the British Literiture of 17th century

介绍英文历史的作文English history is a long and fascinating story, filled with kings and queens, wars and conquests, and the rise and fall of empires. It is a history that has shaped the world we live in today, and continues to influence our culture and society.The earliest known inhabitants of the British Isles were the Celts, who arrived around 700 BC. They were a tribal people, living in small communities and relying on farming and hunting for their livelihood. The Romans invaded in 43 AD, bringing with them their advanced technology and culture. They built roads, towns, and forts, and introduced Christianity to the native population.The Anglo-Saxons, a group of Germanic tribes, invaded in the 5th century and established several kingdoms in the region. They were eventually united under the rule of King Alfred the Great, who defended the kingdom against Viking invasions and promoted education and literature.The Norman Conquest of 1066 brought William the Conqueror to power, and marked the beginning of a new era in English history. The Normans introduced feudalism, built castles and cathedrals, and established a strong central government. The English language also began to evolve, as French words and phrases were added to the existing Anglo-Saxon vocabulary.The Tudor period, which began in 1485, saw the rise of the powerful Tudor dynasty, with monarchs such as HenryVIII and Elizabeth I. This was a time of great change and upheaval, as England broke away from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England, and embarked on a series of wars and explorations that would expand its influence around the world.The English Civil War of the 17th century pitted the royalists against the parliamentarians, and resulted in the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of a republican government. This turbulent period was followed by the Restoration, in which the monarchy was restoredunder King Charles II.The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19thcenturies transformed England into a modern industrial society, with the development of factories, railways, and new technologies. This period also saw the expansion of the British Empire, as England established colonies and trade networks around the world.The 20th century brought two world wars and significant social and political changes to England. The country emerged from the devastation of war as a global superpower, and continued to play a major role in international affairs.Today, English history continues to be a source ofpride and inspiration for the people of England, and a subject of fascination for people around the world. It is a history that is rich and complex, and has left an indelible mark on the world we live in.。

