calligraphy

书法介绍英文版C a l l i g r a p h y I n t r o d uc t i o nHEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】CalligraphyCalligraphy is understood in China as the art of writing a good hand with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As such it is peculiar to China and the few countries influenced by ancient Chinese culture.In the history of Chinese art, calligraphy has always been held inequal importance to painting. Great attention is also paid today toits development by holding exhibitions of ancient and contemporaryworks and by organizing competitions among youngsters and people fromvarious walks of life. Sharing of experience in this field oftenmakes a feature in Sino-Japanese cultural exchange.Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture.ClassificationChinese scripts are generally divided into five categories:The seal character (zhuan), the official or clerical script (li), theregular script (kai), the running hand (xing) and the cursive hand(cao).1) The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writingafter the oracle inscriptions, which must have caused greatinconvenience because they lacked uniformity and many characters werewritten in variant forms. The first effort for the unification ofwriting, it is said, took place during the reign of King Xuan (827-782B. C.) of the Western Zhou Dynasty, when his taishi (grand historian)Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of 15 chapters, standardizing Chinesewriting under script called zhuan. It is also known as zhouwen afterthe name of the author. This script, often used in seals, is translated into English as the seal character, or as the "curly script" after the shape of its strokes.Shi Zhou's lexicon (which some thought was written by a later author of the state of Qin) had long been lost, yet it is generally agreed that the inscriptions on the drum-shaped Qin stone blocks were basically of the same style as the old zhuan script.When, in 221 B. C., Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the whole of China under one centralgovernment, he ordered his Prime Minister Li Si to collect and sort out all the different systems of writing hitherto prevalent in different parts of the country in a great effort to unify the written language under one system. What Li did, in effect, was to simplify the ancient zhuan (small seal) script.Today we have a most valuable relic of this ancient writing in the creator Li Si's own hand engraved on a stele standing in the Temple to the God of Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province. The 2,200-year-old stele, worn by age and weather, has only nine and a half characters left on it.2) The lishu (official script) came in the wake of the xiaozhuan in the same short-lived Qin Dynasty (221 - 207 B. C.). This was because the xiaozhuan, though a simplified form of script, was still too complicated for the scribes in the various government offices who had to copy an increasing amount of documents. Cheng Miao, a prison warden, made a further simplification of the xiaozhuan, changing the curly strokes into straight and angular ones and thus makingwriting much easier. A further step away from the pictographs, it was named lishu because li in classical Chinese meant "clerk" or "scribe". Another version says that Cheng Miao, because of certain offence, became a prisoner and slave himself; as the ancients also called bound slaves "li", so the script was named lishu or the "script of a slave".3) The lishu was already very close to, and led to the adoption of, kaishu, regular script. The oldest existing example of this dates from the Wei (220-265), and the script developed under the Jin (265-420). The standard writing today is square in form, non-cursive and architectural in style. The characters are composed of a number of strokes out of a total of eight kinds-the dot, the horizontal, the vertical, the hook, the rising, the left-falling (short and long) and the right-falling strokes. Any aspirant for the status of calligrapher must start by learning to write a good hand in kaishu.4) On the basis of lishu also evolved caoshu (grass writing or cursive hand), which is rapid and used for making quick but rough copies. This style is subdivided into two schools: zhangcao and jincao.The first of these emerged at the time the Qin was replaced by the Han Dynasty between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B. C. The characters, though written rapidly, still stand separate one from another and the dots are not linked up with other strokes.Jincao or the modern cursive hand is said to have been developed by Zhang Zhi (?-c. 192 A. D.) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in the Jin and Tang dynasties and is still widely popular today.It is the essence of the caoshu, especially jincao, that the characters are executed swiftly with the strokes running together. The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke ofthe first merging into the initial stroke of the next. They also vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer.A great master at caoshu was Zhang Xu (early 8th century) of the Tang Dynasty, noted for the complete abandon with which he applied the brush. It is said that he would not set aboutwriting until he had got drunk. This he did, allowing the brush to "gallop" across the paper, curling, twisting or meandering in one unbroken stroke, thus creating an original style. Today one may still see fragments of a stele carved with characters in his handwriting, kept in the Provincial Museum of Shaanxi.The best example and model for xingshu, all Chinese calligraphers will agree, is theInscription on Lanting Pavilion in the hand of Wang Xizhi (321-379) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. To learn to write a nice hand in Chinese calligraphy, assiduous and persevering practice is necessary. This has been borne out by the many great masters China has produced. Wang Xizhi, the great artist just mentioned, who has exerted a profound influence on, and has been held in high esteem by, calligraphers and scholars throughout history, is said to have blackened in his childhood all the water of a pond in front of his house by washing the writing implements in it after his daily exercises. Another master, Monk Zhiyong of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) was so industrious in learning calligraphy that he filled many jars with worn-out writing brushes, which he buried in a "tomb of brushes".Renewed interest in brush-writing has been kindled today among the pupils in China, some of whom already show promises as worthy successors to the ancient masters.Four Treasures of the StudyTo produce Chinese characters one will need a brush, paper, inkstick and ink stone, commonly referred to as the "Four Treasuresof the Study". To learn calligraphy, it is necessary to learnabout these tools.While brushes are varied, white-goat-hair, black-rabbit-hair and yellow-weasel-hair brushes are the main ones. On the basis of function, brushes are classified into three groups: hard, soft and both. Brush handles are usually made of bamboo, wood, lacquer or porcelain; ivory or jade handles are rare and precious.The ink stick is a unique pigment used for Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy. The most famous ink stick ishui mo(Anhui ink stick), made of pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Clean water is needed to grind the ink stick, which must be balanced in the hand during the grinding or rubbing process. Press hard and rub lightly, slowly and evenlyagainst the ink slab until a thick, liquid-ink forms.Paper was invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). While paper comes in many varieties, Xuan paper, produced in the Jing Prefecture of Xuanzhou (today's Anhui Province), is considered the best for Chinese calligraphy. The paper is soft and fine textured, suitable for conveying the artistic expression of both Chinese calligraphy and painting. With a good tensile strength and mothproof quality, the paper can be preserved for a long time.Ink stones or ink slabs have been classified into three categories:Duan,SheandTao. Features common to all three ink slabs are the stone's hardness and fineness. Although the stone is hard and fine, it is not dry or slippery. Using a hard, smooth stone, liquid ink can be produced easily by rubbing the ink stick against the stone.By controlling the flexibility of the brush, the concentration of the ink and the absorbency of the paper, the artist can produce an infinite variety of calligraphic styles and forms.Calligraphy: Leader of All Art FormsFew nations in the world have calligraphy as a form of art. In China, calligraphy has maintained a close rapport with the country's cultural development.Calligraphy is an expressive art. According to an old Chinese saying, "the way characters are written is a portrait of the person who writes them." Expressing the abstract beauty of lines and rhythms, calligraphy is a reflection of a person's emotions, moral integrity, character, educational level, accomplishments in self-cultivation, intellectual tastes and approach to life. Chinese characters, which convey ideas, are regarded as the most abstract and sublime art form.Calligraphy is also a practical fine art. Exotic calligraphic inscriptions written on paper, wooden plaques or stone tablets serve as decorations of a deep artistic value.Calligraphy manifests the basic characteristics of all Chinese arts. Closely associated with paintings -- the two leaders of Chinese art forms -- calligraphy takes precedence over painting since it greatly inspired the art of painting. Moreover, calligraphy has influenced other typically Chinese art forms like classical poetry, seal-cutting, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts.Calligraphy is a mental exercise that coordinates the mind and body. It is a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise for physical and spiritual well-being. Historically, many calligraphic artists lived to a ripe, old age.An Art of the OrientChinese calligraphy is an Oriental art. Like chopsticks, calligraphy was once entirely Chinese, but as Chinese culture spread to Korea, Japan, and Singapore, calligraphy became a unique feature of the Oriental art.Calligraphy is even wildly accepted by the West; as once Picasso said, "Had I been born Chinese, I would have been a calligrapher, not a painter." Many calligraphic elements are being adopted by modern western art.。

