勒回到了剑桥后,虽然当时福勒已经超过三十岁了,但是他的学习兴趣依然不减当年,并且把这种学习兴趣从数学扩展到了数学物理中的各个领域.1920年福勒被委任为三一学院的数学讲师后不久,开始研究量子问题.他感兴趣的是为量子力学打下基础的旧的量子理论,很快他就把它们应用到各种数学物理领域中[6].在那段时间,福勒非常热心的学习所有有关量子理论和相对论的材料,他甚至以教员的身份参加了一些剑桥开设的相关课程.从1921年提交了第一篇有关量子理论的文章[7],他开始了对量子理论的贡献,这篇文章中他补充了庞加莱(Henri Poincaré,1854-1914)为验证普朗克量子假设的必要性而进行的对傅里叶积分理论的推导.他认为验证量子假设庞加莱没必要将傅里叶积分理论扩展到Stieltjes通积分,因此在文章中限制了某些量的条件.作为热情的量子理论支持者,福勒是将量子统计应用到恒星气体的早期提议者.他还探索了将玻色-爱因斯坦统计和费米-狄拉克统计合成一个普遍的形式.在他的演讲稿中,那些围绕“量子理论和光谱”、“量子理论的近期发展”中包含有科学文献中刚刚被讨论的问题.他将当时前沿的发展关注在散射(scattering)、色散理论(dispersion theory)和光谱线亮度上,并且讨论了海森伯(Werner Karl Heisenberg,1901-1976)和泡利(Wolfgang Ernst Pauli,1900-1958)的思想.福勒还曾经将量子理论引入了聚集于卡文迪什实验室卡皮扎俱乐部(Kapitza Club)偏于实验性的物理学家的学术讨论中,由于他与卢瑟福的联系,他更有优势来做到这一点.因此我们不难发现,早期剑桥在这方面的工作都是由福勒发起的.虽然他自己也将一部分精力注入到对量子理论的研究和应用上,但是他对这个领域最大的贡献可能还是将保罗·狄拉克等一批年轻的学者引领到了这个刚刚打下基础的神秘殿堂,从而使英国也在量子理论发展上居于领先地位.1923年保罗·狄拉克在布里斯托尔大学的数学考试中表现优秀,获得了科学工业研究部22第2期尹沛等:拉尔夫·霍华德·福勒与量子理论在英国的发展(Department of Scientific and Industrial Research)设立的研究奖学金.凭借这个荣誉,狄拉克终于可以以研究生的身份到剑桥学习.他一开始希望能跟随埃比尼泽·坎宁安(Ebenezer Cunningham,1881-1977),因为他之前一直对相对论有很大的兴趣,而坎宁安当时正在研究相对论.但是坎宁安当年没有招收任何学生,因此,狄拉克被分配到了福勒的麾下[8].在福勒的影响下,狄拉克一开始研究了一些统计力学的问题.在剑桥的头六个月就发表了两篇针对相关问题的文章.毫无疑问,福勒对量子理论的兴趣同时也深刻影响了狄拉克.1924年5月狄拉克完成了第一篇他针对量子问题的文章.1925年12月前.他又完成了另外四篇这方面的文章.1925年夏天,海森伯来到了卡皮扎俱乐部做演讲,讨论现代物理.海森伯当时已经在写开启现代量子力学的第一篇文章,但是他演讲的主题却并不在此,只在快要结束演讲的最后,海森伯简要的提了一句他的新思想.但是狄拉克当时根本没注意到这一重要信息.后来是福勒收到了海森伯的论文校样,并且将它送到狄拉克手里———当时是为了作注释.狄拉克在第一遍阅读了这篇文章后并没有领略它的重要意义,但是隔了一周,当他又认真阅读了这篇文章后,他终于看到了其中蕴含的一条新的开创性道路,从这条路出发可以解决旧量子理论的困难之处.某种意义上,福勒是“合适的时间合适的地点”出现的合适的人[9].当时量子理论的发展主要集中于三个学术中心,一个是在慕尼黑大学,以索末菲(Arnold Johannes Wilhelm sommerfeld,1868-1951)为首;一个是在哥廷根大学,由1921年才将注意力转到原子理论的玻恩(Max Born,1882-1970)引领;一个是在哥本哈根大学,被认为是“玻尔学会”[10],而剑桥始终没有建立起一个量子物理的学派.狄拉克虽然很快为量子理论的发展立下了里程碑般的成就,但是,狄拉克常常自己研究.他几乎不带研究生,也几乎不与别人合作.因此,在狄拉克走上量子力学之路后,仍然是福勒的坚持影响了一批学生研究量子问题.福勒的另一名学生,1977年的诺贝尔奖获得者莫特(Nevill Francis Mott,1905-1996),也在其学术生涯早期认真研究过量子力学,他在20世纪20年代曾经发表过关于对卢瑟福散射公式做量子力学推导的文章[11].4结语1944年7月28日,福勒在剑桥永远地闭上了眼睛.他的一生只有短暂的55个岁月,但是他在各个科学领域的贡献都是我们不能忽略的,特别是对于英国量子理论的发展.可以说福勒为剑桥量子学派的建立付出了努力.他自己身体力行的研究、推广量子理论,并带领着他的学生及朋友进入了这个领域.但是他因为学术上没有能像玻尔等人那样为量子领域作出重要工作,因此无法凭自己的能力成立一个新的量子理论中心.但是他所做的工作并没有湮没,在他的学生和朋友的研究中体现了出来.当我们回望剑桥的物理学成就时,绝不能忽略他隐藏在无数巨星之后的光芒.参考文献[1]Milne E.Ralph Howard Fowler.1889-1944[J].Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society,1945,9:61-78.[2]Fowler R.Http://www-groups.dcs.st-/ histpry/Printonly/Fowler.html.[3]Fowler R,Gallop E,Lock C,ect.The Aerodynamics of a Spinning Shell[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character,1921,221:295-387.[4]Fowler R,Lock C.The Aerodynamics of a Spinning Shell.Part II[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character,1922,222:227-247.[5]Fowler R.The Bakerian Lecture:The Anomalous Specific Heats of Crystals,with Special Reference to the Contribution of Molecular Rotations[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences,1935,8:1-22.[6]Gavroglu K,Simoes A.Preparing the fround for quantum chemistry in Great Britain:the work of the physicist R.H.Fowler and the chemist N.V.Sidgwick[J].The British Journal for the History of Science,2002,7:187-212.(下转第36页)32首都师范大学学报(自然科学版)2010年Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Luminescence of the Samarium Coordination Polymer with2,2'-Diphenic Acid and PhenanthrolineLei Zhihong Wu Xiaoshuo Han Siyu Li Xia*(Department of Chemistry,Capital Normal University,Beijing100048)AbstractA Samarium complex{[Sm2(2,2'-DPA)3(Phen)2(H2O)2](EtOH)2(H2O)}n(2,2'-DPA=2,2'-Diphenicacid,Phen=1,10-phenanthroline)has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction,IR and fluorescence spectrum.The complex crystallized into Monoclinic system,C2/c Space group.The unit cell parameters are a=2.44967(6)nm,b=1.21346(3)nm,c=2.29992(5)nm,α=90ʎ,β=115.598(1)ʎ,γ=90ʎ.The coordination number of Sm3+is nine,in which six oxygen atoms from the carboxyl groups of three2,2'-DPA ligands,one oxygen from water molecule,two nitrogen atoms from Phen molecule.In addition,free water and free ethanol molecules are found in crystal lattice.The Sm3+are linked together by the2,2'-DPA ligands via bidentate-chelating/bidentate-chelating coordination mode,thereby extended to a new ziazag1D chain structure.The fluorescence spectrum of the title complex has three emission peaks which locate at559nm,597nm and642nm,corresponding to4G5/2→6H5/2,4G5/2→6H7/2,4G5/2→6H9/2 transitions of the Sm3+ion respectively.Key words:Samarium complex,2,2'-Diphenyldicarboxylic Acid,crystal structure,luminescence.(上接第23页)[7]Fowler R.A Simple Extension of Fourier's Integral Theorem and Some Physical Applications,in Particular to the Theory of Quanta[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Containing Papers of a Mathematical and PhysicalCharacter,1921,9:462-471[8]Dalitz R,Peierls R.Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac.8August1902-20October1984[J].Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society,1986,12:139-185.[9]Milne E.Those in Authority:R.H.Fowler,M.A.(Trinity),Senior Proctor[J],The Granta32(721):469.[10]Kragh H.Quantum Generations:A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century[M].Princeton University Press.1999,159-160.[11]胡冰,刘树勇.莫特的组织才能和学术贡献[J].山西大同大学学报,2009,25(4):74-78Ralph Howard Fowler and the Development of Quantum Theory in UKYin Pei Yin Xiaodong(Physics Department,Capital Normal University,Beijing100048,China)AbstractR H Fowler is a mathematician in Cambridge,UK.From the point of view of mathematical physics,he contributed a lot to the physics fields,such as astrophysics,statistical physics,quantum physics.At that time,he had close contacts with all the physicist in Cambridge who studied cutting-edge fields of physics,so that he was interested in different physical areas.Especially in the quantum field,he is one of the earliest British scientists who concerned about the quantum.Key words:Ralph Howard Fowler,quantum theory,Cambridge,Paul Dirac.63。