鏅烘収鏍戠煡鍒般€婅嫳鍥芥枃瀛︽极璋堛€嬬珷鑺傛祴璇曠瓟妗?绗竴绔?1銆?English literature began with the ( ) settlement in England.A:RomanB:CelticC:EnglishD:Anglo-Saxon绛旀: Anglo-Saxon2銆?Beowulf, written about the life of England in the ( ) society,is said to bethe national epicof the English people.A:primitiveB:feudalC:medievalD:agricultural绛旀: feudal3銆?Beowulfis written in the form of ( ), a popular form of poetry in Anglo-Saxon literature.A:balladB:blank verseC:coupletD:alliterative verse绛旀: alliterative verse绗簩绔?1銆?The medieval period is often called the Dark Age for the dominating power of ( ) over everything in the society.A:the KingB:feudal lordsC:the ChurchD:the knights绛旀: the Church2銆?The central character of a romance is ( ), who follows the code of behavior calledchivalry.A:the knightB:the warriorC:the GladiatorD:a soldier绛旀: the knight3銆?The stories of ( ) are the most well-known ballads, songs of stories told orally in 4-line stanzas.A:the green knightsB:King ArthurC:Robin HoodD:the Vikings绛旀: Robin Hood4銆? Piers the Plowmanwritten by William Langland in the form of ( ) represents the achievements of popular literature of Medieval England.A:allegoryB:symbolismC:a dreamD:epic绛旀: allegory5銆?( ) is considered the father of English poetry, whose most representative work isThe Canterbury Tales.A:William LanglandB:Edmund SpenserC:John MiltonD:Geoffrey Chaucer绛旀: Geoffrey Chaucer6銆?The Canterbury Tales,a collection of stories strung together and told by 30 pilgrims on their way to pilgrimage, is written in the form of ( ).A:blank verseB:alliterative verseC:heroic couopletD:ballad绛旀: heroic couoplet7銆?The key-note of the Renaissance is ( ).A:humanismB:realismC:romanticismD:asceticism绛旀: humanism绗笁绔?1銆?It was ( ) who first introduced and reformed the English drama which reached its climax in the hands of William Shakespeare.A:JohnWycliffB:University WitsC:Christopher MarloweD:Ben Johnson绛旀:B2銆?Great writers of the English Renaissance who are known for humanism, took ( ) as the centre of the world and voiced the human aspirations for freedom and equality.A:the worldB:GodC:powerD:man绛旀:D3銆?Shakespeare is hailed by ( ), contemporary with Shakespeare, as 鈥渘ot of an age, but for all time鈥?A:Christopher MarloweB:Ben JonsonC:Robert GreeneD:Thomas Nash绛旀:B4銆?Hamlet is characterized as a(an) ( ) on that, he loves good and hates evil;he is a man free from prejudice and superstition; he has unbounded love for the world and firm belief in the power of man.A:idealistB:PuritanC:humanistD:patriot绛旀:C5銆? Edmund Spenser was considered the ( ) for his achievements in poetry.A:鈥渢he Poets鈥?Poet鈥?B:鈥渇ather of English poetry鈥?C:鈥渢he saint of English poetry鈥?D:鈥渢he greatest English poet鈥?绛旀:A6銆?( ) is a distinctive verse form adopted by Edmund Spenser in his works incluiding his masterpieceThe Faerie Queene. It has 9-line stanzas, rhyming in ababbcbcc.A:鈥淭he mighty lines鈥?B:sonnetC:鈥淭he Spenserian Stanza鈥?D:blank verse绛旀:C7銆?Francis Bacon won for himself the first English ( ) for his achievements in English literature of the Renaissance.A:dramatistB:poetC:prose writerD:essayist绛旀:D8銆?The most representative work of Francis Bacon is ( ), which is the first collection of English essays.A:Advancement of LearningB:EssaysC:The Interpretation of NatureD:Novum Organum绛旀:B绗洓绔?1銆? ( )is regarded as the greatest prose writer in theEnglish literature of the17th century, who is best known for his workThe Pilgrim鈥檚 Progress.A:John DrydenB:Francis BaconC:George HerbertD:John Bunyan绛旀:D2銆?The Pilgrim鈥檚 Progressis written in the form of ( ) .A:symbolsB:allegoryC:allusionsD:aggressions绛旀:3銆? 鈥淭he Metaphysical Poets鈥?refer to theloose group of17th-century English poets whose work was characterized by the inventive use of( )A:metaphorB:imaginationC:conceitD:symbols绛旀:C4銆? In his 鈥淎 Valediction: Forbidding Mourning鈥? John Donne makes a most impressive comparison between love and ( ) as the dominant conceit of the poem.A:a pair of compassesB:an earthquakeC:a farewell to a dying personD:a piece of gold绛旀:A5銆?The 17th century of English history was marked mainly by the English Bourgeois Revolution which ended with the establishment of ( ) as a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the monarchy.A:the United KingdomB:institutional monarchyC:the Whig PartyD:the Tory Party绛旀:B6銆?(聽聽聽聽) was the religious cloak of the English Bourgeois Revolution which advocated God's supreme authority over human beings.A:HumanismB:RepublicanismC:CalvinismD:Puritanism绛旀:D7銆? Puritan poetry in the 17th-century English literature is represented best by ( ), who producedParadise Lostas his representative work.A:John MiltionB:John DonneC:Robert HerrickD:John Dryden绛旀:A8銆?Throughout his life, Milton showed strong rebellious spirit agaisnt many things he thought unjust and acted as the voice of ( ) of England under Oliver Cromwell.A:the ParliamentB:the CommonwealthC:the MonarchD:the Royalists绛旀:B9銆? 