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奥巴马美国大选选举过程（中英双语）1、宣布参选奥巴马于2007年2月10日正式宣布参加2008年的总统竞选。
他对支持者说：“让我们改造这个国家吧！”美国当地媒体说，非洲血统的奥巴马如果当选，那将是美国历史上首位黑人总统。
2、与希拉里竞争1月20号，前美国第一夫人希拉里在其个人网站上宣布参加2008美国总统大选。
她的竞选口号是：我来了，为胜利而来。
媒体分析认为，由于双方在党内的支持者都很多，一场激烈的抢票大战必不可少，绝不逊色于之后的总统选举。
奥巴马的优势在于吸引年轻选民，特别是在网络上支持率很高；而希拉里容易吸引女性选民的目光。
3、奥巴马党内初选获胜经过长达三个月的投票，美国当地时间2008年6月3日，奥巴马拿到足够的代表人票，锁定胜局，向支持者宣布自己将获得民主党总统候选人提名。
6月7日，希拉里正式宣布停止竞选，呼吁她的选民支持奥巴马。
4、正式成为民主党总统候选人2008年8月23日，奥巴马宣布65岁的特拉华州资深参议员约瑟夫?拜登成为民主党副总统候选人。
8月27日，美国民主党全国代表大会通过总统、副总统提名，奥巴马成为美国历史上第一位非洲裔总统候选人。
投入2008年总统大选赢得党内初选后，奥巴马开始了他的竞选活动。
特别是针对共和党传统州和摇摆州像俄亥俄州、印第安纳州、佛罗里达州、宾夕法尼亚州等展开了竞选造势，在多个州取得不俗成绩。
多项民意调查显示，在竞选过程中，奥巴马一直以几个百分点小幅领先共和党候选人麦凯恩。
在后来的三次候选人电视辩论中，奥巴马也大获全胜。
赢得总统选举美国东部时间2008年11月4日晚11时，计票结果显示，奥巴马以349票大幅领先麦凯恩163票当选为美国第44任总统。
他也成为美国历史上首位非洲裔总统。
当选后，奥巴马在竞选总部芝加哥发表了题为“美国的变革”的胜选感言，称美国变革的时代已经到来。
他谈到了包括胜选的意义、麦凯恩、家庭、外婆的去世、两党合作、美国的力量。
快速组建新内阁奥巴马当选后，开始迅速组建内阁。
U.S.AElection-美国总统选举流程中英⽂对照America’s Election美国实⾏总统制，总统选举每四年举⾏⼀次。
美国总统选举制度复杂，过程漫长。
选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表⼤会确定总统候选⼈、总统候选⼈竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举⼈”、“选举⼈”成⽴选举⼈团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等⼏个阶段。
The United States presidential system, presidential elections held every four years. American presidential election system is complex, the process is long. Election of the main program includes pre selection, the parties held a National Congress to determine that the presidential candidate, candidate for the presidency and national voters elected president "the elector", "the elector" established in the electoral college vote formally elect the president and President elect presidential inauguration in several stages.1、预选阶段：预选是美国总统选举的第⼀阶段，通常从⼤选年的年初开始，到年中结束。
预选有两种形式，分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。
前者是指两党在各州⾃下⽽上，从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议，最终选出本党参加全国代表⼤会的代表。
The first part, who can be a president? First, the U.S. president must be native American born in the United States. Second, he must be at least 35 years old. Third, he has lived in the United States at least 14 years.Next, I will introduce the process of the election. The U.S. implement Presidential system, the presidential election was hold every four years. It includes five stages. Primary election、Nominating process、Running、General election 、Inauguration. Let's look it one by one.1. Primary election usually starts in Feb. and ends in June. It has two forms: indirect election system & direct election system. The first form, each county, strict, state host meeting to select electors. The second form, all voters cast ballots in the same day to select electors. Most states adopt the second form. purpose: To select electors for the National Party Conventions.2.Nominating process from July to Aug. The electors from each state make up the "Electoral College".The major political parties will officially hold its Presidential Nominating Conventions. In this Nominating Conventions, the "Electoral College" cast ballots for the candidates. Normally, the candidate for president receiving the majority(>50%) of the electoral votes is the elected president.3.Running. The candidates of the major parties will go to many states to win the supporters by means of: campaigning trips to different states, addressing TV speeches, showing on TV debates etc. The candidates deliver countless speeches and shake countless hands. The media tools play an important role in this process. From this picture, we can see this process costs a lot.4.General election: The first Tuesday after the first Monday in Nov. is called Presidential Election Day. That day, all voters cast ballots for the candidates. V oters can't determine the president directly. The first Monday after the second Wednesday is the real presidential election day. That day, the “Electoral College”represents the wishes of the voters to cast ballots for the candidate. Take California as an example, this state has 55 ballots, if more than a half voters support President Obama, then the electoral college will vote these 55 ballots to Obama. From this picture, we can see, there are 538 ballots altogether. Each state is allocated a number of Electoral College electors equal to the number of its Senators and Representatives in the U.S. Congress.5.The candidate who gets more than 270 ballots can be the president. In 2012, president Obama got 332 ballots.In Inauguration day, there are nine events, let 's look at together .1.Morning Worship ServiceThe tradition of attending a morning worship service on Inauguration Day began with Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933.2.Procession to the CapitolBy tradition, the outgoing President accompanies the President-elect to the Capitol for the swearing-in ceremony.3.Vice President’s Swearing-In CeremonyUntil 1937, the Vice President was sworn into office in the Senate.4.President’s Swearing-In Ceremony5.Inaugural AddressSince George Washington in 1789, every President has delivered an Inaugural address.6.Departure of the Outgoing PresidentFollowing the inaugural ceremony on the west front of the U.S. Capitol, the outgoing President and First Lady leave the Capitol to begin their post-presidential lives.7.Inaugural LuncheonSince 1953, a luncheon was hosted at the U.S. Capitol for the new President, Vice President, and guests.8.Inaugural ParadeWhile early parades were mostly military escorts, by 1841, floats, citizens groups, and bands became standard.9.Inaugural BallThe first Inaugural ball in Washington was thrown for James and Dolley Madison in 1809.The final part is presidential oath. Firstly, I will introduce some details about the oath. Later, I will show you a short video about the oath of the president Obama.1.Presidents say their name after the first " I"2.Presidents raise their right hand and put their left hand on the bible while swearing in.3.The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court(最高法院首席法官) swears in the President of the United States.4.The swearing in ceremony was held in Washington, D.C.5.It is customary for presidents to add the words "So help me God " to the end of the oath .6.Presidents give an inaugural speech after their oath.。