Calligraphy之邯郸勺丸创作Calligraphy is understood in China as the art of writing a good hand with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As such it is peculiar to China and the few countries influenced by ancient Chinese culture.In the history of Chinese art, calligraphy has always been held in equalimportance to painting. Great attention is also paid today to itsdevelopment by holding exhibitions of ancient and contemporary worksand by organizing competitions among youngsters and people fromvarious walks of life. Sharing of experience in this field often makes afeature in Sino-Japanese cultural exchange.Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture.ClassificationChinese scripts are generally divided into five categories:The seal character (zhuan), the official or clerical script (li), the regularscript (kai), the running hand (xing) and the cursive hand (cao).1) The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writing afterthe oracle inscriptions, which must have caused great inconveniencebecause they lacked uniformity and many characters were written invariant forms. The first effort for the unification of writing, it is said, tookplace during the reign of King Xuan (827-782 B. C.) of the Western ZhouDynasty, when his taishi (grand historian) Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of15 chapters, standardizing Chinese writing under script called zhuan. It isalso known as zhouwen after the name of the author. This script, oftenused in seals, is translated into English as the seal character, or as the"curly script" after the shape of its strokes.Shi Zhou's lexicon (which some thought was written by a later author of the state of Qin) had long been lost, yet it is generally agreed that the inscriptions on the drum-shaped Qin stone blocks were basically of the same style as the old zhuan script.When, in 221 B. C., Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the whole of China under one central government, he ordered his Prime Minister Li Si to collect and sort out all the different systems of writing hitherto prevalent in different parts of the country in a great effort to unify the written languageunder one system. What Li did, in effect, was to simplify the ancient zhuan (small seal) script.Today we have a most valuable relic of this ancient writing in the creator Li Si's own hand engraved on a stele standing in the Temple to the God of Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province. The 2,200-year-old stele, worn by age and weather, has only nine and a half characters left on it.2) The lishu (official script) came in the wake of the xiaozhuan in the same short-lived Qin Dynasty (221 - 207 B. C.). This was because the xiaozhuan, though a simplified form of script, was still too complicated for the scribes in the various government offices who had to copy an increasing amount of documents. Cheng Miao, a prison warden, made a further simplification of the xiaozhuan, changing the curly strokes into straight and angular ones and thus making writing much easier. A further step away from the pictographs, it was named lishu because li in classical Chinese meant "clerk" or "scribe". Another version says that Cheng Miao, because of certain offence, became a prisoner and slave himself; as the ancients also called bound slaves "li", so the script was named lishu or the "script of a slave".3) The lishu was already very close to, and led to the adoption of, kaishu, regular script. The oldest existing example of this dates from the Wei (220-265), and the script developed under the Jin (265-420). The standard writing today is square in form, non-cursive and architectural in style. The characters are composed of a number of strokes out of a total of eight kinds-the dot, the horizontal, the vertical, the hook, the rising, the left-falling (short and long) and the right-falling strokes. Any aspirant for the status of calligrapher must start by learning to write a good hand in kaishu.4) On the basis of lishu also evolved caoshu (grass writing or cursive hand), which is rapid and used for making quick but rough copies. This style is subdivided into two schools: zhangcao and jincao.The first of these emerged at the time the Qin was WordStrd by the Han Dynasty between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B. C. The characters, though written rapidly, still stand separate one from another and the dots are not linked up with other strokes.Jincao or the modern cursive hand is said to have been developed by Zhang Zhi (?-c. 192 A. D.) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in the Jin and Tang dynasties and is still widely popular today.It is the essence of the caoshu, especially jincao, that the characters are executed swiftly with the strokes running together. The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke of the first merging into the initial stroke of the next. They also vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer.A great master at caoshu was Zhang Xu (early 8th century) of the Tang Dynasty, noted for the complete abandon with which he applied the brush. It is said that he would not set about writing until he had got drunk. This he did, allowing the brush to "gallop" across the paper, curling, twisting ormeandering in one unbroken stroke, thus creating an original style. Today one may still see fragments of a stele carved with characters in his handwriting, kept in the Provincial Museum of Shaanxi.The best example and model for xingshu, all Chinese calligraphers will agree, is the Inscription on Lanting Pavilion in the hand of Wang Xizhi (321-379) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. To learn to write a nice hand in Chinese calligraphy, assiduous and persevering practice is necessary. This has been borne out by the many great masters China has produced. Wang Xizhi, the great artist just mentioned, who has exerted a profound influence on, and has been held in high esteem by, calligraphers and scholars throughout history, is said to have blackened in his childhood all the water of a pond in front of his house by washing the writing implements in it after his daily exercises. Another master, Monk Zhiyong of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) was so industrious in learning calligraphy that he filled many jars with worn-out writing brushes, which he buried in a "tomb of brushes".Renewed interest in brush-writing has been kindled today among the pupils in China, some of whom already show promises as worthy successors to the ancient masters.Four Treasures of the StudyTo produce Chinese characters one will need a brush, paper, inkstick and ink stone, commonly referred to as the "Four Treasures ofthe Study". To learn calligraphy, it is necessary to learn about thesetools.While brushes are varied, white-goat-hair, black-rabbit-hair and yellow-weasel-hair brushes are the main ones. On the basis of function, brushes are classified into three groups: hard, soft and both. Brush handles are usually made of bamboo, wood, lacquer or porcelain; ivory or jade handles are rare and precious.The ink stick is a unique pigment used for Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy. The most famous ink stick ishui mo(Anhui ink stick), made of pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Clean water is needed to grind the ink stick, which must be balanced in the hand during the grinding or rubbing process. Press hard and rub lightly, slowly and evenly against the ink slab until a thick, liquid-ink forms.Paper was invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). While paper comes in many varieties, Xuan paper, produced in the Jing Prefecture of Xuanzhou (today's Anhui Province), is considered the best for Chinese calligraphy. The paper is soft and fine textured, suitable for conveying the artistic expression of both Chinese calligraphy and painting. With a good tensile strength and mothproof quality, the paper can be preserved for a long time.Ink stones or ink slabs have been classified into three categories:Duan,SheandTao. Features common to all three ink slabs are the stone's hardness and fineness. Although the stone is hard andfine, it is not dry or slippery. Using a hard, smooth stone, liquid ink can be produced easily by rubbing the ink stick against the stone.By controlling the flexibility of the brush, the concentration of the ink and the absorbency of the paper, the artist can produce an infinite variety of calligraphic styles and forms.Calligraphy: Leader of All Art FormsFew nations in the world have calligraphy as a form of art. In China, calligraphy has maintained a close rapport with the country's cultural development.Calligraphy is an expressive art. According to an old Chinese saying, "the way characters are written is a portrait of the person who writes them." Expressing the abstract beauty of lines and rhythms, calligraphy is a reflection of a person's emotions, moral integrity, character, educational level, accomplishments in self-cultivation, intellectual tastes and approach to life. Chinese characters, which convey ideas, are regarded as the most abstract and sublime art form.Calligraphy is also a practical fine art. Exotic calligraphic inscriptions written on paper, wooden plaques or stone tablets serve as decorations of a deep artistic value.Calligraphy manifests the basic characteristics of all Chinese arts. Closely associated with paintings -- the two leaders of Chinese art forms -- calligraphy takes precedence over painting since it greatly inspired the art of painting. Moreover, calligraphy has influenced other typically Chinese art forms like classical poetry, seal-cutting, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts.Calligraphy is a mental exercise that coordinates the mind and body. It is a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise for physical and spiritual well-being. Historically, many calligraphic artists lived to a ripe, old age.An Art of the OrientChinese calligraphy is an Oriental art. Like chopsticks, calligraphy was once entirely Chinese, but as Chinese culture spread to Korea, Japan, and Singapore, calligraphy became a unique feature of the Oriental art.Calligraphy is even wildly accepted by the West; as once Picasso said, "Had I been born Chinese, I would have been a calligrapher, not a painter." Many calligraphic elements are being adopted by modern western art.。