鈥淥n his Blindness鈥?and 鈥淥n his Deceased Wife鈥?are the two best-known of Milton鈥檚 ( ).A:elegiesB:blank versesC:sonnetsD:alliterative verses绛旀:C10銆? Milton鈥檚Paradise Lostemploysthe themes taken from ( )of the Christian Bible.A:GenesisB:MatthewC:ExodusD:Luke绛旀:A11銆? The central theme ofParadise Lostis ( ).A:the creation of manB:the fall of manC:resurrectionD:final judgment绛旀:绗簲绔?1銆?The Enlightenment was an intellectualmovement throughout Western Europe in the18thcenturywhich was an expression of the struggle of bourgeoisie against ( ).A:puritanismB:feudalismC:humanismD:classicism绛旀:B2銆? Among the English Enlighteners of the 18th century,there were chiefly two groups: the ( ) group and the radical group.A:conservativeB:revolutionaryC:royalistD:moderate绛旀:D3銆? The Tatler,a British literary and society journal begun byRichard Steelein 1709,featured cultivated essays on( ).A:contemporary mannersB:social evilsC:class strugglesD:cultural state绛旀:A4銆?As a distinctive way, ( ) are adopted by the neo-classicist playwrights in the 18th-century English literature.A:realistic techniquesB:three unitiesC:heroic coupletsD:satires绛旀:B5銆?( ) writers in the 18th-century English literature modelled themselves ontheGreek and Romanwritersin their dramatic writings.A:Pre-romanticistB:RealistC:Neo-classicistD:Enlightenment绛旀:C6銆? AlexanerPope was a masterof poetryinheroic couplet.He strongly advocated ( ), emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules.A:realismB:naturalismC:aestheticismD:classicism绛旀:D7銆? Daniel Defoe is an early proponent of the ( ) novel whose masterpieceRobinson Crusoetells about the adventures of a sailor on the sea and on an island.A:sentimentalistB:epistolaryC:realistD:Gothic绛旀:C8銆丄s one of the greatest satirists in the 18th century,(聽聽聽聽)made use of satire to attacksocial evilsand call for social changes in hisGulliver's Travels.A:Johnathan SwiftB:Daniel DefoeC:Samuel RichardsonD:Henry Fielding绛旀:A9銆?Gulliver鈥?s Travelstells about the adventures of Gullliver through the fairy tale of fantasy which is a great satire on ( ).A:human mindB:human heartC:human spiritD:human nature绛旀:D10銆?( ), the greatest realist novelist of the 18th-century English literature, is also considered the father of the English novel.A:Jonathan SwiftB:Henry FieldingC:Daniel DefoeD:Oliver Goldsmith绛旀:B11銆?Tom Jonesshows Fielding鈥檚 philosophical view of 鈥渞eturn to ( )鈥? Thus, in characterization, a contrast is made between Tom Jones, the good-nautured though flawed man, and Bilfil, the hypocritical villain.A:natureB:childhoodC:countrysideD:motherland绛旀:A12銆?Sentimentalism of English literature got its name from Lawrence Stern's novel (聽聽聽聽) in which Sterne tries to catch the actual flow of human mind and sentiment.A:Tristram ShandyB:The Vicar of WakefieldC:PamelaD:A Sentimental Journey绛旀:D13銆? Sentimetalism is also found in Samuel Richardson鈥檚 ( ) novels which convey female characters鈥?feelings and sentiments.A:realistB:adventureC:epistolaryD:historical绛旀:C14銆? The only poet of the sentimentalist school of literature is Thomas Gray, whose well-known 鈥淓legy Written in a Country Churchyard鈥?earned for him the name of a 鈥? ) Poet鈥?A:LakeB:NationalC:LocalD:Graveyard绛旀:D15銆? Oliver Goldsmith鈥檚The Vicar of Wakefieldconveys his reflections on the relations between sentimentalism and ( ) in the 18th-century English literature.A:satireB:realismC:romanticismD:localism绛旀:16銆? The latter half of the 18th century English literaturewas marked by a strong protest against the bondage ofclassicismanda recognition of the claims of passionand emotion which is later known as ( ).A:sentimentalismB:realismC:pre-romanticismD:neo-classicism绛旀:C17銆? Robert Burnsis the best known of the poets who have written in the( )dialect.A:IrishB:ScottishC:LondonD:Celtic绛旀:B绗叚绔?1銆? Romanticism preferred ( ) to reason and rationalism. To William Wordsworth,poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.A:emotionB:devicesC:rhetoricD:art绛旀:A2銆乀he joint publication of聽聽(聽聽聽聽) in 1798 by Wordsworth and Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in England.A:'Lines Composed upon Tinten Abbey'B:'Rime of Ancient Mariner'C:Lyrical BalladsD:'Preface to Lyrical Ballads'绛旀:C3銆?To Wordsworth, the theme of poetry should be concerned with ( ), the language of peotry should be plain, and the people poetry should deal with are country folk.A:country lifeB:common lifeC:city lifeD:fantastic life绛旀:B4銆?In鈥淚 Wandered Lonely as a Cloud鈥? 鈥渢he inward eye鈥?refers to ( ), which is a metaphor to appeal to the reader鈥檚 imagination of the author鈥檚 inner feelings.A:鈥渉eart鈥?B:鈥渆motians鈥?C:鈥渞eason鈥?D:鈥渕ind鈥?绛旀:D5銆? In鈥淭he Solitary Reaper鈥? the feeling of ( ) is clearly conveyed to the reader, especially in the first stanza.A:lonelinessB:melancholyC:homesicknessD:disillusionment绛旀:B6銆? Percy Bysshe Shelley belongs to the school of ( ) romantic poets, whose masterpiecePrometheus Unboundowes much to the Greek tragedyPrometheus Bound.A:revolutionaryB:passiveC:activeD:lyrical绛旀:C7銆? ( ) is Shelley鈥檚 bestknown lyric in which he calls forth the overthrowing of the old social system and bringing destruction to it.A:鈥淥de to the West Wind鈥?B:鈥淭o a Skylark鈥?C:鈥淭he Cloud鈥?D:鈥淪ong to the Man of England鈥?