教学法复习提纲

Unit 1 Language and Learning1. Language:” Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.”5. The language learning theory underlying an approach or method usually answers two questions:1) What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning?2) What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning processes to be activated?6.1) Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind processes new information, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesis testing and generalization.2) Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.2. Three views of languageStructural view: language as a linguistic systemThe functional view: a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things.The interactional view:a communicative tool3. Four Language Learning Theories1Behaviorist theoryA stimulus-response theory of psychologyAudio-lingual methodCognitive theoryLanguage as an intricate rule-based systemLanguage competence (knowledge of language system)Constructivist theoryThe learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what is already known.Socio-constructivist theory“Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD); scaffoldingEmphasizing interaction and engagement with TL in a social context4. What makes a good language teacherprofessional competenceEthic devotion: warm-hearted, caring, enthusiastic, hardworking, well-prepared Professional qualities: resourceful, well-informed, professionally-trained, authoritative, disciplined, accurate, creativePersonal styles: patient, attentive, flexible, humorous, dynamic, intuitive5. How can one become a good language teacherW allace’s (1991) ‘reflective modelStage 1: language developmentStage 2: learning, practice, reflectionGoal: professional competenceUnit 2 Communicative Principles and Activities1. The ultimate goal of foreign language teaching is to enable the students to use theforeign language in work or life when necessary.1. The goal of CLT is to develop students‟ communicative competence.2.What is communicative compentence?3.Try to list some of its components and their implication to teaching.Communicative compentence refers to both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations. According to Hedge, it includes five components.Linguistic competence --- knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning Pragmatic competence --- the appropriate use of language in social contextDiscourse competence--- one‟s ability to create cohere nt written text or conversation and the ability to understand them (ability to express or to understand a topic logically and coherently by effectively employing or comprehending the cohesive markers used in the discourse /ability to initiate, develop, enter, interrupt, check, or confirm in a conversation)Strategic competence--- strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resourcesFluency---- one‟s ability to …link units of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue hesitation4.Implications for teaching and learning:Linguistic competenceTeachers need to help learners----achieve accuracy in the grammatical forms of the language;----pronounce the forms accurately;----use stress, rhythm, and intonation to express meaning;----build a range of vocabulary;----learn the script and spelling rules;----achieve accuracy in syntax and word formation.Pragmatic competenceTeachers need to help learners---learn the relationship between grammatical forms and functions;---use stress and intonation to express attitude and emotion;---learn the scale of formality;---understand and use emotive tone;---use the grammatical rules of language;---select language forms appropriate to topic, listener, or setting, etc.Discourse competenceTeachers need to help learners----take longer turns, use discourse markers and open and close conversations;----appreciate and be able to produce contextualised written texts in a variety of genres; ----be able to use cohesive devices in reading and writing texts;----be able to cope with authentic texts.Strategic competenceTeachers need to enable learners----to take risks in using the language;----to use a range of communicative strategies;----to learn the language needed to engage in some of these strategies, e.g. …What do you call a thing that/person who…‟Teachers need to help learners-----deal with the information gap of real discourse;-----process language and respond appropriately with a degree of ease;-----be able to respond with reasonable speed in …real time”.5. Richards and Rodgers(1986:72)three principles of Communicative language teaching1) Communication principle: Activities that involve real communication promote learning.2) Task principle: Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful taskpromote learning.3) Meaningfulness principle: Language that is meaningful to the learner supports he learning process.16. Littlewood’s (1981)classification of communicative activities:1). Functional communicative activities:2). Social interaction activities:(1). Functional communicative activities:~ Identifying pictures~ Discovering identical pairs~ Discovering sequences or locations~ Discovering missing information~ Discovering missing features~ Discovering "secrets"~Communicating patterns and pictures~ Communicative models~ Discovering differences~ Following directions~ Reconstructing story-sequences~ Pooling information to solve a problem(2). Social interaction activities:~ Role-playing through cued dialogues~Role-playing through cues and information~Role-playing through situation and goals--Role-playing through debate or discussion~ Large-scale simulation activities~ Improvisation17.Ellis (1990) has listed six criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activities:1). Communicative purpose:2). Communicative desire:3). Content, not form:4). Variety of language:5). No teacher intervention:A task is believed to have four components:a purpose,a context,a product.任务情景化:有需要解决的问题;需要行动或语言+非语言类任务目标化学会行动;完成语言+非语言类任务复杂性;复杂成果;难以预料短期内不明显练习情景化:无需要解决的问题;纯语言练习（理想的是，一次解决一个语言难点）目标化学会行动;完成纯语言练习复杂性;单一成果;事先预设，明显但有限度（对/错）6.Differences between PPP and TBLT1.The way students use and experience language in TBLT is radically different from PPP. Free of language controlA genuine need to use language to communicateA free exchange of ideasAppropriateness & accuracy of language form in general, not production of a single form A genuine need for accuracy and fluency2TBL can provide a context for grammar teaching and form-focused activities.A task-established contextEncouraged to think, analyze, not simply to repeat, manipulate and apply A more varied exposure to natural languageLanguage forms not pre-selected for focusLearner-free selection of languageFluency accuracy (+fluency)Integrated skills practisedProblems with CLT1.Is it practical in the Chinese context?2.How to design the syllabus for classroom teaching?3.Is it suitable for all age level of learners or all competence level of learners? Constraints of TBLT1.It may not be effective for presenting new language items2.Time: teachers have to prepare task-based activities very carefully.3.Culture of learning4.Level of difficultyUnit 3National English Curriculum3.1 A brief history of foreign language teaching in China1A phase of restoration (1978-1985)2A phase of rapid development (1986-1992)3A phase of reform (1993-2000)4A phase of innovation from 20002,Designing principles for the National English Curriculum1) Aim for educating all students, and emphasize quality-oriented education.2) Promote learner-centeredness, and respect individual differences.3. Develop competence-based objectives, and allow flexibility and adaptability4) Pay close attention to the learning process, and advocate experiential learning and participation5. Attach particular importance to formative assessment, and give special attention to the development of competence.6. Optimize learning resources, and maximize opportunities for learning and using the language.3.3Goals and objectives of English language teachingThe new curriculum is designed to promote students‟ overall language ability3.4 Design of the National English CurriculumNine competence-based levelsLevel 2,For 6th gradersLevel 5,For 9th gradersLevel 7,For senior high school leaversUnit 4 Lesson Planning18. Lesson planningLesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class.19. Why is lesson planning necessary?1)Makes teachers aware of the aims and language contents of the lesson, so as to plan the activities and choose the techniques accordingly;2)Helps teachers distinguish the various stages of a lesson and see the relationship between them so that the activities of different