James[[dʒeimz]],詹姆斯(男⼦名)John[dʒɔn],约翰(男⼦名)Robert['rɔbət],罗伯特(男⼦名)Michael['maikl],迈克尔(男⼦名)William['wiljəm],威廉(男⼦名)David['deivid],戴维(男⼦名)Richard['ritʃəd],理查(男⼦名)Charles[tʃɑ:lz],查尔斯(男⼦名)Joseph['dʒəuzif],约瑟夫(男⼦名)Thomas['tɔməs],托马斯(男⼦名)Christopher['kristəfə],克⾥斯多夫(男⼦名)Daniel['dænjəl],丹尼尔(男⼦名)Paul[pɔ:l],保罗(男⼦名)Mark[mɑ:k],马克(男⼦名)Donald['dɔnəld],唐纳德(男⼦名)George[dʒɔ:dʒ],乔治(男⼦名)Kenneth['keniθ],肯尼思(男⼦名)Steven['sti:vn],斯蒂⽂(男⼦名)Edward['edwəd],爱德华(男⼦名)Brian[braiən],布赖恩(男⼦名)Ronald['rɔnəld],罗奈尔得(男⼦名)Anthony[ænθəni],安东尼(男⼦名)Kevin['kenin],凯⽂(男⼦名)Jason['dʒeisn],詹森(男⼦名)Matthew['mæθju:],马太(男⼦名)Gary['gɛəri],加理(男⼦名)Timothy['timəθi],提摩太(男⼦名)Jeffrey['dʒefri],杰弗⾥(男⼦名)Frank[fræŋk],法兰克(男⼦名)Scott[skɔt],斯科特(男⼦名)Eric['erik],埃⾥克(男⼦名)Stephen['sti:vn],斯蒂芬(男⼦名)Andrew['ændru:],安德鲁(男⼦名)Raymond['reimɔnd],雷蒙德(男⼦名)Gregory['gregəri],格雷⼽⾥(男⼦名)Joshua['dʒɔʃwə],约书亚(男⼦名)Dennis['denis],丹尼斯(男⼦名)Walter['wɔ:ltə],沃特(男⼦名)Patrick['pætrik],帕特⾥克(男⼦名)Peter['pi:tə],彼得(男⼦名)Harold['hærəld],哈罗德(男⼦名)Douglas['dʌgləs],道格拉斯(男⼦名)Henry['henri],亨利(男⼦名)Carl[kɑ:l],卡尔(男⼦名)Arthur['ɑ:θə],亚瑟(男⼦名)Ryan['raiən] ,赖安(男⼦名)Joe[dʒəu],乔(男⼦名)Juan[hwɑ:n],胡安(男⼦名)Jack[dʒæk],杰克(男⼦名)Albert['ælbət],艾伯特(男⼦名)Jonathan['dʒɔnəθən],乔纳森(男⼦名)Justin['dʒʌstin],贾斯廷(男⼦名)Gerald['dʒerəld],杰拉尔德(男⼦名)Keith[ki:θ],基斯(男⼦名)Samuel['sæmjuəl],撒母⽿(男⼦名)Willie['wili],威利(男⼦名)Ralph[rælf],拉尔夫(男⼦名)Lawrence['lɔrəns],劳伦斯(男⼦名)Nicholas['nikələs],圣尼古拉(男⼦名)Roy[rɔi],罗伊(男⼦名)Benjamin['bendʒəmin],班杰民(男⼦名)Bruce[bru:s],布鲁斯(男⼦名)Brandon[brændən],布兰登(男⼦名)Adam['ædəm],亚当(男⼦名)Harry[ˈhæri],哈⾥(男⼦名)Fred[fred],弗雷德(男⼦名)Billy['bili],⽐利(男⼦名)Steve[sti:v],斯蒂夫(男⼦名)Louis['lu(:)is],路易斯(男⼦名)Jeremy['dʒerimi],杰⾥⽶(男⼦名)Aaron['ɛərən],艾伦(男⼦名)Howard['hauəd],霍华德(男⼦名)Eugene['ju:dʒi:n],尤⾦(男⼦名)Carlos['kɑ:lɔs],卡洛斯(男⼦名)Russell['rʌsəl],拉塞尔(男⼦名)Victor[ˈviktə],维克多(男⼦名)Martin['mɑ:tin],马丁(男⼦名)Ernest['ə:nist],欧尼斯特(男⼦名)Todd[tɔd],托德(男⼦名)Jesse['dʒesi],杰西(男⼦名)Craig[kreig],克雷格(男⼦名)Alan['ælən],艾伦(男⼦名)Shawn[ʃɔ:n],肖恩(男⼦名)Sean[ʃɔ:n],肖恩(男⼦名)Philip['filip],菲利普(男⼦名)Chris[kris],克⾥斯(男⼦名)Earl[ə:l],伯爵(男⼦名)Jimmy['dʒimi] ,吉⽶(男⼦名)Antonio[æn'tәuniәu],安东尼奥(男⼦名)Danny[ 'dæni ],丹尼(男⼦名)Bryan['braiәn],布赖恩(男⼦名)Tony['təuni],托尼(男⼦名)Mike[maik] ,迈克(男⼦名)Stanley['stænli],斯坦利(男⼦名)Leonard['neiθən],伦纳德(男⼦名)Nathan[ 'neiθən ],内森(男⼦名)Manuel['mænjuel],曼纽尔(男⼦名)Rodney['rɔdni],罗德尼(男⼦名)Curtis['kə:tis],柯帝⼠(男⼦名)Norman['nɔ:mәn],诺曼(男⼦名)Allen[ælin],艾伦(男⼦名)Marvin['mɑ:vin],马⽂(男⼦名)Vincent['vinsənt],⽂森特(男⼦名)Glenn[glen],葛兰(男⼦名)Travis[ 'trævis ],特拉维斯(男⼦名)Jeff[dʒef],杰夫(男⼦名)Jacob['dʒeikəb],雅各布(男⼦名)Lee[li:],李(男⼦名)Alfred[ælfrid],艾佛烈(男⼦名)Francis['frɑ:nsis],弗朗西斯(男⼦名)Bradley['brædli],布拉德利(男⼦名)Herbert['hə:bət],赫伯特(男⼦名)Frederick[fredrik],弗雷德⾥克(男⼦名)Ray[rei],磊(男⼦名)Joel['dʒəuel],约珥(男⼦名)Edwin['edwin],爱德温(男⼦名)Eddie['edi],埃迪(男⼦名)Ricky['riki],⾥基(男⼦名)Troy[trɔi],特洛伊(男⼦名)Randall['rændl],兰德尔(男⼦名)Barry[ 'bæri ],巴⾥(男⼦名)Alexander[ˌælig'zɑ:ndə],亚历⼭⼤(男⼦名)Bernard['bə:nəd],伯纳德(男⼦名)Mario[mæriәu],马⾥奥(男⼦名)Leroy[lerɔi],勒罗伊(男⼦名)Francisco[fræn'siskәu],弗朗西斯科(男⼦名)Marcus['mɑ:kəs],马克斯(男⼦名)Theodore['θiədɔ:],希欧多尔(男⼦名)Clifford['klifəd],克利福德(男⼦名)Oscar['ɔskə],奥斯卡(男⼦名)Jay[dʒei],杰(男⼦名)Jim[dʒim],吉姆(男⼦名)Tom[tɔm],汤姆(男⼦名)Calvin['kælvin] ,加尔⽂(男⼦名)Jon[dʒɔn],乔恩(男⼦名)Ronnie['rɔni],罗尼(男⼦名)Bill[bil],⽐尔(男⼦名)Lloyd[lɔid],劳埃德(男⼦名)Tommy['tɔmi],托⽶(男⼦名)Leon['li(:)ən],利昂(男⼦名)Derek['derik],德⾥克(男⼦名)Darrell['dærəl],达雷尔(男⼦名)Jerome[dʒə'rəum],杰罗姆(男⼦名)Floyd[flɔid],佛洛德(男⼦名)Leo[ˈli:əu],尼奥(男⼦名)Alvin[ 'ælvɪn ],阿尔⽂(男⼦名)Tim[tim],提姆(男⼦名)Wesley['wesli ],卫斯理(男⼦名)Gordon['gɔ:dn],⼽登(男⼦名)Greg[greg],格雷格(男⼦名)Lewis['lu:is],路易斯(男⼦名)。
2015年中央财经大学经济学801考研真题(育明学员回忆版)育明教育点评:2015中财801经济学真题1、考试风格与以往一致,题型没有变化;2、注重基础,考题的重复率较高;3、整体难度中等,与往年持平。
政治经济学一、名词解释1、虚拟资本2、流动资本3、社会必要劳动时间4、资本有机构成5、货币流通规律6、级差地租;二、简答题1、马克思所有制理论,2、宏观调控的目标和手段,3、按劳分配的前提条件和基本要求。
三、论述题1、价值如何转化为生产价格;2、如何建立现代企业制度;微观经济学一、单选1、最高限价;2、完全竞争条件下的均衡条件二、名词解释;1、纳什均衡、2、帕累托最优、3、需求交叉价格弹性;三、论述题;1、劳动供给曲线向后弯曲的原因;2、完全竞争要素条件下,既定市场价格下,生产要素价格使用原则。
四、计算题:均衡数量均衡价格;求弹性。
宏观经济学一、单选1、菲利普斯曲线2、IS-LM曲线四个区域3、二、名词解释:1、利率效应2、CPI三、论述:1、储蓄率和人口增长率对人均产出的影响,并分析传导机制;人均资本增长率在初始条件下增长率较高的原因分析。
2、浮动汇率和固定汇率制度下如何影响进出口。
四、计算题:根据几种商品的价格计算名义GDP,通货膨胀率等。
中国经济与管理研究院中国经济与管理研究院(021)金融学(020204)01.数理金融导师组7101思想政治理论201英语一303数学三803经济学综合专业课综合181:23312015年37202.金融工程参考书目803经济学综合《宏观经济学》[美]N·格里高利·曼昆中国人民大学出版社(2005)《微观经济学:现代观点》[美]哈尔·R·范里安著,费方域等译上海三联书店、上海人民出版社(2006)复试参考书目《高级宏观经济学》[美]戴维·罗默上海财经大学出版社(2003)《微观经济学:现代观点》[美]哈尔·R·范里安著,费方域等译上海三联书店、上海人民出版社(2006)《金融经济学原理(英文版)》Stephen F.LeRoy、Jan上海财经大学出版社Werner(2003)《经济计量分析》[美]威廉·H·格林中国社会科学出版社(1998)经验贴:初试先说说本人的情况吧,人大金融毕业,一战人大,政治75,英语72,数学和专业课都90,总分327。
微观经济学《微观经济学—现代观点》范里安囊括了微观经济学的大部分内容,初级用书。
《微观经济学—理论和运用》尼克尔森连接中级微观经济学和高级微观经济学的书,没有数学推导但是大多数论题都直接联系高微内容《微观经济学—高级教程》瓦里安那些对金融经济学有兴趣的同学,主要推荐阅读不确定性和资本市场,时间,一般均衡等几章。
宏观经济学《宏观经济学—全球视角》萨克斯包罗万有,把宏观经济学的各派观点都详细罗列一遍,要有宏观经济学基础的同学阅读起来会感到有趣。
《宏观经济学》布兰查德这本书是我读过的书里,对总供给总需求讲的最清楚最详细的了。
《高级宏观经济学》戴维罗默高宏教材,经济增长部分写的一般,但波动理论部分和投资消费部分非常出彩。
《高级宏观经济学》布兰查德,斯坦利费雪对兰姆赛模型有非常详细的阐述,同时在经济波动方面,讲述大量不同于主流(真实经济周期)的新观点:如混沌,太阳黑子等。
但本书数学较多,而且对宏观经济基础和直觉要求甚高,建议有所成后进一步阅读。
国际宏观经济学《汇率与国际金融》劳伦斯.科普兰大量介绍各种国际宏观经济学以及汇率决定理论,特别是对货币主义理论,蒙代尔模型,多恩布什超调模型和资产市场模型有详细讨论,而且有大量实例。
《国际经济学》克鲁格曼国际经济学入门课书籍,文笔优美,用简单语言阐述现象时能引起读者思考。
《国际经济学》甘尔道夫连接了中级教材和高级教材,数学用的比较多,同时给出详细解释。
写作方面不同于美式经济学家知识面狭窄而采众家之长,同时对经济传统给与尊重《国际经济学基础》奥普斯塔法,罗格夫国际经济学圣经,该书前言宣称将建立统一的国际宏观经济学体系。
采用微观基础为推导根据,让人信服。
有大量数学推导,适合高阶学习。
最优化理论:《数理经济学基本方法》蒋中一该书对经济学中有所应用的微积分,线性代数等方面知识作了全面的解释,并以经济学中应用为例子,很适合文科学生恶补经济数学之用。
在我看来,把这本书真正看通看透,就能应付大部分课程需要了。
