The Application of Surfactants in the Agricultural Industry

织布厂布料变软处理流程英文回答：As an expert in textile manufacturing, I am familiar with the process of making fabric softer in a weaving factory. There are several steps involved in achieving a softer fabric, and I will explain them in detail.1. Fabric Selection: The first step is to choose the right type of fabric that is suitable for softening. Fabrics made from natural fibers like cotton or bamboo tend to be softer and more comfortable. Synthetic fabrics like polyester may require additional treatment to achieve a softer feel.2. Pre-Treatment: Before the fabric is woven, it undergoes pre-treatment processes such as scouring and bleaching. These processes remove impurities and make the fabric more receptive to softening agents.3. Softening Agents: Softening agents are chemicalsused to enhance the softness and drape of the fabric. They work by relaxing the fibers and reducing friction between them. Common softening agents include silicone-based compounds, cationic surfactants, and natural oils likejojoba or coconut oil.4. Application of Softeners: The softening agents are applied to the fabric either during the dyeing process oras a separate treatment. They can be sprayed onto thefabric or added to the dye bath. The fabric is thenagitated to ensure even distribution of the softeners.5. Heat Treatment: After the softeners are applied, the fabric is subjected to heat treatment. This can be done through a process called calendaring, where the fabric is passed through heated rollers. The heat helps to activatethe softening agents and further relax the fibers.6. Mechanical Treatment: To enhance the softness and texture of the fabric, mechanical treatment is often employed. This can include processes like brushing, sanding,or tumbling. These actions help to break down the fibersand create a smoother, softer surface.7. Quality Control: Throughout the entire process, quality control measures are implemented to ensure that the fabric meets the desired softness standards. This caninvolve testing the fabric for softness, durability, and other performance characteristics.In conclusion, the process of making fabric softer in a weaving factory involves fabric selection, pre-treatment, application of softening agents, heat treatment, mechanical treatment, and quality control. By following these steps, the fabric can be transformed into a softer and more comfortable material.中文回答：作为纺织制造业的专家，我对织布厂中使布料变软的过程非常熟悉。

