(原创)Henry Fielding 和 The History of the Life of the Late Mr Jonathan Wild the Great

The History of Tom Jones,A FoundlingHenry Fielding is the most famous novelist and dramatist in the 18th century.One of his work The History of Tom Jones,A Foundling is regarded as Fielding’s masterpiece,with the fame of be ing the best constructed novel in English literature,and Fielding has been therefore called the father of the realistic novel.This novel has 18 books divided neatly into 3 parts.The first six books describes childhood in Mr. Allworthy’s country home; the middle one contains adventures on the rode to London;the last tells what happens in London to Tom and Sophia.This novel describes the life experience of a foundling Tom Jones. Tom Jones is an illegitimate child and he was abandoned soon after his birth. Later,he was adopted by Mr. Allworthy. Mr. Allworthy let Tom Jones and the daughter of plantation owner Sophia fall in love.However Blifil is very envy, he tried everything to slander Jones before Mr. Allworthy. Finally,Jones was driven out by Mr. Allworthy.Then he went to London to earn a life.During the same time Sophia's father forced her to marry Blifil but she refused and fled to London to find Jones.One day, Jones met his foe and injured him during fighting. He was put into prison for that.And finally Mr. Allworthy knew that Jones was snared by Blifil and in fact Jones was his sister’s bastard. All the things were come out into wash and Jones the heir of Mr. Allworthy and married Sophia.This novel plot organization performance in the author's highly art. "Tom Jones" although plot complex numerous, but the author, characters, delicate, hierarchy in layout in an orderly way. In the story, character, increasing the plot appears compact. Novels in addition to Jones and Sophia successively runaways plot as the center, describes all kinds of sporting events outside, also describes some incidental story and characters.And I like the way Fielding writing skills,like constructing effective situations,conducting natural and vivid dialogues and developing his satire.So,I think it’s really a wonderful work of literature.。

《英国文学史及作品选读》教学大纲一、课程说明1.课程代码：1070138212.总学时数：36 ，其中理论环节学时数：363.学分： 24.适用专业（注明本科、专科、高职）：本科5.本课程的性质、地位和作用本课程是面向英语专业高年级学生开设的专业基础课，在学科体系中居重要地位。

它既巩固提高学生的英语基础功，又能拓展和延伸其对深层语言和文化的理解表达能力。

二、教学基本要求1.本课程的目的、任务英国文学史及文学作品包含着历史的记忆和哲学的睿智，是英语语言艺术的结晶。

本课程的任务将介绍英国文学各个时期的主要文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，使学生对英国文学的发展脉络有一个大概的了解和认识，提高他们对文学作品的阅读鉴赏能力，并能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。

该课程的目的是通过阅读和分析英国文学作品，使学生了解英国的历史、社会、政治等方面的情况及传统，促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性，培养对作品的洞察批判能力，从而丰富提升学生人文素养。

2.本课程的教学要求：⑴．了解英国文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现历史事件，文学思潮，文学流派；⑵．熟悉具体作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色和所属流派；⑶．能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想，人物形象，篇章结构、语言特点、修辞手法、文体风格；⑷．能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法，对重要的文学术语有相当的了解并能在文学批评中加以运用；3. 教学方法：本课程教学以课堂讲授、问答，讨论为主，并辅以口头报告，课后作业和原版电影欣赏。

课堂讲授力求以启发式教学培养学生对作品的感悟领受能力。

口头报告要求学生从相关文献和网络查寻英国文学知识，整理成文并在课堂陈述，课后作业以作品的赏析评介为主，以小论文形式完成。

三、学时分配四、大纲内容（一）教学大纲内容Part I Anglo-Saxon Period Beowulf (450-1066)【本章教学目的、要求】：帮助学生了解古英语诗歌的源泉及其韵律特点。