世界著名设计师和品牌网站A 开头的AGATHA RUIZ DE LA PRADA AGNES BAKRISALAIN MIKLIALAN GRUNDALBERTA FERRETTI ALESSANDRO DE BENEDETTI ALESSANDRO DELL'ACQUA ALEXANDER MACQUEEN ALEXANDRE HERCHCOVITCH ALICIA LAWHONALLISON COVINGTON ALVIERO MARTINIAMAYA ARZUAGA AMERICANINOANA PITASHNYANA SALAZARANAND JONANDRE & MARCANELA BERARANGEL NINAANGEL SCHLESSERANKE LOHANNA OSMUSHKINAANNA SUIANNE KLEINANNE V ALERIE HASH ANTEPRIMAANTONI & ALISON ANTONIO FUSCO#2ANTONIO MIROANTONIO PERNASAPCARDEANA COUTURE ARKADIUSARMAND BASIARMANIARTHUR CALIMANATIL KUTOGLUAZIZ BEKKAOUIB开头的:BABY PHAT BALENCIAGA BALMAINBARBARA BUI BARLEYCORNBCBGBEACH CATALOGUE BENETTON BERSHKABETSEY JOHNSON BILL TORNADE BISOU BISOU BOGNERBOTTEGA VENETA BRACH BRACH BRUUNS BAZAAR BURBERRY CACHARELCAMEO COLLECTIONS CARHARRT#3C开头的:CARMEN MARC V ALVO CAROLINA HERRERA CAROLLCARTIERCARVENCA TE COLESCELINECESARANICHANEL CHERESKINCHLOÉCHRIS HEWSON CHRISTIAN DIOR CHRISTIAN LACROIX CHRISTINA PERRIN CIA MARITIMA CIVIDINICLAUDIO COSANO COLETTE (UK, Fr) COLLETTE DINNIGAN COSTUME NATIONALCUSTO BARCELONA CYNTHIA ROWLEYD开头的:DA VID RODRIGUEZ DELPHINE PARIENTE DIANE VON FURSTENBERG DIDIER LUDOTDIESELDIRK BIKKEMBERGSDIRK SCHONBERGER DKNYDOLCE AND GABBANA DOMINIQUE MORLOTTI DONNA KARANDRIES V AN NOTEN DSQUARED#4E开头的:ECKO UNLIMITEDEDEN LUNELIE SAABELSPETH GIBSON EMANUEL UNGARO EMILIO PUCCIEMMA COOKENERGIEENRICO COVERIE-PLAYERESERIK SCHAIX ERMENEGILDO ZEGNA EROTOKRITOS ERREUNOESCADAESPRITETROEXTEF开头的:FACONNABLEFAHADFALKEFARHADFATIMA LOPESFENDIFORUMFRANCESCO SMALTO FRANCIS HENDYFRANCISCO AYALAFRANCK SORBIERFRATELLI BATTAGLIAFREDFRENCH COLLECTIONFRISCH#5G&H:GAPGAS JEANSGA TTINONIGENE MEYERGEORGES CHAKRAGHARANI STROKGHOSTGIANFRANCO FERREGIANNI CA V AGNAGIORGIO ARMANIGIVENCHYGOTTEXGUCCIGUESSHANA KHANNAH MARSHALLHANNOHHEATHERETTEHELMUT LANGHERMESHUGO BOSSI~K的ICEBERGIGOR CHAPURININTIMAREISSEY MIYAKEJ.LINDEBERGJACADIJARED GOLDJASON BUNINJASPER CONRANJEAN CHARLES DE CASTEBAJAC JEAN PAUL GAULTIERJHANE BARNESJIL SANDERJITROISJOHN GALLIANO JOOP!JOSE LEVYJOSEP FONTJULIAN AND SOPHIE JUNKO SHIMADA KAMKYLKAREN WALKER KARIM TASSIKARL DONOGHUE KATE SPADEKATTY XIOMARA KAYIKOKEN OKADA KENNETH COLE#6KENZOKI MO NOKITTY BOOTS KOOKAIKOSIUKOKOSTAS MURKUDIS KRISTINA TKRIZIALLA PERLALACOSTELADY ENYCE LAGERFELD GALLERY LANVINLAURA BIAGIOTTI LECOANET HEMANT LEGENDLES COPAINSLEVISLIBERTIN LOUISON LIVIANA CONTILIZ COLLINSLLOYD KLEIN LOLITA LEMPICKA LOLL YPOPSLONGCHAMPLORENZO RIV ALOUIS VUITTONLUCIANO SOPRANILUIS MACDONALDMM MISSONIMABITEXMABROMADARINA DUCKMANGOMANIGANCEMARC JACOBSMARCEL MARONGIU MARCELO SOMMERMARGIE TSAIMARIA GACHVOGELMARIA LUISA ORTIZMARIELLA BURANIMARINA BABINIMARITHE + FRANCOIS GIRBAUB MARK MONTANOMARL Y'SMARTIN GRANTMASKREYMAURIZIO GALANTE MESSORIMICHAEL KORSMICHELLE ZARAKMICHIKO KOSHINOMIGUEL VIEIRAMIKI MIAL YMILA SCHONMIRIAM BUDETMISOLKAMISS SIXTYMISSONI#7MIU MIUMODE WICHTIG TREND FASHION MOOKSMORGANMOSCHINOMOSKA SWIMMUGIMYLEYNNANETTE LEPORE NARCISO RODRIGUEZNA TANIEL JAMESNELA EPSTEINNICOLE FARHINICOLE MILLERNIKENINA RICCINORMA KAMALIOOLIVER CHRISTIAN HEROLD OLIVIER STRELLIOSCAR DE LA RENTAPPACO RABANNEPAOLA FRANIPARASUCOPATACHOUPATRIZIA PEPEPAUL SMITHPAULA HIANPELLE PELLEPETRO ZILLIA PHILOSOPHY#8PIA MYRVOLDPIERRE CARDINPIERRE GARROUDIPIERRE HENRI MA TTOUT PIQUADROPLEATS PLEASEPOSSUM WEARPRADAPRINGLE SCOTLANDQQUIDZYRR. SCOTT FRENCHRACHEL SKINNERRAF SIMONSRAFAEL LOPEZRALPH LAURENRAMI AL ALIREBEKKA LEIGHREEBOKRENE DERHYREPLAYRITU KUMARROBERT ABI NADERROBERTO CA V ALLIROCCO BAROCCORODRIGO SOARESROLAND MOURETROMEO GIGLIRON & RONRON ORBRONIT ZILKHA#9ROSA CHAROUCOU PARISRUFFOSSALV ATORE FERRAGAMOSEAN JOHNSEVERINE PERAUDINSHISEIDO (Jp)SITKA SEMSCHSONIA RYKIELSQUEEZE JEANSSTELLA MCCARTNEYSTEPHEN FAIRCHILDSTIJN HELSENSULL Y BONNELL YSUPER LUCY IN THE SKYTTAIZATA TA NAKATED BAKERTHE PEOPLE OF THE LABYRINTHS THIERRY MUGLERTHOMAS PINKTOBY PIMLICOTODD OLDHAMTOMMY HILFIGERTORRENTETRUSSARDITWEENUULA ZUKOWSKAUNMOVV ALENTINO#10VERA VON GARRELVERA WANGVERONIQUE LEROYVERSACEVICTORIA'S SECRETVICTORIO Y LUCCHINOVIVIENNE TAMVIVIENNE WESTWOODVON DUTCHWWOLFORDYYAHYAYEOHLEEYOHJI YAMAMOTOYOUSSEF KAMOUNYVES SAINT LAURENT COUTURE YVES SAINT LAURENT RIVE GAUCHE ZZAC POSENZARAZEKIZOOMPZUHAIR MURADA 开头的AGATHA RUIZ DE LA PRADAAGNES BAKRISALAIN MIKLIALAN GRUNDALBERTA FERRETTIB开头的:BABY PHATBALENCIAGABALMAINBARBARA BUIBARLEYCORNC开头的:CARMEN MARC V ALVOCAROLINA HERRERACAROLLCARTIERCARVENCA TE COLESD开头的:DA VID RODRIGUEZDELPHINE PARIENTEDIANE VON FURSTENBERGDIDIER LUDOTDIESELE开头的:ECKO UNLIMITEDEDEN LUNELIE SAABELSPETH GIBSONEMANUEL UNGAROEMILIO PUCCI米胖网美国风景园林师协会/美国DEDEJ建筑景观设计公司/ 俄亥俄州苗圃和风景协会亚洲建筑师景观设计网/EDSA/SWA/KTUA/4D景观设计/易道/URBISELA/美国建筑师学会/加拿大皇家建筑师学会/英国皇家建筑师学会/荷兰建筑师学会http://www.nai.nl/澳大利亚皇家建筑师学会.au/欧洲景观规划建筑交流网/ 艺术与建筑/art/贝尔高林英国阿特金斯美国龙安欧盟园林基金会全美景观承包联合会台湾景观专业网全球景观咨询网加拿大园林协会http://www.csla.ca澳大利亚园林设计及管理专业网站.au 英国园林学会新加坡园林学会.sg香港建筑师学会日本公园网苏州景观园艺:中国景观网:/北京大学景观规划设计中心:http://162.105.149.158/21度景观论坛:/SWECO景观设计中心:http://www.sweco.se景园世界超级论坛:/666/index.asp 东湖园艺中国珍稀花木网: Design Peter tzundpartner.de台湾景观网站土人景观网/homepage.asp中国景观在线/index2.htm景园世界楚人景观网PWP (Peter Walker and Partners) 彼特沃克 艺泉:中国园林设计论坛: 中国园林商务网-艺景网:中国景观建筑人才网:厄伊斯及怀特景观建筑事务所http://www.luw.co.zaCRLA有限公司JURURANCANG(马来西亚)建筑有限公司.myCICADA私人有限公司.sg伍兹·巴戈特有限公司布罗德韦·马良景观事务所布兰图:/cn/bltlandscape.htm /优山设计在线:设计时代:全球设计资讯网:中国工业设计协会:台湾工业设计协会:北京工业设计促进中心:美国:美国工业设计师协会:意大利:德国:西班牙:比利时:澳大利亚:厄瓜多尔:瑞士:荷兰:丹麦:法国:国际工业设计联合会官方网站:日本工业设计促进会:韩国工业设计促进研究会:美地(北京)Yousan Meidi Villa。
2013诺贝尔奖】物理学奖点评:希格斯之后,美欧物理谁争先?kingmagic2013-10-09 08:30编者按:瑞典皇家科学院于2013年10月8日北京时间18:45分,授予弗朗索瓦·恩格勒(François Englert)和彼得·希格斯(Peter W. Higgs)诺贝尔物理学奖,获奖原因是他们提出了希格斯机制。
就算证实了希格斯机制,物理学家却发现,前路依旧彷徨。
图片来源:(文/ Marcus Chown)7月4日,是美国的独立日。
2012年的美国独立日,却是欧洲科学界辉煌的一天——瑞士日内瓦郊外的大型强子对撞机(LHC),在这一天宣布发现了希格斯粒子。
不过,对诺贝尔奖获得者利昂·莱德曼(Leo Lederman)而言,这是美国科学界黯淡的一日。
他曾是美国费米国家加速器实验室的主任,同时也是将希格斯玻色子戏称为“上帝粒子”(God Particle)的始作俑者。
在与美国年轻的粒子物理学家克里斯托弗·希尔(Christopher Hill)合著的《超越上帝粒子》一书中,莱德曼哀叹美国政客的短视。
他认为,正是美国政府在1993年决定关闭超导超级对撞机(Superconduction Supercollider),让美国从基础物理高能研究的前线鸣金收兵。
不过,虽然美国国会可能确实没有莱德曼和希尔所说的“领袖范儿”,但将之全部归究于美国国会也有欠公允。
当时,超导超级对撞机计划在美国得克萨斯州的华兹堡地下挖一条巨大的圆形隧道,而那边厢的大型强子对撞机则提出要利用已有的地下环形隧道。
要将接近光速的粒子束约束在这么小的赛道上,只有超导电磁铁产生的磁场才能做到,而在LHC提出那会,超导电磁铁还只存在于科幻小说中。