美国总统选举流程英语介绍1The process of the United States presidential election is a complex and significant event that attracts global attention. The journey begins with the nomination of candidates. Within each political party, there are primary elections held across the country. These primaries allow party members to select their preferred candidates. Subsequently, the national conventions of the parties take place, where the official nominees are determined.During the campaign period, candidates employ various strategies to promote themselves. They give speeches, participate in debates, and utilize various forms of media for publicity. Fundraising is also a crucial aspect. Candidates raise funds through donations from supporters, political action committees, and other means.On Election Day, citizens go to the polls to cast their votes. The voting system is designed to ensure the accuracy and fairness of the count. Ballots are collected and counted in a meticulous process. The results are tallied based on the number of votes received by each candidate in different states.The outcome of the presidential election not only determines the leader of the United States but also has a significant impact on domestic and international policies. It reflects the will of the people and shapes the future direction of the nation.2The process of the United States presidential election is a complex and elaborate system that involves multiple steps and factors. Before the actual election, public opinion polls and political debates play crucial roles. Public opinion polls provide an indication of the popularity and support for different candidates, influencing their strategies and messaging. Political debates offer a platform for candidates to showcase their policies, vision, and leadership skills, and to persuade the voters.The process also involves the selection of electors in each state. These electors are typically chosen based on the outcome of the popular vote within the state. Their role is significant as they cast the final votes for the president. For example, in some closely contested states, the number and distribution of electors can have a decisive impact on the overall election result.After the voting concludes, the certification of the election results is a critical step. This involves verifying and confirming the accuracy and validity of the votes counted. However, in some cases, disputes may arise, and there are mechanisms in place to address such controversies. These might include legal challenges, recounts in certain areas, or the involvement of judicial authorities to ensure a fair and legitimate outcome.In conclusion, the United States presidential election process is a highly regulated and structured system that aims to reflect the will of thepeople while ensuring the integrity and fairness of the electoral process.3The process of the United States presidential election is a complex and significant event that attracts global attention. It involves several crucial steps and factors.First of all, the eligibility and background checks of candidates are of paramount importance. Candidates must meet specific criteria, such as being a natural-born citizen of the United States, of a certain age, and having no disqualifying criminal records. This ensures that those who aspire to hold the highest office in the country have the necessary qualifications and integrity.The Electoral College system is another key aspect. It operates based on the distribution of electoral votes among the states. Each state has a certain number of electoral votes, and the candidate who secures the majority of these votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes. This system sometimes leads to situations where a candidate can win the popular vote but lose the Electoral College vote and, consequently, the election.During the election period, media coverage and public opinion play a significant role. The media provides extensive coverage of the candidates' policies, campaigns, and public appearances. This influences how the public perceives the candidates and their proposed policies, shaping theoverall discourse and public sentiment.In conclusion, the US presidential election process is a multi-faceted and intricate system that requires a combination of legal requirements, political strategies, and public engagement to determine the leader of the nation.4The process of the United States presidential election is a complex and highly regulated affair. Let me take you through the detailed steps.Firstly, voter registration is of paramount importance. It ensures that eligible citizens have the right to participate. The procedure involves filling out specific forms and providing necessary identification and proof of residency. For example, in some states, one must be registered a certain number of days before the election to be eligible to vote.Secondly, the issue of campaign funds cannot be overlooked. Campaign funds come from various sources such as individual donations, political action committees, and fundraising events. However, there are strict regulations and oversight to prevent illegal or excessive contributions. The monitoring of campaign finances is crucial to ensure a fair and transparent election process.Finally, when the voting concludes, the election results are announced. This is a highly anticipated moment that often attracts global attention. The newly elected president then goes through an elaborate inaugurationceremony, marking the official beginning of their term in office.In conclusion, the U.S. presidential election process is a comprehensive and meticulous system designed to reflect the will of the people and uphold the principles of democracy.5The process of the United States presidential election is a complex and highly significant event that shapes the course of the nation and has a global impact. It involves a series of elaborate steps and intense political manoeuvring.First and foremost, candidates from various political parties embark on a gruelling campaign trail, striving to convince the electorate of their suitability and policy proposals. The strategies employed by different parties are diverse and often influenced by the prevailing social and economic circumstances. They may focus on economic growth, social justice, or foreign policy, tailoring their messages to resonate with the concerns of the voters.The election also has a profound influence on both domestic and foreign policies of the United States. A new administration brings with it new priorities and directions, which can lead to significant shifts in areas such as healthcare, education, and international relations.Historically, there have been several landmark presidential elections that have brought about improvements to the electoral process. Forinstance, the 1960 election between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon marked a turning point in the use of television for political campaigns. This led to greater emphasis on image and presentation. Another example is the 2008 election of Barack Obama, which demonstrated the power of grassroots organising and digital campaigning.In conclusion, the United States presidential election process is not merely a democratic exercise but a reflection of the nation's evolving values and aspirations, constantly shaping and being shaped by the political, social, and economic landscape of the country.。