前沿讲座Seminar专业英语Professional English现代分析化学Modern analytical chemistry生物分析技术Bioanalytical techniques高分子进展Advances in polymers功能高分子进展Advances in functional polymers有机硅高分子研究进展Progresses in organosilicon polymers高分子科学实验方法Scientific experimental methods of polymers高分子设计与合成The design and synthesis of polymers反应性高分子专论Instructions to reactive polymers网络化学与化工信息检索Internet Searching for Chemistry & Chemical Engineerin ginformation有序分子组合体概论Introduction to Organized Molecular Assembilies两亲分子聚集体化学Chemistry of amphiphilic aggregates表面活性剂体系研究新方法New Method for studying Surfactant System微纳米材料化学Chemistry of Micro-NanoMaterials分散体系研究新方法New Method for studying dispersion分散体系相行为The Phase Behavior of Aqueous Dispersions溶液-凝胶材料Sol-Gel Materials高等量子化学Advanced Quantum Chemistry分子反应动力学Molecular Reaction Dynamic计算量子化学Computational Quantum Chemistry群论Group Theory分子模拟理论及软件应用Theory and Software of Molecular Modelling & Applicati on价键理论方法Valence Bond Theory量子化学软件及其应用Software of Quantum Chemistry & its Application分子光谱学Molecular Spectrum算法语言Computational Languange高分子化学Polymer Chemistry高分子物理Polymer Physics药物化学Medicinal Chemistry统计热力学Statistic Thermodynamics液-液体系专论Discussion on Liquid-Liquid System配位化学进展Progress in Coordination Chemistry无机材料及物理性质Inorganic Materials and Their Physical Properties物理无机化学Physical Inorganic Chemistry相平衡Phase Equilibrium现代无机化学Today's Inorganic Chemistry无机化学前沿领域导论Introduction to Forward Field in Inorganic Chemistry量子化学Quantum Chemistry分子材料Molecular Material固体酸碱理论Solid Acid-Base Theory萃取过程物理化学Physical Chemistry in Extraction表面电化学Surface Electrochemistry电化学进展Advances on Electrochemistry现代电化学实验技术Modern Experimental Techniques of Electrochemistry金属-碳多重键化合物及其应用Compounds with Metal-Carbon multiple bonds and T heir Applications叶立德化学:理论和应用Ylides Chemistry: Theory and Application立体化学与手性合成Stereochemistry and Chiral Synthesis杂环化学Heterocyclic Chemistry有机硅化学Organosilicon Chemistry药物设计及合成Pharmaceutical Design and Synthesis超分子化学Supramolecular Chemistry分子设计与组合化学Molecular Design and Combinatorial Chemistry纳米材料化学前沿领域导论Introduction to Nano-materials Chemistry纳米材料控制合成与自组装Controlled-synthesis and Self-assembly of Nano-materials前沿讲座Leading Front Forum专业英语Professional English超分子化学基础Basics of Supramolecular Chemistry液晶材料基础Basics of Liquid Crystal Materials现代实验技术Modern analytical testing techniques色谱及联用技术Chromatography and Technology of tandem发光分析及其研究法Luminescence analysis and Research methods胶束酶学Micellar Enzymology分析化学中的配位化合物Complex in Analytical Chemistry电分析化学Electroanalytical chemistry生物分析化学Bioanalytical chemistry分析化学Analytical chemistry仪器分析Instrument analysis高分子合成化学Polymers synthetic chemistry高聚物结构与性能Structures and properties of polymers有机硅化学Organosilicon chemistry功能高分子Functional polymers有机硅高分子Organosilicon polymers高分子现代实验技术Advanced experimental technology of polymers高分子合成新方法New synthetic methods of polymers液晶与液晶高分子Liquid crystals and liquid crystal polymers大分子反应Macromolecules reaction水溶性高分子Water-soluble polymers聚合物加工基础The basic process of polymers聚合物复合材料Composite materials高等化工与热力学Advanced Chemical Engineering and Thermodynamics 高等反应工程学Advanced Reaction Engineering高等有机化学Advanced Organic Chemistry高等有机合成Advanced Organic synthesis有机化学中光谱分析Spectrum Analysis in Organic Chemistry催化作用原理Principle of Catalysis染料化学Dye Chemistry中间体化学与工艺学Intermediate Chemistry and Technology化学动力学Chemical Kinetics表面活性剂合成与工艺Synthesis and Technology of Surfactants环境化学Environmental Chemistry化工企业清洁生产Chemical Enterprise Clean Production化工污染及防治Chemical Pollution and Control动量热量质量传递Momentum, Heat and Mass Transmission化工分离工程专题Separation Engineering耐蚀材料Corrosion Resisting Material网络化学与化工信息检索Internet Searching for Chemistry & Chemical Engineerin g information新型功能材料的模板组装Templated Assembly of Novel Advanced Materials胶体与界面Colloid and Interface纳米材料的胶体化学制备方法Colloid Chemical Methods for Preparing Nano-materia ls脂质体化学Chemistry of liposome表面活性剂物理化学Physico-chemistry of surfactants高分子溶液与微乳液Polymer Solutions and Microemulsions两亲分子的溶液化学Chemistry of Amphiphilic Molecules in solution介孔材料化学Mesoporous Chemistry超细颗粒化学Chemistry of ultrafine powder分散体系流变学The Rheolgy of Aqueous Dispersions量子化学Quantum Chemistry统计热力学Statistic Thermodynamics群论Group Theory分子模拟Molecular Modelling高等量子化学Advanced Quantum Chemistry价键理论方法Valence Bond Theory量子化学软件及其应用Software of Quantum Chemistry & its Application计算量子化学Computational Quantum Chemistry分子模拟软件及其应用Software of Molecular Modelling & its Application分子反应动力学Molecular Reaction Dynamic分子光谱学Molecular Spectrum算法语言Computational Languange高分子化学Polymer Chemistry高分子物理Polymer Physics腐蚀电化学Corrosion Electrochemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry结构化学structural Chemistry现代分析与测试技术(试验为主）Modern Analysis and Testing Technology（experimetally)高等无机化学Advanced Inorganic Chemistry近代无机物研究方法Modern Research Methods for Inorganic Compounds萃取化学研究方法Research Methods for Extraction Chemistry单晶培养Crystal Culture固态化学Chemistry of Solid Substance液-液体系专论Discussion on Liquid-Liquid System配位化学进展Progress in Coordination Chemistry卟啉酞箐化学Chemistry of Porphyrine and Phthalocyanine无机材料及物理性质Inorganic Materials and Their Physical Properties物理无机化学Physical Inorganic Chemistry相平衡Phase Equilibrium生物化学的应用Application of Biologic Chemistry生物无机化学Bio-Inorganic Chemistry绿色化学Green Chemistry金属有机化合物在均相催化中的应用Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with Organometallic Compounds功能性食品化学Functionalized Food Chemistry无机药物化学Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry电极过程动力学Kinetics on Electrode Process电化学研究方法Electrochemical Research Methods生物物理化学Biological Physical Chemistry波谱与现代检测技术Spectroscopy and Modern Testing Technology理论有机化学theoretical Organic Chemistry合成化学Synthesis Chemistry有机合成新方法New Methods for Organic Synthesis生物有机化学Bio-organic Chemistry药物化学Pharmaceutical Chemistry金属有机化学Organometallic Chemistry金属-碳多重键化合物及其应用Compounds with Metal-Carbon multiple bonds and T heir Applications分子构效与模拟Molecular Structure-Activity and Simulation过程装置数值计算Data Calculation of Process Devices石油化工典型设备Common Equipment of Petrochemical Industry化工流态化工程Fluidization in Chemical Industry化工装置模拟与优化Analogue and Optimization of Chemical Devices化工分离工程Separation Engineering化工系统与优化Chemical System and Optimization高等化工热力学Advanced Chemical Engineering and Thermodynamics超临界流体技术及应用Super Critical Liguid Technegues and Applications膜分离技术Membrane Separation Technegues溶剂萃取原理和应用Theory and Application of Solvent Extraction树脂吸附理论Theory of Resin Adsorption中药材化学Chemistry of Chinese Medicine生物资源有效成分分析与鉴定Analysis and Detection of Bio-materials相平衡理论与应用Theory and Application of Phase Equilibrium计算机在化学工程中的应用Application of Computer in Chemical Engineering微乳液和高分子溶液Micro-emulsion and High Molecular Solution传递过程Transmision Process反应工程分析Reaction Engineering Analysis腐蚀电化学原理与应用Principle and Application of Corrosion Electrochemistry腐蚀电化学测试方法与应用Measurement Method and Application of Corrosion Ele ctrochemistry耐蚀表面工程Surface Techniques of Anti-corrosion缓蚀剂技术Inhabitor Techniques腐蚀失效分析Analysis of Corrosion Destroy材料表面研究方法Method of Studying Material Surfacc分离与纯化技术Separation and Purification Technology现代精细有机合成Modern Fine Organic Synthesis化学工艺与设备Chemical Technology and Apparatuas功能材料概论Functional Materials Conspectus油田化学Oilfield Chemistry精细化学品研究Study of Fine Chemicals催化剂合成与应用Synthesis and Application of Catalyzer低维材料制备Preparation of Low-Dimension Materials手性药物化学Symmetrical Pharmaceutical Chemistry光敏高分子材料化学Photosensitive Polymer Materials Chemistry纳米材料制备与表征Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured material s溶胶凝胶化学Sol-gel Chemistry纳米材料化学进展Proceeding of Nano-materials Chemistry●化学常用词汇汉英对照表1●氨ammonia氨基酸amino acid铵盐ammonium salt饱和链烃saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon苯benzene变性denaturation不饱和烃unsaturated hydrocarbon超导材料superconductive material臭氧ozone醇alcohol次氯酸钾potassium hypochlorite醋酸钠sodium acetate蛋白质protein氮族元素nitrogen group element碘化钾potassium iodide碘化钠sodium iodide电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionization equilibrium电子云electron cloud淀粉starch淀粉碘化钾试纸starch potassium iodide paper 二氧化氮nitrogen dioxide二氧化硅silicon dioxide二氧化硫sulphur dioxide二氧化锰manganese dioxide芳香烃arene放热反应exothermic reaction非极性分子non-polar molecule非极性键non-polar bond肥皂soap分馏fractional distillation酚phenol复合材料composite干电池dry cell干馏dry distillation甘油glycerol高分子化合物polymer共价键covalent bond官能团functional group光化学烟雾photochemical fog过氧化氢hydrogen peroxide合成材料synthetic material合成纤维synthetic fiber合成橡胶synthetic rubber核电荷数nuclear charge number核素nuclide化学电源chemical power source化学反应速率chemical reaction rate 化学键chemical bond化学平衡chemical equilibrium还原剂reducing agent磺化反应sulfonation reaction霍尔槽Hull Cell极性分子polar molecule极性键polar bond加成反应addition reaction加聚反应addition polymerization甲烷methane碱金属alkali metal碱石灰soda lime结构式structural formula聚合反应po1ymerization可逆反应reversible reaction空气污染指数air pollution index勒夏特列原理Le Chatelier's principle 离子反应ionic reaction离子方程式ionic equation离子键ionic bond锂电池lithium cell两性氢氧化物amphoteric hydroxide 两性氧化物amphoteric oxide裂化cracking裂解pyrolysis硫氰化钾potassium thiocyanate硫酸钠sodium sulphide氯化铵ammonium chloride氯化钡barium chloride氯化钾potassium chloride氯化铝aluminium chloride氯化镁magnesium chloride氯化氢hydrogen chloride氯化铁iron (III) chloride氯水chlorine water麦芽糖maltose煤coal酶enzyme摩尔mole摩尔质量molar mass品红magenta或fuchsine葡萄糖glucose气体摩尔体积molar volume of gas铅蓄电池lead storage battery强电解质strong electrolyte氢氟酸hydrogen chloride氢氧化铝aluminium hydroxide取代反应substitution reaction醛aldehyde炔烃alkyne燃料电池fuel cell弱电解质weak electrolyte石油Petroleum水解反应hydrolysis reaction四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride塑料plastic塑料的降解plastic degradation塑料的老化plastic ageing酸碱中和滴定acid-base neutralization titration 酸雨acid rain羧酸carboxylic acid碳酸钠sodium carbonate碳酸氢铵ammonium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠sodium bicarbonate糖类carbohydrate烃hydrocarbon烃的衍生物derivative of hydrocarbon烃基hydrocarbonyl同分异构体isomer同素异形体allotrope同位素isotope同系物homo1og涂料coating烷烃alkane物质的量amount of substance物质的量浓度amount-of-substance concentration of B 烯烃alkene洗涤剂detergent纤维素cellulose相对分子质量relative molecular mass相对原子质量relative atomic mass消去反应elimination reaction硝化反应nitratlon reaction硝酸钡barium nitrate硝酸银silver nitrate溴的四氯化碳溶液solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride 溴化钠sodium bromide溴水bromine water溴水bromine water盐类的水解hydrolysis of salts盐析salting-out焰色反应flame test氧化剂oxidizing agent氧化铝aluminium oxide氧化铁iron (III) oxide乙醇ethanol乙醛ethana1乙炔ethyne乙酸ethanoic acid乙酸乙酯ethyl acetate乙烯ethene银镜反应silver mirror reaction硬脂酸stearic acid油脂oils and fats有机化合物organic compound元素周期表periodic table of elements元素周期律periodic law of elements原电池primary battery原子序数atomic number皂化反应saponification粘合剂adhesive蔗糖sucrose指示剂Indicator酯ester酯化反应esterification周期period族group（主族：main group）Bunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物flask 烧瓶apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸graduate, graduated flask 量筒,量杯reagent 试剂test tube 试管burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵crucible pot, melting pot 坩埚pipette 吸液管filter 滤管stirring rod 搅拌棒element 元素body 物体compound 化合物atom 原子gram atom 克原子atomic weight 原子量atomic number 原子数atomic mass 原子质量molecule 分子electrolyte 电解质ion 离子anion 阴离子cation 阳离子electron 电子isotope 同位素isomer 同分异物现象polymer 聚合物symbol 复合radical 基structural formula 分子式valence, valency 价monovalent 单价bivalent 二价halogen 成盐元素bond 原子的聚合mixture 混合combination 合成作用compound 合成物alloy 合金organic chemistry 有机化学inorganic chemistry 无机化学derivative 衍生物series 系列acid 酸hydrochloric acid 盐酸sulphuric acid 硫酸nitric acid 硝酸aqua fortis 王水fatty acid 脂肪酸organic acid 有机酸hydrosulphuric acid 氢硫酸hydrogen sulfide 氢化硫alkali 碱,强碱ammonia 氨base 碱hydrate 水合物hydroxide 氢氧化物,羟化物hydracid 氢酸hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物,羟anhydride 酐alkaloid 生物碱aldehyde 醛oxide 氧化物phosphate 磷酸盐acetate 醋酸盐methane 甲烷,沼气butane 丁烷salt 盐potassium carbonate 碳酸钾soda 苏打sodium carbonate 碳酸钠caustic potash 苛性钾caustic soda 苛性钠ester 酯gel 凝胶体analysis 分解fractionation 分馏endothermic reaction 吸热反应exothermic reaction 放热反应precipitation 沉淀to precipitate 沉淀to distil, to distill 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏to calcine 煅烧to oxidize 氧化alkalinization 碱化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to neutralize 中和to hydrogenate 氢化to hydrate 水合,水化to dehydrate 脱水fermentation 发酵solution 溶解combustion 燃烧fusion, melting 熔解alkalinity 碱性isomerism, isomery 同分异物现象hydrolysis 水解electrolysis 电解electrode 电极anode 阳极,正极cathode 阴极,负极catalyst 催化剂catalysis 催化作用oxidization, oxidation 氧化reducer 还原剂dissolution 分解synthesis 合成reversible 可逆的1. The Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程2. Partial Pressures 分压3. Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Behavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离4. The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程5. System and Surroundings 系统与环境6. State and State Functions 状态与状态函数7. Process 过程8. Phase 相9. The First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律10. Heat and Work 热与功11. Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 吸热与发热过程12. Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热13. Hess’s Law 盖斯定律14. Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓15. Reaction Rates 反应速率16. Reaction Order 反应级数17. Rate Constants 速率常数18. Activation Energy 活化能19. The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程20. Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理21. Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂22. Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂23. Enzymes 酶24. The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数25. the Direction of Reaction 反应方向26. Le Chatelier’s Principle 列·沙特列原理27. Effects of Volume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalystsi. 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响28. Spontaneous Processes 自发过程29. Entropy (Standard Entropy) 熵（标准熵）30. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律31. Entropy Changes 熵变32. Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变33. Acid-Bases 酸碱34. The Dissociation of Water 水离解35. The Proton in Water 水合质子36. The pH Scales pH值37. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱38. Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应39. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对40. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度41. Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱42. Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解43. Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液44. The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应45. Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量46. Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成47. Solubility 溶解度48. The Solubility-Product Constant Ksp 溶度积常数49. Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离50. Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀51. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应52. Oxidation Number 氧化数53. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 氧化还原反应方程的配平54. Half-Reaction 半反应55. Galvani Cell 原电池56. Voltaic Cell 伏特电池57. Cell EMF 电池电动势58. Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势59. Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂60. The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程61. Electrolysis 电解62. The Wave Behavior of Electrons 电子的波动性63. Bohr’s Model of The Hydrogen Atom 氢原子的波尔模型64. Line Spectra 线光谱65. Quantum Numbers 量子数66. Electron Spin 电子自旋67. Atomic Orbital 原子轨道68. The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道69. Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子70. Energies of Orbital 轨道能量71. The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理72. Electron Configurations 电子构型73. The Periodic Table 周期表74. Row 行75. Group 族76. Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数77. Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律78. Radius of Atoms 原子半径79. Ionization Energy 电离能80. Electronegativity 电负性81. Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷82. Electron Affinities 亲电性83. Metals 金属84. Nonmetals 非金属85. Valence Bond Theory 价键理论86. Covalence Bond 共价键87. Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠88. Multiple Bonds 重键89. Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道90. The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论91. Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型92. Molecular Orbital 分子轨道93. Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子94. Bond Length 键长95. Bond Order 键级96. Bond Angles 键角97. Bond Enthalpies 键能98. Bond Polarity 键矩99. Dipole Moments 偶极矩100. Polarity Molecules 极性分子101. Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子102. Crystal Structure 晶体结构103. Non-Crystal 非晶体104. Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积105. Metallic Solids 金属晶体106. Metallic Bond 金属键107. Alloys 合金108. Ionic Solids 离子晶体109. Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力110. Molecular Forces 分子间力111. Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力112. Hydrogen Bonding 氢键113. Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体114. Compounds 化合物115. The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构116. Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型117. Chelates 螯合物118. Isomerism 异构现象119. Structural Isomerism 结构异构120. Stereoisomerism 立体异构121. Magnetism 磁性122. Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布123. Tetrahedral and Square-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物124. General Characteristics 共性125. s-Block Elements s区元素126. Alkali Metals 碱金属127. Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属128. Hydrides 氢化物129. Oxides 氧化物130. Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物131. Hydroxides 氢氧化物132. Salts 盐133. p-Block Elements p区元素134. Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）135. Borane 硼烷136. Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）137. Graphite, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳138. Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物139. Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon 硅的存在和制备140. Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐141. Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）142. Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Phosphoric Acid 氨，硝酸，磷酸143. Phosphorates, phosphorus Halides 磷酸盐，卤化磷144. Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）145. Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide 臭氧，过氧化氢146. Sulfides 硫化物147. Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）148. Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物149. The Noble Gases 稀有气体150. Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物151. d-Block elements d区元素152. Transition Metals 过渡金属153. Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾154. Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾155. Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞156. f-Block Elements f区元素157. Lanthanides 镧系元素158. Radioactivity 放射性159. Nuclear Chemistry 核化学160. Nuclear Fission 核裂变161. Nuclear Fusion 核聚变162. analytical chemistry 分析化学163. qualitative analysis 定性分析164. quantitative analysis 定量分析165. chemical analysis 化学分析166. instrumental analysis 仪器分析167. titrimetry 滴定分析168. gravimetric analysis 重量分析法169. regent 试剂170. chromatographic analysis 色谱分析171. product 产物172. electrochemical analysis 电化学分析173. on-line analysis 在线分析174. macro analysis 常量分析175. characteristic 表征176. micro analysis 微量分析177. deformation analysis 形态分析178. semimicro analysis 半微量分析179. systematical error 系统误差180. routine analysis 常规分析181. random error 偶然误差182. arbitration analysis 仲裁分析183. gross error 过失误差184. normal distribution 正态分布185. accuracy 准确度186. deviation偏差187. precision 精密度188. relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差（RSD）189. coefficient variation 变异系数（CV）190. confidence level 置信水平191. confidence interval 置信区间192. significant test 显著性检验193. significant figure 有效数字194. standard solution 标准溶液195. titration 滴定196. stoichiometric point 化学计量点197. end point滴定终点198. titration error 滴定误差199. primary standard 基准物质200. amount of substance 物质的量201. standardization 标定202. chemical reaction 化学反应203. concentration浓度204. chemical equilibrium 化学平衡205. titer 滴定度206. general equation for a chemical reaction化学反应的通式207. proton theory of acid-base 酸碱质子理论208. acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法209. dissociation constant 解离常数210. conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对211. acetic acid 乙酸212. hydronium ion水合氢离子213. electrolyte 电解质214. ion-product constant of water 水的离子积215. ionization 电离216. proton condition 质子平衡217. zero level零水准218. buffer solution缓冲溶液219. methyl orange 甲基橙220. acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂221. phenolphthalein 酚酞222. coordination compound 配位化合物223. center ion 中心离子224. cumulative stability constant 累积稳定常数225. alpha coefficient 酸效应系数226. overall stability constant 总稳定常数227. ligand 配位体228. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸229. side reaction coefficient 副反应系数230. coordination atom 配位原子231. coordination number 配位数232. lone pair electron 孤对电子233. chelate compound 螯合物234. metal indicator 金属指示剂235. chelating agent 螯合剂236. masking 掩蔽237. demasking 解蔽238. electron 电子239. catalysis 催化240. oxidation氧化241. catalyst 催化剂242. reduction 还原243. catalytic reaction 催化反应244. reaction rate 反应速率245. electrode potential 电极电势246. activation energy 反应的活化能247. redox couple 氧化还原电对248. potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾249. iodimetry碘量法250. potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾251. cerimetry 铈量法252. redox indicator 氧化还原指示253. oxygen consuming 耗氧量（OC）254. chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD) 255. dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO) 256. precipitation 沉淀反应257. argentimetry 银量法258. heterogeneous equilibrium of ions 多相离子平衡259. aging 陈化260. postprecipitation 继沉淀261. coprecipitation 共沉淀262. ignition 灼烧263. fitration 过滤264. decantation 倾泻法265. chemical factor 化学因数266. spectrophotometry 分光光度法267. colorimetry 比色分析268. transmittance 透光率269. absorptivity 吸光率270. calibration curve 校正曲线271. standard curve 标准曲线272. monochromator 单色器273. source 光源274. wavelength dispersion 色散275. absorption cell吸收池276. detector 检测系统277. bathochromic shift 红移278. Molar absorptivity 摩尔吸光系数279. hypochromic shift 紫移280. acetylene 乙炔281. ethylene 乙烯282. acetylating agent 乙酰化剂283. acetic acid 乙酸284. adiethyl ether 乙醚285. ethyl alcohol 乙醇286. acetaldehtde 乙醛287. β-dicarbontl compound β–二羰基化合物288. bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应289. bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应290. open chain compound 开链族化合物291. molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论292. chiral molecule 手性分子293. tautomerism 互变异构现象294. reaction mechanism 反应历程295. chemical shift 化学位移296. Walden inversio 瓦尔登反转n297. Enantiomorph 对映体298. addition rea ction 加成反应299. dextro- 右旋300. levo- 左旋301. stereochemistry 立体化学302. stereo isomer 立体异构体303. Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂304. covalent bond 共价键305. conjugated diene 共轭二烯烃306. conjugated double bond 共轭双键307. conjugated system 共轭体系308. conjugated effect 共轭效应309. isomer 同分异构体310. isomerism 同分异构现象311. organic chemistry 有机化学312. hybridization 杂化313. hybrid orbital 杂化轨道314. heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物315. peroxide effect 过氧化物效应t316. valence bond theory 价键理论317. sequence rule 次序规则318. electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基319. Huckel rule 休克尔规则320. Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验321. infrared spectrum 红外光谱322. Michael reacton 麦克尔反应323. halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃324. haloform reaction 卤仿反应325. systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法e326. Newman projection 纽曼投影式327. aromatic compound 芳香族化合物328. aromatic character 芳香性r329. Claisen condensation reaction克莱森酯缩合反应330. Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排331. Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应332. Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原333. Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应334. positional isomers 位置异构体335. unimolecular elimination reaction 单分子消除反应336. unimolecular nucleophilic substitution 单分子亲核取代反应337. benzene 苯338. functional grou 官能团p339. configuration 构型340. conformation 构象341. confomational isome 构象异构体342. electrophilic addition 亲电加成343. electrophilic reagent 亲电试剂344. nucleophilic addition 亲核加成345. nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂346. nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应347. active intermediate 活性中间体348. Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则349. cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构350. inductive effect 诱导效应t351. Fehling’s reagent 费林试剂352. phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用353. aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物354. elimination reaction 消除反应355. Grignard reagent 格利雅试剂356. nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振357. alkene 烯烃358. allyl cation 烯丙基正离子359. leaving group 离去基团360. optical activity 旋光性361. boat confomation 船型构象362. silver mirror reaction 银镜反应363. Fischer projection 菲舍尔投影式364. Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式365. Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应366. Ketone 酮367. carboxylic acid 羧酸368. carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物369. hydroboration 硼氢化反应370. bond oength 键长371. bond energy 键能372. bond angle 键角373. carbohydrate 碳水化合物374. carbocation 碳正离子375. carbanion 碳负离子376. alcohol 醇377. Gofmann rule 霍夫曼规则378. Aldehyde 醛379. Ether 醚380. Polymer 聚合物。