difficulty levels can be arranged properly and the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another;3)Gives teachers the opportunity to anticipate potential problems so that they can be prepared;4)Gives teachers, esp. novice ones, confidence in class;5)Raises teachers‟ awareness of the teaching aids needed;6)Planning is a good practice and a sign of professionalism21. There are four major principles behind good lesson planning:AimVariety means planning a number of different types of activities and where possible introducing students to a wide selection of materials so that learning is always interesting, motivating and never monotonous for the students.Flexibility means planning to use a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient.Learnability means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of course, things should not be too easy either. Doing things that are beyond or below the students' coping ability will diminish their motivation (Schumann, 1999).Linkage means the stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are somehow linked with one another. Language learning needs recycling and reinforcement.24. Lesson planning should be done at two levels:Macro planning is planning over time, for instance, the planning for a month, a term, or the whole course.micro planning: is planning for a specific lesson, which usually lasts 40 or 50 minutes. 25.Macro planning involves:1) Knowing about the course:2) Knowing about the institution:3) Knowing about the learners:4) Knowing about the curriculum/syllabus5)Knowing about the textbook6)Knowing about the objectives26. The advantage of a concrete teaching plan:Teachers can follow it in the class and check what they have done;The plan will be the basis of a record of what has been covered in class;It will make it easier to make achievement tests later;It will be good records for the entire course.4.4 Components of a Lesson Plan1.Background information2.Teaching aimsnguage contents and skills4.Stages and procedures5.Teaching aids6.end of lesson summary7.optional activities and Assignments8.after-lesson reflection28. The aims of a lesson include:language components to present,communicative skills to practice,activities to conductmaterials to be usedteaching aids to be used.Unit 5 Classroom Management1.What is classroom management?Classroom Management refers to the way teachers organize what goes on in the classroom.1. Teachers’ roles:Before the class---PlannerDuring the class—1 Controlle2 Assessor3 Organizer4 Prompter5 Participant6 Resource-providerAfter the class---Evaluatornew roles:facilitatorsguidesresearcher s2.Rules to follow for making instructions effectiveTo use simple instructions and make them suit the comprehension level of thestudents.To use the mother-tongue only when it is necessary. (to explain grammar rules or rules for a game or task which may be too complicated to explain in the targetlanguage)3. What are the most common types of Ss grouping?Whole class workPair work,Group work,Individual study:4.How to maintain discipline?P.79When students are engaged in learning, they will be disciplined.Q: How to engage students in learning?1)Ss are clear about learning purpose;2)Ss are able to do the work but find it challenging;3)Ss are emotionally, physically and intellectually involved by the tasks;4)The presentation, variety and structure of the work and activities generate curiosity and interest;5)Ss have opportunities to ask questions and try out ideas;6)Ss can see what they have achieved and how they had made progress;7)Ss get a feeling of satisfaction and enjoyment from the work.4. Harmer’s suggestions on measures for undisciplined acts and badly behaving Ss:1). Act immediately2). Stop the class3).Rearrange the seats4).Change the activity5).Talk to Ss after class6).creat a code of behavior5. In order not to hurt the Ss,Ur’s advice on problems in class:1).Deal with it quietly2).Don‟t take things personally 对事不对人3).Do not use threats6. What are the functions or purposes of questions?To focus students‟ attentionsTo invite thinking or imaginationsTo check understandingTo stimulate recall of informationTo challenge studentsTo assess learning7How to ask effective question1)Questions should be closely linked to the learning objectives in the lesson;2)Questions should be staged so that the level of challenge increases as the lesson proceeds;3)There should be a balance between closed and open, lower-order and higher-order questions;4)Wait time is important to allow students to think through their answers;5)Ss should be provided opportunities to ask their own questions and seek their own answers;6)A secure and relaxed atmosphere of trust is needed and ss‟ opinions and ideas are valued..6. correct dealing with errors and mistakeswe need to be clear whether the task or activity is focusing on accuracy or fluency.How to correct error：Direct teacher correctionIndirect teacher correctionSelf correctionPeer correctionWhole class correctionUnit 6Teaching Pronunciation1.The role of pronunciationOn the value of teaching pronunciation, there are different opinions:1.Students do not need to learn pronunciation because pronunciation will take care of itself as the students develop overall language ability.2.Failure in pronunciation is a great hindrance to language learn.2. The goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency 连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listenersCommunicative efficiency: To help convey the speakers‟ meaning3. Three aspects of pronunciation to teach? Stress, intonation, rhythm4. One common problem in learning English of Ss: (Neglect stress and intonation)5. Ways of practicing soundsPerception practice :Using minimal pairs,Which order,Same or different,Odd one out, CompletionProduction practice: Listen and repeat,Fill in the blanks,Make up sentences,Use meaningful context,Use pictures,Use tongue twisters6. Practicing stress:1).Two kinds of stress: word-level stress ; phrase-level stress2).Three ways to show stress pattern of words:Use gestures, use the voice, use theblackboard7. Practicing intonation:1). There are many subtle ways: surprise, complaint, …sarcasm讥讽，friendliness, threats etc.2). Two ways to make intonation:Use hand or arm movement to indicate change of intonaton: rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 7. Teaching Grammar1. What are grammar presentation methods? 演示法Deductive method演义法; Inductive method归纳法the guided discovery method (引导发现法2. Deductive method1). Definition: It relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing.2). Steps: giving rules/definition------giving examples3). Advantages:To be successful with selected and motivated students;To save time;To help to increase students‟ confidence in some exam.4). Disadvantages:To teach grammar in the isolated way;To pay little attention to meaning;To be often mechanical practice.3. Inductive method1).Definition: the teacher induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation2). Steps: give examples-----induce rules4). Advantages: Inductive method is more effective in that students discover thegrammar rules themselves while engaged in language use,4. Ur’s definition of grammar practice:"Practice may be defined as any kind of engaging with结合/保证the language on the part of the learner, usually under the teacher supervision, whose primaryobjective(aim/task) is to consolidate learning "(Ur, 1988:11).5. Ur’s six factors contribute to successful grammar practice:1) Pre-learning.2) Volume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.6. Two categories of grammar practice:Mechanical practiceMeaningful practice.1).Mechanical practice involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.Two drills in mechanical practice:(1) Substitution drills (2) Transformation drills2). Meaningful practice.In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension orexchange meaning though the students "keep an eye on" the way newly learnedstructures are used in the process. Meaningful practice usually comes aftermechanical practice.7. Using prompts for practice:1). Using picture prompts. Ss produce sentences based on the pictures provided2). Using mime or gestures as prompts.3).Using information sheet as prompts. E.g.:4). Using key phrases or key words as prompts.5). Using chained phrases for story telling.6). Using created situations.Unit 8 Teaching Vocabulary1. What does knowing a word involve?Knowing a word means knowing its pronunciation and stress;Knowing a word means knowing its spelling and grammatical properties;Knowing a word means knowing its meaning;Knowing a word means knowing how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.Vocabulary