Henry Fielding and His Realistic Novel------The History of Tom Jones, a FoundingBy 08-11-30 Sun LijuanAbstract: Realism occupies a very important position in English literature, especially in the eighteenth century. It is used to identify English novels, mainly because this kind of novels that universally reflect real life, describe ordinary people and express true feelings. These novels are different from the novels of embryonic state in the sixteenth or seventeenth century. Through studying the realistic characteristics of The History of Tom Jones, a Founding, which written by the England distinguished novelist Henry Fielding in the eighteenth century, his realism concepts and writing skills can be found from social environment, plot and typical characters. In both theory and practice, Fielding establishes once and for all the form of the English novel. He has held a unique position in the history of English literature by being called the” Founder of the E nglish realistic novel”.Key words: Tom Jones; Realism; Typical characters.IntroductionⅠ. The Author’s IntroductionHenry Fielding (1707-1754) was born in an old aristocratic family. His great grandfather was an earl, his grandfather was chaplain to King William Ⅲ,and his father was a colonel, while on his mother’s side he belonged to the class of prosperous country gentlemen. He was sent to Eton for his early education. In 1728, when he was twenty-one, he had his first play produced in London, “Love in Several Masques”, a comedy of manners in imitation of Congreve which was not a success. In the same year he went to study at the University of Leyden in Holland, where he remained for a year and a half, but in 1729 his father discontinued the necessary financial support and he returned to London and had to make a living for himself. He plunged into a playwright’s career and in the next seven years, from 1730 to 1737, he composed and adapted no fewer than 25 plays of different types and varying lengths, of which three were produced later while twenty-two were staged during those years. Most of these plays were either farce in the form of ballad-operas, but the more important dramas of Fielding’s belonged to the types of burlesques. In 1736, he bought the Little Theatre in Haymarket with a friend and in that year and the next he could easily produce his plays with his own theatrical troupe in his own theatre. But his later satires,especially “Pasqual” and “The History Register for the Year 1736”, were such op en attacks on the government of Robert Walpole ,and then, upon the dramatist’s open defiance at the warning, to the passing of The Licensing Act in parliament in May 1737. Fielding had to give up his beloved drama career and change to study law. He always kept an optimistic spirit. Because overworking year by year, he had a poor health. He died in October 1754.Ⅱ. Brief Introduction of “Tom Jones”The story in the novel begins with the surprising appearance of the founding Tom Jones as a new-born baby in the bed of an old childless widower Squire Allworthy. The squire has a sister Bridget who has married and given birth to a son Young Blifil, and then she and her husband have both died and left the care of the child to Allworthy. So Tom and Blifil are brought up together on the Allworthy estate, and soon they are both attracted to the young daughter Sophia of a neighboring landlord Squire Western. The girl prefers Tom who loves her without any ulterior motives while Blifil who wishes to marry her because she is an heiress offends her. Then the hypocritical and egoistic Blifil plays a trick to uproot his uncle A llworthy’s affection for Tom Jones and to make the squire dismiss the foundling from his home. Squire Western tries to force his daughter Sophia to marry Blifil who is now the presumptive heir to the Allworthy estate, but she, in love with Tom, rebels against her father’s orders by running away from home, accompanied by her maid-servant Mrs. Honor Blackmore. Tom then embarks upon a series of adventures at a number of roadside inns while on his way to London. During these adventures, he encounters Patridge, who is now traveling the country as a barber-surgeon. He unwittingly sleeps with Jenny Jones, and Jenny Jones reveals that Tom’s mother was really Bridget Allworthy. Meanwhile, Bridget has confessed all to her brother on her deathbed. In London, Tom becomes the lover of Lady Bellaston, a much older, wealthy woman, and is arrested and imprisoned after a fight. Blifil arranges that the gang shall give evidence against Tom, but, with the help of a long letter from Squire to Allworthy, Blifil’s duplicity is rev ealed. Tom is cleared of changes. Tom realizes the error of his youthful ways, promising to always behave morally from now on. Blifil is disinherited, Tom now revealed as Allworthy’s nephew, becomes his heir, and he gets engaged to his beloved Sophia.Ⅲ. Realism FactorsIn the 18th century, there are two compelling phenomenon in English literature: one is the popularity of the classical; another is the formal formation of novel as a literary form. Both are benefit to the development of realism. In this period, many writers focus onreflecting the reality of people in daily life, emphatically describing heroic deeds and lofty sentiment of common people, thus develop the realistic spirit. Fielding, Richardson, Sterne and Smollet are the four realism novel masters among which Fielding is the most standing novelist in the 18th century.The History of Tom Jones, a Founding,generally considered Fielding’s masterpiece, bring its author the name of the “Prose Homer”. According to study the realism characteristics of “Tom Jones” from the social environment, plot, typical characters etc, and realistic factors can be found easily.⑴Reappearance of the social environmentRealistic novel has strong reality. According to describe characters, environment and events, the author reappears the social situation, economic environment, class distinctions etc. Thus make the readers have a comprehensive understanding about contemporary social life.The novel contains 18 books in 3 parts:The first part (one to six volumes): this part tells the life in the countryside. Squires hold a lot of land and farm and live a wealthy life. While the poor who are in the bottom lives a hard life. Theologians and philosophers attaches to the squires.The second part (seven to twelve volumes): this part tells the life on the high way. Tom embarks upon a serious of adventures at a number of roadside inns on his way to London. Many characters (soldiers, hooligans, tramps, quacks, etc) take turns coming on stage, forming a gallery of characters which is a feast for the eyes. It vividly portrayed the life of each social stratum.The third part (thirteen to eighteen volumes): this part tells the life in London. The aristocratic characters take turns coming to the stage, presenting a picture of cruelty, moral degeneracy, deceit and hypocrisy. In this part, Fielding focuses on exposing the upper class decadent lifestyle.⑵Typical charactersIn order to create typical characters, Realistic writers put the typical characters in a certain social environment, making the characters more real. On the one hand, realistic writers make the real life as a reference, so that the typical characters are described more vivid; on another hand, the writers make images of the typical characters more closelyconnect with social environment.In this novel, Tom is an honest, generous man. He helps George avoid punishment and give alms to George’s family by selling his beloved horse. In addition, he helps Nancy of the innkeeper’s daughter retrieve her lover. What’s more, To m forgives Blifil and persuades Allworthy to give Blifil some money every year. However, the fundamentally good person like Tom, can be morally flawed and lead him into various love affairs. These shortcomings are not undoubtedly erased, but his actions ju st highlight the writer’s intention------human nature is a combination of good and bad.⑶The twisty storylinesRealism novels are always full of twisty storyline. Generally speaking, the protagonist’s experience is the main line. Besides the main line, there are many subordinate lines. Both of them are overlapped. In addition, the main plot and secondary plots are involved many conflicts. The conflicts link together completely.The development of the novel has two main lines: ①the secret of Tom Jones’s identity;②the setback of love between Tom and Sophia. Besides the mainlines, there are two subordinate lines: ①the contrast between Tom and Blifil；②the dubious relationship between Tom and several woman.The mystery of Tom’s identity is throughout the whole story. The story begin with Tom suddenly appeared in Allworthy’s bed, and Tom’s identity is revealed in the end. The readers are so curious about Tom’s identity from beginning to end. Many times, they mistakenly think that they have known the mystery of Tom’s identity. At the same time, the development of love between Tom and Sophia is full of ups and downs. It makes readers worry about the two lovers. When the two main lines develop, the another two subordinate lines are inserted. They all promote the development of the plots and the contradiction. Four clues result in the twisty storyline of the novel. The twisty storylines draw readers’ strong attentions.⑷Vivid images of the charactersRealism novels emphasize to show all aspects of characters in social life. The novelists focus on the variety of characters in different social levels instead of a single legendary hero. In “Tom Jones”, the vast view it provides of the 18th century English country and city life with scores of different places and a whole gallery of about 40 characters is superb. Thecharacters call for comparison even with those of the great classics. Tom, the typical unheroic hero, the school-turned-barber Patridge that bring back the image of Sancho Panza; Sophia, a heroine in the tradition of Shakespeare’s remarkable heroines, and a crowd of innkeepers, landladies, servants, soldiers, clergymen and beggars who make up an entertaining, living society, are unforgettable.Ⅳ. ConclusionIn terms of literature, Fielding is the first theorist of modern English novel. Form the very beginning: he is trying a new form of writing, with its burlesque in both style and diction of the classic epic, a “comic epic”, as he puts in Joseph Andrews. By resorting to the older traditional form, he tires to give a realistic interpretation of the contemporary life of the common people with thei r diverse personalities and interests, to present “just copies of human manners”, and to offer “lectures of conduct and introductions into life”. With his well-laid foundation in classical literature, his experience with theatre and journals and his muti-c olored social experience, he is able to achieve his goal, most successfully in “Tom Jones”. He thinks that human nature is a combination of good and bad. In both theory and practice, Fielding’s realism concepts and writing skills can be found from social e nvironment, plot and typical characters. “Tom Jones” is the most famous realistic novel in the eighteenth century.References:[1] Zhang Boxiang. A Course Book of English Literature[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2006.[2] Wu Jingrong, Liu Yiqing.Eighteenth-century English literary history [M]. Beijing: Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press, 2O00.[3] Yao Huiliu, Wang Xiang. From the Inn to see eighteenth-century British society thousand. Foreign Literature Studies, 2007.。