生物和环境1. 神经的凋亡Apoptosisi of Neuron2. 肌动蛋白myosin的构象及作用机制The Structure and Function of Myosin3. 钇激光器的发射特性Yb Llaser Radiation Character4. 胰酶分泌素的分泌机制The Secreting Mechanism of Cholecystokinin5. 钙离子在信号传导中的作用The Function of Calcium in Signal Transduction6. 1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶的进化过程The Evolution of Rubisco7. 质谱技术在生物学中的应用Application of Mass Spectrometry in Biology8. PHB的微生物合成The Synthesis of PHB in Bacteria9. HIV-1 的研究Research on HIV-110.STA T信号通路在人体免疫系统的作用The Function of STA T s (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription)Involving the Human Immunological System11.水处理中的反渗透膜Reverse Osmosis in Water Treatment12.水体富营养化研究Research on Water Eutrophication13.饮用水处理和生产Drinking Water Treatment and Production14.废水中重金属的去除Removal of Heavy Metal in Waste Water15.膜分离技术在废水处理中的应用Membrane T echnology in the Use of Waste Water Treatment16.废塑料的生物降解Biodegradation of Wasted Plastics17.有机化合物的生物降解能力的确定方法The Method for the Determination of the Biodegradability of Organic Compounds 18.TiO2光催化氧化技术在环境工程中应用Application of Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis in Environmental Engineering 19.包装材料的回收利用Reuse (Recycle) of Packaging Materials20.水处理中氮的去除The Removal of Nitrogen in Water-treatment21.污水的生物处理Biological Treatment of Waste Water22.催化还原法去除废气中的氮氧化物(NOx)The Catalytic Processes to Reduce Nitrogen Oxide in Waste Gases23.大气质量模型Atmosphere Environmental Quality Model24.挥发性有机物的测量The Measurement of the V olatile Organic Chemicals25.UASB在废水处理中的应用Application of UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) Reactor for the Treatment of Waste Water26.纺织工业废水中染料的去除The Removal of the Dyes from Waste Water of T extile Industry27.复合PCR技术在基因重组中的应用Multiplex PCR in Genetic Rearrangement28.含多环芳香烃废水对环境的污染The Pollution of Waste Water Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons29.高效生物反应器的发展Development of High Performance Biotreator30.应用高效液相色谱纯化生物分子Purification of Biomolecules by HPLC (High-performance Liquid Chromatography) 31.蓝藻中的膜脂成分分析Analysis of Membrane Lipids in Cyanobacteria32.b-amyloid 在老年痴呆症中对神经的作用Function of b-amyloid on Neuron in Alzheimer's Disease33.小鼠胚胎干细胞的培养Cultivation of Embryonic Stem Cells in Mice34.基质金属蛋白酶的抑制Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)35.生物医用亲合吸附剂的研究进展Progress in biomedical affinity adsorbent36.面向环境的土壤磷素测定与表征方法研究进展Review on environmental oriented soil phosphorus testing procedure andinterpreting method37.海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展Review on effects of mariculture on coastal environment38.造纸清洁生产的研究进展Recent studies on cleaning production in paper industry39.深度氧化技术处理有机废水的研究进展Progress on treatment of organic wastewater by advances oxidation processes 40.折流式厌氧反应器（ABR）的研究进展Research advances in anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR)41.膜生物反应器中膜污染研究进展Study progress on the fouling of membrane in membrane bioreactor42.用于水和废水处理的混凝剂和絮凝剂的研究进展Progress on development and application of coagulants and flocculent in water and wastewater treatment43.二氢异香豆素类天然物的研究进展Development of studies on 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins in nature44.天然二萜酚类化合物研究进展Recent advances in the research on natural phenolic diterpenoids45.大气污染化学研究进展Progress in atmospheric chemistry of air pollution46.砷形态分析方法研究进展Development of methods for arsenic speciation47.复合污染的研究进展Advance in the study on compounded pollutions48.生物处理含氯代脂肪烃废水的研究进展Progress in research on the biological treatment of wastewater containingchlorinated aliphatics49.重金属生物吸附剂的应用研究现状Application conditions of heavy metal biosorbent50.两液相培养中有机溶剂对细胞毒性的研究进展Advances in studies on effects of toxicity of organic solvents on cells化学和化工1. 纳米材料的进展及其在塑料中的应用rogress and application of nano-materials in plastics2. 聚硅氯化铝（PASC）混凝剂的混凝特性The Coagulation Property of Polyaluminum Silicate Chlorate (PASC)3. 碳纳米管的制备与研究Preparations and studies of carbon nanotubes4. 纳米材料的制备及其发展动态Synthesis and development of nanosized materials5. 铁（III）核苷酸配位化合物与转铁蛋白的相互作用The interaction between ferric nucleotide coordination compounds and transferrin 6. 原位时间分辨拉曼光谱研究电化学氧化还原和吸附过程In-situ time resolved Raman spectroscopic studied on electrochemical oxidation-reduction and adsorption7. 苯胺电化学聚合机理的研究Study on the mechanism of electrochemical polymerization of aniline8. 沸石新材料研究进展Evolution of novel zeolite materials9. 聚合物共混相容性研究进展Research progress in compatibility of polymer blends10.聚酰亚胺LB膜研究进展Recent advances in polymide langmuir-blodgett films11.聚胺酯液晶研究进展The advances in LC-polyurethanes12.热塑性IPN研究进展及相结构理论Advances in thermoplastic IPN and morphological studies13.酞菁类聚合物功能材料研究进展Progresses in functional materials of phthalocyanine polymers14.有机硒化学研究进展Study progress in organoselenium chemisty15.杯芳烃研究进展Research progress in calixarene chemistry16.木素生物降解的研究进展Research progresses on lignin biodegradation17.甲烷直接催化转化制取芳烃的研究进展Progress research on direct catalytic conversion of methane to aromatics 18.铝基复合材料连接研究进展Advance in joining aluminum metal matrix composites19.现代天然香料提取技术的研究进展New development of the extraction from natural fragrance and flavour20.电泳涂料的研究进展Progress of study on electrodeposition coatings21.防静电涂料研究进展Research progress in antistatic coatings22.壳聚糖开发与应用研究进展Progress in research on the application and production of chitosan23.塑料薄膜防雾化技术的研究进展Research progress of anti-fogging technologies for plastics films24.膜反应器在催化反应中的研究进展Progress in study of films reactors for catalytical reactions25.表面活性剂对结晶过程影响的研究进展The development of studies on the influence of surfactants on crystallization 26.液晶复合分离膜及其研究进展Advances in liquid crystal composite membrane for separation27.高倍吸水树脂研究进展Recent progress in super adsorbent resin28.聚合物光折变的研究进展Progress of the study on photorefractivity in polymers29.微生物聚酯的合成和应用研究进展Progress on the biosynthesis and application of microbial polyesters30.可降解塑料的研究进展Progress in study on degradable plastics31.金属氢研究进展Progress on metallic hydrogen research32.软磁性材料的最新进展Recent advances in hard and soft magnetic materials33.光敏聚酰亚胺的研究进展Development of studies on photosensitive polyimides34.高分子卟啉及其金属配合物的研究进展Advances in polymers of porphyrins and their complexes35.水性聚胺酯研究进展Recent development of waterborne polyurethanes36.C60的研究进展及其在含能材料方面的应用前景Application prospect of C60 in energetic materials37.滤膜溶解富集方法研究进展Progress in investigation of concentration by means of soluble-membrane filter 38.人工晶体研究进展及应用前景The research progress and application prospects of synthetic crystals39.钛硅催化材料的研究进展Development of titanium silicon catalytic materials40.环烯烃聚合物的合成和应用研究进展Progress of polymerization and copolymerization with ethylene of cyclooelfines 41.多孔炭的纳米结构及其解析Nanostructure and analysis of porous carbons42.羰化法合成a-芳基丙酸研究进展Progress in preparation of a-arylpropionic acids through catalytic carbonation 44.组织工程相关生物材料表面工程的研究进展Advances in research on surface engineering of biomaterials for tissueengineering45.表面波在表面活性剂流变学研究中的应用Surface rheological properties of surfactant studied by surface wave technique 46.水溶性高分子聚集行为荧光非辐射能量转移研究进展Development of Fluorescence Nonradiative Energy Transfer in the Research for Aggregation of Water-Soluble Polymers47.两相催化体系中长链烯烃氢甲酰化反应研究进展Advance in the Hydroformylation of Higher Olefin in Two-Phase Catalystic System 48.聚合物膜燃料电池用电催化剂研究进展Progress in the Study of Electrocatalyst for PEMFC49.纳米器件制备的新方法--微接触印刷术New nano-fabrication Method-Microcontact Printing50.智能型水凝胶结构及响应机理的研究进展Recent Development of the Research on the Structure Effects and ResponsiveMechanism of Intelligent Hydrogels51.