绛旀:A8銆?Walter Scott is the only novelist of the romantic literature of the 19th-century England and his novels are mainly ( ) novels as far as genre is concerned.A:realistB:historicalC:sentimentalistD:psychoanalytical绛旀:B9銆? Scott鈥檚 historical novels touch uponthe subject matters ofthe history of( ), thehistory of Englandand the history of European countries.A:IrelandB:WalesC:FranceD:Scotland绛旀:D绗竷绔?1銆? JaneAusten鈥檚 novels mainly concern such issues as the ( ) of young women. Because of the use of satire and criticism of social prejudices, she is considered as a realist novelist rather than a romantic writer.A:mannersB:moralsC:ethicsD:feminism绛旀:A2銆? The Bronte sisters refer to Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte, with the elder two represented byJane Eyreand ( ) respectively.A:The ProfessorB:Agnes GreyC:Wuthering HeightsD:Villette绛旀:C3銆?Of the women writers in the 19th century English literature, ( ) is the only one that deals with the life of the working-class people, represented by her novelMary Barton.A:Mrs. GaskellB:Charlotte BronteC:George EliotD:Jane Austen绛旀:A4銆?The novels of George Eliot mostly deal with ( ) problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.A:socialB:moralC:culturalD:psychological绛旀:B绗叓绔?1銆? In response to the social, political and economic problems associated withindustrialisation,() novel becomes the leading genre of the Victorian literature.A:critial realistB:psychoanalyticalC:aestheticistD:new romanticist绛旀:A2銆乀he first period of Charles Dickens鈥檚 literary careeris characterized mainly by (聽聽聽聽) and the novels are filled with moral teachings.A:mysticismB:pessimismC:fatalismD:optimism绛旀:D3銆? Thomas Hardyis the most representativerealist in the later decades of the Victorian era,whose principal works are the ( ) novels, i.e., the novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.A:realistB:character and environmentC:modernistD:Bildungsroman绛旀:B4銆?In the aesthetic movement of the 19th century, 鈥淎rt for Art鈥檚 Sake鈥?can simply mean the focus on ( ) rather than on deep meaning of literary works.A:formB:techniqueC:impressionD:beauty绛旀:D5銆? ( ) is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character whose spiritual world is conveyed to the reader through the author鈥檚 subtle psychological analysis.A:Interior monologueB:Free associationC:Dramatic monologueD:Psycho-analysis绛旀:C6銆?鈥淏reak, Break, Break鈥? is a short lyric poem written by Alfred Tennyson which is a(n) ( ) for the poet to reveal his grief over the death of his friend.A:elegyB:lyricC:sonnetD:ode绛旀:A7銆?Thomas Carlyle's non-fiction The French Revolution: A Historywas the inspiration for Charles Dickens' s novel(聽聽 ).A:Hard TimesB:Great ExpectationsC:A Tale of Two CitiesD:Oliver Twist绛旀:C8銆?John Ruskin was the leading English artcritic of the Victorian era. In hisModern Painters, he argued that the principal role of the artist is ( ).A:鈥渁rt for art鈥檚 sake鈥?B:鈥渢ruth to nature鈥?C:innovationD:creativity绛旀:B9銆?In hisCulture and Anarchy, ( ) showed his deepest contempt for and most frequent attack on the middle-class Philistines who he thought lacked culture.A:Thomas CarlyleB:John RuskinC:Charles KinsleyD:Matthew Arnold绛旀:D绗節绔?1銆?Writers, artists and composers we consider 鈥渕odern鈥?had their roots in the ( ) era which produced such writers as Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, W. S. Maugham, etc.A:EdwardianB:VictorianC:ElizabethanD:Georgian绛旀:A2銆? A Passage to Indiais set on Joseph Conrad鈥檚 own experience in India which deals with the theme of ( ) in addition to persoal relationships.A:patriotismB:culturalismC:fatalismD:colonialism绛旀:D3銆? ( )is admittedlyan autobiographicalnovel which draws much onMaugham鈥檚own experience.A:The Moon and SixpenceB:The Razor鈥檚 EdgeC:Of Human BondageD:Howard鈥檚 End绛旀:C绗崄绔?1銆?鈥淭he Waste Land鈥?is written by T. S. Eliot in which the theme of the ( ) of the post-World War I generation is declared to the reader.A:dreamB:disillusionmentC:enlightenmentD:radicalism绛旀:B2銆? Because of his Irish background, ( ) is thought to be the driving force of the Irish Literary Revival.A:William Butler YeatsB:AlfredTennysonC:Matthew ArnoldD:Robert Browning绛旀:A3銆?Ulysses, written by James Joyce and considered the most representative of the Egnlish stream-of-consciousness novels, is set in ( ), Ireleand .A:LondonB:EdinburghC:ManchesterD:Dublin绛旀:D4銆? The only female writer of the stream-of-consciousness novel is ( ), who produced such novels asTo the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, etc. .A:Catherine MansfieldB:George EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:Elizabeth Bowen绛旀:C5銆?D. H. Lawrence is a modernist novelist who makesreflectionsupon thedehumanizingeffects of( ) in his representative workSons and Lovers.A:modernizationB:industrialisation C:urbanizationD:mechanization。