美国总统选举流程英语The United States Presidential Election is a complex process that takes place quadrennially to select the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the United States. Here we delve into the intricacies of this election process, examining the key steps and milestones. **1. Primary Elections and Nominations**The presidential election cycle begins with primary elections, typically held in late spring and summer of the election year. These primaries are conducted by the individual states and are used to select the nominees for the two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Each party has its own unique primary system, with some states using a winner-take-all approach and others allocating votes proportionally based on the candidate's share of the vote.**2. General Election Campaign**Once the nominees are chosen, the general election campaign officially begins. This phase involves intense debate, policy proposals, and a barrage of advertisementsand public appearances by the candidates. Both candidates engage in a series of debates, which are broadcast nationwide and provide an opportunity for the American people to hear directly from the nominees about theirvision for the country.**3. Voting Day**On Election Day, citizens of the United States cast their votes for president. The Election Day is always a Tuesday and is typically held in November of the election year. Voting takes place at designated polling stations throughout the country, and citizens can register to vote as long as they are US citizens, at least 18 years old, and have resided in their voting district for a certain period of time.**4. Electoral College**A unique feature of the American presidential election is the Electoral College. After the votes are cast, the elected officials of each state, known as electors, cast their votes for president. Each state is allocated a number of electors equal to the total number of senators and representatives it has in Congress. The candidate whoreceives a majority of the votes in a state wins all the electors from that state.**5. Counting the Votes and Inauguration**Once all the votes are cast and the electors have voted, the votes are tallied. The candidate who receives amajority of the votes cast by the electors becomes the president-elect. If no candidate receives a majority, the House of Representatives votes to select the president,with each state casting a single vote. The newly elected president is then sworn in during a ceremony known as the Inauguration, typically held in January of the yearfollowing the election.The presidential election process in the United Statesis a robust democratic mechanism that ensures the peaceful transfer of power and the representation of the will of the American people. From the primaries to the inauguration, it is a testament to the resilience and durability of American democracy.**美国总统选举流程深度解析**美国总统选举是一个每四年举行一次的重要过程，旨在选举出美国的国家元首和武装部队的总司令。
美国总统竞选的英语演讲稿How do the Americans elect their president?Every four years, Americans will have a presidential election. As the most powerful country in the world, the election of president is a hot issue all over the world. There are many people focus on it. Actually, the system of electing a president is very complex. There are four major steps toelect president.First, Nomination of CandidatesJune of the Election year, in each state, two parties---the democracy and the republican will choose different electorsas their representatives. How Do the Political Parties Choose Their Candidates? That's up to the political parties. Most political parties hold conventions, which are large meetings attended by "delegates." Some delegates are selected by state "primary" elections, some are selected by state caucuses(very much like primaries, except with public voting insteadof secret ballots), and some are chosen for their prominencein the party. A majority of delegate votes is needed to winthe party's nomination. In most cases, the delegates lettheir chosen presidential candidate select a vice-presidential candidate.After all the states have elected their candidates, the Congress will vote for the Candidates of two parties. The one who get the most votes will be the candidate of his party. In the general election, each candidate for President runstogether. They must be at least 35 years of age, they must be native-born citizens of the United States, and they must have been residents of the U.S. for at least 14 years. (Also, a person cannot be elected to a third term as President.)Second, the Campaign PeriodThe candidates of the parties will hold a campaign throughout the country. This is the most important period of election of president, usually from September to November. The forms of campaign include, give speeches in different states, and meet with votes and public debt with his rival candidate. The purpose of campaign is to gain support of people as much as possible. This is the most wonderful part.Third, Election for President VotersThe national presidential election actually consists of a separate election in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia; in these 51 elections, the voters are really voting for "electors" pledged to one of the tickets. These electors make up the "Electoral College." Each state has the same number of electors as it has senators and representatives (there are two senators from each state, but the number of representatives depends on the state population in the most recent census). The District of Columbia, although it isn't a state, also participates in presidential elections -- it currently has three electors. Generally speaking, the