English Literature 英美文学名著Jane Austen (1775-1817) 简.奥斯汀Emma <<爱玛>>Mansfield Park <<曼斯菲尔德庄园>>Persuasion <<劝导>>Pride and Prejudice <<傲慢与偏见>>Sense and Sensibility <<理智与情感>>Louisa M. Alcott (1832-1888) 露意莎.奥尔珂德Little Woman <<小妇人>>Good Wives <<好妻子>>Three Sisters of Bronte 勃朗特三姐妹Anne Bronte (1820-1849) 安.勃朗特The Tenant of Wildfell Hall <<怀尔德菲尔府的房客>> Agnes Grey <<艾格妮斯.格雷>>Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) 夏洛特.勃朗特Jane Eyre <<简.爱>>The Professor <<教师>>Emily Bronte (1818-1848) 埃米丽.勃朗特Wuthering Heights <<呼啸山庄>>Francis Bacon ( 1561-1626) 弗兰西斯.培根Essays <<弗兰西斯.培根论文集>>John Bunyan (1628-1688) 约翰.班扬The Holy War <<圣战>>The Pilgrim's Progress <<天路历程>>Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) 刘易斯.卡罗尔Alice's Adventures in Wonderland <<爱丽丝漫游奇境记>>Through the Looking Glass <<爱丽丝漫游镜中世界>>Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) 约瑟夫.康拉德Lord Jim <<吉姆老爷>>Nostromo <<诺斯特罗摩>>The Secret Agent <<特务>>Almayer's Folly <<奥尔迈耶的愚蠢>>Heart of Darkness <<黑暗的心灵>>The Nigger of the Marcissus <<白水仙花号上的黑家伙>>The Shadow Line <<阴影线>>Youth <<青春>>Stephen Crane (1871-1900) 斯蒂芬.克莱恩Maggie- A Girl of the Streets <<街头女郎梅季>> The Red Badge of Courage <<红色英勇勋章>>Wilkie Collins (1824-1889) 科林斯No Name <<没有姓名>>The New Magdalen <<新玛格达琳>>The Moonstone <<月亮宝石>>The Woman in White <<白衣女人>>Willa Cather (1873-1947) 薇拉.凯瑟Alexander's Bridge <<亚历山大的桥>>My Antonia <<我的安东妮亚>>O Pioneers! <<啊，拓荒者！>>The Song of the Lark <<云雀之歌>>The Troll Garden and Selected Stories <<特罗尔花园>>Charles Dickens (1812-1870) 查尔斯.狄更斯A Christmas Carol <<圣诞欢歌>>A Tale of Two Cities <<双城记>>American Notes <<旅美札记>>Barnaby Rudge <<巴纳比.拉奇>>Bleak House <<荒凉山庄>>David Copperfield <<大卫.科波菲尔>>Domby and Son <<董贝父子>>Great Expectations <<远大前程>>Hard Times <<艰难时事>>Little Dorrit <<小杜丽>>Martin Chuzzlewit <<马丁.朱述尔维持>>Nicholas Nickleby <<尼古拉斯.尼克贝尔>>Oliver Twist <<雾都孤儿>>Our Mutual Friend <<我们共同的朋友>>The Battle of Life <<人生的战斗>>The Cricket on the Hearth <<炉边蟋蟀>>The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain <<神缠身的人>>The Mystery of Edwin Drood <<爱德温.德鲁德之谜>> The Old Curiosity Shop <<老古玩店>>The Pickwick Papers <<匹克威克外传>>Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) 丹尼尔.笛福The Journal of the Plague Year <<瘟疫年纪事>> Moll Flanders <<摩尔.弗兰德斯>>Robinson Crusoe-1 <<鲁滨逊漂流记>>Robinson Crusoe-2 <<鲁滨逊漂流记续集>>Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930) 阿瑟.柯南道尔The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes <<福尔摩斯探案集>>A Study in Scarlet <<猩红色的谜>>Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes <<福尔摩斯回忆录>> The Hound of the Baskervilles <<巴斯克维尔庄园的猎犬>>The Lost World <<失去的世界>>The Poison Belt <<有毒带>>The Return of Sherlock Holmes <<福尔摩斯归来记>> The Sign of Four <<四签名>>The Valley of Fear <<恐怖峡谷>>George Eliot (1819-1880) 乔治.艾略特The Mill on the Floss <<弗罗斯河上的磨坊>>Adam Bede <<亚当.贝德>>Middlemarch <<米德尔马奇>>Silas Marner <<织工马南传>>Ralph W. Emerson (1803-1882) 爱默生English Traits <<英国人的特性>>Essays <<论文集>>The Conduct of Life <<生活行为>>Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) 本杰明.富兰克林Poor Richard's Almanack (1733-1758) <<穷理查的历书>>The Autobiography <<自传>>Henry Fielding (1707-1754) 亨利.菲尔丁The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling <<弃儿汤姆.琼斯的历史>>Elizabeth C. Gaskell (1810-1865) 伊丽莎白.加斯克尔Mary Barton <<玛丽.巴顿>>North and South <<北方与南方>>Ruth <<露丝>>Sylvia's Lovers <<西尔维亚的恋人>>Wives and Daughters <<妻子和女儿>>Cousin Phillis <<菲利丝表妹>>Cranford <<克兰福德>>Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) 霍桑Twice-Told Tales <<重讲一遍的故事>>Mosses from an Old Manse <<古屋青苔>>The House of Seven Gables <<七个尖角阁的房子>> The Scarlet Letter <<红字>>The Snow Image <<雪的意象>>Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) 托马斯.哈代A Pair of Blue Eyes <<一双碧眼>>Far from the Madding Crowd <<远离尘嚣>>Jude the Obscure <<无名的裘德>>Tess of the d'Urbervilles <<德伯家的苔丝>>The Mayor of Casterbridge <<卡斯特桥市长>>The Return of the Native <<还乡>>Washington Irving (1783-1859) 华盛顿.欧文The Adventures of Captain Bonneville <<博纳维尔上尉探险记>>The Sketch Book <<见闻札记>>The Alhambra <<爱尔汗布拉宫>>Henry James (1843-1916) 享利.詹姆斯The Golden Bowl <<金碗>>Daisy Miller <<戴西.密勒>>Death of the Lion <<名流之死>>Roderick Hudson <<罗德里克.赫德森>>The Ambassadors <<奉使记>>The American <<美国人>>The Aspern Papers <<阿斯本文件>>The Europeans <<欧州人>>The Figure in the Carpet <<地毯上的图案>>The Lesson of the Master <<大师的教诲>>The Portrait of A Lady <<贵妇画像>>The Sacred Fount <<神圣源泉>>The Turn of the Screw <<螺丝在拧紧>> Washington Square <<华盛顿广场>>James Joyce (1882-1941) 詹姆斯.乔伊斯A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man <<艺术家青年时期写照>>Dubliners <<都柏林人>>Ulysses <<尤利西斯>>Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) 托马斯.杰弗逊Autobiography <<自传>>Letters <<书信集>>Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) 吉卜林Kim <<吉姆>>Puck of Pook's Hill <<普克山的派克>>Rewards and Fairies <<投偿和仙子们>>The Jungle Book <<丛林故事>>Andrew Lang (1844-1912) 乌德鲁.兰The Blue Fairy Book <<绿皮童话书>>The Red Fairy Book <<红皮童话书>>The Violet Fairy Book <<紫皮童话书>>The Yellow Fairy Book <<黄皮童话书>>D. H. Lawrence (1855-1930) 戴.赫.