甲醇蒸馏distillation of methanol电类1. Amplifiers 放大器2. Asynchronous transfer mode(A TM) 异步传输模式3. Aritificial reality 虚拟现实4. Bayesian classification 贝叶斯分类器5. Biped robot 两足机器人6. Cable modem 有线调制解调器7. CDMA mobile communication system 码分多址移动通信系统8. Chaotic neural network 混沌神经网络9. Code optimization 代码优化10. Communication switching 通信交换11. Computer aided design 计算机辅助设计12. Compiler optimisation techniques 编译优化技术13. Computer game design 计算机游戏设计14. Computer graphics 计算机图形学15. Computer network 计算机网络16. Computer simulation 计算机仿真17. Computer vision 计算机视觉18. Continuous speech recognition 连续语音识别19. Corner Detect Operator 边角检测算子20. Database application 数据库应用21. Design of operation system 操作系统设计22. Digital filter 数字滤波器23. Digital image processing 数字图像处理24. Digital integrated circuits 数字集成电路25. Digital satellite communication system 数字卫星通信系统26. Digital signal processing 数字信号处理27. Digital television technology 数字电视技术28. Discrete system simulator programming 离散系统仿真编程29. Distributed interactive learning environment 分布式交互性学习环境30. EDA 数字系统设计自动化31. Electrical vehicles 电动交通工具32. Electricity control system 电力控制系统33. Electromagenetic wave radiation 电磁波辐射34. Face recognition 人脸识别35. Family Automation 家庭自动化36. Fibre bragg gratings 光纤布拉格光栅37. FIR digital filters 有限冲击响应数字滤波器38. Firewall technology 防火墙技术39. Fuzzy control 模糊控制40. Genetic algorithm 遗传算法41. HDTV 高清晰度电视42. High capacity floppy disk 高密度软盘43. High quality speech communication 高质量语音通信44. Image compression 图像压缩45. Image processing and recognition 图像处理和识别46. Image registration 图像配准47. Information retrieval 信息检索48. Intelligent robot 智能机器人49. Intelligent transportation 智能交通50. Internet protocol 因特网协议51. ISDN 综合业务数字网52. Knowledge discovery and data mining 知识发现和数据挖掘53. LAN, MAN and W AN 局域网，城域网和广域网54. Large scale integrated circuits 大规模集成电路55. Laser diode 激光二极管56. Laser measurement 激光测量57. Liner programming 线性规划58. Liner system stability analysis 线性系统稳定性分析59. Local area network security 局域网安全60. Magnetic material and devices 磁介质与设备61. Mass storage systems 海量存储技术62. Microwave devices 微波器件63. Mobile communication systems 移动通信系统64. MOS circuits MOS电路65. Motion control of robot 机器人运动控制66. Multimedia network 多媒体网络67. Network computing and knowledge acquisition 网络计算和知识获取68. Network routing protocol test 网络路由协议测试69. Neural network 神经网络70. Non-linear control 非线性控制71. Optical communication 光通信72. Optical fiber amplifiers 光纤放大器73. Optical hologram storage 光全息存储74. Optical modification 光调制75. Optical sensors 光传感器76. Optical switches 光开关77. Optical waveguides 光波导78. Packet switching technology in networks 网络中的分组交换技术79. Parallel algorithms 并行算法80. Pattern recognition 模式识别81. Photoelectric devices 光电子器件82. Process identificaion 过程辨识83. Programmable DSP chips 可编程数字信号处理芯片84. Programmable logic device 可编程逻辑器件85. Radar antennas 雷达天线86. Radar theory and systems 雷达理论和系统87. RISC architecture 简单指令处理器结构88. Satellite broadcasting 卫星广播89. Self calibration of camera 摄像机自适应校准90. Semiconductor laser 半导体激光器91. Semiconductor quantum well superlattices 半导体量子阱超晶格92. Signal detection and analysis 信号检测和分析93. Signal processing 信号处理94. Software engineering 软件工程95. Solid lasers 固体激光器96. Sound synthesiser 声音合成器97. Speech processing 语音处理98. System architecture design 系统结构设计99. Telecommunication receiving equipment 通信接收设备100. Theory of remote sensing by radar 雷达遥感理论101. Time division multiple access 时分多路访问102. Unix operating system Unix操作系统103. Video encoding and decoding 视频编解码104. Video telecommunication system 视频通信系统105. Wavelength division multiplexing 波分复用106. Wavelet transform 小波变换机械、自动化、物理、力学1. 无电压力传感器Nonelectric Pressure Sensors2. 金属腐蚀Metal Corrosion3. 印刷电路板的设计与制造The Design and Manufactory of Printed Circuit Board4. 分布式操作系统Distributed Operating Systems5. 金属材料的微结构和纳米结构Micro and Nanostructures of metal materials6. 宇宙背景辐射Backgroud Cosmic Radiations7. 非线性规划中的库恩－塔克条件kuhn-Tucker condition in Non-liner Programming8. 气体激光器Gas Laser9. 能量的来源及转化Energy resources and conversion10. 微纳米摩擦学Micro/nano-tribology11. 噪声控制Noise Control12. 空间观测技术Astronomical observation techniques13. 原子钟Atomic Clocks14. 半导体的磁性研究Research for Magnetic of Semiconductors15. 光学图形处理Optical Image Processing16. 液体/气体激光器加工Liquid/Gas Laser Machining17. 太阳能应用Solar Energy Application18. 流动系统中的混沌现象Chaos in Flowing Systems19. 半导体材料及仪器Semiconductor material and devices20. 电场测量研究Electric Field Measurement21. 系统及控制理论Systems and Control Theory22. 机械参量的测试Mechanical variables Measurement23. 光纤Optical Fibres24. 机动目标跟踪Tracking of Maneuvering T argets25. 航天技术Aerospace T echnology26. 导弹跟踪控制系统Missile Tracking System27. 液晶显示器件Liquid Crystal Displays28. CMOS 门电路CMOS Gate Circuits29. 图象采样与处理Image Sampling and Processing30. 光逻辑器件Optical Logic Device31. 信号发生器Signal Generator32. 蛋白质晶体测量Measurement of Protein Crystal Growth33. 有线电视Cables T elevision34. 震动与控制系统Vibration and Control System35. 高压输电系统的安全性研究Stability of High-voltage Power TransmissionSystem36. 电荷Electric Charge37. 电子显微镜及电子光学应用Electron Microscopes an Optics Applications38. 辐射的影响The Effect of Radiation39. 电化学传感器测试装置Electronchemical Sensors T esting Equipment40. 爱因斯坦－麦克斯韦场Einstein-Maxwell Fields41. 柔性角度传感器在生物力学中的应用Biomechanical Application of Flesible Angular Sensor42. 压电材料及应用装置Piezoelectric Materials and Devices43. 超导材料及其应用Superconducting Materials and The Applications of Them44. 光学干涉Optical Interferometry45. 表面测量Surface Measurement46. 等离子体中的电磁波Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma47. 半导体激光器Semiconductor lasers48. 数字人脸辨识Digital Face Recognition49. 光波导Optical Waveguides Theory50. 机械波检测技术Mechanical Waves T esting technology51. 激光调制技术Laser beam Modulation T echnology52. 只读内存Read-only Memory53. 光学显微镜Optical Microscopy54. 光纤位移测量传感器F－O displacement sensors55. 激光扫描Laser Scanners56. 量子论与量子场论Quantum Theory and Quantum Field Theory57. 流体机械Fluid Mechanics58. 地球引力Earth Gravity59. 自动控制系统Automatic Control System60. 静电线性加速器Electrostatic and Linear Accelerators61. 专家系统与网络接口Expert Systems and Network Interface62. 计算机辅助制造Computer aided Manufacture63. 全息存储Holography Storage64. 核能在中国的前景The Future of Nuclear Energy in China65. 机器人运动学和动力学分析The Kinematics an Dynamics of Robots66. 合成材料制品Composite Materials Preparations67. 光的吸收Light Absorption68. 自适应控制系统Self-adjusting Control Systems69. 通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems70. 数字信号处理芯片Digital Signal Processing Chips71. 虚拟制造Virtual Manufacturing72. 雷达遥感Remote Sensing by Radar73. 晶格理论与点阵统计学Lattice Theory and Statistics74. 面向对象程序设计Object-Oriented Program Development75. 单片机应用及其外围设备The Applications of SCP and Outer Equipment76. 生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering77. 彩色电视设备Color T elevision78. 陶瓷－金属复合材料Ceramics-metallisation Composite Metallisation79. 电子信号的检测与处理Electronic Signal Detection and Processing80. X射线望远镜X- ray T elescope81. 基于网络的分时控制系统Time-varying Control System Based on Network82. 收音机信号传输Radio Broadcasting83. 单壁炭纳米管合成Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis84. 无损检测Nondestructive T esting85. 汽车工业Automobile Industry86. 半导体材料与身体健康Semiconductor Materials and Health Physics87. 热辐射Heat Radiation88. 网络拓扑学Network T opology89. 微波的应用The Application of Microwave90. 局域网的设计The Design of Local Area Networks91. 金属元素表面结构Surface Structure of Metallic Elements92. 多媒体系统网络集成Network Synthesis of Multimedia Systems93. 铁氧体微波吸收材料Ferrite Microwave Absorbing Materials94. 炭纤维增强塑料复合材料Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composite95. 超导材料Superconducting Materials96. 远程定位水质控制Remote and On-site System for Water Quality Control97. 太阳能电力系统Solar Energy Power System98. 卫星接收系统Satellite Broadcasting and Relay System99. 时空对称性与守恒定律Symmetry of Space-time and Conservation Laws 100.邮件系统的体系及应用Application and Schemas for Mailbox System。