Calligraphy (shūfǎ书法) has traditionally been regarded as China's highest form of visual art - to the point that a person's character was judged by the elegance of their handwriting! Decorative calligraphy is found all over China, in temples and adorning the walls of caves and the sides of mountains and monuments. The basic tools of calligraphy - brush and ink - are also the tools of Chinese painting, with linework and tone the all-important components.Despite the ravages of time, war and ideology, there's still a lot to see architecturally. Traces of the past include the imperial structures of Beijing, the colonial buildings of Shanghai, the occasional rural village and Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist temples. Funerary art was already a feature of Chinese culture in Neolithic (xīn shíqìshídài新石器时代)times (9000-6000 BC), ranging frompottery figures, jade and sacrificial vessels made of bronze. Earthenware production is almost as ancient, with the world's first proto-porcelain being produced in China in the 6th century AD, reaching its artistic peak under the Song rulers.China's language is officially Mandarin (pǔtōng huà普通话), as spoken in Beijing. The Chinese call it Putonghua. About 70% of the population speak Mandarin, but that's just the tip of the lingusitic iceberg. The country is awash with dialects, and dialects within dialects - and few of them are mutually intelligible. Of the seven major strains, Cantonese is the one most likely to be spoken in your local Chinese takeaway. It's the lingua franca of Guangdong, southern Guangxi, Hong Kong and (to an extent) Macau.China's literary heritage is huge, but unfortunately its untranslatability makes much of it inaccessible to Western readers. Traditionally there are two forms, the classical (largely Confucian) and the vernacular (such as the prose epics of the Ming dynasty). Chinese theatre is also known as opera because of the important role played by music, andstylised dance. Many Western film-lovers are fans of Chinese cinema, with releases enjoying success at film festivals and art-house cinemas. Recently there has been an emergence of talented 'fifth-generation' post-Cultural Revolution directors, including Zhang Yimou (Red Sorghum, Chen Kaige (Farewell, My Concubine), Wu Ziniu and Tian Zhuangzhuang. Add to them Hong Kong's East-meets-West action directors John Woo (Hard Boiled) and Ringo Lam (Full Contact) and you have a full-fledged, extremely successful film industry.Chinese cuisine is justifiably famous, memorably diverse - and generally not for the squeamish. The Chinese themselves like to say they'll eat anything with four legs except a table. For the most part, however, it's a case of doing ingenious things with a limited number of basic ingredients. The cuisine can be divided into four regional categories: Beijing/Mandarin and Shandong (with steamed bread and noodles as staples), Cantonese and Chaozhou (lightly cooked meats and vegetables), Shanghainese (the home of 'red cooking' and wuxi spare ribs) and Sichuannonalcoholic beverage on sale, although Coca-Cola (both original and bogus) is making inroads, while beer is by far the most popular alcoholic drink. 'Wine' is a loose term which can cover oxidised and herb-soaked concoctions, rice wine and wine containing lizards, bees or pickled snakes. Another favourite is maotai, a spirit made from sorghum which smells like rubbing alcohol and makes a good substitute for petrol or paint thinner.书法（书fǎ书法），历来被视为中国最高的视觉艺术形式- 对一个人的性格是由他们的笔迹优雅判断点！装饰书法是遍布中国，在寺庙和装饰墙壁的洞穴和高山和纪念碑两侧。

