Reverse engineering modelling of free-form surfaces from point clouds subject to boundary conditions

simulation modelling practice -回复Simulation Modelling Practice: A Step-by-Step GuideIntroduction:Simulation modelling is a valuable technique used to mimicreal-life systems and analyze their behavior. By creating virtual representations of complex systems, simulation modelling allows us to understand how different variables and factors interact and impact the overall system performance. In this article, we will provide a step-by-step guide on how to develop and execute a simulation model, ensuring accurate results and valuable insights.Step 1: Define the Scope and ObjectivesThe first and most crucial step in simulation modelling is to clearly define the scope and objectives of the study. This involves understanding the problem at hand, identifying the variables to be considered, and determining the specific goals to be achieved. For instance, if you are simulating a supply chain network, clarify whether you aim to optimize inventory levels, reduce lead time, or minimize costs.Step 2: Gather DataSimulating a system requires accurate and comprehensive data. Collecting data from reliable sources is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of the simulation model. This could include historical data, market trends, customer demand data, and any other relevant information. Data can be obtained through surveys, interviews, observations, or existing databases.Step 3: Develop the Conceptual ModelOnce the data is gathered, the next step is to develop the conceptual model. This involves identifying the components, relationships, and behaviors of the system to be simulated. Conceptual models can be represented using flowcharts, diagrams, or mathematical equations, depending on the complexity of the system.Step 4: Convert the Conceptual Model into a Computer ModelIn this step, the conceptual model is translated into a computer model using specialized simulation software. Multiple software options are available, such as AnyLogic, Simul8, or Arena. The choice of software depends on factors like complexity, desired output, and personal preference. The computer model includes allthe variables, parameters, and rules defined in the conceptual model.Step 5: Validate the ModelModel validation is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of simulation results. This involves comparing the model's output to real-life data or expert opinions. Validation can be done by running the simulation model on past data and evaluating how well it replicates the actual outcomes. If the model does not produce results that align with reality, adjustments are made until satisfactory validation is achieved.Step 6: Design Experiments and Run SimulationsBefore running simulations, it is important to design experiments that address the objectives defined in Step 1. Experiment design includes specifying the values for each variable, defining replication and randomization strategies, and determining the desired performance measures to be analyzed. Once the experiments are designed, simulations are executed using the computer model, and data is collected for subsequent analysis.Step 7: Analyze ResultsSimulation outputs provide valuable insights into system behavior. This step involves analyzing the simulation results to gain a deeper understanding of the system's performance. Statistical techniques like regression analysis, variance analysis, or Monte Carlo simulation can be used to explore the relationship between variables, identify performance bottlenecks, and optimize system performance.Step 8: Implement ImprovementsBased on the insights gained from the simulation analysis, improvements can be implemented to optimize the system. These improvements could involve adjusting parameters, redesigning processes, or reallocating resources. By simulating the effects of these changes, decision-makers can evaluate their impact on system performance and make informed decisions.Step 9: Communicate FindingsThe final step involves effectively communicating the findings and recommendations derived from the simulation study. Visualizations, such as charts, graphs, or interactive dashboards, can be used to present the results in a clear and concise format. This helps stakeholders understand the implications of the analysis andsupports informed decision-making.Conclusion:Simulation modelling is a powerful tool that allows us to study and optimize complex systems. By following the step-by-step guide outlined in this article, practitioners can develop reliable and insightful simulation models. Remember to define the scope and objectives, gather accurate data, design a conceptual model, convert it into a computer model, validate the model's outputs, run simulations, analyze the results, implement improvements, and effectively communicate the findings. By systematically going through these steps, you can unlock the potential of simulation modelling to tackle complex problems and drive informed decision-making.。