作者简介:刘剑,女,1972年生,硕士研究生。

1996～2001年就职于中国兵器工业第二一三研究所,担任国家“九五”重点预研项目“激光引爆控制技术”主要完成人之一,及该项目“十五”预研立项人,并获得所级“科技进步三等奖”。

此外还担任数个军品项目研制工作的课题负责人。

2001年在理学院应用化学系功能材料专业深造,现在主要从事生物医学材料的表面改性研究。

曹瑞军,博士,硕士导师。

开发应用表面活性剂在纳米粉体制备中的应用刘　剑　曹瑞军　郗英欣(西安交通大学理学院应用化学系,西安710049)摘　要　本文论述了表面活性剂在Al 2O 3纳米粉体制备、改性等方面的应用,并简要介绍表面活性剂在纳米粉体修饰中的作用。

关键词　表面活性剂,纳米微粒,Al 2O 3纳米粉体,表面修饰Application of surfactants in preparation of nano 2particlesLiou Jian Cao Ruijun Xi Y ingxin(School of Science ,Xi ’an Jiaotong University ,Xi ’an 710049)Abstract The functions of surfactants during the preparation ,modification and storage of nano 2particle Al 2O 3werediscussed in this paper ,and application of surfactant in nano 2particles surface modification were brief described.K ey w ords surfactant ,nano 2particles ,nano -particles Al 2O 3,surface modification 纳米材料和技术是纳米科技领域富有活力、研究内涵十分丰富的分支学科。

原油集输处理雷江辉：生物热洗+微生物降解技术处理含油污泥的室内实验研究油气田地面工程technology of oily sludge engineering[J]．Petrochemical Ap-plication，2018（1）：29-32.[5]吴波，隋肃，杨中喜，等．油田污泥固化机理研究[J]．国外建材科技，2004，25（4）：118-120.WU Bo，SUI Su，YANG Zhongxi ，et al．Study on solidi-fication mechanism of oilfield sludge[J]．Foreign Building Materials Technology，2004，25（4）：118-120.[6]李一川，王栋，王宇，等．热化学清洗法洗涤油泥-回收石油的工艺条件研究[J]．环境污染与防治，2008，30（3）：39-42.LI Yichuan，WANG Dong，WANG Yu，et al．Study on process conditions of washing sludge by thermochemical cleaning and recovering petroleum[J]．Environmental Pollu-tion and Prevention，2008，30（3）：39-42.[7]刘伟杰，尤琰婷，赵若菲，等．生物表面活性剂生产及应用的研究进展[J]．江苏农业科学，2018，46（24）：15-19.LIU Weijie，YOU Yanting，ZHAO Ruofei，et al．Re-search progress in the production and application of biosur-factants[J]．Jiangsu Agricultural Science，2018，46（24）：15-19.[8]刘江红，陈逸桐，贾云鹏，等．生物表面活性剂应用研究进展[J]．化学通报，2013，76（7）：590-593.LIU Jianghong，CHEN Yitong，JIA Yunpeng，et al．Prog-ress in the application of biosurfactants[J]．Chemical Bulle-tin，2013，76（7）：590-593.[9]朱王步瑤．表面活性剂复配规律[J]．日用化学工业，1988，13（4）：37-43.ZHU Buyao．Surfactant compounding law[J]．Daily Chemi-cal Industry，1988，13（4）：37-43.[10]谭晶，曹绪龙，李英，等．油/水界面表面活性剂的复配协同机制[J]．高等学校化学学报，2009，30（5）：945-953.TAN Jing，CAO Xulong，LI Ying，et al．Compound co-ordination mechanism of oil/water interface surfactant[J]．Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities，2009，30（5）：945-953.[11]李琦，黄延林，宋进喜．生物表面活性剂对疏水性有机物的增溶特性[J]．化学工程，2011，39（9）：1-5.LI Qi，HUANG Yanlin，SONG Jinxi．Solubilization properties of biosurfactants on hydrophobic organic com-pounds[J]．Chemical Engineering，2011，39（9）：1-5.[12]欧阳科，张甲耀，戚琪，等．生物表面活性剂和化学表面活性剂对多环芳烃蒽的生物降解作用研究[J]．农业环境科学学报，2004，23（4）：806-809.OUYang Ke，ZHANG Jiayao，QI qi，et al．Research on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bio-surfactants and chemical surfactants[J]．Journal of Agricul-tural Environmental Science，2004，23（4）：806-809.[13]周雅文，刘静伟，赵莉，等．表面活性剂的性能与应用——表面活性剂的增溶作用及其应用Ⅸ[J]．日用化学工业，2014，44（9）：486-493.ZHOU Yawen，LIU Jingwei，ZHAO Li，et al．Properties and applications of surfactants ——solubilization of surfac-tants and their applications IX[J]．Daily Chemical Indus-try，2014，44（9）：486-493.作者简介雷江辉：工程师，2007年毕业于中国石油大学（华东）石油工程专业，从事油气田地面工艺研究管理工作，135********，ljh666@，新疆克拉玛依友谊路36号，834000。