learning “involves at least two aspects of meaningThe first aspect involves the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning.The second aspect involves understanding the sense relations among words.”Collocation , Synonyms,antonyms,hyponyms, Receptive and productive vocabulary2. List some ways of presenting new words1) Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible,2) Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning.3) Use synonyms or antonyms to explain the meanings.4) Use lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings.5) Translate and exemplify,6) Use word formation rules and common affixes7) Teach vocabulary in chunks.8) Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.9) Think about providing different context for introducing new words.10) Prepare possible misunderstanding or confusion that student may have.3. Some vocabulary consolidation activities that can be done in class. (12)1) Labeling2) Spotting the differences:3) Describing and drawing:4) Playing a game:5) Using word thermometers:6) Using word series7) Word bingo:9) word association10) Synonyms and antonyms:11) categories12) Using word net-work13)using the internet resources for more ideas4. Developing vocabulary building strategies.1). Review regularly:2). Guess meaning from context:3). Organize vocabulary effectively:4). Use a dictionary:5)keep a vocabulary notebook6).Discovery strategiesUnit 9Teaching Listening1.The reason why such difficulties arise can be quire complicated. however, one major reason for students‟ poor listening is often neglected in language due to1) Lack of teaching materials (audio and video tapes);2) Lack of equipment (tape players, VCRs, VCDs, computers);3) Lack of real-life situations where language learners need to understand spoken English;2 What do we listen to in everyday life? (Ur, 1996)Loudspeaker announcements1.Radio news2.Lesson, lecture3.Conversation, gossip4.Instructions5.Watching television6.Watching movies7.Telephone conversations8.Interview9.Shopping10.Story-telling11.Meetings12.Negotiations13.Theater show…3. One reason for students' unsatisfactory listening abilities:There is not enough variety in the materials that they listen to in class. In most cases, the listening materials are daily conversations or stories. But in reality we listen to far more things, regardless of which language is used.4. The characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur, 1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity2) Context3) Visual clues4) Listener‟s response5) Speaker‟s adjustment5 Two major purposes in listening.*The first is for social reasons;*The second is for exchanging information.6 Principles of teaching listening:1). Focus on process:2). Combine listening with other skills:3). Focus on comprehending meaning:4). Grade difficulty level appropriately:7.dels for teaching listeningbottom-up model up- bottom modelthe teaching of listening generally follows three stages:pre-listening stagewhile-listening stage,post-listening stage.Unit 10Teaching Speaking1. What is speaking?Speaking is a skill that the students will be judged upon most in real-life situations.. 1.what are the differences between spoken and written language?SpokenspontaneousSentences are often incomplete, ungrammatical, and full of hesitations, false starts, and redundancies.If it is not recorded, spoken language can‟t be listened to again. It is expected to be understood immediately.WrittenWell-plannedSentences are often carefully constructed and well organized.Written language is comparatively speaking permanent. It can be read as often as necessary.3.There are four common features of spoken language:Using less complex syntax;Taking short cuts, e.g. incomplete sentences;Using fixed conventional phrases/chunks;Using devices such as fillers, hesitation devices to give time to think before speaking.4.Principles for teaching speaking1) balancing between accuracy-based practice and fluency-based practices :2) Contextualizing practice3) Personalizing practice4) Building up confidence5) Maximizing meaningful interactions6) Helping students develop speaking strategies7)making the best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficient language input and practice for the students.5,factors should be considered in designing speaking tasksWhen we design speaking tasks, one important consideration is the language proficiency level of the students.6.how can we design speaking activities:1). Maximum foreign talk:2). Even participation3). High motivation4). Right language level4.Types of speaking activitiesLittlewood‟s (1981) framework for defining speaking activities:Pre-communicative activitiesStructural activitiesQuasi-communicative activitiesCommunicative activitiesFunctional communication activitiesSocial interaction activitiesSome speaking activities1)Controlled activities2)semi- Controlled activities3)communication activities1). Information-gap activities:2). Dialogues and role-plays3). Activities using pictures4). Problem-solving activities8,How to organise speaking activities.Using group work in speaking tasks☐Design small group work for three reasons:(1) it increases the time for each student to practise speaking in one lesson;(2) often ss are afraid of making mistakes or losing face or feel shy speaking in front of a whole class;(3) speaking in small groups is more natural in real life.☐Small group work helps ss learn to work cooperatively and helps them develop interpersonal skills—”foste ring development of tolerance, mutual respect andharmony” (Cooke & Nicholson, 1992:34)2). The advantages of using group in speaking tasksSmall group work helps students learn to work cooperatively and it helps them develop interpersonal skills. They learn how to work with a wider variety of people Development of tolerance, mutual respect and harmonyUnit 11 Teaching Reading1. Two types of reading practice in classrooms:Reading aloud and Silent reading2. Effective readers do the following:1) have a clear purpose in reading;2) read silently;3) read phrase by phrase, rather than word by word;4) concentrate on the important bits, skim the rest, and skip the insignificant parts;5) use different speeds and strategies for different reading tasks;6) perceive the information in the target language rather than mentally translate;7) guess the meaning of new words from the context, or ignore them;8) have and use background information to help understand the text.3. What is readingreading is the construction of meaning from a printed or Written message..4. Skills readers need:1.Specifying a purpose for reading2.Planning what to do/what steps to take3.Previewing the text4.Predicting the contents of the text5.Checking predictions6.Skimming the text for the main idea7.Scanning the text for specific information8.Distinguishing main ideas from supporting details9.Posing questions about the text10.Finding answers to posed questions5.The role of vocabulary in reading:Day & Bamford (1998): efficient reading begins with a lightening-like automatic recognition of words, which frees one‟s mind to use other resources to construct meaning. Helping ss to develop the ability of automatic word recognition is the basis for developing their reading skills.The way to develop si ght vocabulary is to read extensively (…Familiarity breeds automaticity‟).6. Some principles for teaching reading(6):1)The selected texts and attached tasks should be accessible to the students.2)Tasks should be clearly given in advance.3) Tasks should be designed to encourage selective and intelligent reading for the main meaning4) Tasks should help develop students' reading skills5) Teachers should help the students not merely to cope with one particular text in front of them but with their reading strategies and reading ability in general.6)Teachers should help the students to read on their own.7.three models of teaching reading1). Bottom-up modelletters---words---phrases---clauses---sentences---paragraphs---whole discours2). Top-down modelbackground knowledge--- guess meaning from the printed page3)Interactive model8. Three stages of reading:Pre-reading activities;While-reading activities;Post-reading ActivitiesPre-reading activities;Predictinga). Predicting based on the titleb). Predicting based on vocabularyc). Predicting based on the T/F questions2). Setting the scene* Besides discussing culture bound aspects of the text, we can also set the scene by relating what students already know to what they want to know.3). SkimmingSkimming means reading quickly to get the gist, i.e. the main idea of the text. Some suggestions may help teachers to set up skimming activities:。