voters will vote for the candidate who represents his party.Finally, Voters Vote the PresidentThe Electoral College then votes for President and for Vice-President, with each elector casting one vote; these votes are called electoral votes. Each elector is pledged to vote for particular candidates for President and Vice-President. In most elections, all the electors vote in accordance with the pledge they made; it is not clear what would happen in the unlikely event that a large number of electors violated their pledge and voted differently.Normally, one of the candidates for President receives a majority (more than half) of the electoral votes; that person is elected President. That candidate's vice-presidential running mate will then also receive a majority of electoral votes (for Vice-President), and that person is elected Vice-President. The result will be announced in the sixth day of January, the next year of election year.Through the above complex process, the new president will be elected. Although there are many arguments pro and con the Electoral College, but this system does guarantee that the person elected President has substantial support distributed throughout the U.S. The Electoral College has also been a major factor in the United States' long-term political stability.。
election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the 50U.S. states or the District of Columbia cast ballots for members of the Electoral College, known as electors. These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, in their respective state capitals for President and Vice President of the United States. Each of the states casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress, while Washington, D.C. casts the same number of electoral votes as the least-represented state, which is three.Once the voting for the presidential election has concluded and all the votes for each state have been accounted for, the electors are then advised as to what candidate won the majority in their state. The electors of that state then will cast the vote of that candidate to represent the people of their regions majority decision. However, “Twenty one states do not have provisions that are fairl y specific in directing the electors to vote for the presidential and vice-presidential candidates of their party.”[1] This means that an elector could possibly vote against the majority decision of the state due to their being no law that binds electors otherwise in those states. In modern times, almost all electors vote for a particular presidential candidate that theirstates majority decided upon; thus, the results of the election can generally be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for President or Vice President (currently, at least 270 out of a total of 538) is then projected to be elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for President, the House of Representatives chooses the President; if no candidate receives an absolute majority for Vice President, the Senate chooses the Vice President.These presidential elections occur quadrennially. Registered voters cast their ballots on Election Day, which since 1845 has been the Tuesday after the first Monday in November (i.e.,the first Tuesday after November 1),[2][3][4] coinciding with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races. The Electoral College electors then schedule to formally cast their electoral votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of December (i.e., the first Monday after December 12) at their respective state capitals. Congress then certify the results in early January, and the presidential term begins on Inauguration Day, which since the passage of the Twentieth Amendment has been set at January 20.The Electoral College and its procedure is established in the U.S. Constitution by Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 4; and the Twelfth Amendment(which replaced Clause 3 after it was ratified in 1804). Under Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, the manner for choosing electors is determined by each state legislature, not directly by the federal government. Many state legislatures used to select their electors directly instead of using any form of popular vote, but the political parties in the various states now conduct their own separate elections to help choose their slate of electors. The Twenty-third Amendment, ratified in 1961, then granted electoral votes to Washington, D.C. Electors can vote for anyone, butunpledged electors or faithless electors have been rare in modern times.The nomination process, consisting of the primary elections and caucuses and the nominating conventions, was not specified in the Constitution, but was developed over time by the states and thepolitical parties. These primary elections are generally held between January and June before the general election in November, while the nominating conventions are held in the summer. This too is an indirect election process, one in which voters in the various states, the District of Columbia, as well as those in U.S. territories, cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who then in turn elect their party's presidential nominee. Each party's presidential nominee or the convention may then choose a vice presidential running mate to join with him or her on the same ticket, and this choice is often rubber-stamped by the conventions, depending on that convention's rules. Because of changes to national campaign finance laws since the 1970s regarding the disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns, presidential candidates from the major political parties usually declare their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year before the election (almost 18 months before Inauguration Day).[5]A 2016 general election ballot, listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates Contents[hide]∙1History∙2Procedureo 2.1Eligibility requirementso 2.2Nominating processo 2.3The popular vote on Election Dayo 2.4Electoral collegeo 2.5Election calendar∙3Trendso 3.1Previous experienceo 3.2Technology and media∙4Criticismso 4.1Proposed changes to the election process∙5Electoral college results∙6V oter turnout∙7Financial disclosures∙8Presidential coattailso8.1Comparison with other U.S. general elections∙9See also∙10Notes∙11External linksHistory[edit]Article Two of the United States Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections, including the Electoral College. This was a result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted the Congress to choose the president, and those who preferred a national popular vote.