Airport Handling ManualEffective 1 January—31 December 201838NOTICEDISCLAIMER. The information contained in thispublication is subject to constant review in the lightof changing government requirements and regula-tions. No subscriber or other reader should act onthe basis of any such information without referringto applicable laws and regulations and/or withouttak ing appropriate professional advice. Althoughevery effort has been made to ensure accuracy, theInternational Air Transport Association shall not beheld responsible for any loss or damage caused byerrors, omissions, misprints or misinterpretation ofthe contents hereof. Furthermore, the InternationalAir Transport Association expressly disclaims anyand all liability to any person or entity, whether apurchaser of this publication or not, in respect ofanything done or omitted, and the consequencesof anything done or omitted, by any such person orentity in reliance on the contents of this publication.Opinions expressed in advertisements appearing inthis publication are the advertiser’s opinions and donot necessarily reflect those of IATA. The mentionof specific companies or products in advertisementdoes not imply that they are endorsed or recom-mended by IATA in preference to others of a simi-lar nature which are not mentioned or advertised.© International Air Transport Association. AllRights Reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, recast, reformatted or trans-mitted in any form by any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopying, record-ing or any information storage and retrieval sys-tem, without the prior written permission from:Senior Vice PresidentAirport, Passenger, Cargo and SecurityInternational Air Transport Association800 Place VictoriaP.O. Box 113Montreal, QuebecCANADA H4Z 1M1Airport Handling ManualMaterial No.: 9343-38ISBN 978-92-9229-505-9© 2017 International Air Transport Association. All rights reserved.TABLE OF CONTENTSPage Preface (xv)Introduction (xvii)General (1)AHM001Chapter0—Record of Revisions (1)AHM011Standard Classification and Numbering for Members Airport Handling Manuals (2)AHM012Office Function Designators for Airport Passenger and Baggage Handling (30)AHM020Guidelines for the Establishment of Airline Operators Committees (31)AHM021Guidelines for Establishing Aircraft Ground Times (34)AHM050Aircraft Emergency Procedures (35)AHM070E-Invoicing Standards (53)Chapter1—PASSENGER HANDLING (91)AHM100Chapter1—Record of Revisions (91)AHM110Involuntary Change of Carrier,Routing,Class or Type of Fare (92)AHM112Denied Boarding Compensation (98)AHM120Inadmissible Passengers and Deportees (99)AHM140Items Removed from a Passenger's Possession by Security Personnel (101)AHM141Hold Loading of Duty-Free Goods (102)AHM170Dangerous Goods in Passenger Baggage (103)AHM176Recommendations for the Handling of Passengers with Reduced Mobility(PRM) (105)AHM176A Acceptance and Carriage of Passengers with Reduced Mobility(PRM) (106)AHM180Carriage of Passengers with Communicable Diseases (114)AHM181General Guidelines for Passenger Agents in Case of SuspectedCommunicable Disease (115)Chapter2—BAGGAGE HANDLING (117)AHM200Chapter2—Record of Revisions (117)AHM210Local Baggage Committees (118)AHM211Airport Operating Rules (124)Airport Handling ManualPageChapter2—BAGGAGE HANDLING(continued)AHM212Interline Connecting Time Intervals—Passenger and Checked Baggage (126)AHM213Form of Interline Baggage Tags (128)AHM214Use of the10Digit Licence Plate (135)AHM215Found and Unclaimed Checked Baggage (136)AHM216On-Hand Baggage Summary Tag (138)AHM217Forwarding Mishandled Baggage (139)AHM218Dangerous Goods in Passengers'Baggage (141)AHM219Acceptance of Firearms and Other Weapons and Small Calibre Ammunition (142)AHM221Acceptance of Power Driven Wheelchairs or Other Battery Powered Mobility Aidsas Checked Baggage (143)AHM222Passenger/Baggage Reconciliation Procedures (144)AHM223Licence Plate Fallback Sortation Tags (151)AHM224Baggage Taken in Error (154)AHM225Baggage Irregularity Report (156)AHM226Tracing Unchecked Baggage and Handling Damage to Checked and UncheckedBaggage (159)AHM230Baggage Theft and Pilferage Prevention (161)AHM231Carriage of Carry-On Baggage (164)AHM232Handling of Security Removed Items (168)AHM240Baggage Codes for Identifying ULD Contents and/or Bulk-Loaded Baggage (169)Chapter3—CARGO/MAIL HANDLING (171)AHM300Chapter3—Record of Revisions (171)AHM310Preparation for Loading of Cargo (172)AHM311Securing of Load (174)AHM312Collection Sacks and Bags (177)AHM320Handling of Damaged Cargo (178)AHM321Handling of Pilfered Cargo (179)AHM322Handling Wet Cargo (180)AHM330Handling Perishable Cargo (182)AHM331Handling and Protection of Valuable Cargo (184)AHM332Handling and Stowage of Live Animals (188)AHM333Handling of Human Remains (190)Table of ContentsPageChapter3—CARGO/MAIL HANDLING(continued)AHM340Acceptance Standards for the Interchange of Transferred Unit Load Devices (191)AHM345Handling of Battery Operated Wheelchairs/Mobility AIDS as Checked Baggage (197)AHM350Mail Handling (199)AHM351Mail Documents (203)AHM353Handling of Found Mail (218)AHM354Handling of Damaged Mail (219)AHM355Mail Security (220)AHM356Mail Safety (221)AHM357Mail Irregularity Message (222)AHM360Company Mail (224)AHM380Aircraft Documents Stowage (225)AHM381Special Load—Notification to Captain(General) (226)AHM382Special Load—Notification to Captain(EDP Format and NOTOC Service) (231)AHM383Special Load—Notification to Captain(EDP NOTOC Summary) (243)AHM384NOTOC Message(NTM) (246)Chapter4—AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND LOADING (251)AHM400Chapter4—Record of Revisions (251)AHM411Provision and Carriage of Loading Accessories (252)AHM420Tagging of Unit Load Devices (253)AHM421Storage of Unit Load Devices (263)AHM422Control of Transferred Unit Load Devices (268)AHM423Unit Load Device Stock Check Message (273)AHM424Unit Load Device Control Message (275)AHM425Continued Airworthiness of Unit Load Devices (279)AHM426ULD Buildup and Breakdown (283)AHM427ULD Transportation (292)AHM430Operating of Aircraft Doors (295)AHM431Aircraft Ground Stability—Tipping (296)AHM440Potable Water Servicing (297)AHM441Aircraft Toilet Servicing (309)Airport Handling ManualPageChapter4—AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND LOADING(continued)AHM450Standardisation of Gravity Forces against which Load must be Restrained (310)AHM451Technical Malfunctions Limiting