《教学设计原理与方法》复习提纲（20XX年6月）|一、教学设计概述1、教学设计的定义是什么教学设计是应用系统方法分析研究教学的问题和需求，确定解决它们的教学策略、教学方法和教学步骤，并对教学结果作出评价的一种计划过程与操作程序。

2、教学设计的理论基础是什么系统科学理论、学习理论、教学理论、教育传播理论3、教学设计的内容包括哪些1、分析教学目标2、确定教学策略3、进行教学评价4、教学设计应用在哪些领域试举例说明。

?教学类型（过程）的设计教学资源的设计1、多媒体组合课堂教学 1、多媒体（网络）课件2、基于局域网的网络教学 2、专题学习网站3、广播电视远程教学3、网络课程4、基于Internet的远程教学 4、专业资源库二、教学目标与教学内容分析1、教学目标的定义是什么教学目标是对学习者通过教学后应该表现出来的可见行为的具体明确的表述，是教学设计和课程设计的基础，是学习者在教学活动实施中应达到的学习结果。

|2、教学目标分类的代表性理论有哪些3、教学目标分析方法有哪些教学目标的表述方法有哪些试举例说明。

教学目标的分析方法：（1）分析教学内容（2）分解目标层次（3）表述教学目标教学目标的表述方法：`（一）行为目标的ABCD表述法对象（audition）、行为（behavior）、条件（conditions）、标准（degree） Ex：（“给予20个要填写形容词的未完成的句子，学生能在15分钟内分别写出形容词以完成句子”）（二）内部过程与外显行为相结合的表述法（三）表现性目标的表述法4、教学内容可以分为哪几类事实、概念、技能、原理、问题解决5、教学内容分析方法有哪些教学内容分析的关键在什么地方归类分析法图解分析法层级分析法信息加工分析法教学内容分析的关键："知识点的分析：①依据知识点的内容属性确定具体的教学目标②依据知识点的教学需要考虑媒体的选择和使用③依据知识点与知识点的关系和联系形成知识结构④以知识点为单位检测教学目标6、如何理解教学目标与教学内容二维层次模型的内涵，能结合具体问题分析理解。

《教学设计原理与方法》复习提纲（2014年6月）一、教学设计概述1、教学设计的定义是什么？教学设计是应用系统方法分析研究教学的问题和需求，确定解决它们的教学策略、教学方法和教学步骤，并对教学结果作出评价的一种计划过程与操作程序。

2、教学设计的理论基础是什么？系统科学理论、学习理论、教学理论、教育传播理论3、教学设计的容包括哪些？1、分析教学目标2、确定教学策略3、进行教学评价4、教学设计应用在哪些领域？试举例说明。

教学类型（过程）的设计教学资源的设计1、多媒体组合课堂教学1、多媒体（网络）课件2、基于局域网的网络教学2、专题学习3、广播电视远程教学3、网络课程4、基于Internet的远程教学4、专业资源库二、教学目标与教学容分析1、教学目标的定义是什么？教学目标是对学习者通过教学后应该表现出来的可见行为的具体明确的表述，是教学设计和课程设计的基础，是学习者在教学活动实施中应达到的学习结果。

2、教学目标分类的代表性理论有哪些？理论理论：类认知领域（识记、理解、言语信息，智力技能知识与技能综合、应用、分析、评价）动作技能动作技能情感态度情感态度价值观认知策略过程与方法3、教学目标分析方法有哪些？教学目标的表述方法有哪些？试举例说明。

教学目标的分析方法：（1）分析教学容（2）分解目标层次（3）表述教学目标教学目标的表述方法：（一）行为目标的ABCD表述法对象（audition）、行为（behavior）、条件（conditions）、标准（degree）Ex：（“给予20个要填写形容词的未完成的句子，学生能在15分钟分别写出形容词以完成句子”）（二）部过程与外显行为相结合的表述法（三）表现性目标的表述法4、教学容可以分为哪几类？事实、概念、技能、原理、问题解决5、教学容分析方法有哪些？教学容分析的关键在什么地方？归类分析法图解分析法层级分析法信息加工分析法教学容分析的关键：知识点的分析：①依据知识点的容属性确定具体的教学目标②依据知识点的教学需要考虑媒体的选择和使用③依据知识点与知识点的关系和联系形成知识结构④以知识点为单位检测教学目标6、如何理解教学目标与教学容二维层次模型的涵，能结合具体问题分析理解。

教育学与教学法基础知识整理提纲一、教育学基础知识1.教育学的定义和概念-教育学是研究教育现象、教育规律、教育理论和教育实践的学科。

-教育学的核心任务是研究和提供教育和发展的理论指导和实践方法。

2.教育学的历史渊源-古代教育思想的探索与试验：从古代文明至公元前4世纪。

-古代教育哲学的形成和发展：从苏格拉底至笛卡尔。

-现代教育学的形成和发展：从启蒙运动至现代教育学创始人杜威。

3.教育学的基本分类-教育学的基础理论：包括教育哲学、教育心理学、教育社会学等。

-教育学的相关学科：包括教育经济学、教育法学、教育史学等。

-教育学的研究方法：包括实证研究方法、文献研究方法、理论研究方法等。

4.教育学的研究对象-教育的本质和目标：教育的本质是对人的全面发展进行有意识的引导，教育的目标是人格的培养和社会角色的塑造。

-教育的主体与客体：教育的主体是教育者，客体是受教育者。

二、教学法基础知识1.教学法的定义和概念-教学法是根据教育学和心理学的原理和规律，以达到教学目标为导向，合理运用教学手段和方法的科学性规范。

-教学法的核心任务是提高教学效果，促进学生全面发展。

2.教学法的基本原则-适应性原则：教学方法应根据学生的年龄、认知水平、兴趣爱好等个体差异进行调整。

-渐进性原则：教学过程应由浅入深、由易到难，循序渐进地推进学生的学习。

3.教学法的分类-根据教学方法的逻辑关系：包括讲授法、讨论法、实验法、研究法等。

-根据教学内容的特点：包括理论教学法、实验教学法、实践教学法等。

-根据教学对象的特点：包括幼儿教学法、小学教学法、中学教学法、大学教学法等。

4.教学法的具体应用-教学目标的设定：确定学生需要达到的知识、能力和情感目标。

-课堂教学组织：合理安排教学内容、时间和活动，以激发学生的学习兴趣和积极参与。

-教学方法的选择：根据教学目标、教学内容和学生特点，选择合适的教学方法。

-教学评价与反馈：及时评价学生的学习情况，并根据评价结果提供相应的反馈和指导。

(word)初中教师资格证《教育教学方法》
重点笔记
(Word完整版)初中教师资格证《教育教学方法》重点笔记
概述
本文档总结了初中教师资格证《教育教学方法》课程的重点内容和要点。