[6]Each state is allocated a number of electors that is equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined. With the ratification of the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1961, the District of Columbia is also granted a number of electors, equal to the number of those held by the least populous state. However, U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College.Constitutionally, the manner for choosing electors is determined within each state by its legislature. During the first presidential election in 1789, only 6 of the 13 original states chose electors by any form of popular vote.[7] Gradually throughout the years, the states began conducting popular elections to help choose their slate of electors, resulting in the overall, nationwide indirect election system that it is today.Under the original system established by Article Two, electors could cast two votes to two different candidates for president. The candidate with the highest number of votes (provided it was a majority of the electoral votes) became the president, and the second-place candidate became the vice president. This presented a problem during the presidential election of 1800 when Aaron Burrreceived the same number of electoral votes as Thomas Jefferson and challenged Jefferson's election to the office. In the end, Jefferson was chosen as the president because of Alexander Hamilton's influence in the House of Representatives. This added to the deep rivalry between Burr and Hamilton which resulted in their famous 1804 duel.In response to the 1800 election, the 12th Amendment was passed, requiring electors to cast two distinct votes: one for President and another for Vice President. While this solved the problem at hand, it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the Vice Presidency, as the office was no longer for the leading challenger for the Presidency. The separate ballots for President and Vice President became something of a moot issue later in the 19th century when it became the norm for popular elections to determine a state's Electoral College delegation. Electors chosen this way are pledged to vote for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate (offered by the same political party). So, while the Constitution says that the President and Vice President are chosen separately, in practice they are chosen together.The 12th Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College. In the presidential election of 1824, Andrew Jackson received a plurality, but not a majority, of electoral votes cast. The election was thrown to the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams was elected to the presidency. A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker Henry Clay, who had also been a candidate in the election.Since 1824, aside from the occasional "faithless elector," the popular vote determines the winner of a presidential election by determining the electoral vote, as each state or district's popular vote determines its electoral college vote. Although the nationwide popular vote does not directly determine the winner of a presidential election, it does strongly correlate with who is the victor. In 52 of the 56 total elections held so far (about 93 percent), the winner of the national popular vote has also carried the Electoral College vote. The winners of the nationwide popular vote and the Electoral College vote differ only in close elections. In highly competitive elections, candidates focus on turning out their vote in the contested swing states critical to winning an electoral college majority, so they do not try to maximize their popular vote by real or fraudulent vote increases in one-party areas.[8]However, candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a Presidential election and still win that election. In the 1824 election, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one received the majority of electoral votes. According to the12th Amendment in the Constitution, the House of Representatives must choose the president out of the top 3 people in the election. Clay had come fourth, so he threw his support to Adams, who then won. Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay. Charges of a "corrupt bargain" followed Adams through his term.Comparison of the popular vote totals since 1900.RepublicanDemocratAll other candidates togetherThen in 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016, the winner of electoral vote lost the popular vote outright. Numerous constitutional amendments have been submitted seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote, but none has ever successfully passed both Houses of Congress. Another alternate proposal is the National Popular V ote Interstate Compact, an interstate compact whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote instead of just their respective statewide results.The presidential election day was established on a Tuesday in the month of November because of the factors involved (weather, harvests and worship). When voters used to travel to the polls by horse, Tuesday was an ideal day because it allowed people to worship on Sunday, ride to their county seat on Monday, and vote on Tuesday–all before market day, Wednesday. The month of November also fits nicely between harvest time and harsh winter weather, which could be especially bad to people traveling by horse and buggy.[9]Until 1937, presidents were not sworn in until March 4 because it took so long to count and report ballots, and because of the winner's logistical issues of moving to the capital. With better technology and the 20th Amendment being passed, presidential inaugurations were moved to noon on January 20–allowing presidents to start their duties sooner.[9]The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 was enacted to increase disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns. Subsequent amendments to law require that candidates to a federal office must file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission before they can receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000. Thus, this began a trend of presidential candidates declaring their intentions to run as early as the Spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising and spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.