简单点说,欧洲科学家展现出的,正是美国科学界在阿波罗登月计划期间表现出的那种超凡的胆识和敢干的精神。
结果,颇为讽刺的是,他们最终向凑钱投入的欧洲各国政府展示的总预算,反倒大大低于美国这边的天文数字。
福建省三明市第一中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试题一、阅读理解Welcome to . After the successful maintenance of the website, we want you to know that will continue to aim to make information about art available to all as we have been doing for the past 24 years. Here are some art galleries.Art of the World GalleryThe gallery provides a contemporary, complex and rich cultural experience for art enthusiasts and collectors from all around the world. Directly representing some of the most important living artists from Asia, Europe, and Latin America, Art of the World Gallery is one of the most famous galleries in the U.S., located in Houston’s finest hot spot for locals and tourists.Halvorsen Fine Art GalleryEstablished in Houston Historic Art District, at Sawyer Yards, Halvorsen Fine Art Gallery with 2,000 square feet features amazing paintings of landscapes and seascapes by impressionistic artists. In addition to hosting artist exhibitions, it provides art consultation services for collectors, designers and art enthusiasts.Zatista Contemporary & Fine ArtWith over 4,000 works from the most talented emerging and established artists, Zatista provides access to the types of works previously only accessible to seasoned collectors. Buying online with Zatista is easy with their free art consultation, certificates of authenticity (真实性), and a buyer guarantee that allows you to try art in your home with free returns.John Palmer Fine ArtIt’s located in the avenue in the Historic Heights. The combination of a saved 1930’s bungalow (平房) with museum-quality new construction is the perfect atmosphere to showcase the great works of artist John Ross Palmer. John Palmer Fine Art is open by appointment only. You can set an appointment by calling 7138616726. We look forward to showing you the beautiful world of John Palmer Fine Art!1.What does aim at?A.Collecting artworks.B.Helping talented artists.C.Offering art information.D.Founding art organizations.2.What can visitors do in Halvorsen Fine Art Gallery?A.Hold personal exhibitions.B.Experience diverse cultures.C.Obtain authentic certificates.D.Admire impressionist paintings.3.What makes John Palmer Fine Art different from the other three?A.It is in Houston’s best spot.B.It offers art consultation services.C.It displays only one artist’s works.D.It can be visited without an appointment.Throughout all the events in my life, one in particular sticks out more than the others. As I reflect on this significant event, a smile spreads across my face. As I think of Shanda, I feel loved and grateful.It was my twelfth year of dancing, and I thought it would end up like any other year: stuck in emptiness, forgotten and without the belief of any teacher or friend that I really had the potential to achieve greatness.However, I met Shanda, a talented chorcographer (编舞者). She influenced me to work to the best of my ability, pushed me to keep going when I wanted to quit, encouraged me and showed me the importance of courage. Throughout our hard work, not only did my ability to dance grow, but my friendship with Shanda grew as well.With the end of the year came our show time. As I walked backstage and saw many other dancers, I hoped for a good performance that would prove my improvement. I waited anxiously for my turn. Finally, after what seemed like days, the loudspeaker announced my name. Butterflies filling my stomach, I took trembling steps onto the big lighted stage. But, with the determination to succeed and eagerness to live up to Shanda’s expectations for me, I began to dance. All my troubles and nerves went away as I danced my whole heart out.As I walked up to the judge to receive my first place shining, gold trophy (奖杯), I realized that dance is not about becoming the best. It was about loving dance for dance itself, a getaway from all my problems in the world. Shanda showed me that you could let everything go and just do what you feel at that moment. After all the doubts that people had in me, I believed in myself and did not care what others thought. Thanks to Shanda, dance became more than a love of mine,but a passion.4.What did the author think her dancing would be for the twelfth year?A.A change for the better.B.A disappointment as before.C.A proof of her potential.D.The pride of her teachers and friends. 5.How did Shanda help the author?A.By offering her financial help.B.By entering her in a competition.C.By coaching her for longer hours.D.By awakening her passion for dancing. 6.What do the underlined words in paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Nervous.B.Dynamic.C.Courageous.D.Enthusiastic. 7.What can we learn from the author’s story?A.Success lies in courage.B.Adversity helps one grow up.C.A good teacher matters.D.Reputation comes from hard work.Part of the reason American shoppers are so attracted to wholesale shopping is their belief that it not only prevents waste but can save time and money, providing more value for the dollar. However, recent research suggests that the opposite may be true.Victoria Ligon, an expert on consumer sciences, studied food purchasing habits of consumers and found that people tended to buy too much food and waste more of it than they realized. “The problem is that people are not shopping frequently enough,” Ligon said, “People are very price sensitive at the grocery store, but tend to fail to notice the cost of unused and wasted food at home.”A common practice is to visit different stores for different items on a grocery list, “But people tend to overbuy at each of the places,” Ligon said. “People are not planning for the next day, but planning for the next week or two.”