英国文学中古时期到17世纪I. 选择题1. Generally speaking, it is in _____ that the English literary history starts.A. 6th C (BC.)B. 5th C (BC.) C. 6th C. (AD.) D. 5th C. (AD.)2. ______ is a pagan poem which portraits a panoramic picture of the tribal society in British Island.A. The Legend of King ArthurB. BeowulfC. The Tall TalesD. The Canterbury Tales3. In English poetry, a quatrain is _____.A. a four-line stanzaB. a coupletC. a fourteen-line stanzaD. a terza rima4. Anglo-Saxon literature is almost exclusively a verse literature in _____. It was passed down by words of mouth from generation to generation.A. Realistic formB. lyrical formC. oral formD. no form5. The _____ is an important form of British literature in the 15th century.A. epicB. popular balladC. sonnetD. quatrain6. _____ period extended from the invasion of the Celtic England by German tribes in the first half of the 5th century to the conquer of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of William the Conqueror.A. The Anglo-NormanB. The Middle EnglishC. The Chaucerian EnglishD. The Old English7. The hero in Romance is usually the _____.A. kingB. knightC. ChristD. churchman8. Geoffrey Chaucer, regarded as the first famous English poet in the history of English literature, wrote the following except ______.A. The Canterbury TalesB. The House of FameC. The Parliament of FowlsD. Boethius9. Geoffrey Chaucer planned originally to have each of the pilgrims tell _____ stories on the way to Canterbury and the same number of stories on the way back in his famous The Canterbury Tales.A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 410. Geoffrey Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially what was later to be called _____. A. the alliterative verse B. the balladC. the heroic coupletD. the blank verse11. The English Renaissance Period was an age of _____.A. ballads and songsB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journalD. prose and novel12. The well-known soliloquy by Hamlet “To be ,or not to be...And lose the name of action.” shows his_____.A. hatred for his uncleB. love for lifeC. resolution of revengeD. inner contradiction13. The first poet to introduce the sonnet into English literature is_____.A. William ShakespeareB. Thomas WyattC. Francis BaconD. Thomas More14. It was _____who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.A. Thomas MoreB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. William Shakespeare15 Choose the one author who does not belong to the group of “University Wits” from the following playwrights.A. John LylyB. Robert GreeneC. William ShakespeareD. Christopher Marlowe16 Whom does the poet praise in the Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 29? The person is_____.A. a young beautiful ladyB. a dark ladyC. a handsome young manD. the poet's girl friend17. Paradise Lost is not _____.A. Milton's masterpieceB. a great epic in 12 booksC. written in blank verseD. Metaphysical poetry18. Milton has the following titles, except one. Which one?A. a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB.an outstanding political pamphleteerC. foremost critic of his ageD. a great master of blank verse19. The stories of Paradise Lost were taken from _____.A. Greek mythologyB. the Old TestamentC. the New TestamentD. Chinese ancient tales20. John Bunyan wrote The Pilgrim's Progress in the form of _____.A. religious instructionB. clear, and simple expressionC. allegory and dreamD. conceit and satireII. 判断题1.Beowulf is the national epic of England.2.The earliest poem in English literature is Beowulf, which belongs to lyric poetry.3.Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.4.“King Arthur and His Round Table” was popular at medieval period. One of the knownromance is The Robin Hood Ballads.5.The Canterbury Tales is written for the greater part in heroic couplets.6.William Langland, known as the father of English literature, is widely considered thegreatest poet of the Middle Ages.7.Geoffrey Chaucer is regarded as the first realist in English Literature because he gives us theordinary daily life of the 14th century.8.Chaucer made the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language.9.Thomas More wrote his famous prose work Essays.10.Thomas More’s Utopia is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has beenrecognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose11.In Elizabethan Period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which made himone of the best essayists in English literature.12.Shakespeare’s four great tragedies generally refer to Hamlet, Prince of Denmark; Othello, theMoore of V enice; King Lear; and Romeo and Juliet.13.Two features are striking of this Renaissance movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity forclassical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in life and human activities.14.Spenser’s fame in English literature is chiefly based upon his masterpiece The Faerie Queene,which was dedicated to Queen Mary.15.1649, Charles I was tried and beheaded. The civil war ended and England was declared acommonwealth.16.In 1660, the son of the beheaded king was welcomed back as King Charles II until 1688,which has been known as the period of the Commonwealth.\17.John Bunyan is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style.18.The most remarkable feature in The Flea is its use of conceit.III.连线题1.the first and greatest English epic Utopia2.Thomas Malory The Pilgrim’s Progress3.William Langland Piers the Plowman4.Geoffrey Chaucer Essays5.Edmund Spenser The Faerie Queene6.Christopher Marlowe The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus7.Thomas More Beowulf8.Francis Bacon The Canterbury Tales9.John Milton Paradise Lost10.John Bunyan The Death of King Arthur11.William Shakespeare A Midsummer Night’s DreamIV. 赏析题1.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, forthey teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.Q1：What’s the title of this essay from which it is taken? And who is the author?Q2: Please give a simple analysis of the literature style of this essay.Q3: What are “three abuses of studies”?Q4: What’s the theme of this essay?2.As soon as April pierces to the rootThe drought of March, and bathes each bud and shootThrough every vein of sap with gentle showersFrom whose engendering liquor spring the flowers;When Zephyrus have breathed softly all aboutInspiring every wood and field to sprout,And in the zodiac the youthful sunHis journey halfway through the Ram has run;When little birds are busy with their songWho sleep with open eyes the whole night longLife stirs their hearts and tingles in them so,Then off as pilgrims people long to go,And palmers to set out for distant strandsAnd foreign shrines renowned in many lands.And specially in England people rideTo Canterbury from every countrysideTo visit there the blessed martyred saintWho gave them strength when they were sick and faint.Q1: What’s the title of this literary work from which it is taken? And who is the author?Q2: What’s the metrical scheme of this poem?Q3: What’s the theme of this literary work?V. 论述题1. What are the artistic features of The Canterbury Tales?2. What are the writing Features of Shakespeare?英国文学中古时期到17世纪I. 选择题1-5: DBACB 6-10: DBDBC 11-15: BDBBC 16-20:CDCBCII. 判断题1-5: TFTFT 6-10: FTTFF 11-15:TFTFT 16-18:FFTIII. 连线题12.the first and greatest English epic —— Beowulf13.Thomas Malory——The Death of King Arthur14.William Langland——Piers the Plowman15.Geoffrey Chaucer——The Canterbury Tales16.Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene17.Christopher Marlowe——The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus18.Thomas More——Utopia19.Francis Bacon——Essays20.John Milton——Paradise Lost21.John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress22.William Shakespeare——A Midsummer Night’s DreamIV. 赏析题1.Q1：What’s the title of this essay from which it is taken? And who is the author?A1: Of Studies; Francis BaconQ2: Please give a simple analysis of the literature style of this essay.A2: simple, precise, compact, aphoristic（格言式的), gravity, eleganceQ3: What are “three abuses of studies”?A3: Read to contradict and confute, to believe and take for granted, to find talk and discourse.Q4: What’s the theme of this essay?A4: Different ways of studies may exert different influences over human characters.2.Q1: What’s the title of this literary work from which it is taken? And who is the author?A1: General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales; Geoffrey Chaucer.Q2: What’s the metrical scheme of this poem?A2: The heroic couplet.Q3: What’s the theme of this literary work?A3: Chaucer affirmed man’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism, praised man's energy, intellect, and love of life. Meanwhile, he also exposed and satirized the social evils, especially the religious abuses.V. 论述题1. What are the artistic features of The Canterbury Tales?1) Realistic Presentation of Characters and Contemporary LifeNot only the characters represent the classes they come from, but each also possesses an individual personality. The characters are as important a part of the poem as the tales told by them.The poet tries to give a comprehensive picture of the English society of his time and arranges to present a colorful gallery of pilgrims that covers a great range of social life.2) Chaucer’s HumorHe is well-skilled in mild and subtle irony to create humorous effects. He was a broad-minded humanist and had sympathy for people at large. He treats his characters kindly on the whole, using gentle satire and irony to criticize vanity, ill-manners, deceptive tricks and all sorts of follies and human weaknesses.3) Unity Trough a Framed StoryAlthough the story-tellers are very different and the stories are diverse, a unity is achieved through the device of the framed story that is Chaucer’s invention of a pilgrimage as the occasion of all the story-telling and thus makes it realistic. The pilgrimage frame offers the possibility for comparison and contrast of characters and their interplay.4) Metrical SchemeThe metrical scheme of The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s chief contribution to English poetry. He is the poet who introduced to England the rhymed stanzas of many kinds from French poetry, especially the heroic couplet.2. What are the writing Features of Shakespeare?1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He faithfully and vividly reflects the major social contradictions of his time.2) The method of adoption from the plots of Greek legends, Roman history and Italian stories, etc.3) Elastic dramas: action develops freely, without the three unities of time, place and action. And there are many themes in one play.4) Poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet and the dramatic blank verse.5) Shakespeare was a great master of the English language: large vocabulary.。