[5]The first president, George Washington, was elected as an independent. Since the election of his successor, John Adams, in 1796, all winners of U.S. presidential elections have represented one of two major parties. Third parties have taken secondplace only twice, in 1860 and 1912. The last time a third (independent) candidate achieved significant success (although still finishing in third place) was in 1992, and the last time a third-party candidate received any electoral votes not from faithless electors was in 1968.Procedure[edit]Eligibility requirements[edit]The hand-written copy of the natural-born-citizen clause as it appeared in 1787 Article Two of the United States Constitution stipulates that for a person to serve as President, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years.A candidate may start running his or her campaign early before turning 35 years old or completing 14 years of residency, but must meet the age and residency requirements byInauguration Day. The Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution also sets a term limit: a President cannot be elected to more than two terms.The U.S. Constitution also has two provisions that apply to all federal offices in general, not just the presidency. Article I, Section 3, Clause 7 states that if the U.S. Congress convicts any officer on impeachment, they may also bar that person from holding any public office in the future. And Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the election to any federal office of any person who had held any federal or state office and then engaged in insurrection, rebellion or treason; this disqualification can be waived if such an individual gains the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.In addition, the Twelfth Amendment establishes that the Vice-President must meet all of the qualifications of being a President.Although not a mandatory requirement, Federal campaign finance laws including the Federal Election Campaign Act state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000, among others, must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission.[10] This has led presidential candidates, especially members from the two major political parties, to officially announce their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising or spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.[5] Potential candidates usually form exploratory committees even earlier to determining the feasibility of them actually running.Nominating process[edit]Main articles: United States presidential primary and United States presidential nominating conventionA 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in Iowa City, Iowa. The Iowa caucuses are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses.Madison Square Garden in New York City, the site of the 1976, 1980, and 1992 Democratic National Conventions; and the 2004 Republican National Convention.The floor of the 2008 Republican National Convention at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota.The modern nominating process of U.S. presidential elections consists of two major parts: a series of presidential primary elections and caucuses held in each state, and the presidential nominating conventions held by each political party. This process was never included in the United States Constitution, and thus evolved over time by the political parties to clear the field of candidates.The primary elections are run by state and local governments, while the caucuses are organized directly by the political parties. Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between January and June before the federal election, with Iowa and New Hampshire traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary, respectively.Like the general election, presidential caucuses or primaries are indirect elections. The major political parties officially vote for their presidential candidate at their respective nominating conventions, usually all held in the summer before the federal election. Depending on each state's law and state's political party rules, when voters cast ballots for a candidate in a presidential caucus or primary, they may be voting to awarddelegates "bound" to vote for a candidate at the presidential nominating conventions, or they may simply be expressing an opinion that the state party is not bound to follow in selecting delegates to their respective national convention.Unlike the general election, voters in the U.S. territories can also elect delegates to the national conventions. Furthermore, each political party can determine how many delegates to allocate to each state and territory. In 2012 for example, the Democratic and Republican party conventions each used two different formulas to allocate delegates. The Democrats-based theirs on two main factors: the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the previous three presidential elections, and the number of electoral votes each state had in the Electoral College.[11] In contrast, the Republicans assigned to each state 10 delegates, plus 3 delegates per congressional district.[12] Both parties then gave fixed amounts of delegates to each territory, and finally bonus delegates to states and territories that passed certain criteria.[11][12]Along with delegates chosen during primaries and caucuses, state and U.S. territory delegations to both the Democratic and Republican party conventions also include "unpledged" delegates that have a vote. For Republicans, they consist of the three top party officials from each state and territory. Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called "superdelegates", who are party leaders and elected officials.Each party's presidential candidate also chooses a vice presidential nominee to run with him or her on the same ticket, and this choice is rubber-stamped by the convention.If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates (including both pledged and unpledged), then a "brokered convention" results. All pledged delegates are then "released" and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate. Thereafter, the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political horse trading, and additional rounds of re-votes.