Load on Aircraft (311)AHM453Handling/Bulk Loading of Heavy Items (312)AHM454Handling and Loading of Big Overhang Items (313)AHM455Non CLS Restrained ULD (316)AHM460Guidelines for Turnround Plan (323)AHM462Safe Operating Practices in Aircraft Handling (324)AHM463Safety Considerations for Aircraft Movement Operations (337)AHM465Foreign Object Damage(FOD)Prevention Program (340)Chapter5—LOAD CONTROL (343)AHM500Chapter5—Record of Revisions (343)AHM501Terms and Definitions (345)AHM503Recommended Requirements for a New Departure Control System (351)AHM504Departure Control System Evaluation Checklist (356)AHM505Designation of Aircraft Holds,Compartments,Bays and Cabin (362)AHM510Handling/Load Information Codes to be Used on Traffic Documents and Messages (368)AHM513Aircraft Structural Loading Limitations (377)AHM514EDP Loading Instruction/Report (388)AHM515Manual Loading Instruction/Report (404)AHM516Manual Loadsheet (416)AHM517EDP Loadsheet (430)AHM518ACARS Transmitted Loadsheet (439)AHM519Balance Calculation Methods (446)AHM520Aircraft Equipped with a CG Targeting System (451)AHM530Weights for Passengers and Baggage (452)AHM531Procedure for Establishing Standard Weights for Passengers and Baggage (453)AHM533Passengers Occupying Crew Seats (459)AHM534Weight Control of Load (460)AHM536Equipment in Compartments Procedure (461)AHM537Ballast (466)Table of ContentsPageChapter5—LOAD CONTROL(continued)AHM540Aircraft Unit Load Device—Weight and Balance Control (467)AHM550Pilot in Command's Approval of the Loadsheet (468)AHM551Last Minute Changes on Loadsheet (469)AHM561Departure Control System,Carrier's Approval Procedures (471)AHM562Semi-Permanent Data Exchange Message(DEM) (473)AHM564Migration from AHM560to AHM565 (480)AHM565EDP Semi-Permanent Data Exchange for New Generation Departure Control Systems (500)AHM570Automated Information Exchange between Check-in and Load Control Systems (602)AHM571Passenger and Baggage Details for Weight and Balance Report(PWR) (608)AHM580Unit Load Device/Bulk Load Weight Statement (613)AHM581Unit Load Device/Bulk Load Weight Signal (615)AHM583Loadmessage (619)AHM587Container/Pallet Distribution Message (623)AHM588Statistical Load Summary (628)AHM590Load Control Procedures and Loading Supervision Responsibilities (631)AHM591Weight and Balance Load Control and Loading Supervision Training and Qualifications (635)Chapter6—MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY (641)AHM600Chapter6—Record of Revisions (641)AHM610Guidelines for a Safety Management System (642)AHM611Airside Personnel:Responsibilities,Training and Qualifications (657)AHM612Airside Performance Evaluation Program (664)AHM615Quality Management System (683)AHM616Human Factors Program (715)AHM619Guidelines for Producing Emergency Response Plan(s) (731)AHM620Guidelines for an Emergency Management System (733)AHM621Security Management (736)AHM633Guidelines for the Handling of Emergencies Requiring the Evacuation of an Aircraft During Ground Handling (743)AHM650Ramp Incident/Accident Reporting (745)AHM652Recommendations for Airside Safety Investigations (750)AHM660Carrier Guidelines for Calculating Aircraft Ground Accident Costs (759)Airport Handling ManualChapter7—AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT CONTROL (761)AHM700Chapter7—Record of Revisions (761)AHM710Standards for Message Formats (762)AHM711Standards for Message Corrections (764)AHM730Codes to be Used in Aircraft Movement and Diversion Messages (765)AHM731Enhanced Reporting on ATFM Delays by the Use of Sub Codes (771)AHM780Aircraft Movement Message (774)AHM781Aircraft Diversion Message (786)AHM782Fuel Monitoring Message (790)AHM783Request Information Message (795)AHM784Gate Message (797)AHM785Aircraft Initiated Movement Message(MVA) (802)AHM790Operational Aircraft Registration(OAR)Message (807)Chapter8—GROUND HANDLING AGREEMENTS (811)AHM800Chapter8—Record of Revisions (811)AHM801Introduction to and Comments on IATA Standard Ground Handling Agreement(SGHA) (812)AHM803Service Level Agreement Example (817)AHM810IATA Standard Ground Handling Agreement (828)AHM811Yellow Pages (871)AHM813Truck Handling (872)AHM815Standard Transportation Documents Service Main Agreement (873)AHM817Standard Training Agreement (887)AHM830Ground Handling Charge Note (891)AHM840Model Agreement for Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) (894)Chapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS (911)AHM900Chapter9—Record of Revisions (911)AHM901Functional Specifications (914)AHM904Aircraft Servicing Points and System Requirements (915)AIRBUS A300B2320-/B4/C4 (917)A300F4-600/-600C4 (920)A310–200/200C/300 (926)A318 (930)A319 (933)Table of ContentsPageChapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM904Aircraft Doors,Servicing Points and System Requirements for the Use of Ground Support Equipment(continued)A320 (936)A321 (940)A330-200F (943)A330-300 (948)A340-200 (951)A340-300 (955)A340-500 (959)A340-600 (962)Airbus350900passenger (965)AIRBUS A380-800/-800F (996)ATR42100/200 (999)ATR72 (1000)AVRO RJ70 (1001)AVRO RJ85 (1002)AVRO RJ100 (1003)B727-200 (1004)B737–200/200C (1008)B737-300,400,-500 (1010)B737-400 (1013)B737-500 (1015)B737-600,-700,-700C (1017)B737-700 (1020)B737-800 (1022)B737-900 (1026)B747–100SF/200C/200F (1028)B747–400/400C (1030)B757–200 (1038)B757–300 (1040)Airport Handling ManualPageChapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM904Aircraft Doors,Servicing Points and System Requirements for the Use of Ground Support Equipment(continued)B767—200/200ER (1041)B767—300/300ER (1044)B767—400ER (1048)B777–200/200LR (1051)B777–300/300ER (1055)Boeing787800passenger (1059)BAe ATP(J61) (1067)Bombardier CS100 (1068)Bombardier CS300 (1072)CL-65(CRJ100/200) (1076)DC8–40/50F SERIES (1077)DC8–61/61F (1079)DC8–62/62F (1081)DC8–63/63F (1083)DC9–15/21 (1085)DC9–32 (1086)DC9–41 (1087)DC9–51 (1088)DC10–10/10CF (1089)DC10–30/40,30/40CF (1091)EMBRAER EMB-135Regional Models (1092)EMBRAER EMB-145Regional Models (1094)Embraer170 (1096)Embraer175 (1098)Embraer190 (1100)Embraer195 (1102)FOKKER50(F27Mk050) (1104)FOKKER50(F27Mk0502) (1106)Chapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM904Aircraft Doors,Servicing Points and System Requirements for the Use of Ground Support Equipment(continued)FOKKER70(F28Mk0070) (1108)FOKKER100(F28Mk0100) (1110)FOKKER100(F28Mk0100) (1112)IL-76T (1114)MD-11 (1116)MD–80SERIES (1118)SAAB2000 (1119)SAAB SF-340 (1120)TU-204 (1122)AHM905Reference Material for Civil Aircraft Ground Support Equipment (1125)AHM905A Cross Reference of IATA Documents with SAE,CEN,and ISO (1129)AHM909Summary of Unit Load Device Capacity and Dimensions (1131)AHM910Basic Requirements for Aircraft Ground Support Equipment (1132)AHM911Ground Support Equipment Requirements for Compatibility with Aircraft Unit Load Devices (1136)AHM912Standard Forklift Pockets Dimensions and Characteristics for Forkliftable General Support Equipment (1138)AHM913Basic Safety Requirements for Aircraft Ground Support Equipment (1140)AHM914Compatibility of Ground Support Equipment with Aircraft Types (1145)AHM915Standard Controls (1147)AHM916Basic Requirements for Towing Vehicle Interface(HITCH) (1161)AHM917Basic Minimum Preventive Maintenance Program/Schedule (1162)AHM920Functional Specification for Self-Propelled Telescopic Passenger Stairs (1164)AHM920A Functional Specification for Towed Passenger Stairs (1167)AHM921Functional Specification for Boarding/De-Boarding Vehicle for Passengers withReduced Mobility(PRM) (1169)AHM922Basic Requirements for Passenger Boarding Bridge Aircraft Interface (1174)AHM923Functional Specification for Elevating Passenger Transfer Vehicle (1180)AHM924Functional Specification for Heavy Item Lift Platform (1183)AHM925Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Conveyor-Belt Loader (1184)AHM925A Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Ground Based in-Plane LoadingSystem for Bulk Cargo (1187)Chapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM925B Functional Specification for a Towed Conveyor-Belt Loader (1190)AHM926Functional Specification for Upper Deck Catering Vehicle (1193)AHM927Functional Specification for Main Deck Catering Vehicle (1197)AHM930Functional Specification for an Upper Deck Container/Pallet Loader (1201)AHM931Functional Specification for Lower Deck Container/Pallet Loader (1203)AHM932Functional Specification for a Main Deck Container/Pallet Loader (1206)AHM933Functional Specification of a Powered Extension Platform to Lower Deck/Container/ Pallet Loader (1209)AHM934Functional Specification for a Narrow Body Lower Deck Single Platform Loader (1211)AHM934A Functional Specification for a Single Platform Slave Loader Bed for Lower DeckLoading Operations (1213)AHM936Functional Specification for a Container Loader Transporter (1215)AHM938Functional Specification for a Large Capacity Freighter and Combi Aircraft TailStanchion (1218)AHM939Functional Specification for a Transfer Platform Lift (1220)AHM941Functional Specification for Equipment Used for Establishing the Weight of aULD/BULK Load (1222)AHM942Functional Specification for Storage Equipment Used for Unit Load Devices (1224)AHM950Functional Specification for an Airport Passenger Bus (1225)AHM951Functional Specification for a Crew Transportation Vehicle (1227)AHM953Functional Specifications for a Valuable Cargo Vehicle (1229)AHM954Functional Specification for an Aircraft Washing Machine (1230)AHM955Functional Specification for an Aircraft Nose Gear Towbar Tractor (1232)AHM956Functional Specification for Main Gear Towbarless Tractor (1235)AHM957Functional Specification for Nose Gear Towbarless Tractor (1237)AHM958Functional Specification for an Aircraft Towbar (1240)AHM960Functional Specification for Unit Load Device Transport Vehicle (1242)AHM961Functional Specification for a Roller System for Unit Load Device Transportation on Trucks (1245)AHM962Functional Specification for a Rollerised Platform for the Transportation of Twenty Foot Unit Load Devices that Interfaces with Trucks Equipped to Accept Freight ContainersComplying with ISO668:1988 (1247)AHM963Functional Specification for a Baggage/Cargo Cart (1249)AHM965Functional Specification for a Lower Deck Container Turntable Dolly (1250)AHM966Functional Specification for a Pallet Dolly (1252)Chapter9—AIRPORT HANDLING GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS(continued) AHM967Functional Specification for a Twenty Foot Unit Load Device Dolly (1254)AHM968Functional Specification for Ramp Equipment Tractors (1256)AHM969Functional Specification for a Pallet/Container Transporter (1257)AHM970Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Potable Water Vehicle with Rear orFront Servicing (1259)AHM971Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Lavatory Service Vehicle with Rear orFront Servicing (1262)AHM972Functional Specifications for a Ground Power Unit for Aircraft Electrical System (1265)AHM973Functional Specification for a Towed Aircraft Ground Heater (1269)AHM974Functional Specification for Aircraft Air Conditioning(Cooling)Unit (1272)AHM975Functional Specifications for Self-Propelled Aircraft De-Icing/Anti-Icing Unit (1274)AHM976Functional Specifications for an Air Start Unit (1278)AHM977Functional Specification for a Towed De-Icing/Anti-Icing Unit (1280)AHM978Functional Specification for a Towed Lavatory Service Cart (1283)AHM979Functional Specification for a Towed Boarding/De-Boarding Device for Passengers with Reduced Mobility(PRM)for Commuter-Type Aircraft (1285)AHM980Functional Specification for a Self-Propelled Petrol/Diesel Refueling Vehicle forGround Support Equipment (1287)AHM981Functional Specification for a Towed Potable Water Service Cart (1289)AHM990Guidelines for Preventative Maintenance of Aircraft Towbars (1291)AHM994Criteria for Consideration of the Investment in Ground Support Equipment (1292)AHM995Basic Unit Load Device Handling System Requirements (1296)AHM997Functional Specification for Sub-Freezing Aircraft Air Conditioning Unit (1298)Chapter10—ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR GROUND HANDLING OPERATIONS (1301)AHM1000Chapter10—Record of Revisions (1301)AHM1001Environmental Specifications for Ground Handling Operations (1302)AHM1002Environmental Impact on the Use of Ground Support Equipment (1303)AHM1003GSE Environmental Quality Audit (1305)AHM1004Guidelines for Calculating GSE Exhaust Emissions (1307)AHM1005Guidelines for an Environmental Management System (1308)Chapter11—GROUND OPERATIONS TRAINING PROGRAM (1311)AHM1100Chapter11—Record of Revisions (1311)AHM1110Ground Operations Training Program (1312)Appendix A—References (1347)Appendix B—Glossary (1379)Alphabetical List of AHM Titles (1387)IATA Strategic Partners..............................................................................................................................SP–1。