Formulation Problem Solving with Dynamic Surface Tension MeasurementThe process of applying a fluid onto a substrate is a dynamic one whenever active surfactants are used, causing surface tension to vary as the speed of the application varies. Surfactants are used to reduce surface tension in water- and solventborne formulations. Waterborne coatings, inks, and similar formulations require alcohols and surfactants to lower their surface tension to acceptable levels, usually below the surface energy of what is being coated.Surfactants used in fluid formulations tend to be surface active, and diffusion rates can vary significantly, depending on molecular weight and structure. It can take from several seconds to several minutes for surfactant molecules in the bulk solution to diffuse to an interface where they can lower the surface tension to its lowest level of “static” (or “equilibrium”) surface tension. Because of this surfactant migration time factor, the most important parameter in designing and measuring formulations is dynamic surface tension rather than equilibrium surface tension, since dynamic surface tension directly impacts the quality of spreading and adhesion. Formulators who know the principles of dynamic surface tension, and have suitable instruments to make dynamic measurements, can solve formulation problems and optimize their system coating operations.Figure 1 / Waterborne Formulations with Active SurfactantsDynamic Surface Tension and Surface AgeFluid surface tension is the intermolecular force of attraction between adjacent molecules. Surface tension dictates whether an ink, coating, or adhesive will wet and spread over, or retract from, a solid surface. It is expressed as force per unit of width: dynes/cm. At the instant an ink or coating is deposited on the surface of a substrate, the concentration of surface active molecules at the interface will be thesame as in the bulk solution, equal to the surface tension of the pure solvent. The molecules then begin to diffuse to, and adsorb at, the newly created fluid/air interface and the fluid/substrate interface. The concentration and the activity of the surfactant determines by how much the surface tension is reduced, but the speed at which the diffusion takes place influences how fast wetting will occur.Surface age is the amount of time a coating process allows the surfactant molecules in solution to migrate to any newly formed interface. Examples are a printing press roller picking up ink and depositing it on a substrate, or an atomized droplet from a paint gun. As surface age gets shorter, fewer molecules can migrate to the interface, resulting in higher dynamic surface tensions. Whether it is a droplet from a spray gun or in bulk from a brush stroke, when a coating is spread onto a surface, several interfaces come into play, both before and after the coating is applied. Initially, an air/fluid interface forms, to which the surfactant molecules from within the bulk solution will migrate. Upon coating of the surface, the fluid will form two interfaces: a solid/fluid interface on the substrate surface and an air/fluid interface on the fluid surface exposed to the air. At both of these surfaces, surfactant molecules are required to promote wetting, spreading, and adhesion (at the solid/fluid interface), and knitting and smoothing of the liquid surface (at the air/fluid interface).Dynamic surface tension curves, using as little as three measurement points, provide dynamic comparisons of different formulations or different production batches. Figure 1 compares the curves of six formulation samples. In this specific example, #5 has a lower surface tension toward the equilibrium end of the curve than #4. Classical equilibrium surface tensiometers can provide this relationship. However, they can not show that #4 rises slower than #5 as surface age decreases, as they both transition into the dynamic zone. This suggests that #4 has increasingly better dynamic characteristics. Classical surface tension methods such as the DuNoüy Ring and Wilhelmy Plate can measure only equilibrium (static) values because they measure only the top fluid surface, and that surface has invariably had sufficient time to reach surfactant equilibrium.Figure 2 / The PC500-LV with DispenserMaximum Differential Bubble Pressure MethodThe maximum bubble pressure method is ideal for determining dynamic characteristics of formulations since the method allows users to control the rate of bubble formation and, therefore, surface age. SensaDyne tensiometers use a patented maximum differential bubble pressure method. Two probes with different orifice sizes bubble within a test fluid at surface age rates set by the user, independent of immersion depth, and immune to surface contaminants or surface foam. Pressure differential between the bubbles is directly proportional to fluid surface tension. Patented software peak detection allows both laboratory and in-process monitoring with precise real-time surface age determination, ranging from a few milliseconds to several minutes. Many common surfactant solutions reach equilibrium in a number of seconds, while some can take a minute or longer.The differential maximum bubble pressure method is ideal for determining dynamic characteristics of most fluid formulations since the method allows users to control the rate of bubble formation and surface age from the millisecond range to several minutes. Both bubble interval and surface age aremeasured and displayed in real time. Since bubbling is continuous, this system is also easily adaptable to online, continuous measurement, and process control using surface tension as the controlling parameter. For example, this system has been successfully implemented to improve surfactant usage in latex polymerization production tanks, operating at high temperatures and pressures.Instruments are calibrated using two standards of known surface tension values, such as deionized water and alcohol. SensaDyne‟s newest fully automatic tensiometer, the PC500-LV (shown in Figure 2 with a dispenser), features fully automatic dynamic surface tension measurement with user-programmed surface age range. It also has automatic viscosity compensation where increasing hydrodynamic forces that resist the formation of bubbles in increasingly viscous fluids are automatically canceled out. These instruments can also measure fluids, Freons, Freon replacements, aerosols and liquefied gases under pressures up to 225 PSI (1500 kPa) by using a pressure vessel with a high pressure sample injector in place of the dispenser.Figure 3 / Dynamic (CMC) DeterminationDynamic Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)Many surface tension related properties such as detergency, foaming, emulsification, dispersion and wetting are believed to either maximize or minimize at the surfactant critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surfactant concentration beyond which surfactant molecules in solution self-assemble into aggregates called micelles. CMCs have been commonly measured using classical DuNoüy Ring or Wilhelmy Plate instruments, which are limited to equilibrium measurements. A dynamic surface tensiometer, however, with or without an automatic dispensing system, can generate both static and dynamic CMCs, where optimum surfactant effectiveness can be determined when correlated to actual process coating speeds, which are not necessarily at equilibrium CMCs. Users can improve transfer, spreading and adhesion by determining the best surfactant concentrations by way of dynamic CMC determination, and by choosing surfactant and additive combinations that provide the best dynamic surface tension profiles for their specific coating applications.Figure 3 illustrates a series of dynamic CMC curves generated for different concentrations at varying surface ages. The theoretical intersection of the two straight legs of each curve (point of change in slope) defines the CMC point. The shift in the dynamic CMC is toward increasing surfactant concentration as surface age is reduced. As with surface tension, the relevant parameter in choosing surfactant concentrations is dynamic CMCs rather than equilibrium CMCs.Figure 4 / The Edit Setup Dialog Box of the PC500-LVAutomatic Dispensing SystemThe dispenser system (Figure 2) comes with a selection of barrels/pistons and precision dispensing tips to cover a variety of dispensing ranges. The adjustable barrel stand integrates the dispensing pistons and tips with most standard measurement beakers that are used with the tensiometer probe assembly stands. When setting up an automatic dispensing run, the Base Sample Amount, the Initial Dispensed Amount and the Initial Dispensing Time is entered into the software program‟s “Edit Setup” dialog b ox, illustrated in Figure 4, along with the Maximum Concentration, the Increments Concentration and the Stirring Time. The computer calculates the required time for each dispensing cycle.During automatic operation, the software program turns on the integrated laboratory stirrer, stirs the contents for a predetermined period of time, stops the stirrer and pauses for a preselected time period to let the fluid settle. The program then initiates a surface tension measurement, captures the value in a user-named data file, and repeats the cycle, until the run is completed. Data from automatic dispensing runs is compiled and stored in user-named files, and can be displayed immediately in chart and spreadsheet format, or can be converted to ASCII files for export to other graphing and spreadsheet programs.The automatic dispensing system is a valuable time saving accessory for users who do a lot of formulation or CMC studies with various surfactants or additives. For CMCs, the added benefit is that curves can be run over different diffusion times by changing the surface age. This generates data that shows how the CMC shifts with changes in surface age.Automatic Viscosity CompensationIn measuring surface tension of coatings using the maximum bubble pressure method, as the viscosity of the coating increases, the hydrodynamic resistance of the fluid against the moving bubble also increases. This causes a measurement error sometimes referred to as the viscosity effect. Though negligible for coatings of small viscosity, it can be several tens of dynes/cm (mN/m) for highly viscous coatings. Stokes law quantifies this viscosity effect: the difference between the measured value of dynamic surface tension and its real value. Single probe bubble pressure tensiometers require correction factors in order to deal with this viscosity effect problem. Even if correction values are used, this means that each test sample must be measured accurately for viscosity in order to apply the proper correction factor.Two probe differential tensiometers can be set up to generate viscosity compensated surface tension values. A thorough study and understanding of the viscosity effect and the inherent limitations of single transducer tensiometer instruments led to the development of an automatic viscosity compensated instrument. The Sensa- Dyne PC500-LV tensiometer uses a patented, multi-probe differential method that facilitates automatic viscosity compensation.Instead of two probes, the PC500-LV uses three probes: one 0.5 mm, one 1.0 mm and one common 4.0 mm. The 4.0 mm probe acts as the control probe shared with both of the smaller orifices. This allows a separate differential pressure signal to be generated by each small orifice (0.5 and 1.0) and the common 4.0 large orifice. The maximum bubble pressure peak values from each of these two differential signals are then electronically subtracted by the software program to give a final differential in which the hydrodynamic components cancel.Results obtainable by the automatic viscosity compensated tensiometer can be illustrated by comparing surface tension measurements of a low- to medium-viscosity oil sample (1000 Centipoise) tested using a standard two probe automatic PC500-L tensiometer against results using an automatic viscosity compensated PC500-LV tensiometer. In Figures 5-6, ST is surface tension, T is temperature, SA_A is the small orifice surface age, and BI_A is the small orifice bubble interval. The large orifice, in the PC500-L test, was set to equal the small orifice surface age.Figure 5, using the PC500-L appears to give a classic dynamic surface tension curve, with surface tension increasing as surface age is decreased. One would assume from this curve that there are some surfactants that contribute to the classic dynamic shape; as the surface age decreases, less surfactant molecules migrate to the interface and the resultant surface tension is higher. However, this sample is surfactant free, and the “curve” that we see is totally due to the increasing viscosity effect at decre asing surface age. As the surface age decreases the increasing hydrodynamic resistance to bubble formation causes higher pressure readings that increase the “surface tension” reading.The same fluid was tested using an automatic viscosity compensated PC500-LV tensiometer with it‟s automatic mass flow controllers (MFCs) programmed to give a 1:2 (…A” probe to “B” probe) surface age ratio. These results are shown in Figure 6. One additional column entry shows the calculated surface age ratio of the “A” (0.5 mm.) to “B” (1.0 mm.) orifice. This comes very close to the theoretic flat line that we should see for a non-surfactant containing oil whose readings are viscosity compensated. The slight “droop” at each end is attributed to the excursion from the ideal rati o of A:B; as the surface age of the “B” orifice decreases slightly and skews the results.Formulation Problem SolvingProblems in coating applications can be solved or avoided by measuring formulations before they are used. Users can improve transfer, spreading, and adhesion by looking at the dynamic surface tension curves of their formulations over their entire projected coating range. Optimal surfactant concentrations can be determined by way of dynamic critical micelle concentration studies, and by choosing surfactant and additive combinations that provide the best dynamic surface tension profiles and CMCs for specific applications. Because many coatings have moderate to high viscosities as a rule rather than as an exception, it is advantageous to measure surface tension with an instrument that can give automatic viscosity compensating, dynamic, surface tension readings.For more information on surface-tension measurement, contact SensaDyne Instrument Div., Chem-Dyne Research Corp., 2855 E. Brown Road, Suite 20, Mesa, AZ 85213; phone 480/924.1744; fax 480/924.1754.。

碱溶胀增稠剂碱溶胀增稠剂是一种广泛应用且具有独特功能性的特殊型非离子表面活性剂。

碱溶胀增稠剂具有高效溶性、低分子吸湿性、低表面张力和溶胀率，以及优质的活性和阴离子功能，因此被广泛应用于金属加工液、清洗液、润滑油、纺织品产品加工液、瓷砖防污液等不同助剂领域。

碱溶胀增稠剂具有优异的湿效果和细致的调节功能，丰富了表面活性剂的应用场景。

它融合了碱活化和溶胀效果，可以有效的改善表面活性剂的功能，增加浓度，显著增加溶液的稠度和流变性，这对提高液体表面张力，从而改善滋润效果非常有效。

另外，它的吸湿和溶胀性能，使它在纺织品、肥皂等产品上有独特的应用前景。

碱溶胀增稠剂主要由含羧基的共聚物，以及碱性试剂，如碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠等乙烯基乙烯二甲酸酯，烷基二甲醚和溶剂构成。

不同组成可以满足不同应用领域的需求，具有更高的助剂功能性，有效的提高了液体的粘度和流动性，使广大用户受益。

碱溶胀增稠剂的出现，改善了人们的技术生活，带来了更多方便和便利，节约了人们的时间成本和财力。

它的应用场景日益广泛，在金属加工，清洗，润滑以及纺织品的加工等方面都发挥着重要的作用。

未来，碱溶胀增稠剂将会向纳米材料和其他领域拓展，成为研发领埙的重要资源。

Alkaline swellable thickening agent is a special type of non-ionic surfactant with wide application and unique functionalities. Alkaline swellable thickening agents possess high solubility, low molecular hydrophilic, low surfacetension and swelling rate, as well as excellent active and anionic functionalities, making them widely applied in suchadjuvant fields as metalworking fluids, cleaning fluids, lubricating oils, textile product processing fluids, tileanti-pollution fluids, etc.Alkaline swellable thickening agent has superior wetting effect and delicate regulation capabilities, enriched the application scenarios of surfactants. It integrates alkaline activation and swelling effects, which can efficiently improve surfactants performance, increase concentration, significantly increasing solution's viscosity and fluidity, effectively upgrading liquid surface tension and thus improving lubrication effects. Furthermore, its hydrophilic and swelling properties give it unique potential application in textiles, soap, and more.Alkaline swellable thickening agents mainly consist of carboxylic acid polymers with alkali reagents such as sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate, vinyl acetate ethylene,alkyl dimethyl ether and solvents. Different components can accommodate different application requirement and upgrade adjuvant functionalities, offering higher viscosity and fluidity to users.The emergence of alkaline swellable thickening agent has improved people's technological life, brought more convenience and ease, saving time and cost. Its application scenarios become increasingly more diverse, and plays significant roles in metalworking, cleaning, lubricating, as well as textile processing. In the future, alkaline swellable thickening agents will expand to nanomaterials and other fields, becoming important sources for research and development.。