“In theory, planning a week or more in advance sounds ideal. But given the reality of many people’s lives, this is challenging to do well,” Ligon said. “All of our food promotions are designed to get people to buy more. We believe it’s cheaper if we buy more now, but we rarely take into account how much we throw out in the end.”Ligon noted shifts in the grocery industry that appear promising to help customers reduce food waste. Examples include cost-effective delivery services such as Amazon Fresh and GoogleExpress, which allow consumers to purchase food items when they want to consume them, also reducing their need to frequent so many different stores. However, the study resulted in another troubling finding: The majority of people involved in the study had no idea that they were buying too much and wasting so much.“When you read advice about reducing waste, it usually centers on what people do after the food is purchased,” Ligon said. “But more importantly, shop on a more frequent basis, so that you are only buying what you are going to consume in the short term.”8.What do people often ignore when buying food in large quantities?A.How good the food is.B.How much will be wasted.C.How much the food costs.D.How often they should shop.9.What is the author’s attitude towards meal planning for the next two weeks?A.It is worth trying.B.It is not practical.C.It takes great effort.D.It is not good for health.10.What is the advantage of Amazon Fresh and Google Express?A.Food prices are lowered.B.Food waste is prevented.C.Food consumption is reduced.D.Food purchasing can be done at home. 11.What can be the best title for the passage?A.Shop More, Buy Less B.Shop Wisely, Eat WiselyC.Consume More, Waste Less D.The More You Shop, the More You WasteWriters of science fiction often feel more prescient (预知的) than others. Whether it’s the architectural and social dystopias of J.G. Ballard’s novels, or the world of E.M. Forster’s The Machine Stops, the genre is full of prescient writers dealing with ever more familiar issues.Out of all such writers, few seem more likely to predict our times than author Philip K. Dick, who died 42 years ago. In a remarkably 30-year period of work, Dick authored 44 novels and countless short stories, adaptations of which redefined science fiction on screen — in particular Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner, based on Dick’s story Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and Paul Verhoeven’s Total Recall, which took his 1966 short story We Can Remember It for You Wholesale as its source material.Dick had a astonishing ability to predict what would happen in modern world. Celebratedscience-fiction and fantasy author Stan Nicholls suggested Dick’s work was prescient because it explored the future through the then-present. “His stories foresaw the availability of the Internet, virtual reality, facial recognition software, driverless cars and 3D printing,” Nicholls said — while also pointing out that “it’s a misinterpretation that prediction is the primary purpose of science fiction.” The genre’s hit rate is actually not very good in that respect. Like all the best science fiction, his stories weren’t really about the future; they were about the here and now.”Putting aside Dick’s ability to foresee the future we now take for granted, his most disturbing vision was of the world itself ultimately being a simulation (模拟). Dick’s reality was already a delicate and complex one. In many of his later books, the idea of reality being a façade (假象) grew as a dominant theme. “Dick argued we were existing in a simulation,” Nicholls suggested.Whether his visions were true, as he believed, a product of small problems in the simulation or his fading mental health, one thing is for certain: the world in which the work of Philip K. Dick is celebrated today feels ever closer to the ones imagined by this most unique and exceptional of writer.12.How does the author explain the topic in Paragraph 1?A.By listing examples.B.By using metaphors.C.By making a comparison.D.By introducing an concept.13.What could be inferred from Paragraph 2?A.Dick can predict the future precisely.B.Some directors like to adapt Dick’s novels into movies.C.Dick’s novels redefined what science fiction was about.D.No one wrote more science fiction novels of our times than Dick.14.A universal feature of all the best science fiction stories is that they _______.A.have a high hit rate B.are good at predictingC.focus on the present D.explore the distant future15.What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph?A.Philip K. Dick had a great impact on science.B.Philip K. Dick had traveled into the future then.C.People don’t agree to Philip K. Dick’s prediction.D.The world in Philip K. Dick’s works is similar to today’s world.Imagine that as you are boarding an airplane, half the engineers who built the plane tell you there is a 10 percent chance the plane will crash, killing you and everyone else on board. Would you still board?In 2022, over 700 top academics and researchers behind the leading artificial intelligence companies were asked in a survey about future AI risk. Half of those surveyed stated that there was a 10 percent or greater chance of human extinction from future AI systems. 16 The fear of AI has haunted humanity since the mid-20th century, yet until recently it has remained a distant prospect, something that belongs in sci-fi more than in serious scientific and political debates. 