penmanship、calligraphy 和handwriting是三个极易混淆的词。

之所以会有这样一个问题，主要是源于其中文译法的含混不清所致。

在许多不同场合下，我们往往会笼统而单一地将这三者均译为“书法”。

这不是翻译本身的错。

一种语言中的所有词汇并非都可以简单机械地在另一种语言中找到含义完全相同的对等词。

每当出现无法对应的情况时，我们往往会将这样的词所包含的基本意义中最鲜明、最突出的语义特征抽象出来，以实现其在另一种语言中的恰当表达。

另一方面，即便不考虑语言转换的问题，往往由于时过境迁，也会使一种语言中的某些特定词汇变得模糊不堪甚至被世人所淡忘，而其含义曾经却是十分清晰的。

时至今日，除却handwriting 一词，penmanship 和calligraphy 的真正区别之于广大为现代计算机技术所俘虏的普通美国人自身而言，亦未必能阐释其中的准确内涵。

任何一门语言中都存在许多特定的词汇，一旦它们涉足某些特殊的专门领域，便可能迅速与其曾经被普通大众所广泛理解的意义发生分离甚至背离而成为这一专门领域具有严格定义与特殊内涵的专业术语。

举一个简单的例子，汉字中有“水”字，相信普通大众都能理解，其被广泛理解的含义或许是“流动的液体”，因而人们在日常生活中会将自己看到的“流动的液体”笼统而宽泛地称之为“水”。

然而，这个字一旦涉足化学领域，则立马就具有了其严格的定义：化学式H2O。

显然，在化学这一特定的专门领域中，“水”字的含义要比人们日常生活中所广泛接受的含义要狭窄得多。

正是由于语言中的词汇具有内涵和外延上如此的多变性，才产生了我们所要讨论的这个问题。

即便是英语为母语的美国人，倘若未曾涉足过这一专门的艺术领域，恐怕也无法准确地说清其间存在的差异。

penmanship翻阅通用英语工具书，查找词目penmanship，你可能会得到一个极其简短的释义，仔细阅读，你可能又会发现它提供的信息并不全面甚至有时是与事实不符的（当你已经深入了解penmanship 之后）。

Calligraphy书法calligraphy硬笔书法pen calligraphy表音成分phonetic component表形成分symbolic component汉字偏旁components of Chinese characters线条艺术the art of lines汉字书写（体）Chinese script汉字从图画和符号演变而来，中国书法艺术自然而然衍生于这一特殊的书写体系（绝大多数汉字由表音和表形成分构成），因此中国书法也被称作线条艺术。

Chinese characters evolved from pictures and signs, and the Chinese art of calligraphy developed naturally from this special writing system (most Chinese characters consist of several phonetic and symbolic components), so Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines.尽管中国书法以汉字为表达工具，但要欣赏中国书法之美，不一定非要懂得汉语。

Although Chinese calligraphy uses Chinese words as its vehicle of expression, one does not have to know the language to appreciate its beauty.书法的目的在于保持自然之美，突显人类精神之美。

Calligraphy’s purpose is to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate man’s spiritual beauty.受到青睐to find favor in汉学圈the circle of Chinese language learning汉学Sinology笔画stroke点、横、竖、撇、折、勾dot stroke, horizontal stroke, vertical stroke, curved stroke, angular stroke, hooked stroke部首，独立成字radical, standalone character篆书，隶书，草书，楷书，行书the seal form, the official form, the cursive form, the regular form, the running form像字如其人这样的中国古语与书法是直接相关的。