英国文学史概括英国文学史概括第一个时期： Old English， Middle English and Chaucer，古英国，中世纪和乔叟，这个时期的文学作品主要以诗歌为主，需要关注的是乔叟和他的《坎特伯雷故事集》。

第二个时期：文艺复兴时期，这个时期的文学作品以戏剧为主，需要关注的是莎士比亚和他的悲剧，喜剧以及历史剧。

第三个时期：浪漫主义时期，这个时期的文学作品以散文诗为主，雪莱，济慈和威廉布雷克等人都是这个时期的代表诗人。

他们的作品包括夜莺颂等。

第四个时期：维多利亚时期，这个时期是散文诗渐渐退出，小说逐渐兴起的时期，该时期的诗人著名的有罗伯特布朗宁，阿尔弗莱德等。

但更为著名的是狄更斯和勃朗特姐妹的小说，代表作有《雾都孤儿》和《呼啸山庄》等第五个时期：现代主义时期，这个时期的文学作品主要是小说，各个流派粉墨登场，有现实主义的，有荒诞派的，还有意识流。

爱尔兰的文学家叶芝，乔伊斯都是这个时代的代表人物。

乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》是意识流的代表之作。

同属意识流的还有女作家弗吉尼亚伍尔芙，代表作《到灯塔去》。

第六个时期：当代：主要指20世纪80年代之后到现在的这个时期，该时期的文学作品很难入到评论家的法眼，主要特征是内容多为快餐文化，不能称为经典。

但这个时期的电影艺术发展非常迅速，有很多电影剧本都堪称佳作，不难看出，文学史的车轮经过诗歌——戏剧——小说的变迁后，下一站很有可能是电影。

以上纯属原创，转载请标明出处，谢谢英国文学史目录！PrefaceThe Anglo-Saxon Period 449-1066IntroductionThe Venerable Bede and Caedmon King Alfred the GreatBeowulfThe Exeter BookThe Medieval Period 1066 -1485 IntroductionMedieval RomanceFolk BalladsJohn Wycliffe and William Langland Drama in the Middle AgesGeoffrey ChaucerThe Elizabethan Age 1485-1625 IntroductionThomas MoreSir Philip SidneyEdmund SpenserChrisher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh Minor PlaywrightsWilliam ShakespeareFrancis BaconKing James BibleThe Seventeenth Century 1625-1700 IntrodutionBen Jonson and the Cavalier Poets John Donne and the Metaphysical Poets John MiltonJohn BunyanJohn DrydenThe Age of Neo-Classici *** 1700-1764 IntroductionAlexander PopeJonathan SwiftRichard Steele and Joseph AddisonSamuel Johnson and James BoswellThe Novel of the Eighteenth CenturyDaniel DefoeSamuel RichardsonHenry FieldingTobias SmollettLaurence SterneOliver Gold *** ithPre-Romantic Period 1764-1798IntroductionHorace WalpoleAnn RadcliffeThomas GrayRobert BurnsWilliam BlakeThe Romantic Age 1798-1837IntroductionWilliam WordsworthSamuel Taylor Coleridge……The Victorian Age 1837-1901The Modernist Age 1901-1945The Postmodern Period 1945-Present BibliographyIndex……关于英国文学史刘柄善的那本《英国文学史》上说，维多利亚时期是英国现实主义小说的巅峰时期，代表人物就是狄更斯，而当时英国之所以掀起现实主义风潮，则是因为此前的18世纪到19世纪初期，浪漫主义风靡英国，雪莱，济慈等人的诗歌风花雪月，让人一时忘却了现实，但随着浪漫褪去，人们又重归现实，于是狄更斯等人的现实主义作品，如《雾都孤儿》，《大卫科波菲尔》等书得以广为流传。

英语说明英国的历史作文Britain has a rich and fascinating history that spans thousands of years. From ancient civilizations to modern times, the country has seen dramatic changes and developments that have shaped its identity and culture. In this essay, we will explore the key events and periods in British history that have contributed to the country we know today.One of the earliest civilizations in Britain was the Celtic tribes that inhabited the land around 500 BC. These tribes were known for their advanced art and metalwork, as well as their fierce warrior culture. The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD and established a presence that lasted for nearly 400 years. During this time, the Romans built roads, forts, and cities, leaving a lasting impact on the landscape of Britain.After the fall of the Roman Empire, Britain was invaded by various Germanic tribes, including the Angles, Saxons,and Jutes. These tribes eventually formed the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that would become the basis for the English nation. The Viking invasions of the 8th and 9th centuries brought further turmoil to Britain, but also led to the establishment of the Danelaw, a region of Viking control in the north of England.The Norman Conquest of 1066 marked a turning point in British history, as William the Conqueror established Norman rule over England. The Normans built castles, cathedrals, and manor houses, and introduced feudalism to the country. The Magna Carta, signed in 1215, limited the power of the king and laid the foundation for the development of parliamentary democracy in Britain.The Tudor period of the 16th century saw the rise ofthe British Empire, as explorers like Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh claimed new territories in the Americas and Asia. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was a time of cultural flourishing, with playwrights like William Shakespeare producing some of the greatest works of English literature.The English Civil War of the 17th century pitted the Royalists against the Parliamentarians in a struggle for power. The execution of King Charles I in 1649 led to the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell, but the monarchy was restored in 1660 with the coronation of King Charles II.The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries transformed Britain from a rural, agrarian society into an industrial powerhouse. Factories, railways, and steamships revolutionized the economy and society, leading to urbanization and social change on a massive scale.The Victorian era of the 19th century was a time of great prosperity and imperial expansion for Britain. Queen Victoria's reign saw the British Empire reach its peak, with colonies and territories around the world. The 20th century brought two world wars that had a profound impact on Britain and its people. The devastation of World War I led to social and political upheaval, while World War IIsaw Britain stand alone against Nazi Germany before ultimately emerging victorious.Today, Britain is a diverse and multicultural society that continues to be shaped by its rich history. The legacy of the past is evident in the architecture, art, and traditions of the country, and serves as a reminder of the resilience and creativity of the British people. As we look to the future, it is important to remember the lessons of the past and to honor the sacrifices of those who came before us. Britain's history is a story of triumph and tragedy, of progress and setbacks, but above all, it is a story of resilience and determination in the face of adversity.。

1.政治上：1603年伊丽莎白女王去世后，英国国王与议会矛盾日趋激烈，政局动荡。

1649年1月爆发资产阶级革命，废除了君主制，推翻斯图亚特王朝专政。

查理一世被送上断头台，同年5月，英国宣布英格兰共和国成立。

1660年，查理一世的儿子查理二世复辟了斯图亚特王朝。

1688年，资产阶级把（查理二世的女儿女婿）玛丽二世和威廉三世捧上台，确立了资产阶级君主立宪制。

2.经济上：资本主义经济的兴起和迅速发展，封建制度严重阻碍了资本主义经济发展。

3.思想上：清教的发展壮大。

钦定版圣经是《圣经》的诸多英文版本之一，于1611年出版，自诞生至今一直都是英语世界中最有权威的、最佳的一个圣经译本。

钦定版圣经是由英王詹姆斯一世的命令下翻译的，钦定版圣经不仅影响了随后的英文版圣经，对英语文学的写作风格和品味标准的影响也是很大的。

一些著名作者，如约翰·班扬、约翰·弥尔顿 ...很明显从这个版本的圣经中得到启发。

虽然钦定版圣经已经年代久远了，现在绝大部分地区仍然可以购买到。

它也被认为是现代英语的基石，并从它诞生以来一直是被最广泛阅读的文献之一。

Bacon was a public figure and statesman (Lord Chancellor）.弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon，1561 - 1626）在1561年出生于伦敦一个官宦世家，曾在剑桥大学攻读法律，23岁，当选为国会议员。

1602年，伊丽莎白去世，詹姆士一世继位。

由于培根曾力主苏格兰与英格兰的合并，受到詹姆士的大力赞赏。

培根因此平步青云，扶摇直上。

受封为爵士，之后先后担任要职。

1618年晋升为英格兰的大法官。

但培根的才能和志趣不在国务活动上，而存在与对科学真理的探求上。

这一时期，他在学术研究上取得了巨大的成果。

并出版了多部著作。

1621年，培根被国会指控贪污受贿，被高级法庭判处罚金四万磅，监禁于伦敦塔内，终生逐出宫廷，不得任议员和官职。

英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点British history of literature and the characteristics of each stage毋庸置疑，英国小说是世界艺术之林中的一大景观。