通过掌握这些知识，教师们能够提高教学质量，更好地指导学生的研究。

教育教学方法概论
- 教育教学方法的概念和作用
- 教育教学理论的发展与变革
- 教育教学方法与教育目标的关系
教育教学设计与评价
- 教育教学设计的基本原则
- 教育教学设计的要素和步骤
- 教育教学设计的方法与技巧
- 教育教学评价的指标和方法
教育教学过程管理
- 教育教学过程管理的基本原则
- 教育教学过程管理的要素和步骤
- 教育教学过程管理的方法与技巧
- 教育教学过程管理的常见问题与对策
教育教学资源的开发与利用
- 教育教学资源的概念和分类
- 教育教学资源的开发与利用原则
- 教育教学资源的选取与使用
教育教学方式与方法
- 讲授法
- 示范法
- 引导法
- 探究法
- 合作研究法
- 问题解决法
- 课堂讨论法
差异化教学与个性化教育
- 差异化教学的概念和原则
- 差异化教学的方法和策略
- 个性化教育的意义和基本做法
教育教学技能与素养培养
- 教育教学技能的要求和特点
- 教育教学素养的培养方法
教育教学研究与创新
- 教育教学研究的意义和特点
- 教育教学创新的途径和方法
- 教育教学研究和创新的现状和问题
以上是初中教师资格证《教育教学方法》课程的重点内容和要点。

希望本文档对您备考和教学有所帮助。

教育学复习提纲绪论教育学是研究教育现象和教育问题，揭示教育规律的一门科学。

教育规律是教育内部诸因素之间、教育与其他事物现象之间的具有本质性的联系，以及教育发展变化的必然趋势。

教育学的发展阶段，各个阶段出现的教育家及其教育思想、教育著作，包括柏拉图、卢梭、、赫尔巴特、夸美纽斯、杜威、洛克、《学记》、赞科夫、布鲁纳一、教育学的萌芽阶段1）在人类历史上，世界上最早的一部教育专著是中国的《学记》。

《学记》全书一共有1229个字。

大约出现在战国末期，是儒家思孟学派撰写的。

是我国古代教育经验和儒家教育思想的高度概括。

对教育的作用，古代的学校教育制度和视导制度，教育和教学的原则和方法，以及师生关系等问题，作了精辟的论述。

2）古希腊哲学家柏拉图《理想国》3）外国最早的教育著作是古代罗马帝国教育家昆体良写的《雄辩术原理》。

《论演说家的培养》。

二、教育学的独立形态阶段1）1632年，捷克的教育家夸美纽斯撰写了《大教学论》，这是近代最早的一部教育学著作。

夸美纽斯因之被称为“教育学之父”。

他系统论述了班级授课制，提出了普及初等教育，主张建立适合学生年龄特征的学校教育制度，论证了班级授课制度，规定了广泛的教学内容，论述了教学原则，高度地评价了教师的职业，强调了教师的作用。

评价：这些主张，在反对封建教育。

建立新的教育科学方面都起了积极的作用。

2）1693年，英国的洛克出版了《教育漫话》，提出了完整的绅士教育理论体系。

3）1762年，法国的卢梭出版了小说体教育名著《爱弥儿》。

卢梭是自然教育思想的代表人物。

卢梭对教育学的最大贡献在于开拓了以研究个体生长发展与教育的相互关系为主题的研究领域，从而引起了教育思想家和理论家从教育对象的角度，对儿童进行深入地了解和研究，促进了近现代教育思想的变革。

4）瑞士教育家裴斯泰洛齐写作《林哈德和葛笃德》(1781一1787 )，提出“使人类教育心理学化”的主张;4）1806年，德国的赫尔巴特出版了《普通教育学》，这是一本自成体系的教育学著作。

Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Activities10. The ultimate goal of foreign language teaching is to enable thestudents to use the foreign language in work or life when necessary. 11. The goal of CLTThe goal of CLT is to develop students' communicative competence,12. Communicative competence:Competence simply means knowledge of the language system:grammatical knowledge in other words.13. Hymes (1979), communicative competence includes four aspects: 1) knowing whether something is formally possible (grammaticallyacceptable), which is roughly equivalent to Chomsky's linguisticcompetence交流内容是否规范2) knowing whether something is understandable to human beings;3) knowing whether something is in line with与、、、有关social norms;4) knowing whether something is in fact done: Do people actually use language this way?14. Based on the concept of communicative competence and aiming at developing such competence, communicative language teaching has the following features:1) It stresses the need to allow students opportunities for authentic andcreative use of the language.2) It focuses on meaning rather than form.3) It suggests that learning should be relevant to the needs of the students.4) It advocates提倡task-based language teaching. Students should begiven tasks to perform or problems to solve in the classroom.5) It emphasizes a functional approach to language learning (i.e. whatpeople do with language,such as inviting, apologizing, greeting and introducing, etc.).15. Richards and Rodgers(1986:72)three principles of Communicative language teaching1) Communication principle: Activities that involve real communication promote learning.2) Task principle: Activities in which language is used for carrying outmeaningful task promote learning.3) Meaningfulness principle: Language that is meaningful to the learnersupports he learning process.16. Littlewood’s (1981)classification of communicative activities:1). Functional communicative activities:2). Social interaction activities:(1). Functional communicative activities:~ Identifying pictures~ Discovering identical pairs~ Discovering sequences or locations~ Discovering missing information~ Discovering missing features~ Discovering "secrets"~Communicating patterns and pictures~ Communicative models~ Discovering differences~ Following directions~ Reconstructing story-sequences~ Pooling information to solve a problem(2). Social interaction activities:~ Role-playing through cued dialogues~Role-playing through cues and information~Role-playing through situation and goals--Role-playing through debate or discussion~ Large-scale simulation activities~ Improvisation17.Ellis (1990) has listed six criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activities:1). Communicative purpose:2). Communicative desire:3). Content, not form:4). Variety of language:5). No teacher intervention:。