免费的数据库建模工具对于数据模型的建模，最有名的要数ERWin和PowerDesigner，基本上，PowerDesigner 是在中国软件公司中他是非常有名的，其易用性、功能、对流行技术框架的支持、以及它的模型库的管理理念，都深受设计师们喜欢。

PowerDesigner是我一直以来非常喜欢的一个设计工具，对于它，我可以用两个字来形容，那就是我能驾驭这个工具！现在所在的公司自上市以来，对软件版权问题看得非常重，公司从上市以后，对软件的版权做了一些相应的规定，不允许使用破解的软件，软件只能使用开源的、免费的、或者共享的软件！所用软件必须公司注册的！没办法，我也只能放弃我多年的喜好，转向开源、免费的领域！数据库物理建模是在软件设计当中必不可少的环节，数据库建得怎么样，关系到以后整个系统的扩展、性能方面的优化以及后期的维护。

使用一个数据建模工具是非常必须的。

那在开源或免费的领域，有没有比较好的工具呢？其实是有很多的，只是开源这一块，功能上、易用性上没有商业软件那么好用！现在介绍几个相对比较好用的工具：第一个：ERDesigner NG官方网址是：/?Welcome:ERDesigner_NG属于sourceforge的一个开源产品，目前版本为1.4以下是官方所描述的：程序代码The Mogwai ERDesigner is a entity relation modeling tool such as ERWin and co. The only difference is that it is Open Source and does not cost anything. It was designed to make database modeling as easy as it can be and to support the developer in the whole development process, from database design to schema and code generation. This tool was also designed to support a flexible plug in architecture, to extend the system simply by installing a new plug in. This way, everybody can implement new featur es and tools to make ERDesigner fit the requirements.ERDesigner NG* is based on Java and can be run on Windows and Unix systems* has a powerfull WYSIWYG for physical database design* handles tables, relations, indexes and comments* supports subject areas* supports MySQL, oracle, Microsoft SQLServer and Postgres* creates the SQL DDL statements for schema creation* has an integrated schema version control system* can generate schema migration scripts for every change* stores the database definition as XML files for further processing* can export the database schema as GIF, BMP, JPEG or SVG files* has an integrated reverse engineering module for existing schemas* it is based on GPL license* support is available by authors and newsgroups从上述的描述我们可以看得出，软件支持多种主流的数据库，比如mysql、oracle、MSSQLSERVER等。

计算机应用收稿日期:2000202215收到初稿,2000202223收到修订稿。

作者简介:杜强(1974-),男,辽宁锦州人,中国科学院金属研究所博士生,主要从事金属材料制备工艺的计算机模拟研究。

铸件充型过程中的流动与传热耦合模拟杜　强,李殿中,胡志勇(中国科学院金属研究所,沈阳110015)摘要:用VOF (Volume of Fluid )法追踪充型过程自由表面进展,采用有限差分法,在Visual C ++412平台上,自主开发了铸造充型过程的流动与传热耦合模拟软件MAPS 。

应用此软件对充型过程的Bench Mark 实验进行了模拟,结果与PROCAST 和Bench Mark 实验结果符合很好,表明所采用的模型和算法是正确的。

在此基础上,结合高温合金IN738熔模铸造板类件的充型过程进行了计算,预报了缺陷,优化了工艺参数,并与PROCAST 软件模拟结果进行了比较,结果一致。

关键词:充型模拟;数值模拟;流动;传热;耦合;IN738合金;熔模铸造中图分类号:TG 21+1-39　文献标识码:A 文章编号:100124977(2000)0620336204Simulation Coupling Heat Transfer to Fluid Flow during Mold FillingDU Qiang ,LI Dian 2zhong ,H U Zhi 2yong(Institute of Metal Re search ,Chine se Academy of Science s ,Shenyang 110015,Liaoning ,China )Abstract :The in 2house software MAPS develop ed on the Visual C ++412platform by the authors is ap 2plied in the simulation of the flow and heat transfer of Bench Mark ex p eriment and I N738inve stment ca sting during the mold filling.The VOF method is employed to track the evolution of free surface.The re sults are in good agreement with the exp eriment re sults and match well with the commercial software PRO 2CAST.The macroporo sity defects are predicted and the optimized proce ss parameters are pre sented.Key words :mold filling simulation ;numerical simulation ;coupling heat transfer to fluid flow ;I N738al 2loy ;inve stment ca sting 充型过程对铸件质量起着关键作用,浇注系统设计不合理、充型方式不适当,均会导致氧化物夹杂、卷气、冷隔、浇不足、缩孔、疏松等铸造缺陷。