CalligraphyCalligraphy is understood in China as the art of writing a good hand with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As such it is peculiar to China and the few countries influenced by ancient Chinese culture.In the history of Chinese art, calligraphy has always been held in equalimportance to painting. Great attention is also paid today to itsdevelopment by holding exhibitions of ancient and contemporary worksand by organizing competitions among youngsters and people fromvarious walks of life. Sharing of experience in this field often makes afeature in Sino-Japanese cultural exchange.Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture.ClassificationChinese scripts are generally divided into five categories:The seal character (zhuan), the official or clerical script (li), the regularscript (kai), the running hand (xing) and the cursive hand (cao).1) The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writing afterthe oracle inscriptions, which must have caused great inconveniencebecause they lacked uniformity and many characters were written invariant forms. The first effort for the unification of writing, it is said, tookplace during the reign of King Xuan (827-782 B. C.) of the Western ZhouDynasty, when his taishi (grand historian) Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of15 chapters, standardizing Chinese writing under script called zhuan. It isalso known as zhouwen after the name of the author. This script, oftenused in seals, is translated into English as the seal character, or as the"curly script" after the shape of its strokes.Shi Zhou's lexicon (which some thought was written by a later author of the state of Qin) had long been lost, yet it is generally agreed that the inscriptions on the drum-shaped Qin stone blocks were basically of the same style as the old zhuan script.When, in 221 B. C., Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the whole of China under one central government, he ordered his Prime Minister Li Si to collect and sort out all the different systems of writing hitherto prevalent in different parts of the country in a great effort to unify the written language under onesystem. What Li did, in effect, was to simplify the ancient zhuan (small seal) script.Today we have a most valuable relic of this ancient writing in the creator Li Si's own hand engraved on a stele standing in the Temple to the God of Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province. The2,200-year-old stele, worn by age and weather, has only nine and a half characters left on it.2) The lishu (official script) came in the wake of the xiaozhuan in the same short-lived Qin Dynasty (221 - 207 B. C.). This was because the xiaozhuan, though a simplified form of script, was still too complicated for the scribes in the various government offices who had to copy an increasing amount of documents. Cheng Miao, a prison warden, made a further simplification of the xiaozhuan, changing the curly strokes into straight and angular ones and thus making writing much easier. A further step away from the pictographs, it was named lishu because li in classical Chinese meant "clerk" or "scribe". Another version says that Cheng Miao, because of certain offence, became a prisoner and slave himself; as the ancients also called bound slaves "li", so the script was named lishu or the "script of a slave".3) The lishu was already very close to, and led to the adoption of, kaishu, regular script. The oldest existing example of this dates from the Wei (220-265), and the script developed under the Jin(265-420). The standard writing today is square in form, non-cursive and architectural in style. The characters are composed of a number of strokes out of a total of eight kinds-the dot, the horizontal, the vertical, the hook, the rising, the left-falling (short and long) and the right-falling strokes. Any aspirant for the status of calligrapher must start by learning to write a good hand in kaishu.4) On the basis of lishu also evolved caoshu (grass writing or cursive hand), which is rapid and used for making quick but rough copies. This style is subdivided into two schools: zhangcao and jincao.The first of these emerged at the time the Qin was replaced by the Han Dynasty between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B. C. The characters, though written rapidly, still stand separate one from another and the dots are not linked up with other strokes.Jincao or the modern cursive hand is said to have been developed by Zhang Zhi (?-c. 192 A. D.) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in the Jin and Tang dynasties and is still widely popular today.It is the essence of the caoshu, especially jincao, that the characters are executed swiftly with the strokes running together. The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke of the first merging into the initial stroke of the next. They also vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer.A great master at caoshu was Zhang Xu (early 8th century) of the Tang Dynasty, noted for the complete abandon with which he applied the brush. It is said that he would not set about writing until he had got drunk. This he did, allowing the brush to "gallop" across the paper, curling, twisting ormeandering in one unbroken stroke, thus creating an original style. Today one may still see fragments of a stele carved with characters in his handwriting, kept in the Provincial Museum of Shaanxi.The best example and model for xingshu, all Chinese calligraphers will agree, is the Inscription on Lanting Pavilion in the hand of Wang Xizhi (321-379) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. To learn to write a nice hand in Chinese calligraphy, assiduous and persevering practice is necessary. This has been borne out by the many great masters China has produced. Wang Xizhi, the great artist just mentioned, who has exerted a profound influence on, and has been held in high esteem by, calligraphers and scholars throughout history, is said to have blackened in his childhood all the water of a pond in front of his house by washing the writing implements in it after his daily exercises. Another master, Monk Zhiyong of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) was so industrious in learning calligraphy that he filled many jars with worn-out writing brushes, which he buried in a "tomb of brushes".Renewed interest in brush-writing has been kindled today among the pupils in China, some of whom already show promises as worthy successors to the ancient masters.Four Treasures of the StudyTo produce Chinese characters one will need a brush, paper, inkstick and ink stone, commonly referred to as the "Four Treasures ofthe Study". To learn calligraphy, it is necessary to learn about thesetools.While brushes are varied, white-goat-hair, black-rabbit-hair and yellow-weasel-hair brushes are the main ones. On the basis of function, brushes are classified into three groups: hard, soft and both. Brush handles are usually made of bamboo, wood, lacquer or porcelain; ivory or jade handles are rare and precious.The ink stick is a unique pigment used for Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy. The most famous ink stick ishui mo(Anhui ink stick), made of pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Clean water is needed to grind the ink stick, which must be balanced in the hand during the grinding or rubbing process. Press hard and rub lightly, slowly and evenly against the ink slab until a thick, liquid-ink forms.Paper was invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). While paper comes in many varieties, Xuan paper, produced in the Jing Prefecture of Xuanzhou (today's Anhui Province), is considered the best for Chinese calligraphy. The paper is soft and fine textured, suitable for conveying the artistic expression of both Chinese calligraphy and painting. With a good tensile strength and mothproof quality, the paper can be preserved for a long time.Ink stones or ink slabs have been classified into three categories:Duan,SheandTao. Features common to all three ink slabs are the stone's hardness and fineness. Although the stone is hard and fine, it is notdry or slippery. Using a hard, smooth stone, liquid ink can be produced easily by rubbing the ink stick against the stone.By controlling the flexibility of the brush, the concentration of the ink and the absorbency of the paper, the artist can produce an infinite variety of calligraphic styles and forms.Calligraphy: Leader of All Art FormsFew nations in the world have calligraphy as a form of art. In China, calligraphy has maintained a close rapport with the country's cultural development.Calligraphy is an expressive art. According to an old Chinese saying, "the way characters are written is a portrait of the person who writes them." Expressing the abstract beauty of lines and rhythms, calligraphy is a reflection of a person's emotions, moral integrity, character, educational level, accomplishments in self-cultivation, intellectual tastes and approach to life. Chinese characters, which convey ideas, are regarded as the most abstract and sublime art form.Calligraphy is also a practical fine art. Exotic calligraphic inscriptions written on paper, wooden plaques or stone tablets serve as decorations of a deep artistic value.Calligraphy manifests the basic characteristics of all Chinese arts. Closely associated with paintings -- the two leaders of Chinese art forms -- calligraphy takes precedence over painting since it greatly inspired the art of painting. Moreover, calligraphy has influenced other typically Chinese art forms like classical poetry, seal-cutting, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts.Calligraphy is a mental exercise that coordinates the mind and body. It is a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise for physical and spiritual well-being. Historically, many calligraphic artists lived to a ripe, old age.An Art of the OrientChinese calligraphy is an Oriental art. Like chopsticks, calligraphy was once entirely Chinese, but as Chinese culture spread to Korea, Japan, and Singapore, calligraphy became a unique feature of the Oriental art.Calligraphy is even wildly accepted by the West; as once Picasso said, "Had I been born Chinese, I would have been a calligrapher, not a painter." Many calligraphic elements are being adopted by modern western art.。