百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我Unit 1 Language and Learning1. Language:” Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.” It can be understood in the following six aspects:Language as system;Language as symbolic;Language as arbitrary;Language as vocal;Language as human;Language as communication2. Structural view:The structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: from phonological, morphological, lexical, etc. to sentences.3. The functional view:The functional view sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: greetings; offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc.4. The interactional view:The interactional view considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.5. The language learning theory underlying an approach or method usually answers two questions:1) What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive processes involved in language learning?2) What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning processesto be activated?6. Although these two questions have never been satisfactorily answered, a vast amount of research has been done from all aspects, which can be broadly divided into process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories.1) Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind processes newinformation, such as habit formation, induction, making inference, hypothesistesting and generalization.2) Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physicalcontext in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students,what kind of input learners receive, and the learning atmosphere.7. Two theories:Some researchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories.1) The behaviorist theory( Skinne r)-- a stimulus-response theory of psychologyThe key point of the theory of conditioning is that "you can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement"2) Cognitive theory( Noam Chomsky):The term cognitive is to describe loosely methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.8. A variety of elements that contribute to the qualities of a good language teacher:1) ethic devotion,道德素质2) professional qualities专业技能3) personal styles个人修养Adjectives which describe further qualitiesEthic devotion Professional qualities personal styleswarm -hearted creative Flexible灵活的Dynamics有动力的hardworking Resourceful知识渊博的enthusiastic authoritative patientCaring well-informed见多识Attentive专心的广的kind accurate Intuitive有洞察力的speaking clearly humorouswell-prepared准备充分的disciplined Personally-trained经过专业训练的Wallace’s(1991)"Reflective model" to demonstrate the development of professi onal competence(两种测试法：叙述/填表)Wallace’s(1991)"Reflective model"Stage 1 Stage 2 Goal From the above model, we can see the development of professional competence for a language teacher involves Stage 1, Stage 2, and Goal. The first stage islanguage training. All English teachers are supposed to have a sound command of English. Of course, language is always changing so language training can never come to an end.The second stage seems to be more complicated because it involves threesub-stages:learning, practice, and reflection. The learning stage is actually the specific preparation(that a language teacher should make before they go topractice.)This preparation can be:1). learn from others' experience (empirical knowledge来自经验的知识)2). learn received knowledge (such as language theories, psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, educational psychology, language teaching methodology, etc.)3). learn from one's own experienceBoth experiential knowledge (others' and one's own) and received knowledge are useful when the teachers go to practice. This is the combination of "craft" and"applied science". The learning stage is followed by practice. The term "practice"can be used in two senses. In one sense, it is a short period of time assigned forstudent teachers to do teaching practice as part of their education, usually underthe supervision监督of their instructors. This practice is also called pseudopractice. The other sense of "practice" is the real work that the teacher undertakes when he finishes his education.Unit 2 Communicative Principles and Activities10. The ultimate goal of foreign language teaching is to enable the students to use theforeign language in work or life when necessary.11. The goal of CLTThe goal of CLT is to develop students' communicative competence,12. Communicative competence:Competence simply means knowledge of the language system: grammaticalknowledge in other words.13. Hymes (1979), communicative competence includes four aspects:1) knowing whether something is formally possible (grammatically acceptable), whichis roughly equivalent to Chomsky's linguistic competence交流内容是否规范2) knowing whether something is understandable to human beings;3) knowing whether something is in line with与、、、有关social norms;4) knowing whether something is in fact done: Do people actually use language this way?14. Based on the concept of communicative competence and aiming at developing such competence, communicative language teaching has the following features:1) It stresses the need to allow students opportunities for authentic and creative use ofthe language.2) It focuses on meaning rather than form.3) It suggests that learning should be relevant to the needs of the students.4) It advocates提倡task-based language teaching. Students should be given tasks toperform or problems to solve in the classroom.5) It emphasizes a functional approach to language learning . what people do withlanguage,such as inviting, apologizing, greeting and introducing, etc.).15. Richards and Rodgers(1986:72)three principles of Communicative language teaching1) Communication principle: Activities that involve real communication promote learning.2) Task principle: Activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningfultask promote learning.3) Meaningfulness principle: Language that is meaningful to the learner supports helearning process.16. Littlewood’s (1981)classification of communicative activities:1). Functional communicative activities:2). Social interaction activities:(1). Functional communicative activities:~ Identifying pictures~ Discovering identical pairs~ Discovering sequences or locations~ Discovering missing information~ Discovering missing features~ Discovering "secrets"~Communicating patterns and pictures~ Communicative models~ Discovering differences~ Following directions~ Reconstructing story-sequences~ Pooling information to solve a problem(2). Social interaction activities:~ Role-playing through cued dialogues~Role-playing through cues and information~Role-playing through situation and goals--Role-playing through debate or discussion~ Large-scale simulation activities~ Improvisation17.Ellis (1990) has listed six criteria for evaluating communicative classroom activities:1). Communicative purpose:2). Communicative desire:3). Content, not form:4). Variety of language:5). No teacher intervention:Unit 3 Lesson Planning18. Lesson planningLesson planning means making decisions in advance about what techniques, activities and materials will be used in the class.19. Why is lesson planning necessary?Proper lesson planning is essential for both novice/beginner and experienced teachers.20. Benefit from lesson planning in a number of ways1). A clear lesson plan makes the teacher aware of the aims and language contents ofthe lesson.2). It also helps the teacher to distinguish the various stages of a lesson and to see therelationship between them so that the lesson can move smoothly from one stage to another.3). The teacher can also think about how the students can be fully engaged in thelesson.4). when planning the lesson, the teacher also becomes aware of the teaching aids thatare needed.5). Lesson planning helps teachers to think about the relative value of differentactivities and how much time should be spent on them.6). The teacher soon learn to judge lesson stages and phases with greater accuracy.7). Plans are also an aid to continuing improvement.8). After the lesson, the teacher can add an evaluation to the plan, identifying thoseparts which went well and those which were less successful.21. There are four major principles behind good lesson planning:1) variety,2) flexibility,,3) learnability,4) linkage.23. Definitions of variety, flexibility, learnability, and linkage.Variety means planning a number of different types of activities and where possible introducing students to a wide selection of materials so that learning is always interesting, motivating and never monotonous for the students.Flexibility means planning to use a number of different methods and techniques rather than being a slave to one methodology. This will make teaching and learning more effective and more efficient.Learnability means the contents and tasks planned for the lesson should be within the learning capability of the students. Of course, things should not be too easy either. Doing things that are beyond or below the students' coping ability will diminish their motivation (Schumann, 1999).Linkage means the stages and the steps within each stage are planned in such a way that they are somehow linked with one another. Language learning needs recycling and reinforcement.24. Lesson planning should be done at two levels: Macro planning and micro planning:The former is planning over time, for instance, the planning for a month, a term, or the whole course.The latter is planning for a specific lesson, which usually lasts 40 or 50 minutes. 