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Geometric ModelingGeometric modeling is a crucial aspect of computer-aided design and manufacturing, playing a fundamental role in various industries such as engineering, architecture, and animation. It involves the creation of digital representations of objects and environments using mathematical and computational techniques. This process enables designers and engineers to visualize, simulate, and analyze complex structures and shapes, leading to the development ofinnovative products and solutions. In this discussion, we will explore the significance of geometric modeling from different perspectives, considering its applications, challenges, and future advancements. From an engineering standpoint, geometric modeling serves as the cornerstone of product design and development. By representing physical components and systems through digital models, engineers can assess the performance, functionality, and manufacturability of their designs.This enables them to identify potential flaws or inefficiencies early in thedesign process, leading to cost savings and improved product quality. Geometric modeling also facilitates the creation of prototypes and simulations, allowing engineers to test and validate their ideas before moving into the production phase. As such, it significantly accelerates the innovation cycle and enhances theoverall efficiency of the product development process. In the field ofarchitecture and construction, geometric modeling plays a pivotal role in the conceptualization and visualization of building designs. Architects leverage advanced modeling software to create detailed 3D representations of structures, enabling clients and stakeholders to gain a realistic understanding of the proposed designs. This not only enhances communication and collaboration but also enables architects to explore different design options and assess their spatialand aesthetic qualities. Furthermore, geometric modeling supports the analysis of structural integrity and building performance, contributing to the creation of sustainable and resilient built environments. In the realm of animation andvisual effects, geometric modeling is indispensable for the creation of virtual characters, environments, and special effects. Artists and animators utilize sophisticated modeling tools to sculpt and manipulate digital surfaces, defining the shape, texture, and appearance of virtual objects. This process involves theuse of polygons, curves, and mathematical equations to create lifelike and dynamic visual elements that form the basis of compelling animations and cinematic experiences. Geometric modeling not only fuels the entertainment industry but also finds applications in scientific visualization, medical imaging, and virtual reality, enriching our understanding and experiences in diverse domains. Despite its numerous benefits, geometric modeling presents several challenges,particularly in dealing with complex geometries, large datasets, and computational efficiency. Modeling intricate organic shapes, intricate details, and irregular surfaces often requires advanced techniques and computational resources, posing a barrier for designers and engineers. Moreover, ensuring the accuracy and precision of geometric models remains a critical concern, especially in applications where small errors can lead to significant repercussions. Addressing these challenges demands continuous research and development in geometric modeling algorithms, data processing methods, and visualization technologies. Looking ahead, the future of geometric modeling holds tremendous promise, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and computational capabilities. The integration of AI algorithms into geometric modeling tools can revolutionize the way designers and engineers interact with digital models, enabling intelligent automation, predictive analysis, and generative design. This paves the way for the creation of highly personalized and optimized designs, tailored to specific requirements and constraints. Furthermore, the convergence of geometric modeling with virtual and augmented reality technologies opens up new possibilities for immersive design experiences, interactive simulations, and digital twinning applications. In conclusion, geometric modeling stands as a vital enabler of innovation and creativity across various disciplines, empowering professionals to visualize, analyze, and realize their ideas in the digital realm. Its impact spans from product design and manufacturing to architecture, entertainment, and beyond, shaping the way we perceive and interact with the physical and virtual worlds. As we continue to push the boundaries of technology and imagination, geometric modeling will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of transformative advancements, driving progress and unlocking new frontiers of possibility.。

50本电力经典书籍-回复「50本电力经典书籍」是一个非常具有挑战性的主题，因为电力工程这一领域没有像文学或者历史等领域一样广为人知的经典著作。

然而，我们可以通过对电力工程相关主题的深入研究，找到一些经典书籍，这些书籍对于电力工程师、学生和研究人员来说都是不可或缺的资源。

电力工程是涉及电力生成、传输、配电和电力系统运营的学科。

在这个广阔的领域中，有许多书籍提供了有关发电、配电、传输线路、电力系统规划、保护和控制等方面的知识。

从基础原理到应用实践，以下是50本被广泛认可的电力工程经典书籍：1.《电力系统分析》（Electric Power Systems Analysis）- John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson这本书作为电力工程领域的经典教材，涵盖了电力系统分析的许多基本原理。

2.《电力系统稳定》（Power System Stability）- Edward Wilson Kimbark 这本参考书为电力系统稳定性提供了深度的理论和实践知识。

3.《电力系统保护》（Protective Relaying）- J. Lewis Blackburn, Thomas Domin该书详细介绍了电力系统保护的原理和技术。

4.《电力系统的有功和无功控制》（Active and Reactive Power Control of Electric Power Systems）- Takashi Kaneda该书介绍了有关有功和无功控制的先进方法和技术。

5.《电力电子和电力驱动系统: Fundamentals and Hard-switching Converters》- Bimal K. Bose这本书提供了电力电子和电力驱动系统的基础知识，深入讨论了硬开关变换器。

6.《电离害电、地欠电压与电网故障》(Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems) - R.D. Begamudre该书详细介绍了电磁暂态现象对电力系统的影响以及如何控制它们。

⾃由变形技术（Free-FormDeformation） ⾃由变形技术Free-Form Deformation是编辑⼏何模型的重要⼿段，它于80年代由Sederberg等⼈提出，⽬前许多三维建模软件中都有这种变形算法。

⾃由变形⽅法在变形过程中并不是直接操作⼏何模型，⽽是把⼏何模型嵌⼊到变形空间，然后通过操作变形空间来使得嵌⼊其中的⼏何模型发⽣变形，如图所⽰。

⾃由变形算法主要过程如下： 1. 创建⼀个平⾏六⾯体的变形空间框架，将待变形⼏何模型嵌⼊这个框架中，同时建⽴局部坐标系，计算⼏何模型的顶点在局部坐标系下的坐标：其中，S、T、U可以认为是这个变形框架的3个边长向量，并且0 < s < 1、0 < t < 1、0 < u < 1。