劳伦斯Lady Chatterlay's Lover <<查太莱夫人的情人>> Women in Love <<恋爱中的女人>>Sons and Lovers <<儿子与情人>>Jack London (1876-1916) 杰克.伦敦Burning Daylight <<天大亮>>John Barleycorn <<约翰.巴雷肯>>Love of Life and Other Stories <<热爱生命>> Martin Eden <<马丁.伊登>>The Call of the Wild <<荒野的呼唤>>The Iron Heel <<铁蹄>>The People of the Abyss <<深渊中的人们>>The Sea-Wolf <<海狼>>The Son of the Wolf <<狼的儿子>>The White Fang <<白牙>>Herman Melville (1819-1891) 赫曼.梅尔维尔Benito Cereno <<班尼托.西兰诺>>Billy Budd <<比利.巴德>>Moby Dick (The Whale) <<白鲸>>Typee <<太比>>John Milton (1608-1674) 约翰.弥尔顿Paradise Lost <<失乐园>>Paradise Regained <<复乐园>>William Morris (1834-1896) 威廉.莫里斯A Dream of John Ball and A King's Lesson <<梦见约翰.鲍尔>>News from Nowhere <<乌有乡消息>>Frank Norris (1870-1902) 弗兰克.诺里斯Blix <<布里克斯>>McTeague <<麦克提格>>Moran of the Lady Letty <<莱蒂夫人号的莫兰>> The Octopus- A Story of California <<章鱼>>Harriet B. Stowe (1811-1896) 哈丽特.斯托Uncle Tom's Cabin <<汤姆叔叔的小屋>>Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) 斯威夫特Gulliver's Travels <<格列佛游记>>The Battle of the Books and Others <<书的战争>>Mary W. Shelly (1797-1851) 玛丽.雪莱Frankenstein <<弗兰肯斯坦>>Walter Scott (1771-1832) 沃尔特.司各特Bride of Lammermoor <<拉马摩尔的新娘>>Ivanhoe <<艾凡赫>>Rob Roy <<罗布.罗伊>>The Heat of Mid-Lothian <<中洛辛郡的心脏>>The Antiquary <<古董家>>The Talisman- A Tale of the Crusaders <<护符>> Waverley <<威弗利>>William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 莎士比亚The Complete Works of William Shakespeare <<莎士比亚全集>>A Lover's Complaint << 情女怨>>A Midsummer Night's Dream <<仲夏夜之梦>>All's Well That Ends Well <<终成眷属>>As You Like It <<皆大欢喜>>Cymbeline <<辛伯林>>King John <<约翰王>>King Richard II <<理查二世>>King Richard III <<理查三世>>Love's Labour's Lost <<爱的徒劳>>Measure for Measure <<一报还一报>>Much Ado About Nothing <<无事生非>>Pericles, Prince of Type <<泰尔亲王配力克里斯>> The Comedy of Errors <<错误的喜剧>>King Henry the Fourth <<亨利四世>>King Henry the Fifth <<亨利五世>>King Henry the Sixth <<亨利六世>>King Henry the Eighth <<亨利八世>>The History of Troilus and Cressida <<特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达>>The Life of Timon of Athens <<雅典的泰门>>The Merchant of Venice <<威尼斯商人>>The Merry Wives of Windsor <<温莎的风流娘儿们>> The Passionate Pilgrim <<爱情的礼赞>>The Phoenix and the Turtle <<凤凰和斑鸠>>The Rape of Lucrece <<鲁克丽丝受辱记>>The Taming of the Shrew <<驯悍记>>The Tempest <<暴风雨>>The Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra <<安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉>>The Tragedy of Coriolanus <<科利奥兰纳斯>>The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark <<哈姆莱特>>The Tragedy of Julius Caesar <<裘力斯.凯撒>>The Tragedy of King Lear <<李尔王>>The Tragedy of Macbeth <<麦克佩斯>>The Tragedy of Othello, Moor of Venice <<奥赛罗>> The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet <<罗密欧与朱丽叶>> The Tragedy of Titus Andronicus <<泰特斯.安德洛尼克斯>>The Two Gentlemen of Verona <<维洛那二绅士>>The Winter's Tale <<冬天的故事>>Twelfth Night <<第十二夜>>Venus and Adonis <<维纳斯与阿都尼>>The Sonnets <<十四行诗>>Robert L. Stevenson (1850-1894) 史蒂文森Prince Otto <<奥托王子>>Treasure Island <<金银岛>>Across the Plains <<横穿普莱恩斯>>An Inland Voyage <<内河航程>>In the South Seas <<在南海>>Kidnapped <<绑架>>Master of Ballantrae <<巴伦特雷少爷>>The Black Arrow <<黑箭>>The Silverado Squatters <<西尔韦拉多-斯卡特斯>> The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde<<杰基尔医生和海德先生的奇案>>Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes <<骑驴游塞文斯山脉>>Weir of Hermiston <<赫米斯顿的韦尔>>Henry D. Thoreau (1817-1862) 梭罗Walden <<沃尔登，或林中生活>>Mark Twain (1835-1910) 马克.吐温A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court<<亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人>>A Tramp Abroad <<国外漫游>>Life on the Mississippi <<密西西北河上>>Mark Twain's Speeches <<演讲集>>The $30,000 Bequest <<三万元的遗产>>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn <<哈克贝利.费恩历险记>>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer <<汤姆.索耶历险记>> Tom Sawyer Abroad <<汤姆.索耶在国外>>Tom Sawyer Detective <<汤姆.索耶探案>>The Innocents Abroad <<傻子出国记>>The Prince and the Pauper <<王子与贫儿>>The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson <<傻瓜威尔逊的悲剧>>What is Man <<什么是人>>William Thackeray (1811-1863) 威廉.萨克雷The Rose and the Ring <<玫瑰与戒指>>Vanity Fair <<名利场>>Edith Wharton (1862-1937) 伊迪丝.华顿Bunner Sisters <<邦纳姐妹>>House of Mirth <<欢乐之家>>Summer <<夏天>>The Age of Innocence <<天真的时代>>The Reef <<暗礁>>H. G. Wells (1866-1946) 赫伯特.乔治.威尔斯Ann Veronica <<安.维罗尼卡>>The Door in the Wall and Other Stories <<墙中之门>> The First Man in the Moon <<最先登上月球的人>> The Invisible Man <<隐身人>>The Island of Doctor Moreau <<莫洛医生的岛屿>> The Time Machine <<时间机器>>The War in the Air <<空中战争>>The War of the Worlds <<星际战争>>Tono Bungay <<托诺.邦盖>>Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) 奥斯卡.王尔德A House of Pomegranates <<石榴房子>>A Woman of No Importance <<无足轻重的女人>>An Ideal Husband <<理想丈夫>>Intentions <<意图>>Lady Windermere's Fan <<少奶奶的扇子>>Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories<<阿瑟.萨维尔勋爵的罪恶及其它故事>>The Happy Prince and Other Tales <<快乐王子及其它故事>>The Importance of Being Earnest <<认真的重要>> The Picture of Dorian Gray <<道林.格雷的肖像>>。