25.Macro planning involves:1) Knowing about the course:2) Knowing about the institution:3) Knowing about the learners:4) Knowing about the syllabus:26. The advantage of a concrete teaching plan:Teachers can follow it in the class and check what they have done;The plan will be the basis of a record of what has been covered in class;It will make it easier to make achievement tests later;It will be good records for the entire course.27. What does a lesson plan include? Three components:Teaching aims,Language contents and skills,Teaching stages and procedures.28. The aims of a lesson include:language components to present,communicative skills to practice,activitie s to conductmaterials to be usedteaching aids to be used.29. Language components and skills:By language contents, we mean structures (grammar), vocabulary, functions, topics and so on. By language skills, we mean communicative skills involved in listening, speaking, reading and writing.30. Teaching stages and procedures:Teaching stages are the major steps that language teachers go through in the classroom. Procedures are the detailed steps in each teaching stage.31. Three P's model: presentation, practice and production.(At the presentation stage, the teacher introduces new vocabulary and grammatical structures with reference to their contextualized use.At the practice stage, the lesson moves from controlled practice to guided practice and further to the exploitation of the texts when necessary.At the production stage, the students are encouraged to use what they have learned and practiced to perform communicative tasks. At this last stage, the focus is onmeaning rather than formal accuracy.)32. Another 3-stages frequently advised and adopted in reading lessons:Pre-reading,while-readingpost-reading stages.(This model is also often applied in listening lessons, which have pre-listening,while-listening and post-listening stages.)35. When presenting a new structure (presentation stage), a teacher needs toconsider the following:1) when to focus on the structure and2) when to study it in context;3) whether to present the structure orally or in written form;4) when to give out information and when to elicit from students;5) when and how to use visual aids to help with the presentation;6) what to do if students fail to understand.36. Sample lesson plans 1I. AIMS: a). b). c)….(include function)II. CONTENTS1. PRONUNCIATION2. NEW LEXIS: a). b). c)….3. STRUCTURE/GRAMMAR: a). b). c)….AIDS:IV. PROCEDURES ( It should be specific )1. WARM-UP (3 minutes): a). b).2. PRESENTATION (approx. 7 mins): a). b). c)….3. EXPLOITATION (approx. 10 mins): a). b). c)….4. PERFORMANCE (approx. 15 mins): a). b). c)….5. OTHER ACTIVITIES: Check yesterday's homework (approx. 5 mins).6. Set homework, page 73, ex. 4.7. RESERVE ACTIVITY: Substitution, game-like:V. COMMENTS: (Filled in immediatel y after the lesson). a). b). c)…. Sample lesson plan 2I. AIMS: a) b) c) .(include function)II. CONTENTS1. NEW VOCABULARY: three new lexical items2. NEW STRUCTURE: How about-ing ...? Function: making suggestion.3. ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE: Declining: I don't feel like -ing.III. VISUAL AIDS: Set of flashcards with suggestionsIV. PROCEDURE1. WARM-UP: Game (3 minutes), Going on a Picnic: You bring a/the/some ...!2. PRESENTATION (approx. 10 mins)a) New vocabulary: (three new lexical items above)b) New structure (flash cards)c) First model, spoken (BB drawings of speakers)3. PRACTICE mins)a) Repetition drill (backward build-ups)b) Cued substitution, chorus workc) Public pairs: cued acceptance/refusal and counter suggestions (flash cards)d) Ditto. Books closede) Public check3. PRODUCTION (to end of lesson, 17 mins)a) Public pairs, new suggestions.b) Private pair role play; New suggestion, counter suggestions, agreeing weekend activities.c) Acting out. Volunteer pairs.d) Write out created dialogues.4. HOMEWORK: Complete writing of dialogues.(5. RESERVE ACTIVITY: none)V. COMMENTS: (Filled in immediately after the lesson).Unit 4 Classroom Management37. Teachers’ roles:Before the class---PlannerDuring the class---1 Controller, 2 Assessor, 3 Organizer4 Prompter ,5 Participant,6 Resource-providerAfter the class---Evaluator38. Further comments on the different roles that the teachers play in the languageclassroom:Controller: The teacher controls:1). the space (activities run smoothly),2) .the time (do lockstep activities)3. the whole class (Ss have equal chance)4. the production ( a degree of accuracy)Assessor: The teacher does two things:1). Correcting mistakes (not making a big fuss大惊小怪but gentle by Harmer)2). Organizing feedback (discouraging for the teacher to be critical不提倡吹毛疵,focusing on Ss’ success progress)Organizer: The teacher should be important and difficult as it:1). Using creative/unlimited way2). Envisaging设想activities,3). Anticipating the problems4). Giving clear and concise instructions5). Demonstrating6 .Using native language to clarify if necessary7. Walking around and monitoring8. Rectifying订正9. Taking mental notes轮流惦记Prompter: The teacher should do:1). Giving hints (just like time, place…)2). Eliciting more (by saying” and…?”“Anything else?” Yes, but why…?(Ss. read the example)Participant:The teacher shouldn’t dominate or appear to be authoritative.Resource-provider:We have criticized the jug-and-mug method, but the teacher should withhold his/her readiness to provide resources.39. What are the most common types of Ss grouping? And their definitions?Lockstep,Pair work,Group work,Individual study:40. Further suggestions about S groupingLockstepTeacher speaking little, Trying to elicit replies/answersPair work:Teacher giving clearest instructions,Demonstrating,Keeping eyes on,Rearranging the seating,Explaining the problem,Encouraging SsGroup work:Grouping Ss according to seating arrangement,Ss selecting their own group members,Mixing strong and weak Ss,Giving different tasks to strong and weak Ss separately,Grouping Ss by drawing lots，All these methods have advantages and disadvantages.Individual study: It has some conditions: 1. Self-access centers,2. Materials aimed at self-instruction,3. Flexible time arrangement41. Harmer’s suggestions on measures for undisciplined acts and badly behaving Ss:1). Act immediately2). Stop the class3).Rearrange the seats4).Change the activity5).Talk to Ss after class6).Use the institution制度42. In order not to hurt the Ss, Ur’s advice on problems in class:1).Deal with it quietly2).Don’t take things personally 对事不对人3).Do not use threatsUnit 5 Teaching Pronunciation43. The goals of teaching pronunciation:目的Consistency 连贯性: To be smooth naturalIntelligibility可理解性:To be understandable to the listenersCommunicative efficiency: To help convey the speakers’ meaning44. Three aspects of pronunciation to teach? Stress, intonation, rhythm45. One common problem in learning English of Ss: (Neglect stress and intonation)46. Ways of practicing sounds and their definitions:Focusing on a sound 单音练习:(sounds difficult to learn)Perception practice 知觉/领会性练习:( identify /distinguish different sounds)Production practice 生成性练习: (develop Ss’ ability t o produce sounds)47. Six types of production practice activities:(1). Listen and repeat(2). Filling the blanks(3). Make up sentences(4). Use meaningful context(5). Use pictures(6). Use tongue twister48. Practicing stress:1).Two kinds of stress: word-level stress ; phrase-level stress2).Three ways to show stress pattern of words: Use gestures, use the voice, use theblackboard49. Practicing intonation:1). There are many subtle ways: surprise, complaint, ‘sarcasm讥讽，friendliness, threats etc.2). Two ways to make intonation: rising/falling arrows; draw linesUnit 6. Teaching Grammar50. What are grammar presentation methods? 