摘要：概述了阳离子表面活性剂、阴离子表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂的抑菌机理及应用, 其中重点介绍了抑菌型生物表面活性剂的应用, 并对表面活性剂在抑菌领域的发展趋势提出了展望。

关键词：表面活性剂; 抑菌机理; 应用;Abstract：The antimicrobial mechanisms and applications of cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants and biosurfactants were summarized.The applications of biosurfactants were mainly introduced and the trends of surfactants in the antibacterial field were prospected.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------感谢使用本套资料，希望本套资料能带给您一些思维上的灵感和帮助，个人建议您可根据实际情况对内容做适当修改和调整，以符合您自己的风格，不太建议完全照抄照搬哦。

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Keyword：surfactant; antimicrobial mechanism; application;表面活性剂的抑菌作用早为人熟知, 但将其作为抑菌剂的时间却不长。

生活中的化学英语作文高中Life is a journey filled with the wonders of chemistry. From the moment we wake up to the time we lay our heads to rest, we are surrounded by the intricate and fascinating world of chemical reactions. As high school students, we have the opportunity to delve deeper into this captivating subject, uncovering the hidden secrets that govern our everyday experiences.One of the most remarkable aspects of chemistry is its ubiquity in our daily lives. The food we consume, the clothes we wear, the air we breathe, and the products we use – all of these are the result of complex chemical processes. Consider the simple act of brewing a cup of coffee. The transformation of roasted coffee beans into the aromatic and stimulating beverage we enjoy is a testament to the power of chemistry. The extraction of caffeine, the formation of complex flavor compounds, and the interaction of these molecules with our taste buds – all of these are the result of carefully orchestrated chemical reactions.Similarly, the clothes we wear are a product of chemical engineering. The vibrant colors of our garments are achieved through the application of dyes, which are themselves the result of intricatesynthesis reactions. The fabrics we choose, be it cotton, polyester, or silk, are all characterized by unique chemical structures that give them their distinct properties. Even the detergents we use to clean our clothes are formulated with a delicate balance of surfactants, enzymes, and other chemical agents to effectively remove stains and odors.Beyond the realm of food and clothing, chemistry plays a vital role in the air we breathe. The atmosphere is a complex mixture of gases, each with its own chemical properties and interactions. The delicate balance of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases is essential for sustaining life on our planet. Understanding the chemistry of the atmosphere, from the formation of clouds to the depletion of the ozone layer, is crucial for addressing pressing environmental issues and ensuring a sustainable future.The products we use in our daily lives are also heavily influenced by chemistry. The shampoos, toothpastes, and personal care items we rely on are formulated with a wide array of chemical compounds, each serving a specific purpose. The cleaning products we use to maintain a healthy living environment are carefully designed to target and break down various types of dirt and grime, often through the use of specialized chemical agents.Even the technology we use on a daily basis, from our smartphonesto our laptops, is dependent on the principles of chemistry. The intricate circuitry and components that power these devices are the result of complex chemical processes, from the fabrication of semiconductors to the development of advanced batteries and display technologies.As high school students, we have the unique opportunity to delve deeper into the world of chemistry and uncover its profound impact on our daily lives. Through our studies, we can gain a greater appreciation for the scientific principles that govern the world around us, and we can develop the critical thinking skills necessary to tackle the challenges of the future.Whether we aspire to become scientists, engineers, or simply engaged citizens, a strong foundation in chemistry will serve us well. By understanding the chemical underpinnings of the world we live in, we can make informed decisions, contribute to the advancement of technology, and play a role in shaping a more sustainable and equitable future.In conclusion, the study of chemistry in high school is not merely an academic pursuit – it is a gateway to a deeper understanding of the world we inhabit. From the food we eat to the technology we rely on, chemistry is the invisible thread that connects the fabric of our daily lives. By embracing this fascinating field of study, we can unlock thesecrets of the natural world and harness the power of chemical principles to improve the human condition.。

ipa在半导体清洗过程中的应用IPA, or isopropyl alcohol, is a versatile chemical compound that finds extensive applications in the semiconductor cleaning process. Semiconductors are the backbone of modern electronic devices, and their cleanliness is crucial for optimal performance. IPA plays a vital role in various cleaning steps during semiconductor fabrication, ensuring the removal of contaminants and impurities. This article will explore the multiple perspectives of IPA's application in the semiconductor cleaning process.Firstly, IPA is widely used as a solvent for removing organic and inorganic contaminants from semiconductor surfaces. During the manufacturing process, various impurities such as dust, oils, and residues can accumulate on the wafer's surface, affecting the device's performance. IPA's excellent solvency properties allow it to dissolve and remove these contaminants effectively. Its ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar substances makes it anideal choice for cleaning applications.In addition to its solvent properties, IPA also acts as a carrier for other cleaning agents and chemicals. Many cleaning solutions used in the semiconductor industry incorporate IPA as a primary component. These solutions may contain surfactants, acids, or other chemicals that target specific types of contaminants. IPA helps to disperse these additives evenly and facilitates their penetration into hard-to-reach areas, ensuring a thorough cleaning process.Furthermore, IPA's high volatility is advantageous for the semiconductor cleaning process. After the cleaning solution is applied, IPA quickly evaporates, leaving behind a clean and dry surface. This rapid evaporation minimizes the risk of water spots or residue formation, which could negatively impact the device's functionality. The low boiling point of IPA enables it to evaporate at room temperature without leaving any traces, making it suitable for delicate semiconductor components.IPA's compatibility with various materials commonlyused in semiconductor fabrication is another significant advantage. It does not cause corrosion or damage to the semiconductor materials, including silicon, silicon dioxide, and metal layers. This compatibility ensures that the cleaning process does not compromise the structuralintegrity or electrical properties of the semiconductor devices. Moreover, IPA's non-conductive nature prevents any electrical shorts or malfunctions during cleaning.Apart from its role in surface cleaning, IPA is also utilized in the semiconductor industry for its antistatic properties. Static charges can accumulate on the wafer's surface during handling or processing, leading to potential damage or malfunction. IPA can effectively dissipate these static charges, reducing the risk of electrostaticdischarge (ESD) events. Its antistatic propertiescontribute to maintaining the integrity and reliability of semiconductor devices, particularly in sensitive manufacturing environments.In conclusion, IPA plays a vital role in the semiconductor cleaning process due to its solventproperties, compatibility with materials, and antistatic characteristics. Its ability to dissolve and remove contaminants, act as a carrier for other cleaning agents, and evaporate quickly without leaving residues makes it an indispensable tool in semiconductor fabrication. Moreover, IPA's non-corrosive nature and antistatic properties ensure the integrity and reliability of semiconductor devices. As the demand for smaller, faster, and more efficient electronic devices continues to grow, the importance of IPA in the semiconductor industry is expected to remain significant.。

印花糊料英文介绍Printing pastes are specialized formulations that play a pivotal role in the textile printing industry. These pastes are designed to carry and deposit dyes or pigments onto fabrics in a controlled and precise manner, resulting in vibrant and long-lasting prints. The selection of the appropriate printing paste is crucial for achieving desired print quality, colorfastness, and washability.The composition of printing pastes typically includes binders, thickeners, surfactants, and other additives that contribute to their rheological properties, adhesion, and printability. Binders provide the necessary adhesion between the dye or pigment and the fabric, ensuring that the print remains intact through multiple washes. Thickeners, on the other hand, regulate the viscosity of the paste, allowing for easier application and precise deposition of the ink.Surfactants are added to improve wettability and spreadability of the paste, ensuring even distribution of the ink across the fabric. These surfactants also assist in reducing surface tension, allowing the paste to penetratethe fabric fibers more effectively. Other additives, suchas stabilizers and preservatives, may also be included to enhance the stability and shelf life of the printing paste. The application of printing pastes is typically done using various printing techniques such as screen printing, roller printing, or digital printing. The choice of technique depends on the desired print pattern, fabric type, and production volume. During the printing process, the paste is applied to the fabric in a controlled manner, and then the fabric is subjected to heat treatment to fix the dye or pigment onto the fibers.The quality of the printing paste directly impacts the final appearance and durability of the printed fabric. Therefore, it is essential to select a paste that is compatible with the specific dyes or pigments being used,as well as the fabric material. Additionally, the paste should have good printability, meaning it should be easy to apply and produce crisp, detailed prints.In conclusion, printing pastes are essential components of the textile printing process. Their composition and properties play a crucial role in achieving high-qualityprints that are both visually appealing and durable. With the continued advancements in textile printing technology, it is expected that printing pastes will continue to evolve and improve, enabling the creation of even more stunning and innovative printed fabrics.**印花糊料英文介绍**印花糊料在纺织品印花行业中扮演着至关重要的角色，是一种专门配制的制剂。