第一章测试1.Beowulf is an epic of 3182 lines, which is the greatest work of literature ofthe Old English Period.A:错B:对答案:B2.The year 1066 marks the beginning of the Middle English or Anglo-NormanPeriod.A:错B:对答案:B3.Robin Hood is the hero in the collection of 15th-century medieval romances.A:错B:对答案:A4.The Canterbury Tales is a masterpiece by Geoffrey Chaucer, the firstpreeminent English poet in history.A:错B:对答案:B5.The structure of The Canterbury Tales is similar to Boccacio’s Decameron.A:对B:错答案:A6. ( ) refers to a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of somelegendary heroes.A:EpicB:LegendC:FableD:Ballad答案:A7.( ) is also known as “head rhyme” or “initial rhyme”.A:AlliterationB:ConsonanceC:AssonanceD:Onomatopoeia答案:A8.Who introduced heroic couplet into England?A:Thomas MaloryB:Alfred the GreatC:Geoffrey ChaucerD:Cynewulf答案:C9.Which of the following works belong to the Old English Period?A:BeowulfB:Morte d’ArthurC:Anglo-Saxon ChronicleD:Christ答案:ACD10.Which of the following literary works come from the Middle English Period?A:The Legend of St. ElenaB:Chanson de RolandC:Piers the PlowmanD:The Ecclesiastical History of England答案:BC第二章测试1.The Faerie Queene, fusing adroitly the strands of legend, fable, and praise ofElizabeth I’s England in iteself, is a masterpiece written by Thomas Wyatt,who introduced sonnet into English poetry.A:对B:错答案:B2.“University Wits” were all graduates from Oxford or Cambridge during the1580s; Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Lodge,Thomas Nash, and Ben Jonson were outstanding representatives of thisschool.A:对B:错答案:B3.Tamburlanine the Great, The Jew of Malta, and The Tragical History of DoctorFaustus are great tragedies written by Christopher Marlowe, the mostprominent figure among the “University Wits.”A:对B:错答案:A4.William Shakespeare had produced 154 sonnets in total, and the first 126sonnets seem to be addressed to a young woman, who possesses extremebeauty.A:错B:对答案:A5.All Shakespeare’s plays take place in England.A:对答案:B6.( ) is a nine-line stanza of eight lines of iambic pentameter plus an iambichexameter.A:Italian sonnetB:Spenserian stanzaC:English sonnetD:Spenserian sonnet答案:B7.Who coined the term “Metaphysical Poets”?A:Andrew MarvellB:Samuel JohnsonC:John DonneD:George Herbert答案:B8.Who is the most popular and most widely respected writer in all Englishliterature?A:John BunyanB:John DonneC:John MiltonD:William Shakespeare答案:D9.Which of the fol lowing adjectives can be used to describe Francis Bacon’sessays?A:freshB:vigorousC:powerfulD:conservative答案:ABC10.Who were dramatists during the Elizabethan Age?A:Thomas NashB:Robert GreeneC:Thomas KydD:Ben Jonson答案:ABCD第三章测试1.Alexander Pope was the representative poet of the neo-classical school, andthe early 18th century has often been named as the Age of Pope.A:对B:错答案:A2.Gulliver’s Travels is the most enduring work by Jonathan Swift, which is asavage satire in the form of a fabulous travelogue.B:错答案:A3.Henry Fielding is regarded as the father of English fiction by Sir Walter Scott,and he had applied first-person narration in his novels.A:错B:对答案:A4.William Blake is renowned now for his Songs of Innocence and Songs ofExperience.A:对B:错答案:A5.Robert Burns wrote in Scottish dialect, and he followed the Scottish songtradition in his poetry.A:错B:对答案:B6.( ) refers to a lyric poem lamenting a dead friend, or a public figure.A:EpicB:OdeC:ElegyD:Sonnet答案:C7.Who defined novel as a genre?A:Henry FieldingB:Samuel JohnsonC:Jonathan SwiftD:Daniel Defoe答案:A8.“Auld Lang Syne” praises ( ).A:friendshipB:freedomC:loveD:patriotism答案:A9.Which of the following are the features of Enlightenment?A:A devotion to harmony, proportion, and balance.B:Profound faith in the powers of human reason.C:Strong belief in imagination.D:Strong belief in the clarity of thought.答案:ABD10.Who are writers of neo-classicism?A:Henry FieldingB:John DydenC:Thomas MoreD:Alexander Pope答案:ABD第四章测试1.The Romantic Age began with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 andended with the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.A:对B:错答案:A2.The romantic poets paid great attention on reason or rationality in theirpoetry.A:错B:对答案:A3.In the preface for the first edition of Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth put forwardhis principles of poetry.A:对B:错答案:B4.The Revolt of Islam is P. B. Shelley’s first long poem of importance.A:错B:对答案:A5.Jane Austen is the first important English woman novelist, who wrotealtogether six novels.A:对B:错答案:A6.Who is the author of Biographia Literaria?A:William WordsworthB:S. T. ColeridgeC:Robert SoutheyD:P. B. Shelley答案:B7.Which of the following novel by Scott has its spatial setting in England?A:The TalismanB:IvanhoeC:WaverleyD:Quentin Durward答案:B8.Which of the following are ideals advocated by the French Revolution?A:equalityB:reasonC:libertyD:fraternity答案:ACD9.Which of the following are characters from Prometheus Unbound?A:PantheaB:DemogorgonC:Eternal LoveD:Africa答案:ABC10.Which work made Byron famous?A:The Revolt of IslamB:A Defense of PoetryC:Childe Harold’s PilgrimageD:Don Juan答案:C第五章测试1.The critical realists criticised the capitalist social system from a proletarianpoint of view.A:对B:错答案:B2.Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, and John Ruskin were all eminent figuresamong the Victorian poets.A:对B:错答案:B3.Dickens took the French Revolution as the background of A Tale of TwoCities, and the two cities are Paris and London.A:错B:对答案:B4.Wuthering Heights, the masterpiece of Emily Brontë, narrates the tragic lovestory of a governess.A:错B:对答案:A5.Thomas Hardy is one of the representatives of English critical realism in theearly part of the Victorian period.A:错B:对答案:A6.Which is the most popular form of all the literary art during the Victorianperiod?A:fictionB:dramaC:proseD:poetry答案:A7.Who wrote the bewitching Sherlock Holmes cycle of detective stories?A:Robert Louis StevensonB:Wilkie CollinsC:Lewis CarrollD:Conan Doyle答案:D8.What is an archetypal Dickensian hero like?A:An adult.B:An orphan.C:A boy.D:A girl.答案:B9.Which of the following are spatial settings in Jane Eyre?A:ThornfieldB:GatesheadC:LowoodD:Ferndean答案:ABCD10.Which of the following characters are included in The Importance of BeingEarnest?A:GwendolynB:AlgernonC:CecilyD:Jack Worthing答案:ABCD第六章测试1.Realism and modernism coexisted in the 20th-century British literature.A:对B:错答案:A2.The theoretical base of modernism is rationalism.A:错B:对答案:A3.Sons and Lovers, an autobiographical novel by D. H. Lawrence, deals with astory of a father’s dominant and debilitating love over the sons.A:错B:对答案:A4.The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot’s masterpiece, uses the past as a ya rdstick tomeasure the present and underscore what is missing from the present.A:对B:错答案:A5.W. B. Yeats played a major role in the Irish literay revival.A:对B:错答案:A6.Who wrote The Time Machine?A:H. G. WellsB:Arnold BennettC:Rudyard KiplingD:John Galsworthy答案:A7.Who won the Nobel Pize in 1923?A:W. B. YeatsB:T. S. EliotC:Virginia WoolfD:James Joyce答案:A8.Which of the following work suggests Eliot had turned conservative?A:Murder in the CathedralB:The Cocktail PartyC:Ash WednesdayD:The Confidential Clerk答案:C9.Who were “Edwardians” as termed by Woolf?A:Arnold BennettB:H. G. WellsC:John GalsworthyD:E. M. Forster答案:ABC10.Which of the following poems are written by Yeats?A:“The Second Coming”B:“Gerontion”C:“Sailing to Byzantium”D:The Waste Land答案:AC。

Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)I Background449 the Teutons ( the Jutes, the Anglos, the Saxons)II LiteratureThe literature of this period falls into two divisions—pagan and ChristianTwo Anglo-saxon Christian poets:Caedmon （凯德蒙，公元7世纪盎各鲁－萨克逊基督教诗人）who lived in the latter half of the 7th century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.Cynewulf（基涅武甫,盎各鲁――萨克逊诗人，生活在公元9世纪，其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现，有《埃琳娜》,《使徒们的命运》，《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》）, the author of poems on religious subjectsIII The Song of Beowulf( Beowulf, 公元7-8世纪之交开始流传于民间的同名史诗中的主人公，曾与水怪，火龙搏斗)Status: England’s national epicWritten at the beginning of the tenth centuryComposed much earlierLength:3182The whole song is essentially pagan in spirit and matter.Features : alliteration; metaphors; understatementSubject matterPart II The Anglo-Norman Period (1066—1350)I historical background: The Norman ConquestII. The LiteratureThe literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.III. Romance1. Romance was the prevailing form of literature in feudal England.2. Definition and features(理解)IV. Sir Gawain and the Green Knighta late-14th century middle-English outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table.It was a verse romance of 2530 lines, considered as the best of Arthurian roman ces.Part III Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400)I Major worksThe Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》is a translation from a French poem.His masterpiece: The Canterbury TalesII Contributions1. Chaucer—the forerunner of Renaissanc e2. Chaucer –a master of realism3 Chaucer—“father of English poetry”①In contradistinction to the alliterative verse of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.②He introduced from France the rhymed couplet (two successive lines of verse equal in length and with thyme) of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the heroic coupletIII the Canterbury tales1. statusThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature2. It contains(1) a general prologue (over 800 lines)(2) 24 tales(3) separate prologues and “the links that accompany some of the tales‖Part IV The RenaissanceI.The RenaissanceFeatures① A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.Essence: humanismII. The 16th century EnglandIII. The Renaissance Literature in EnglandFigures1/ Thomas More (1478-1535, 托马斯·莫尔)—the Forerunner of utopian socialismUtopia《乌托邦》(1516)2/ France Bacon (1561-1626,弗朗西斯·培根）--the scientist, philosopher and essayist3/ Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542, 托玛斯·维亚特）--a poet, the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature4/. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599,埃德蒙·斯宾塞)，a great poetThe Faerie Queene《仙后》（1590）5/ Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)—the greatest pioneer of English dramaContributions:He reformed the genre of drama in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.He made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama6/ Prose writersJohn Lily(1553-1606，约翰·黎利) Eupheus（尤弗伊斯）gives the term of euphuismThomas Loge (1558-1625，托马斯·洛奇)Thomas Deloney (1543-1600,托马斯·德罗尼）Thomas Nashe（1567-1601，托马斯·纳西）William Shakespeare (1564-1616)I. status: the greatest of all English authors; one of those rare geniuses of mankind; landmark in the history of world culture; one of the first founders of realism; a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations the greatest dramatist in human history and the supreme poet of the English language—he wrote poems and playsII works①Poemssonnets: 1542 narrative poemsVenus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克莉斯受辱记》②plays(38)tragediesRomeo and Juliet4 great tragedies (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth )comediesMid- Summer’ Night’s DreamhistoriesIII.Selected reading①Hamlet②Sonnet 18Francis Bacon (1561-1626)I title：Philosopher, scientist(the inventor of scientific method); Statesman Jurist(法学家）; essayistII. worksBacon’s works may be divided into three classes:a. the philosophical works:Advancement of Learning (1605, in English)Novum Organum (1620, in Latin)De Augmentis (1623, in latin)b. the literary works:Essays( 1597,1612, 1625)c. the professional works:Maxism of the LawReading on the Statute of Uses 用益权法Part V The 17th Century The period of Revolution and RestorationI. Social Background1. The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous[动荡的] periods inEnglish history.2.In 1642, the civil war (English revolution/ Puritan revolution) broke outbetween Charles I and the parliament.3. The restoration (1660)4.The glorious revolution(1688)II. Puritan and PuritanismIII. Literature of the 17th century1.The revolution periodGeneral Characteristics①The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to the breakingup of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period.②The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art. Y et this hard,stern sect produced a great poet, John Milton, and a great prose writer, John Bunyan.③Literature in the Puritan Age expressed sadness. Even its brightest hourswere followed by gloom and pessimism.④John Milton, whose work would glorify any age and people, and in his workthe indomitable（不屈服的）revolutionary spirit found its noblest expression.For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton．⑤The main literary form of the period was poetry. Besides Milton, there weretwo other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.2. Literature of the Restorationgeneral characteristics① a sudden breaking away from old standards②Restoration literature is deeply influenced by French classical taste. It is a period of French influence.rimed couplets-blank verseThe unitiesA more regular constructionThe presentations of types rather than individuals③restoration comediesRestoration created a literature of its own that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.④John Dryden (1631-1670)critic, poet, and playwrightthe most distinguished literary figure of the time(一)John Donne (1573-1631)I ①The founder of the Metaphysical School and very influential upon modern writers②a preacher famous for his magnificent sermons at his timeIII Major W orksEarly works: Songs and Sonnets( written before 1600, 55 love poems)The Flea 《跳蚤》Song: Go and Catch a Falling StarWoman’s Consta ncy 《女人的忠贞》A Valediction : of Weeping《别离辞：哭泣》A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《别离辞：节哀》late works: Religious poems and sermons(二) John Milton(1608-1674)I status ①A great puritan poet②his work would glorify any age or people, and in him the indomitable puritan spirit finds the noblest expression.II Milton’s WorksThree literary periods:①early period: poems written in Cambridge and at Horton②middle-aged period: prose pamphletsAreopagitica(Speech for the Liberty of UnlicensedPrinting,1644 )Eikonoklaste s ( Image Breaker, 1649)Defense for the English People (1650)③the period of his old age :great poemsParadise Lost (1658-1664)Paradise Regained (1671)Samson Agonistes (1671)III Paradise Lost①status:•the only great epic since Beowulf•one of the greatest poems of the English language②ThemeThe theme is ― the fall of man,‖ i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of paradise , with its cause–Satan .