[13][14][15][16]The conventions have historically been held inside convention centers, but since the late 20th century both the Democratic and Republican parties have favoredsports arenas and domed stadiums to accommodate the increasing attendance.The popular vote on Election Day[edit]A Texas voter about to mark a selection for president on a ballot, 2008 Election Day Under the United States Constitution, the manner of choosing electors for the Electoral College is determined by each state's legislature. Although each state designates electors by popular vote, other methods are allowed. For instance, insteadof having a popular vote, a number of states used to select presidential electors by a direct vote of the state legislature itself.However, federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day, which is "the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November," i.e., a Tuesday no earlier than November 2 and no later than November 8.[17] Today, the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on Election Day to help determine their respective slate of electors. Thus, the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate and simultaneous state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government.Like any other election in the United States, the eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the Constitution and regulated at state level. The Constitution states that suffrage cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex or age for citizens eighteen years or older. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility.Generally, voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice. The presidential ballot is a vote "for the electors of a candidate" meaning that the voter is not voting for the candidate, but endorsing a slate of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate.Many voting ballots allow a voter t o “blanket vote” for all candidates in a particular political party or to select individual candidates on a line by line voting system. Which candidates appear on the voting ticket is determined through a legal process known as ballot access. Usually, the size of the candidate's political party and the results of the major nomination conventions determine who is pre-listed on the presidential ballot. Thus, the presidential election ticket will not list every candidate running for President, but only those who have secured a major party nomination or whose size of their political party warrants having been formally listed. Laws are in effect to have other candidates pre-listed on a ticket, provided that enough voters have endorsed the candidate, usually through a signature list.The final way to be elected for president is to have one's name written in at the time of election as a write-in candidate. This is used for candidates who did not fulfill the legal requirements to be pre-listed on the voting ticket. It is also used by voters to express a distaste for the listed candidates, by writing in an alternative candidate for president such as Mickey Mouse or comedian Stephen Colbert (whose application was voted down by the South Carolina Democratic Party). In any event, a write-in candidate has never won an election for President of the United States.Because U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College, U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for President. Guam has held straw polls for president since the 1980 election to draw attention to this fact.[18]Electoral college[edit]Main article: Electoral College (United States)Electoral College map showing the results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Republican candidate Donald Trump won the popular vote in 30 states (denoted in red) to capture 305 electoral votes (plus 1 electoral vote from Maine's second congressional district). Democraticcandidate Hillary Clinton won the popular vote in 20 states and Washington, D.C. (denoted in blue) to capture 232 electoral votes.Most state laws establish a winner-take-all system, wherein the ticket that wins a plurality of votes wins all of that state's allocated electoral votes, and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College. Maine and Nebraska do not use this method, instead giving two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district.Each state's winning slate of electors then meets at their respective state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December to cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for President and Vice President. Although Electoral College members can technically vote for anyone under the U.S. Constitution, 24 states have laws to punish faithless electors,[19] those who do not cast their electoral votes for the person whom they have pledged to elect.In early January, the total Electoral College vote count is opened by the sitting Vice President, acting in his capacity as President of the Senate, and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the President.If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote (at least 270), the President is determined by the rules outlined by the 12th Amendment. Specifically, the selection of President would then be decided by a contingent election in a ballot of the House of Representatives. For the purposes of electing the President, each state has only one vote. A ballot of the Senate is held to choose the Vice President. In this ballot, each senator has one vote. The House of Representatives has chosen the victor of the presidential race only twice, in 1800 and 1824; the Senate has chosen the victor of the vice-presidential race only once, in 1836.If the President is not chosen by Inauguration Day, the Vice President-elect acts as President. If neither are chosen by then, Congress by law determines who shall act as President, pursuant to the 20th Amendment.Unless there are faithless electors, disputes, or other controversies, the events in December and January mentioned above are largely a formality since the winner canbe determined based on the state-by-state popular vote results. Between the general election and Inauguration Day, this apparent winner is referred to as the "President-elect" (unless it is a sitting President that has won re-election).Election calendar[edit]The typical periods of the presidential election process are as follows, with the dates corresponding to the 2016 general election:∙Spring 2015 – Candidates announce