需要注意的是，在变形过程中，⼏何模型顶点的局部坐标(s, t, u)都是固定不变的。

2. 移动变形框架控制点，利⽤⼏何模型顶点的局部坐标(s, t, u)、控制点世界坐标和Bernstein多项式重新计算⼏何模型每个顶点的世界坐标：其中P(i, j, k)为框架控制点的新坐标，l、m、n分别为在S、T、U坐标轴上划分的格⼦数⽬。

本⽂为原创，转载请注明出处：。

参考⽂献：[1] Sederberg, Thomas W., and Scott R. Parry. "Free-form deformation of solid geometric models." international conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques 20.4 (1986): 151-160.[2]附录 n阶Bernstein基础多项式的表达形式为：例如：。

Bernstein基础多项式的⼀个重要性质是其所有项之和为1： n阶Bernstein基础多项式可以组成⼀个多项式向量空间Πn，那么空间中任意⼀点可以表⽰成Bernstein基础多项式的线性组合：其中βv为Bernstein系数或Bézier系数，其实上⾯的表达式就是Bézier曲线的表达式。

逆向工程行业英文表达Reverse engineering is the process of extracting knowledge or design information from a product and reproducing it or creating a new product based on this information. This process is widely used in variousindustries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and software development.In the automotive industry, reverse engineering is used to analyze competitor's products, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and develop new products that can compete in the market. For example, a car manufacturer may use reverse engineering to disassemble and analyze a competitor's vehicle to understand its design, materials, and manufacturing techniques. This information can then be used to improvetheir own products and gain a competitive advantage.In the aerospace industry, reverse engineering is used to analyze and replicate components of aircraft, spacecraft, and other aerospace systems. This can be especially useful when original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) no longer support or produce certain components. By reverse engineering these components, aerospace engineers can create new designs orfind alternative suppliers to keep the systems operational.The electronics industry also heavily relies on reverse engineering to understand and replicate complex electronic devices such as microchips, circuit boards, and consumer electronics. This process allows companies to analyze their competitor's products and create similar or improved versions. It is also commonly used to create compatible and interchangeable components for legacy systems that are no longer in production.In software development, reverse engineering is used to understand and modify existing software systems, especiallywhen the original source code is not available. This can be particularly useful for understanding legacy systems, developing patches and updates, and integrating different software systems.The reverse engineering process typically involves several steps. First, the product or system is carefully disassembled, and its components are analyzed and documented. This may involve using advanced imaging technologies, reverse engineering software, and physical measurements. the information collected is used to create a digital model or prototype of the product. This may involve using computer-aided design (CAD) software, 3D scanning, and other modeling tools. Finally, the digital model or prototype is used to produce the new product, either through manufacturing processes or software development.Reverse engineering is a valuable tool for innovation, product development, and problem-solving in variousindustries. However, it is important to note that reverse engineering must be conducted ethically and legally, respecting intellectual property rights and any applicable regulations. Reverse engineering should not be used to infringe on patents, copyrights, or trade secrets.In conclusion, reverse engineering is a crucial processin various industries, allowing companies to understand and improve their products, develop new designs, and maintain and repair existing systems. It is a powerful tool for innovation and competitiveness, but it must be used responsibly and within the boundaries of ethical and legal standards. With the rapid advancements in technology, reverse engineering is expected to continue playing a critical role in the evolution of products and systems across different industries.。

A whole ship modelIntegration with other AVEVA Marine productsHull Structural Design is a tool for rapid definition and analysis during the structural design phases of a project. Hull Structural Design's close integration with other AVEVA Marine applications ensures smooth and rapid design development. The preliminary structural definition and topological dependencies developed by Hull Structural Design can be used in other AVEVA applications for detailed design and the preparation of production information. This is made possible by the advanced block splitting function, which transforms the basic design structure into production blocks.Seamless transition between structural and detailed designThere is often a requirement to start cutting steel at an early stage in a shipbuilding project, sometimes even before final approval has been obtained from the classification societies. The structural engineers must work with the overall classification view of the ship, while in parallel the detailed designers are responsible for individual hull blocks. AVEVA has a solution to this problem.The Hull Structural Design and HullDetailed Design applicationsmaintain two parallel views of thedesign in the model database: adesign view for the structuralengineers and a production viewfor the detailed designers. Thestructural engineers create andmaintain the design panels, whilethe detail designers work with theproduction panels. The productionpanels are created from the designpanels using the automatic block-splitting facilities.After block splitting, the two viewsof the steel structural model arekept synchronised so that any change to a design panel will automatically affect the corresponding production panel.Fast parametric modelling of hull steel structuresHull Structural Design has parametric modelling functions for hull structures containing plating, holes and stiffeners. The modelling is carried out by adding information to surfaces defined in the database. This information is in the form of parameters that form a 'recipe' for how steel panels will be automatically generated on the surfaces.Different alternatives for modelling of internal surfacesSurfaces can be created in three different ways. Firstly, as a major compartment boundary in Initial Design, secondly, by direct input in Hull Structural Design, and thirdly, as an imported 2D drawing view placed in 3D space in the model.Imported 2D drawing views placed in the 3D database as surfaces2D views in a drawing can be converted into surfaces and thus oriented in 3D space. The elements of the drawing view can then be used as backdrop references in the surface for the modelling of 3D steel structures, the placing of equipment, the routing of pipes, and so on. In this way, a General Arrangement drawing can be imported from any 2D-based drafting system using DXF, converted into a drawing view, and then used as a backdrop for modelling.Key FeaturesParallel working between Structural andDetailed designThe design view and the production view Reference surfaces in the designImported 2D views placed as surfaces in the 3D modelCalculation of section modulusOnce the main longitudinal elements have been modelled, the section modulus can be calculated at any transverse section of the ship.Analysis of alternative designsA preliminary steel structure for a ship can be generated from parameter values in a matter of few hours, and several different alternative design and dimensioning approaches can be analysed for details such as steel weights, surface areas or section modulus.Links to classification societies' software and programs for FEM-based strength calculationsHull Structural Design has powerful interfaces to classification societies' software programs for rule checking and strength calculations. Standard FEM-based software packages can also be connected.Classification DrawingsThe built-in drafting features of the system provide a highly productive way of creating the classification drawings. The drawings can be made in parallel with the modelling of the 3D steel structure through the close integration between modelling and drafting tasks.Block DivisionWith the block division functions in Hull Structural Design, the overall basic hull design can be divided, along customer-defined block seams, into detailed design blocks and panels, which can then be further refined in the Hull Detailed Design application.Efficient analysis toolsHull Structural Design has two major features for early estimations of work content and costs. Weld lengths for blocks or assemblies can easily be calculated, based on a preliminary steel model, and all individual weld lengths can be reported. Preliminary block weights, painting areas and centres of gravity can also be quickly obtained for any selected part of the model. This allows alternative block divisions to be analysed quickly, thereby determining optimal final block divisions.Flexibility to chose production worksiteLarge shipyards with parallel production lines, and shipyards that outsource the manufacturing of the hull need to be flexible in terms of a late choice of production facilities. Panel line restrictions, lifting and transportation capacities determine the maximum size of blocks and assemblies that a shipyard can accommodate. It is vital to consider these details when creating the parts manufacturing and assembly information, as the costs of moving a design between production sites can be high.With AVEVA Marine, it is possible to create alternative block and assembly definitions from the same design, using the block-splitting function. The options can be analysed, and the choice of production facility can be postponed until late in the process. In this way, work involved in creating the manufacturing information is minimised.Reuse of existing model databasesAn existing production model (a model database containing production panels) can be reused by 'reverse engineering' it so that design panels can be created through an intelligent merging of production panels. The newly-obtained design panels can then be split to satisfy alternative production sites. This process can also be applied to old Tribon model databases converted to Hull Structural Design.Midship section of a modelClassification type drawingBlock splittingAVEVA Group plcHigh Cross Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0HB UK Tel +44 (0)1223 556655 Fax +44 (0)1223 MARINEAVEVA believes the information in this publication is correct as of its publication date. As part of continued product development, such information is subject to change without prior notice and is related to the current software release. AVEVA is not responsible for any inadvertent errors. All product names mentioned are the trademarks of their respective holders.© Copyright 2007 AVEVA Group plc. All rights reserved. HSD/DS/07Summary of Process Coverage AVEVA Initial Design and AVEVA Hull Detailed Design are separate products from Hull Structural Design, but are shown here in order to provide a complete picture of the basic early design process with the AVEVA Marine Solution.。