它如同促使其滋生与进化的社会土壤一样，在历史的洪流中不断改弦易辙，急剧演变。

自文艺复兴时期以来，英国小说已经发展成为一种充满活力和魅力的艺术工具，对社会生活和历史变迁进行了生动的描述。

像英语一样，自它形成的那一天起，英国小说便建立了自己的规则和体系，虽东学一点，西借一点，却以坚定的步伐向前发展。

引人注目的是，尽管英国小说起步较晚，其历史比诗歌和戏剧短得多，但它却发展迅猛，变化巨大，流传甚广，其影响和作用早已大大地超过了诗歌和戏剧。

究其原因，英国小说不仅具有内容丰富、情节曲折和人物形象生动等特征，而且还因其篇幅灵活、形式多样，语言通俗和艺术精湛而备受广大读者的青睐。

经过无数作家的认真探索和反复实践，当代英国小说在艺术形式和创作技巧上与它早期的雏形已不可同日而语。

如果说，英国小说的崛起完全符合文学发展的客观规律；那么，其小说艺术的发展既是社会进化的一个显著标志，也是文学现代化的必然结果。

Undoubtedly, the English novel is a great landscape in the world art tries. It as urging its growth and evolution of social soil, as in history stream of continuous converted, sharp evolution. Since the Renaissance, England has novel has developed into a dynamic and charm of the art tools, to the social life and historical changes the vivid description. Like English is same, since it formed the day, the English novel, he set up his own rules and system, although east, west borrowed learn a little bit, but with the firm steps forward development. Remarkably, although English novels startting evening, its history than poems and plays a much shorter, but it is developing rapidly, dramatic change, widespread, its influence and effect already greatly exceeds poetry and drama. Investigate its reason, English novels not only has the rich content and plots and characters vivid characteristics such as length, but also because of its flexible and diverse forms, colloquial English and art consummate and has extensive readers' favor. After countless writer's earnest exploration and repeated practice, contemporary English novels in artistic form and creative skills on early embryo of with it already is obvious. If, say, the rise of the English novel completely accord with the objective law of the development of literature, So, its novel artistic development is both social evolution a distinctive sign, but also the inevitable result of the modern literature.应当指出，英国小说艺术，像其他艺术形式一样，不可避免地经历了一个从原始到成熟的发展过程。

英国文学一﹑中世纪文学二﹑文艺复兴时期文学三﹑17世纪文学四﹑18世纪文学五﹑19世纪文学六﹑20世纪文学编辑本段一﹑中世纪文学古英语文学英格兰岛的早期居民凯尔特人和其他部族，没有留下书面文学作品。

5世纪时，原住北欧的三个日耳曼部落──盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特──侵入英国，他们的史诗《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）传了下来。

诗中的英雄贝奥武甫杀巨魔、斗毒龙，并在征服这些自然界恶势力的过程中为民捐躯。

它的背景和情节是北欧的，但掺有基督教成分，显示出史诗曾几经修改，已非原貌。

按照保存在一部10世纪的手抄本里的版本来看，诗的结构完整，写法生动，所用的头韵、重读字和代称体现了古英语诗歌的特色。

6世纪末，基督教传入英国，出现了宗教文学。

僧侣们用拉丁文写书，其中比德所著的《英国人民宗教史》(731年完成)既有难得的史实，又有富于哲理的传说，受到推崇，并译成了英文。

此后，丹麦人入侵，不少寺院毁于兵火，学术凋零。

9世纪末，韦塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德大力抗丹，同时著手振兴学术，请了一批学者将拉丁文著作译为英文，并鼓励编写《盎格鲁─撒克逊编年史》，这是用英国当地语言写史的开始。

中古英语文学1066年诺曼人入侵，带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度(Feudalism)，也带来了一批说法语的贵族高文爵士与绿衣骑士。

古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响，本身也在起著变化，12世纪後发展为中古英语。

文学上也出现了新风尚，盛行用韵文写的骑士传奇，它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱，其中艺术性高的有《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》。

它用头韵体诗写成，内容是古代亚瑟王坎特伯雷故事集属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇。

14世纪後半叶，中古英语文学达到了高峰。

这时期的重要诗人乔叟(Chaucer)的创作历程，从早期对法国和意大利作品的仿效，进到後来英国本色的写实，表明了英国文学的自信。

他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》(Canterbury Tales)用优美、活泼的韵文，描写了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神态言谈；他们来自不同阶层和行业，各人所讲的故事或雅或俗，揭示了多方面的社会现实。