17 It is even harder to grasp the speed at which these tools are developing even more advanced and powerful capabilities. But most of the key skills boil down to one thing: the ability to manipulate (操纵) and generate language, whether with words, sounds or images.In the beginning was the word. 18 From language emerges myth and law, goods and money, art and science, friendships and nations—even computer code. AI’s new mastery of language means it can now hack and manipulate the operating system of civilization. What would it mean for humans to live in a world where a large percentage of stories, melodies, images, laws, policies and tools are shaped by non-human intelligence? 19 What happens when the same thing occurs in art, politics, and even religion?20 We are surrounded by culture, experiencing reality through a cultural prism (棱镜). Our views are shaped by the reports of journalists and the accounts of friends. What will it be like to experience reality through a prism produced by non-human intelligence? The time to reckon with AI is before our politics, our economy and our daily life become dependent on it. A.Humans often don’t have direct access to reality.B.Language is the operating system of human culture.C.In games like chess, no human can hope to beat a computer.D.By gaining mastery of language, AI is seizing the master key to civilization. E.Technology companies are caught in a race to put all of humanity on that plane.F.For thousands of years we humans have lived inside the dreams of other humans.G.It’s difficult for human minds to grasp the capabilities of GPT-4 and similar tools.二、完形填空At school, art class is fun. We can 21 with different techniques and generally get creative. However, a field trip to an art gallery is often 22 . Last year my art teacher organized a trip to an art exhibition. The gallery was full of older people, who obviously didn’t want to be with 23 students. We all got quite 24 and couldn’t stop chatting. Our teacher was getting 25 and kept telling us to be quiet.The next day we complained to our teacher about the 26 of activities for teens at art galleries. She 27 that a visit should be both educational and fun. That was when I decided to go online and look for art galleries that have special 28 for teens. Eventually, I29 to find a huge range of activities and proposed some to my teacher.I also used the 30 to learn about more artists. Recently, I found a contemporary artist called Martin Bailey. I’ve 31 seen artists who combine different techniques, but Bailey is totally different. He does unique illustrations with 32 household objects such as umbrellas, headphones and even cookies. His art is simple, but it enables you to see things 33 . For example, he notices that a flower is similar to a mop (拖把) and puts this 34 into life by drawing a little man with a real flower mop. It’s really 35 ! I hope I’ll be able to go to an exhibition of his work in the future.21.A.live B.start C.struggle D.experiment 22.A.exciting B.disturbing C.rewarding D.disappointing 23.A.noisy B.humble C.creative D.innocent 24.A.bored B.annoyed C.concerned D.enthusiastic 25.A.cruel B.sensitive C.worn out D.stressed out 26.A.lack B.abuse C.theme D.schedule 27.A.agreed B.demanded C.criticised D.announced 28.A.prices B.events C.entries D.paintings 29.A.expected B.managed C.resolved D.happened 30.A.trip B.activity C.Internet D.exhibition31.A.barely B.merely C.already D.apparently 32.A.delicate B.ordinary C.suitable D.sustainable 33.A.clearly B.equally C.differently D.precisely 34.A.tool B.idea C.design D.blossom 35.A.abstract B.realistic C.amusing D.practical三、语法填空阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
40本顶级经典⾦融学书籍英⽂版40本顶级经典⾦融学书籍英⽂版⼀、经典中的经典!1、⾦融学,兹威博迪,罗伯特莫顿(中⽂版)2、Asset Pricing 2005,John H. Cochrane3、Dynamic Asset Pricing ,Duffie4、Continuous-Time Finance Robert C. Merton⼆、固定收益1、Interest Rate- Models Theory and Practice (2nd Edition),Damiano Brigo ·Fabio Mercurio2、The Handbook of Fixed Income Securities 7thE,Frank J. Fabozzi三、投资学Investments--Bodie, Kane, Marcus 5ed四、⾦融⼯程和数量⾦融1、Principle of financial engineering,Salih N. Neftci2、FINANCIAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTATION,YUH-DAUH LYUU3、Introduction to the Economics and Mathematics of Financial Markets,Jakˇsa Cvitani´c and Fernando Zapatero4、A Benchmark of quantative finace,Eckhard Platen5、Dynamic Structure Modeling,SANJAY K. NAWALKHA6、Numerical Methods for Finance,Jhon A.D.Appleby五、公司财务与兼并收购1、Corporate Fiance 6e,Ross?Westerfield?Jaffe2、Corporate Finance-theory practice,Pascal Quiry Maurizio Dallocchio Yann Le Fur Antonio Salvi3、The Theory of Corporate Finance,Jean Tirole4、Handbook of Corporate Finance1,WILLIAM T. ZIEMBA5、Handbook of Corporate Finance2,WILLIAM T. ZIEMBA6、Principles of Corporate Finance, Seventh Edition,Brealey?Meyers7、Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring,PATRICK A. GAUGHAN8、Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructuring,Chandrashekar Krishnamurti Vishwanath S.R.六、⾦融市场、机构和货币经济学1、The economics of money,banking and financial markets,Mishkin2、Monetary Economics,Jagdish Handa3、Monetary Theory and Policy,Carl E. Walsh4、Financial Markets and Institutions 5e,Peter Howells and Keith Bain5、Handbook of Finance Financial Markets and Instruments - (2008),Frank J. Fabozzi6、Microeconomics of Banking 2e,Xavier Freixas and Jean-Charles Rochet七、国际⾦融和汇率1、The Economics of Exchange Rates,Lucio Sarno2、Handbook of International Banking 2003,Andrew W. Mullineux3、International Finance--Putting Theory Into Practice,Piet Sercu⼋、⾏为⾦融Advances in Behavioral Finance,Richard H. Thaler12⽉16⽇更新UNDERSTANDING FINANCIAL CRISES,FRANKLIN ALLEN Understanding International Bank Risk,Andrew Fight 1Frequently Asked Questions in Quantitative Finance(Wilmott)2Paul Wilmott Introduces Quantitative Finance,Paul Wilmott Fixed Income Analysis 2ndE Frank J. FabozziFixed Income Markets and Their Derivatives,Suresh Sundaresan subprime mortigage credit derivatives Principles of Financial Economics,Stephen F. LeRoyFinancial risk manager handbook,PHILIPPE JORIONMeasuring Market Risk,Kevin Dowd。