简述逆向建模流程Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing a product in order to understand how it was designed and manufactured. It involves taking a finished product apart to examine its components, materials, and construction methods. This can be a complex and time-consuming task, but it can be highly valuable for various reasons. In engineering, reverse engineering is often used to improve existing designs, troubleshoot problems, or create new products based on an existing one.逆向工程是分析产品的过程，以了解它的设计和制造方式。

它涉及拆解成品以检查其组件，材料和构造方法。

这可能是一个复杂和耗时的任务，但出于各种原因它非常有价值。

在工程领域，逆向工程通常被用来改进现有设计，解决问题或基于现有产品创建新产品。

One of the main reasons to use reverse engineering is to understand how a product works, especially if the original design documentation is unavailable or incomplete. By reverse engineering a product, engineers can gain insights into the design decisions that were made, the materials that were used, and the manufacturing processes thatwere employed. This knowledge can be crucial for improving the product, identifying potential issues, or developing a better version of it.使用逆向工程的主要原因之一是了解产品的工作原理，特别是如果原始设计文档不可用或不完整。

北京工业职业技术学院学报JOURNAL OF BEUING POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE第19卷第3期2020年7月No. 3 Vol. 19July 2020基于Geomagic Design X 软件的逆向建模方法郭艳艳(武汉铁路职业技术学院，武汉430205)摘要：逆向工程是将已有产品模型转化为工程设计模型和概念模型，并在此基础上解剖、深化和再创造的一系列分析方法和应用技术的结合，是创造和开发各种新产品的主要手段。

Design X 软件是目前广泛应用的逆向建模软件，其建模方法主要有2种：一是基于几何特征的模型重构；二是基于曲面的模型重构。

通过 实例说明2种建模的方法和步骤、特点以及在建模中需要注意的问题，提出在逆向建模中既要重视建模的精度，又要重视建模的原始设计意图，在此基础上进行改造和创新设计的思想理念。

关键词：逆向工程;逆向建模；建模软件；建模精度;创新设计中图分类号:TP391.7文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671 -6558(2020)03 -15 -05DOI ：10.3969/j. issn. 1671 -6558.2020.03.004Reverse Modeling Method Based on Geomagic Design XGUO Yanyan(Wuhan Railway Vocational College of Technology , Wuhan 430205 , China)Abstract : Reverse engineering is the combination of a series of analysis methods and application technologies , which transform the existing product model into engineering design model and conceptual model , and then dissect , deepen and recreate on this basis. It is the main means to create and develop various new products. Design X soft­ware is a widely used reverse modeling software. There are two main modeling methods : one is model reconstructionbased on geometric features ； the other is model reconstruction based on surfaces. The steps , characteristics and problems need to be paid attention to in modeling of the two modeling methods and are illustrated by examples. It isproposed that in reverse modeling , attention should be paid to both modeling accuracy and modeling original design intention. On this basis , the idea of transformation and innovative design is proposed.Key words : reverse engineering ； reverse modeling ； modeling software ； modeling accuracy ； innovative design0引言逆向工程w （也称反向工程或反求工程）是将 已有产品模型（实物模型）转化为工程设计模型和概念模型，并在此基础上解剖、深化和再创造的一系列分析方法和应用技术的结合。