书法介绍英文带翻译The Art of Calligraphy: A Timeless Tradition。

书法艺术，永恒的传统。

Calligraphy, the art of beautiful writing, has been a part of human culture for centuries. From ancient China to modern-day Europe, calligraphy has been used to communicate ideas, express emotions, and create art that transcends language and culture. In this article, we will explore the history, techniques, and significance of calligraphy as an art form.书法，即美丽书写的艺术，已经成为人类文化的一部分数个世纪。

从中国古代到现代欧洲，书法一直被用来传达思想，表达情感，创造跨越语言和文化的艺术。

在本文中，我们将探讨书法作为艺术形式的历史、技巧和意义。

History of Calligraphy。

书法的历史。

The origins of calligraphy can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and China. In China, calligraphy was considered one of the highest forms of art and was often practiced by scholars and artists. The earliest examples of Chinese calligraphy date back to the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) and were inscribed on oracle bones used for divination.书法的起源可以追溯到古代文明，如埃及、希腊和中国。

Calligraphy is understood in China as the art of line with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As such it is peculiar to China and the few countries in fluenced by ancient Chinese culture. Chinese characters, which convey ideas, are rega rded as the most abstract and sublime art form.在中国，书法被认为是线条的艺术，或是对这门艺术的规则和技巧的研究，它是中国以及深受中华传统文化影响的国家所特有的，也被认为是最抽象，而又令人崇敬的艺术形式Great attention is also paid today,here, in Zhangji experimental primary school to its development by holding exhibitions of ancient and contemporary works and by organizing competitions among students and teachers.District Education Bureau in our school established an educational base of calligraphy culture has already been established in our school by District Education Bureau, which enjoy a good reputation inside and outside the province.With the increasingly frequent development of international communication,Calligraphy teaching has already became a gorgeous school card.今天，这一艺术在张集实验小学，通过举办古代与当代作品展，组织学生和老师比赛的形式，也获得了极大的关注。

英语作文带翻译：Calligraphy 书法
Calligraphy is our country has a long history and the most extensive mass base of art, it with unique lines and the rules for writing Chinese characters, showing colorful brushwork, composition and handwriting, reflect people's temperament, interest and aesthetic ideal. Is our ancestors
in the long term practice constantly beautify writing form, carries on the artistic creation, have extremely exalted position in the traditional culture, by the Chinese people's universal love, also is cannot replace by other art forms the unique traditional Chinese art.
书法是我国具有悠久的历史和艺术的最广泛的群众基础，它以独特的线条和汉字书写规则，显示出丰富多彩的笔触，组成和笔迹，反映人的气质，兴趣和审美理想。

是我们的祖先在长期实践中持续美化的写作形式，实行艺术创作，有着极其崇高的地位，在传统文化中，由中国人的普遍的爱，也是不可替代的其他艺术形式的独特的中国传统艺术。

关于书法的英语作文Calligraphy
Calligraphy is our country has a long history and the most extensive mass base of art, it with unique lines and the rules for writing Chinese characters, showing colorful brushwork, composition and handwriting, reflect people’s temperament, interest and aesthetic ideal. Is our ancestors in the long term practice constantly beautify writing form, carries on the artistic creation, have extremely exalted position in the traditional culture, by the Chinese people’s universal love, also is cannot replace by other art forms the unique traditional Chinese art.
书法是我国具有悠久的历史和艺术的最广泛的群众基础,它以独特的线条和汉字书写规则,显示出丰富多彩的笔触,组成和笔迹,反映人的气质,兴趣和审美理想。

是我们的祖先在长期实践中不断美化的写作形式,进行艺术创作,有着极其崇高的地位,在传统文化中,由中国人的普遍的爱,也是不可替代的其他艺术形式的独特的中国传统艺术。

一. 中国书法（calligraphy）是一门独特的艺术，是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。

Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world.➢中国书法艺术的形成、发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的关系。

The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters.➢汉字在漫长的演变发展过程中，一方面起着交流思想、继承文化的重要作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的艺术。

In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form.➢书法能够通过作品把书法家个人的生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来，所以，通常有" 字如其人 "的说法。

Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers' personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that "seeing the calligrapher's handwriting is like seeing the person".➢中国书法不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。