1，什么叫文艺复兴The Renaissance (“rebirth” in French) was a cultural and intellectural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17 century, beginning in Italy and later spreading to the rest of Europe 2，Renaissance is considered as the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, and is also usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world.2，什么叫玄学派诗歌the Metaphysical school of poetryI. Definition: A school of highly intellectual（智力的）poetryTime: the early 17th centuryMajor features: mysticism in content and fantasticality in form; peculiar conceit（奇思妙想）, unique way of reasoning and comparisonMain themes: life, death, love, religion, universeRepresentatives: John Donne, Andrew Marvell and George HerbertSignificance: greatly influenced the modernists of the 20th centuryII. Metaphysical conceits悬想比喻，奇喻，别出心裁的比喻Conceit: an elaborate metaphor that offers a surprising or unexpected comparison between two seemingly highly dissimilar things. This can involve original images or familiar images used in an unfamiliar way.Literature in This Age: The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement throughout in Europe known as Enlightenment. It was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century and Russia in the 19th Century.In late 17th and early 18th century England, there was a change of taste, which was part of a general movement in Europe, seen perhaps most impressive in 17th century France. The dominant literary theory of this period was “Neoclassicism”.Literary Genre文学流派Generally speaking, literature of the 18th century was very complex. We may classify it under three general heads: the reign of classicism, the pre-romantic poetry, and the beginning of modern novel.3，什么是启蒙运动Enlightenment (1) a progressive intellectual movement(2) flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe(3) aims at enlightening the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; celebrated reason (4) called for a reference to order, reason and rules4，什么是前浪漫主义Pre-RomanticismWhen did Pre-romanticism appear? in the latter half of the 18th centuryWhat are the major features of Pre-romanticism?1)Romantic Revival;2)Strong protest against the bondage ofClassicism; 3)Claims of passion and emotion;4)Renewed interests in medievalliterature.Who are the representatives? William Blake and Robert BurnsWhat’s the significance?marked the decline of classicismPaved the way for the coming of romanticism in England5，什么叫Byron hero: Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single-handedly against all the misdoings. These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends.1. epic 史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.3. alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4. alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard – with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5. kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as ―helmet bearer‖ for ―warrior‖ and ―swan road‖ for ―sea‖.8. romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.12. ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ is a great love ballad.14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance. 15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespea re’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16. sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are ―aabbcc‖ and so on.21. quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ has four quatrains.24. verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25. blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespea re’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.27. essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexib le and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his ―Of Studies‖ isa model of good essay.28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of ―Ode to the West Wind‖.Sonnet 18One of the best known of Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sonnet 18 is memorable for the skillful and varied presentatio n of subject matter, in which the poet’s feelings reach a level of rapture unseen in the previous sonnets. The poet here abandons his quest for the youth to have a child, and instead glories in the youth’s beauty.Initially, the poet poses a question—‖Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖—and then reflects on it, remarking that the youth’s beauty far surpasses summer’s delights. The imagery is the very essence of simplicity: ―wind‖ and ―buds.‖ In the fourth line, legal terminology—‖summer’s lease‖—is introduced in contrast to the commonplace images in the first three lines. Note also the poet’s use of extremes in the phrases ―more lovely,‖ ―all too short,‖ and ―too hot‖; these phrases emphasize the young man’s beauty.Although lines 9 through 12 are marked by a more expansive tone and deeper feeling, the poet returns to the simplicity of the opening images. As one expects in Shakespeare’s sonnets, the proposition that the poet sets up in the first eight lines—that all nature is subject to imperfection—is now contrasted in these next four lines beginning with ―But.‖ Although beauty naturally declines at some point—‖And every fair from fair sometime declines‖—the youth’s beauty will not; his unchanging appearance is atypical of nature’s steady progression. Even death is impotent against the youth’s beauty. Note the ambiguity in the phrase ―eternal lines‖: Are these ―lines‖ the poet’s ver ses or the youth’s hoped-for children? Or are they simply wrinkles meant to represent the process of aging? Whatever the answer, the poet is jubilant in this sonnet because nothing threatens the young man’s beautiful appearance.Then follows the concludi ng couplet: ―So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.‖ The poet is describing not what the youth is but what he will be ages hence, as captured in the poet’s eternal verse—or again, in a hoped-for child. Whatever one may feel about the sentiment expressed in the sonnet and especially in these last two lines, one cannot help but notice an abrupt change in the poet’s own estimate of his poetic writing. Following the poet’s disparaging reference to his ―pupil pen‖ and ―barren rhyme‖ in Sonnet 16, it comes as a surprise in Sonnet 18 to find him boasting that his poetry will be eternal.John Keats认为，夜莺的歌声是美妙绝伦的，是不朽的，是永恒的，将世世代代的唱下去。

英国文学主要流派(英文)On Major Schools of British Literature The British literature has a long history. In this process, literature has infected by some powers from reality,history,politics, and culture. Then British literature has been developed several history stages. These history stages were old English period,Renaissance, British literature in the 17th century, romanticism,realism,and modernism.(1)Old English periodThe earliest form of literature was poetry which spread orally.At this period the most important literature of the British national epic was Beowulf written with head blank.(2)Middle English period（1066～1500）From the Normans conquered England in 1066 to 1,500 years around London dialect became accepted modern English literature, forms of main was ballad, poetry and knight legend. In a few groups in the legend, the British knights of the subject was king Arthur and his knights adventure stories, including The Green Knightand Heroes of the Marshes which represented the highest achievement in medieval knight legends. A lot of excellent folk emerged, and the most representative was the folk singing for hero Robin Hood.(3)The Age of Chaucer(1300-1400)The most important poet known as "the father of English poetry" was the Chaucer. The Canterbury tales which achieved high artistic accomplishment was his representative works. He created the double blank poetry. Five steps to raise grid was adopted by many British poet. Chaucer written with London dialect laid the foundation of the literary creation, and promoted the development of the English language and literature.(4)The Period of RenaissanceDuring the Renaissance British literature developed in poetry, prose, sonnets, and black verse. One poet must introduce to us, he is Philip Sidney. He wrote many beautiful sonnets, and created one of the earliest poetryA Defence of Poetry. Edmund Spenser created the famous long poetry Fairy Queen with Spencer method.4.1The age of ShakespeareDrama represented the highest achievement of English literature during the Renaissance. Main dramatists were Christopher Marlowe and W. Shakespeare.Shakespeare is not only a drama writer but also a great poet, besides two poems, two epic and 154 sonnets(5)British literature in the 17th centuryThe Elizabeth dead in the 1603,the conflict between the civil war broke out in 1642, and resulted in the glorious revolution in 1688.. So this period of literature and art showed the development and growth of revolutionary ideas, and had a strong Puritan tendency. Two representatives were Milton and Bunyan. Milton's masterpiece Paradise Lost and Bunyan's masterpiece The Pilgrim's Progress were both based on The Bible. The Pilgrim's Progress was an allegory works, which used"Christian" to the heaven to present mankind pursuing the bright future.(6)British literature in the 8th centuryThe 18th century produced a kind of progress trend-- the Enlightenment.Therefore the18th century was called the "rational era". In the field of literature embodied in the eighteenth century was neoclassicism. Representative writers were A.Pope, R.Steele, and J.Addison.(7)The Romantic Period (1798-1832) Romantic heyday began with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge jointly issued Lyrical ballads to the death of George Eliot. The main literary achievements were poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey who have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats were eulogized as rich revolutionary ideals of freedom and liberty.。