金融学专业硕士研究生培养方案一、学科、专业名称及代码所属学科:经济学·应用经济学专业名称:金融学专业代码:020204二、培养目标金融学是研究货币供求、金融市场与金融管理的科学。
本专业培养德、智、体全面发展,适应社会主义市场经济需要,系统掌握金融学科的基本理论和专业知识,具有处理银行、证券、保险与信托投资等方面业务技能,熟悉国家有关方针、政策和法规,了解国内外本学科的理论前沿和发展动态,具有一定的科学研究和实际工作能力,能在金融系统及各类企业、经济组织、国家机关及教学与科研机构从事相关工作的高级专门人才。
三、研究方向1.金融理论主要研究宏观金融理论与微观金融理论,前者主要包括货币理论、金融媒介理论、金融创新与金融约束及管制理论,货币理论等,后者则主要研究现代资本市场理论、现代投资理论、资本资产定价模型,金融风险管理技术及风险组合管理理论,以及资本市场的心理预期机制和以此为基础而形成的金融投资理论等。
该课程还对国际金融问题如国际债务与货币政策协调、金融危机、内外均衡、汇率等理论进行阐述。
2.金融市场主要研究包括货币市场、资本市场、外汇市场、保险市场、衍生市场、期货市场和黄金市场等在内的金融市场理论与实践问题,重点研究金融市场交易制度规则与管理的规范发展、金融市场的组织及功能、金融市场与金融机构的关系、金融市场风险管理等。
3.公司金融主要研究公司资本结构与治理结构,公司股权、债权结构与融资方式选择,公司控制权安排与激励机制选择,公司财务,公司投融资,公司并购理论与实务,其中公司类别以上市公司为主。
四、学习年限本专业硕士研究生学习年限一般为三年。
五、课程设置和学分本专业硕士研究生课程分为学位课程、研究方向课程和选修课程,课程设置和学分的有关情况如下表。
本专业研究生应学满不低于36学分(不包含实践学分),未满学分不于毕业;学分修满后可选其它专业课程。
表一:金融学专业硕士研究生门类(经济学类)学位课程一览表课程编码课程名称学分学时学期教学方式考核方式0000A0004第一外国语(英)62161-2讲授口试、笔试0000A0001科学社会主义理论与实践2361讲授、讨论论文、考试0000A0002自然辩证法21讲授、讨论论文、考试0202A0401经济数学3541讲授、讨论论文、考试0202A0402计量经济学(中级) 3542讲授、讨论论文、考试0202A0403高级宏观经济学3542讲授、讨论论文、考试0202A0404高级微观经济学3543讲授、讨论论文、考试表二:金融学专业硕士研究生专业学位课程一览表课程编码课程名称学分学时学期教学方式考核方式备注0202A0405金融经济学3723讲授、讨论论文、考试0202A0406国际金融研究3721讲授、讨论论文、考试0202A0407金融统计分析3723讲授、实习论文、考试0202A0408公司金融理论与实务3722讲授、讨论论文、考试0202B0401金融理论专题2724讲授、讨论论文选修0202B0402金融市场专题272讲授、讨论论文选修六、实践环节本专业硕士生在三年学习期间必须进行社会实践活动。
加拿大歌手Celine Dion资料简介席琳·迪翁(Celine Dion),1968年3月30日生于加拿大魁北克省,加拿大歌手。
1980年,12岁的席琳·迪翁步入歌坛,15岁时推出首支法文单曲。
下面是小编为大家整理的加拿大歌手Celine Dion资料简介,希望大家喜欢!Celine Dion资料简介席琳·迪翁(席琳狄翁,赛琳迪昂)全名:席琳·玛丽·克劳德特·狄翁法文名:Céline Marie Claudette Dion(略作Céline Dion)英文名:Celine Dion生日:1968年3月30日出生地:加拿大魁北克省星座:白羊座身高: 1.71米 (5英尺7.5英寸)喜欢的香水:香奈尔5号最喜欢的颜色:黑,白和红运动:高尔夫、滑雪、水撬最喜欢的男歌手:Stevie Wonder and Michael Jackson(迈克尔·杰克逊)最喜欢的女歌手: Natalie Cole, Barbra Streisand and Ginette Reno精通的乐器:钢琴Celine Dion个人简介席琳·迪翁(Celine Dion)1966年3月30日生于加拿大魁北克,是一位著名的法语和英语女流行歌手,有流行天后之称。
作为全球最畅销的女歌手之一,席琳·狄翁在全球的专辑销量已经超过了2亿张。
她的母亲在她自己40岁时开了一家小型俱乐部,一到周末,他们全家在那里聚会并演唱民间歌谣。
她从12岁起步入歌坛,15岁时推出了她首支法文单曲。
首度以英语专辑“UNISON”登陆全球市场,其中单曲“WHERE DOES MY HEART BEAT NOW”一举荣获全美排行第四名。
她是一位获得过葛莱美奖、朱诺奖、奥斯卡奖的流行歌手,并偶尔参与作品的创作。
在她的经纪人以及后来的丈夫René Angélil抵押了自己的房产来为Celine的职业生涯努力后,Celine成为了加拿大法语地区的一名少女明星。
Stephen F. LeRoyMay 31, 2006Department of EconomicsUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA 93106(805) 893-2438sleroy@6 Rincon Point LaneCarpinteria, CA 93013(805) 684-5671Education:BA, Economics, Cornell University, 1965Ph.D., Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 1971Professional Appointments:IAE de Lyon, Universite Jean Moulin, Visiting Professor of Finance, April-June 1994Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Carlson Professor of Finance, September 1991 – January 1997University of California, Davis, Visiting Professor of Economics, October 1989 - December 1989 Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Visiting Economist, September 1988 - August 1989 Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Visiting Economist, July 1988 - September 1988 University of California, Berkeley, School of Business Administration, Visiting Professor of Economics, August 1986 - May 1987California Institute of Technology, Visiting Professor of Finance, January 1985 - March 1985, January 1986 - March 1986University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business, Visiting Assistant Professor of Economics and International Business, October 1979 - June 1980University of California, Santa Barbara, Assistant Professor, July 1977 - June 1980; Associate Professor, July 1980 - June 1982; Professor, July 1982 - June 1991, September 1997 - PresentInstitute for International Economic Studies, University of Stockholm, Associate Professor, February 1975 - June 1975.Federal Reserve Board, Economist, September 1973 - June 1977Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Economist, October 1970 - July 1973Published Papers:"Risk-Aversion and the Martingale Property of Stock Prices", International Economic Review 1973. Reprinted in Andrew W. Lo, ed., Market Efficiency: Stock Market Behaviour in Theory and Practice, (Edward Elgar), 1997."Stock Market Optimality: Comment", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1976"Efficient Capital Markets: Comment", Journal of Finance, 1976"Urban Land Rent and the Incidence of Property Taxes", Journal of Urban Economics, 1976 "Applications of the Kalman Filter in Short-Run Monetary Control", (with Roger N. Waud), International Economic Review, 1977"Determining the Monetary Instrument: A Diagrammatic Exposition" (with David E. Lindsey), American Economic Review 1978"Monetary Control under Lagged Reserve Accounting", Southern Economic Journal, 1979"Entry and Equilibrium under Adjustment Costs", Journal of Economic Theory, 1979"The Present-Value Relation: Tests Based on Implied Variance Bounds", (with Richard D. Porter), Econometrica, 1981. Reprinted in Andrew W. Lo, ed., Market Efficiency:Stock Market Behaviour in Theory and Practice (Edward Elgar), 1997. To be reprinted in Speculation and Financial Markets, Ed. Liam A. Gallagher and Mark P. Taylor, (Series: The International Library of Critical Writings in Econometrics, ed. Mark Blaug)."Identification and Estimation of Money Demand", (with Thomas F. Cooley), American Economic Review, 1981"Risk-Aversion and the Dispersion of Asset Prices", (with C. J. LaCivita), Journal of Business, 1981 "Expectations Models of Asset Prices: A Survey of Theory", Journal of Finance, 1982"Paradise Lost and Regained: Transportation Innovation, Income, and Residential Location" (with Jon Sonstelie), Journal of Urban Economics, 