关于中国书法英语作文：Chinese CalligraphyCalligraphyistheessenceofChineseculture,whichhasdevelopedintoaspecia lhigh-levelartapartfromsatisfyingtheneedsofdailywriting.Ithasbeenflouris hingforthousandsofyearsinChina.Shopswithstrongcommercialatmospher ewillgainsomeeleganceiftheyaredecoratedwithsomequaintculturalcalligr aphicworks.Sittingrooms,studiesandbedroomscanbenice-lookingwithcalli graphyworksdecorated.Asakindofartwork,thewritingofcalligraphyispartic ular.TheChinesecharactersarewrittenonXuanpaperwhichabsorbsinkveryw ellandthenaremountedtohangonawall.Thecalligraphyworksaremostlyapo emoramottothatthehostoftheroomlikesitmuch;ifitiswrittenbythehosthim self,itwilldemonstratemorehisaspirationandinterestaswellashistalent.书法是中国文化的精粹，除了满足日常书写外，它已经上升成为一门特别的高等艺术。

他兴旺于中华大地数千年而不衰。

商业气息浓重的店面装饰一些具有古色古香、文化色彩的书法作品就会平添几分高雅。

书法作品也常常装饰客厅，书房和卧室。

C a l l i g r a p h yCalligraphy is understood in China as the art of writing a good hand with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As such it is peculiar to China and the few countries influenced by ancient Chinese culture.In the history of Chinese art, calligraphy has always been held in equal importance topainting. Great attention is also paid today to its development by holding exhibitions ofancient and contemporary works and by organizing competitions among youngstersand people from various walks of life. Sharing of experience in this field often makes afeature in Sino-Japanese cultural exchange.Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture.ClassificationChinese scripts are generally divided into five categories:The seal character (zhuan), the official or clerical script (li), the regular script (kai), therunning hand (xing) and the cursive hand (cao).1) The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writing after the oracleinscriptions, which must have caused great inconvenience because they lackeduniformity and many characters were written in variant forms. The first effort for theunification of writing, it is said, took place during the reign of King Xuan (827-782 B. C.)of the Western Zhou Dynasty, when his taishi (grand historian) Shi Zhou compiled alexicon of 15 chapters, standardizing Chinese writing under script called zhuan. It isalso known as zhouwen after the name of the author. This script, often used in seals, istranslated into English as the seal character, or as the "curly script" after the shape ofits strokes.Shi Zhou's lexicon (which some thought was written by a later author of the state of Qin) had long been lost, yet it is generally agreed that the inscriptions on the drum-shaped Qin stone blocks were basically of the same style as the old zhuan script.When, in 221 B. C., Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the whole of China under one central government, he ordered his Prime Minister Li Si to collect and sort out all the different systems of writing hitherto prevalent in different parts of the country in a great effort to unify the written language under one system. What Li did, in effect, was to simplify the ancient zhuan (small seal) script.Today we have a most valuable relic of this ancient writing in the creator Li Si's own hand engraved on a stele standing in the Temple to the God of Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province. The 2,200-year-old stele, worn byage and weather, has only nine and a half characters left on it.2) The lishu (official script) came in the wake of the xiaozhuan in the same short-lived Qin Dynasty (221 - 207 B. C.). This was because the xiaozhuan, though a simplified form of script, was still too complicated for the scribes in the various government offices who had to copy an increasing amount of documents. Cheng Miao, a prison warden, made a further simplification of the xiaozhuan, changing the curly strokes into straight and angular ones and thus making writing much easier. A further step away from the pictographs, it was named lishu because li in classical Chinese meant "clerk" or "scribe". Another version says that Cheng Miao, because of certain offence, became a prisoner and slave himself; as the ancients also called bound slaves "li", so the script was named lishu or the "script of a slave".3) The lishu was already very close to, and led to the adoption of, kaishu, regular script. The oldest existing example of this dates from the Wei (220-265), and the script developed under the Jin (265-420). The standard writing today is square in form, non-cursive and architectural in style. The characters are composed of a number of strokes out of a total of eight kinds-the dot, the horizontal, the vertical, the hook, the rising, the left-falling (short and long) and the right-falling strokes. Any aspirant for the status of calligrapher must start by learning to write a good hand in kaishu.4) On the basis of lishu also evolved caoshu (grass writing or cursive hand), which is rapid and used for making quick but rough copies. This style is subdivided into two schools: zhangcao and jincao.The first of these emerged at the time the Qin was replaced by the Han Dynasty between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B. C. The characters, though written rapidly, still stand separate one from another and the dots are not linked up with other strokes.Jincao or the modern cursive hand is said to have been developed by Zhang Zhi (?-c. 192 A. D.) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in the Jin and Tang dynasties and is still widely popular today.It is the essence of the caoshu, especially jincao, that the characters are executed swiftly with the strokes running together. The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke of the first merging into the initial stroke of the next. They also vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer.A great master at caoshu was Zhang Xu (early 8th century) of the Tang Dynasty, noted for the complete abandon with which he applied the brush. It is said that he would not set about writing until he had got drunk. This he did, allowing the brush to "gallop" across the paper, curling, twisting or meandering in one unbroken stroke, thus creating an original style. Today one may still see fragments of a stele carved with characters in his handwriting, kept in the Provincial Museum of Shaanxi.The best example and model for xingshu, all Chinese calligraphers will agree, is the Inscription on Lanting Pavilion in the hand of Wang Xizhi (321-379) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. To learn to write a nice hand in Chinese calligraphy, assiduous and persevering practice is necessary. This has been borne out by the many great masters China has produced. Wang Xizhi, the great artist just mentioned, who has exerted a profound influence on, and has been held in high esteem by, calligraphers and scholars throughout history, is said to have blackened in his childhood all the water of a pond in front of his house by washing the writing implements in it after his dailyexercises. Another master, Monk Zhiyong of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) was so industrious in learning calligraphy that he filled many jars with worn-out writing brushes, which he buried in a "tomb of brushes".Renewed interest in brush-writing has been kindled today among the pupils in China, some of whom already show promises as worthy successors to the ancient masters.Four Treasures of the StudyTo produce Chinese characters one will need a brush, paper, ink stick and inkstone, commonly referred to as the "Four Treasures of the Study". To learncalligraphy, it is necessary to learn about these tools.While brushes are varied, white-goat-hair, black-rabbit-hair and yellow-weasel-hairbrushes are the main ones. On the basis of function, brushes are classified into three groups: hard, soft and both. Brush handles are usually made of bamboo, wood, lacquer or porcelain; ivory or jade handles are rare and precious.The ink stick is a unique pigment used for Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy. The most famous ink stick ishui mo(Anhui ink stick), made of pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Clean water is needed to grind the ink stick, which must be balanced in the hand during the grinding or rubbing process. Press hard and rub lightly, slowly and evenly against the ink slab until a thick, liquid-ink forms.Paper was invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). While paper comes in many varieties, Xuan paper, produced in the Jing Prefecture of Xuanzhou (today's Anhui Province), is considered the best for Chinese calligraphy. The paper is soft and fine textured, suitable for conveying the artistic expression of both Chinese calligraphy and painting. With a good tensile strength and mothproof quality, the paper can be preserved for a long time.Ink stones or ink slabs have been classified into three categories:Duan,SheandTao. Features common to all three ink slabs are the stone's hardness and fineness. Although the stone is hard and fine, it is not dry or slippery. Using a hard, smooth stone, liquid ink can be produced easily by rubbing the ink stick against the stone.By controlling the flexibility of the brush, the concentration of the ink and the absorbency of the paper, the artist can produce an infinite variety of calligraphic styles and forms.Calligraphy: Leader of All Art FormsFew nations in the world have calligraphy as a form of art. In China, calligraphy has maintained a close rapport with the country's cultural development.Calligraphy is an expressive art. According to an old Chinese saying, "the way characters are written is a portrait ofthe person who writes them." Expressing the abstract beauty of lines and rhythms, calligraphy is a reflection of a person's emotions, moral integrity, character, educational level, accomplishments in self-cultivation, intellectual tastes and approach to life. Chinese characters, which convey ideas, are regarded as the most abstract and sublime art form.Calligraphy is also a practical fine art. Exotic calligraphic inscriptions written on paper, wooden plaques or stone tablets serve as decorations of a deep artistic value.Calligraphy manifests the basic characteristics of all Chinese arts. Closely associated with paintings -- the two leaders of Chinese art forms -- calligraphy takes precedence over painting since it greatly inspired the art of painting. Moreover, calligraphy has influenced other typically Chinese art forms like classical poetry, seal-cutting, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts.Calligraphy is a mental exercise that coordinates the mind and body. It is a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise for physical and spiritual well-being. Historically, many calligraphic artists lived to a ripe, old age.An Art of the OrientChinese calligraphy is an Oriental art. Like chopsticks, calligraphy was once entirely Chinese, but as Chinese culture spread to Korea, Japan, and Singapore, calligraphy became a unique feature of the Oriental art.Calligraphy is even wildly accepted by the West; as once Picasso said, "Had I been born Chinese, I would have been a calligrapher, not a painter." Many calligraphic elements are being adopted by modern western art.。