演示法Deductive method演义/推论法; Inductive method归纳/诱导法51. Deductive method1). Definition: It relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing.2). Steps: giving rules/definition------giving examplesFor example: (plural) “-s” s, x, ch. “-es” …y. –iesa book a bus a bodybooks buses bodies 3). Advantages:To be successful with selected and motivated主动的students;To save time;To help to increase students’ confidence in some exam.4). Disadvantages: To teach grammar in the isolated way;To pay little attention to meaning;To be often mechanical practice.52. Inductive method1).Definition: It relies on inducing诱导2). Steps: give examples-----induce rules3). For example:(plural)“-s” s, x, ch. “-es” …y. –iesa book a bus a bodybooks buses bodies 4). Advantages: Inductive method is more effective in that students discover thegrammar rules themselves while engaged in language use,53. Ur’s definition of grammar practice:"Practice may be defined as any kind of engaging with结合/保证the language on the part of the learner, usually under the teacher supervision, whose primaryobjective(aim/task) is to consolidate learning "(Ur, 1988:11).54. Ur’s six factors contribute to successful grammar practice:1) Pre-learning.2) Volume and repetition(容量/重复).3) Success-orientation成功性联系.4) Heterogeneity多样性.5) Teacher assistance.6) Interest.55. Two categories of grammar practice: Mechanical practiceMeaningful practice.1).Mechanical practice involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.Two drills in mechanical practice:(1) Substitution drills in mechanical practice: the students substitute a part in astructure so that they get to know how that part functions in a sentence.Sometimes certain prompts are given.For example (p64):(2) Transformation drills in mechanical practice::the students change a givenstructure in a way so that they are exposed to another similar structure. The type of exercise also helps the students to have a deeper understanding of how thestructures are formed and how they are used.For example (p65):2). Meaningful practice.In meaningful practice the focus is on the production, comprehension orexchange meaning though the students "keep an eye on" the way newly learnedstructures are used in the process. Meaningful practice usually comes aftermechanical practice.56. Using prompts for meaningful practice: (提示/刺激物，题词). This kind of practice is usually meaningful practice1). Using picture prompts. Ss produce sentences based on the pictures provided2). Using mime or gestures as prompts.3).Using information sheet as prompts. .:Names Favoritesubjects FavoritesportsFavoritefoodHobbiesLi Li Math basketball pork musicSusan Chinese Ping-Pong eggs readingDavid English football Ice-cream Collecting stampslanguage based on pictures and key phrases (words) provided by the teacher.For example(p69).5). Using chained phrases for story telling. Here is an example.7 o'clock -- got up -- had breakfast -- hurried to school -- school closed-- surprised --?6). Using created situations.Unit 7 Teaching Vocabulary57. The role of vocabulary uncertainty still remains regarding(about)What constitutes（组/构成）a vocabulary item,Which vocabulary items should be taught and learned, andHow vocabulary can be taught and learned most effectively.58. Seven suggestions helping teachers to present new words:1). Prepare examples to show meaning.2). Ask students to tell the meaning first.3). Think about how to show the meaning of a word with related words such assynonyms, antonyms etc.4). Think about how to check students' understanding.5). Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.6). Think about possible misunderstanding or confusion that student may have. 59. How do you present and explain vocabulary if you are a teacher?(Ways to present and explain vocabulary):l) Draw pictures, diagrams and maps to show meanings or connection of meanings;2) Use real objects (realia) to show meanings;3) Mime or act to show meanings, . brushing teeth, playing Ping-Pong;4) Use synonyms or antonyms to explain meanings;5) Use lexical sets, . cook: fry, boil, bake, and grill;6) Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaning;7) Use word formation rules and common affixes.60. When does vocabulary learning become more fun and effective?(When students study vocabulary together, say in groups, through various activities, under the teacher's supervision, when students understand the meaning of the new vocabulary)61. Some vocabulary consolidation activities that can be done in class.(12)1) Labeling标注词汇:2) Spotting the differences:3) Describing and drawing:4) Playing a game:5) Using word thermometers:6) Using word series7) World bingo:9) Odd man out:10) Synonyms and antonyms:11) Using word categories word:12) Using word net-work62. Developing vocabulary building strategies.1). Review regularly:2). Guess meaning from context:3). Organize vocabulary effectively:4). Use learned vocabulary:Which clues can contribute to the discovery (revealing) of meaning.（1) The topic;（2) The grammatical structure;（3) The possible meaning connection between the given word and other words;（4）The linguistic pattern where the word appears.Unit 8 Teaching Listening63. Reasons for poor listening:1) Lack of teaching materials (audio and video tapes);2) Lack of equipment (tape players, VCRs, VCDs, computers);3) Lack of training in how to use the equipment;4) Listening is not included on many important tests;5) Lack of real-life situations where language learners need to understand spoken English;6) Lessons tend to test rather than to train students' listening skills.64. Why listening can be more difficult than reading:1) Different speakers produce the same sounds in different ways,2) The listener has little or no control over the speed of the input of spoken material;3) Spoken material is often heard only once. In most cases, we cannot go back andlisten again4) The listener cannot pause to work out the meaning5) Speech is more likely to be distorted by background noise or the media that transmit sounds.6) The listener sometimes has to deal simultaneously with another task while listening,such as formal note-taking, writing down directions or messages from telephonecalls, or operating equipment while listening to instructions.65. One reason for students' unsatisfactory listening abilities:There is not enough variety in the materials that they listen to in class. In most cases, the listening materials are daily conversations or stories. But in reality we listen to far more things, regardless of which language is used.67. The following are situations where Chinese people need to listen to English.Choose eight situations that you think are the most frequent:[] telephone conversations about business *[] radio news in English*[] lessons or lectures given in English *[] conversations with foreigners*[] instructions in English *[] watching television in English*[] watching movies in English [] shop assistants who sell goods to foreigners[] deal with tourists [] international trade fairs[] interviews with foreign-enterprises 企业[] negotiations with foreignbusinesses*[] socialize with foreigners *[] hotel and restaurant services*[] listening to English songs68. If you look back at the list of listening situations, you may judge the situationsaccording to the following criteria:1). Formal or informal?2). Rehearsed（背诵/排练/练习）or non-rehearsed?3). Can the listener interact with the speaker or not?69. The characteristics of listening in real life (adapted from Ur, 1996:106-7):1) Spontaneity2) Context3) Visual clues4) Listener’s response5) Speaker’s adjustment调节70. Two major purposes in listening.*The first is for social reasons;(Like when we have a casual conversation with friends or acquaintances tomaintain or build social relationships).*The second is for exchanging information.(The second kind is more difficult, according to Anderson and Lynch (1988), and needs more emphasis in the language classroom, especially at intermediate中级and advanced levels).71. Principles of teaching listening:1). Focus on process: How to process the information:* They have to hear what is being said,* They have to pay attention,* They have to construct a meaningful message in their mind by relating what they hear to what they already know.2). Combine listening and speaking:Why is it so important?Most of the time in real life, these two skills are needed at the same time. (There are two problems with this approach手段.* It does not give students chance to practice listening and speaking skillstogether.。