1983"Keynes' Theory of Investment", History of Political Economy, 1983. Reprinted in Mark Blaug, ed., Pioneers in Economics: John Maynard Keynes (Elgar, 1991)review of Malgrange and Muet, eds., Contemporary Macroeconomic Modeling, Journal of Economic Literature, 1984"Nominal Prices and Interest Rates in General Equilibrium: Money Shocks", Journal of Business 1984 "Nominal Prices and Interest Rates in General Equilibrium: Endowment Shocks", Journal of Business 1984"Efficiency and the Variability of Asset Prices", American Economic Review, 1984"Econometric Policy Evaluation: Note" (with Thomas F. Cooley and Neil Raymon), American Economic Review, 1984. To be reprinted in Kevin D. Hoover, ed., The New Classical Macroeconomics and Dale J. Poirier, The Methodology of Econometrics (Series: The International Library of Critical Writings in Econometrics, ed. Mark Blaug and Adrian Darnell)."Atheoretical Macroeconometrics: A Critique" (with Thomas F. Cooley), Journal of Monetary Economics 1985, to be reprinted in Kevin D. Hoover, ed. "The New Classical Macroeconomics", Kenneth F. Wallis, ed., Macroeconomic Modelling, Edward Elgar, and Dale J. Poirier, ed., The Methodology of Econometrics (series title: The International Library of Critical Writings in Econometrics, Mark Blaug and Adrian Darnell, eds.), Edward Elgar."A Note on the Local Expectations Hypothesis" (with Christian Gilles), Journal of Finance, 1986"A Monetarist Model of Inflation", (with Neil Raymon), Journal of Economic Theory, 1987 "Present Value", in The New Palgrave Dictionary, 1987. Reprinted in The New Palgrave: Finance, 1989 and The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and Finance, 1992"Knight on Risk and Uncertainty" (with Larry J. Singell), Journal of Political Economy, 1987 "Efficient Capital Markets and Martingales", Journal of Economic Literature, 1989. To be reprinted in Mark Blaug, Series Editor, The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics; Ed. Terence C. Mills, Forecasting Financial Markets. To be reprinted in Mark Blaug, Series Editor: Speculation and Financial Markets, Ed. Liam A. Gallagher and Mark P. Taylor.review of Robert J. Shiller, Market Volatility, Journal of Finance, 1990."Capital Market Efficiency: An Update", Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review 1990. Reprinted in Robert W. Kolb, The Investments Reader, 1991 and Robert W. Kolb, Financial Institutions and Markets: A Reader, 1991."On the Arbitrage Pricing Theory" (with Christian Gilles), Economic Theory, 1991."Econometric Aspects of the Variance-Bounds Tests: A Survey" (with Christian Gilles), Review of Financial Studies, 1991. Reprinted in Andrew W. Lo, ed., Market Efficiency:Stock Market Behaviour in Theory and Practice (Edward Elgar), 1997."Asset Price Bubbles" (with Christian Gilles), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and Finance, 1992."Stock Prices and Martingales", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and Finance, 1992."Stock Price Volatility: Tests Based on the Geometric Random Walk" (with William R. Parke), American Economic Review September 1992."Bubbles and Charges", (with Christian Gilles) International Economic Review May 1992."Pricing Interest-Sensitive Claims When Interest Rates Have Stationary Components" (with Thomas F. Cooley and William R. Parke), Journal of Fixed Income, March 1992."Volatility" (with Douglas Steigerwald), Jarrow, Maksimovic and Ziemba, Handbook of Finance, 1995. review of Peter L. Bernstein, Capital Ideas, Journal of Finance September 1992."Causal Orderings", Kevin D. Hoover, Macroeconometrics: Developments, Tensions and Prospects, 1995. To be reprinted in Kevin D. Hoover, The Economic Legacy of Robert Lucas, Edward Elgar."On Policy Regimes", Kevin D. Hoover, Macroeconometrics: Developments, Tensions and Prospects, 1995. To be reprinted in Kevin D. Hoover, The Economic Legacy of Robert Lucas, Edward Elgar. "Mortgage Valuation under Optimal Prepayment", Review of Financial Studies, Fall 1996."Stock Price Volatility", in C. R. Rao and G. S. Maddala, Handbook of Statistics 14: Statistical Methods in Finance, 1996."An Economics Approach to Cause", in Interface 95: 27th Symposium on the Interface of Computing Science and Statistic, 1996.review of Christian Schmidt, ed., Uncertainty in Economic Thought,Journal of Economic Literature, September 1997."Bubbles as Payoffs at Infinity" (with Christian Gilles), Economic Theory, 1997.review of Andrew W. Lo, ed., Market Efficiency:Stock Market Behaviour in Theory and Practice (Edward Elgar, 1997), Review of Financial Studies, Fall 1998."Arbitrage, Martingales and Bubbles" (with Christian Gilles), Economics Letters, 1998."Equilibrium Valuation of Illiquid Assets" (with John Krainer), Economic Theory, 2002review of Judea Pearl, Causality, Journal of Economic Methodology, 2002review of Peter Garber, “Famous First Bubbles”, Journal of Economic Literature, 2002review article of Peter Bossaerts, “The Paradox of Asset Pricing”, International Journal of the Economics of Business, February, 2003“Expected Utility: A Defense”, Economics Bulletin 7, no. 7, 2004“Rational Exuberance”, Journal of Economic Literature, 2004.“Bubbles and the Intertemporal Government Budget Constraint”, Economics Bulletin, 2004.“Liquidity and Fire Sales” (with David Kelly), in Models and Monetary Policy: Research in the tradition of Dale Henderson, Richard Porter, and Peter Tinsley, ed. Faust, Orphanides and Reifschneider.“Liquidity and Liquidation”, Economic Theory, 2006.Book:Principles of Financial Economics (with Jan Werner), Cambridge University Press, 2001.Forthcoming:“Present Value”, The New Palgrave, Second Edition“Excess Volatility”, The New Palgrave, Second Edition。