their intentions to run, and (if necessary) file their Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission ∙August 2015 to March 2016 – Primary and caucus debates∙February 1 to June 14, 2016 – Primaries and caucuses∙April to August, 2016 – Nominating conventions (including those of the minor third parties)∙September and October, 2016 – Presidential election debates∙November 8, 2016 – Election Day∙December 19, 2016 – Electors cast their electoral votes∙January 6, 2017 – Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes∙January 20, 2017 – Inauguration DayTrends[edit]Previous experience[edit]See also: List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience and List of Presidents of the United States by other offices heldJohn Adams was the first of a record-high 26 presidents who had been lawyersA number of trends in the political experience of presidents have been observed. Between 1956 and the last completed 2012 election, the presidential nominees of both major parties have been either incumbent presidents seeking re-election, sitting or former vice presidents, sitting or former U.S. Senators, or sitting or former state Governors.Fourteen Presidents have served as Vice President. However, only John Adams (1796), Thomas Jefferson (1800), Martin Van Buren (1836), Richard Nixon (1968) andGeorge H. W. Bush (1988) began their first term after winning an election. Among the remaining nine who began their first term as President according to thepresidential line of succession after their respective predecessor died or resigned from office, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, andLyndon B. Johnson were reelected. John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, and Gerald Ford served as President but became president through succession and not election. Ford became President after Nixon's resignation in 1974 through the processes of the Twenty-fifth Amendment and then lost the 1976 presidential election, making him the only President to have not to have been elected to national office. Sixteen presidents had served in the Senate, including four of the five Presidents who served between 1945 and 1974. However, only three were sitting U.S. Senators at the time they were elected president (Warren G. Harding in 1920, John F. Kennedy in 1960, and Barack Obama in 2008). Major-party candidate Senators Andrew Jackson (1824), Lewis Cass (1848), Stephen Douglas (1860), Barry Goldwater (1964), George McGovern (1972), John Kerry (2004), and John。
美国总统选举流程 美国总统选举每四年举行一次。
总统选举的程序分为预选、党的全国代表大会、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”和“选举人”成立选举人团正式选举总统5个阶段进行，整个程序需耗费近一年的时间。
预选方式主要有两种：一种是像艾奥瓦州那样，由各党从基层选区开始，自下而上逐级选出出席县、州和全国代表大会的代表；另一种是像新罕布什尔州那样，由各党的选民在同一天到投票站秘密投票，分别选举各自支持的总统候选人，然后根据各候选人的得票比例确定该州参加各党全国代表大会的代表人数。
第二种方式比较正规，绝大部分州都采用这一方式。
各党的全国代表大会一般在7、8月份举行，主要任务是确定该党的总统、副总统候选人，并通过党的竞选纲领。
此后，总统竞选便正式展开，各党的总统候选人开始疯狂拉票，这一过程一般持续8周-9周。
全国选民投票是在选举年11月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二举行，这天也叫总统大选日。
由于美国总统选举实行选举人团制度，因此总统大选日实际上是选举代表选民的“选举人”。
真正的总统选举，在选举年12月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行。
届时，各州被推选出的“选举人”将最终选出新总统，当选总统将在次年1月20日宣誓就职。
U.S. presidential election processU.S. presidential elections are held every four years. Presidential election procedure is divided into pre-selection of the party's National People's Congress, presidential candidates campaign, the national voters elected president "electors" and "electors" the establishment of the Electoral College formally elected president five stages, the entire program would entail nearly ayear's time.Preselection mode, there are two: one is like Iowa did, by the party from the grass-roots constituency, the bottom-up level by level elected to attend the county, state, and representatives of the National People's Congress; another is like New Hampshire as, by the party's voters to the polls by secret ballot on the same day, respectively election respective support presidential candidate, then determined according to the proportion of the votes of the candidates in the state to participate in each party's number of representatives of the National People's Congress. The second approach is more formal, the vastmajority of states in this manner.Each party's National People's Congress is held usually in July and August, the main task is to determine the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates, and the party's election platform. Since then, the presidential campaign was launched, the party's presidential candidate began to frantically canvassing, a process that typically lasts eight weeks -9 weeks. National voters in an election year in November, the first Monday after the first one held on Tuesday, this day is also called the presidential election date. As the U.S. presidential election in the implementation of the electoral college system, the date of the presidential election is actually "electors" election on behalf of the voters. The truly presidential election, the first election year in December following the second Wednesday held Monday. In that time, the states pushed elect "electors" will eventually elect a new president, thepresident-elect will be sworn in on January 20 of the following year.。
美国总统大选流程作文英语The United States Presidential Election Process。
Introduction。
The United States presidential election process is a complex and extensive system that determines the leader of the country. Every four years, American citizensparticipate in this democratic process to elect their president. This essay will explore the various stages and components of the U.S. presidential election process, including the primary elections, national conventions, general election, and the Electoral College.Primary Elections。
The first step in the U.S. presidential election process is the primary elections. These elections are held by the political parties to select their respective candidates for the presidency. Primaries are conducted on astate-by-state basis, where registered party members cast their votes to choose their preferred candidate.There are two types of primaries: closed and open. In closed primaries, only registered party members can participate, while in open primaries, voters can choose which party's primary they want to vote in, regardless of their party affiliation. Primaries are crucial as they determine the candidates who will represent their respective parties in the general election.National Conventions。