书法的来历英语作文Title: The Origin and Evolution of Calligraphy。

Calligraphy, the art of beautiful writing, has a rich and fascinating history that spans centuries and cultures. Its origins can be traced back to ancient civilizations where writing systems first emerged. In this essay, we will explore the origins and evolution of calligraphy across different cultures and time periods.Ancient Beginnings。

The roots of calligraphy can be found in the earliest forms of writing developed by ancient civilizations such as the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese. These cultures developed writing systems to record information, communicate, and preserve their histories. The earliest forms of calligraphy were practical, utilitarian, and primarily used for administrative purposes such as record-keeping, communication, and religious texts.Chinese Calligraphy: The Art of Brush and Ink。

书法英语介绍模板作文英文回答：Calligraphy。

Calligraphy is the art of writing with a pen, ink, and brush. It is a form of visual art that has been practicedfor centuries in many cultures around the world.Calligraphy can be used for a variety of purposes,including writing letters, creating artwork, and designing logos.There are many different styles of calligraphy, eachwith its own unique characteristics. Some of the most popular styles include:Western calligraphy: This style of calligraphy is characterized by its use of pointed pens and a variety of inks. Western calligraphy is often used for writing letters, creating artwork, and designing logos.Eastern calligraphy: This style of calligraphy is characterized by its use of brushes and ink. Eastern calligraphy is often used for writing poetry, creating artwork, and designing logos.Arabic calligraphy: This style of calligraphy is characterized by its use of Arabic script. Arabic calligraphy is often used for writing religious texts, creating artwork, and designing logos.Calligraphy is a beautiful and versatile art form that can be used for a variety of purposes. If you areinterested in learning more about calligraphy, there are many resources available online and in libraries.Materials for Calligraphy。

【英语作文】中国书法 Chinese Calligraphy
CalligraphyistheessenceofChineseculture,
whichhasdevelopedintoaspecialhigh-levelartapartfromsatisfyingthe
needsofdailywritingShops
withstrongcommercialatmospherewillgainsomeeleganceiftheyaredecorated
withsomequaintculturalcalligraphicworksAsakindofart
work,thewritingofcalligraphyisparticularThecalligraphyworksaremostlyapoemoramo ttothatthehostof
theroomlikesitmuch;ifitiswrittenbythehosthimself,itwill
demonstratemorehisaspirationandinterestaswellashistalent.
书法是中国文化的精粹，除了满足日常书写外，它已经上升成为一门特别的高等艺术。

他兴旺于中华大地数千年而不衰。

商业气息浓重的店面装饰一些具有古色古香、文化色彩
的书法作品就会平添几分高雅。

书法作品也常常装饰客厅，书房和卧室。

作为一种艺术，
书法的书写是很讲究的。

汉字写在吸水性很强的宣纸上，然后再装裱起来挂上墙壁。

书法
作品多半是居室主人所喜爱的一首诗词或是一句格言；如果这是他自己所作，那就更能显
示他的志趣和才华了。

感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。