(三) John Bunyan1628—1688I status•He received spiritual independence from the Reformation•the chief Puritan writer of prose•He gave us the only great allegory ——The Pilgrim’s ProgressII The Pilg rim’s Progress (1678)①It is about Christian’s journey from his hometown ―the city of Destruction‖ to the ―Celestial City‖, and his experiences and adventures on his journey.It depicts the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of Salvation.②It was written in the form of allegory and dream.③Christian’s journey in 10 stages (scenes)Slough of DespondThe House of InterpreterThe Hill of DifficultyHouse BeautifulV alley of HumiliationThe valley of the Shadow of DeathV anity FairDoubting CastleThe Delectable MountainsCelestial City④vanity fair•V anity Fair is one of the most remarkable passages of The Pilgrim’s Progress•―V anity‖ means ―emptiness‖ or ―worthless‖, hence•the fair is an allegory of worldliness & the corruption of the religious life through the attractions of the world•the great critical realist of the 19th century, W. M. Thackeray, employed ―Vanity Fair‖ as the title for his masterpiece that gives a comprehensive satirical picture of the aristocratic bourgeois society of 19th century EnglandPart VI The 18th century The Age of Enlightenment in England（the age of reason)I. Historical backgroundThe EnlightenmentV ersion 1: p 165-166II. Literature1. NeoclassicismwritersJohn Dryden(1631-1700)Alexander Pope(1660-1744)散文《论批评》An Essay on Criticism讽刺史诗《夺发记》The Rape of the LockSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)《英文大词典》A Dictionary of the English Language2. Essays•Joseph Addison (1672-1719)•Richard Steele (1667-1745)The TatlerThe Spectator3.modern English novelWritersDaniel Defoe (1661-1731) Robinson CrusoeHenry Fielding (1707-1754) The History of Tom Jones, A FoundlingT. G. Smollet (1721-1771) satirical novelsSamuel Richardson (1689-1761) PamelaOliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Vicar of WakefieldJonathan Swift (1667-1745) Gulliver's TravelsLawrence Sterne (1713-1768) Sentimental JourneyRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.4. Drama•Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774)She stoops to Conquer•Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)the Rivalsthe School for Scandal5. SentimentalismNovelistsSamuel Richardson Pamela帕米拉Laurence Sterne Sentimental JourneyPoetsThomas Gray (1716-1771) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Deserted VillageGeorge Crabbe (1754-1832) The Village6 Gothic novelwritersHorace Walpole (1727-1797)The Castle of Otranto奥特伦托城堡Ann Radcliff (1764-1823)The Mysteries of Udolpho 尤道弗之谜7. pre-romanticismthe poets•William Blake (1757-1821)•Robert Burns (1759-1796)（一）Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)works1.PamphletThe Shortest Way with the Dissenters2. Fiction (picaresque novel)Robin Crusoe (1719)Captain Singleton (1720)Duncan Campbell (1720)Memoirs of Cavalier (1720)Colonel Jack (1722)Moll Flanders (1722)Journal of the Plague Year (1722)Account of Jonathan Wild (1725)The History of the Devil (1726)（二）Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)I ①A satirist②The supreme prose master in the first part of the 18th century is Swift.II The works of Swift:The Battle of the Books书的战争（1704）A Tale of A Tub一只桶的故事（1704）The Journal to Stella斯特拉日记（1710-1713）A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议（1729）Drapier’s Letters布商的信（1724，1725）Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记（1726）III Gulliver’s Travelsfour voyages of Lemuel GulliverThe first part : LilliputThe second part: BrobdingnagThe last part: the land of HouyhnhnmsThe third part: LaputaIV A Modest Proposal (1729)A Modest Proposal is the best and most famous political satire of Swift.（三）Joseph Addison(1672-1719)Richard Steele (1672-1729)1. The Tatlerstarted by_______containing: news,gossip,stories and jokespublished ______times a week_______small pagesrun about ______years2.The SpectatorPublished every morningContaining only familiar essaysform: The spectator was supposed to be edited by a small club run by Mr Spectator, including mainly Sir Roger de Coverley and several others.Content: comment on books; earnest efforts after reform; Character sketches of si r Roger3. The purpose4. the meaning and influence of the T and the S5. The style of AddisonP 2306. The literary genre of essayp228 L7-L13（四）Henry Fielding(1707-1754)I chiefly a novelistthen a dramatistthe founder of English realistic novel― Father of English novel‖II works①The History of the Adventure of Joseph Andrews and His Friend Mr. Adams1742《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》 a parody of Richardson’s Pamela②Jonathan Wild, the Great 1743《大伟人乔纳森·威尔德传》the story of a rogue③The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 1749《弃儿汤姆琼斯的历史》masterpiece④The History of Amelia 1751《艾米利亚》（五）Thomas Gray(1716-1771)Elegy written in a Country Churchyard①T ype: elegy (a somber poem or song that praises or laments the dead)②Key dates: Gray began writing the poem in 1742, put it aside for a while, and finished it in 1750. He was meticulous: everything he wrote had to be just right. He believed that one imprecise word could ruin an entire work. Consequently, In ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,‖ he labored on until all the words were right③setting: Churchyard at Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire, England. Gray was buried in that churchyard.④format: four-line stanzas in iambic pentameter.In each stanza, the first line rhymes with the third and the second rhymes with the fourth.⑤status: one of the greatest poems in the English language.It knits structure, rhyme scheme, imagery and message into a brilliant work that confers on Gray everlasting fame.⑥school: sentimental poetrythe graveyard school（六）Oliver Goldsmith(1728-1774)I ①an Irish Writer②a representative of Sentimentalism③One of the most versatile of authors and made distinguished contributions in several literary forms.II Works•A novelThe vicar of Wakefield 1761-1762威克菲尔德的牧师/威克菲牧师传•comediesShe stoops to Conquer 1773 委曲求全Good-natured Man 1768 好性情的人•A series of essaysThe Citizen of the World 1762世界公民•Poems:The Traveler 1764 旅行者The Deserted Villiage1770 荒村（七）Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)I①the most important English playwright of the 18th century.②His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of B ernard Shaw.II. Dramas of Sheridan•The Rivals情敌1775•The School for Scandal造谣学校1777•The Critic1779（七）William Blake (1757-1827)I the most independent and the most original romantic poetThe poet of inspirationThe mystic and transcendental poetThe most extraordinary literary geniusII works1. Poetical Sketches (1783)a collection of youthful poems.Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.2. Songs of Innocence (1789)3. Songs of Experience (1794)III selected reading（八）Robert Burns（1759-1796）I①the greatest of Scottish poetMost of his poems and songs were written in Scotch dialect.Burns had a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of theold Scotch song tradition.② a farmer poet.Burns was a plowman. He came from the people and wrote for the people. He was the people’s poet.③ a pre-romantic poetIIｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｒｅａｄｉｎｇ。

亨利菲尔丁的简介亨利·菲尔丁是十八世纪英国的小说家，代表作名为汤姆琼斯，这部小说也被看成是英国十八世纪的最伟大著作。

下面是店铺搜集整理的亨利菲尔丁的简介，希望对你有帮助。

亨利菲尔丁的简介亨利·菲尔丁(Henry Fielding，1707年4月22日-1754年10月8日)18世纪最杰出的英国小说家，戏剧家。

18世纪英国启蒙运动的最大代表人物之一，被沃尔特·司各特称为“英国小说之父”，是英国第一个用完整的小说理论来从事创作的作家。

在《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》、《弃婴托姆·琼斯的故事》和《阿米丽亚》中，菲尔丁奠定了19世纪末一直支配着英国小说的那种全面反映当代社会的现实主义传统。

萧伯纳认为菲尔丁是除莎士比亚外英国从中世纪至19世纪之间最伟大的剧作家。

菲尔丁的戏剧作品主要属于笑剧、模仿嘲讽剧和讽刺剧。

他对文学的最大贡献是他创作的现实主义小说。

他和丹尼尔·笛福、塞缪尔·理查逊并称为英国现代小说的三大奠基人。

亨利菲尔丁的代表作汤姆·琼斯全名《弃儿汤姆·琼斯的历史》(1749 )，是菲尔丁的代表作，也常被看作英国18 世纪小说的最杰出巨著。

一位富有的乡绅收养了弃儿汤姆琼斯，将他与自己的外甥布立非一起抚养。

他们长大后，汤姆真诚善良但是轻率任性，布立非则狡猾虚伪。

汤姆得到了苏索亚的爱，但是她的父亲想要将自己的女儿嫁给拥有财产继承权的布立非。

布立非本人也因为某种原因想要娶苏索亚，在舅舅面前经常诋毁汤姆，导致汤姆最终被他的养父赶走了。

苏索亚得知后带着侍女前往伦敦寻找汤姆。

汤姆与苏索亚多次近在咫尺，但在阴差阳错之下两人始终没有碰面。

汤姆在客店因为与人争吵而受伤，遇见了以前的故友，两人一起上路。

在路上，两人遇见了各种形形色色的人物，增长了许多见闻。

这部分占了小说三分之一的篇幅，详细描写了社会的各阶层，展现了作者对底层人士的同情。

汤姆后来遇上了苏索亚的表姐，并受到了她的诱惑。

名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Ballad: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. 3．Heroic Couplet: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.7．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.8．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.10．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.12．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.13．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail. 14．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.15．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.16．Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.17．Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.18．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.19．Elegy: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem.20．Canto: a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem21．Ode: a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.22．Song: a short poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music.23．Lyric: a poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker's personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, song and ode are all forms of lyrics.24．Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.25．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文学史中古时期1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》: the natural epic of the English people; Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements2.Sir Gawain and Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3.Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)文艺复兴时期1.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.2.Francis Bacon: the first English Essayist; Essays《随笔集》- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)3.Thus Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4.Edmund Spenser: Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)5.William Shakespeare:Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day)四大悲剧：Hamlet (revenge of the Prince HamletKing Lear(年事已高的李尔王意欲把国土分给3个女儿，两个大女儿赢其宠信而瓜分国土，小女儿却因不愿阿谀奉承而一无所得。

2021年自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期：HenryFieldingV. Henry Fielding1. 一般识记：His life & careerEnglish author，born in Sharpham Park，England，April. 22. 1707，and died in Lisbon，Portugal，Oct. & 1754.During his career as a dramatist，Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of plays. Witty comedies of manners or intrigues in the Restoration tradition，farce or ballad operas with political implication，& burlesques & satires that been heavily upon the status quo of England. Of all his plays，the best known are The coffee-House Politician ((1730)，The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730)，Pasquin (1736) & The Historical Register for the Year 1736(1737)。

Fielding started to write novels when he was preparing himself for the Bar. In 1742 appeared his first novel，The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews & of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams，Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes，which was first intended as a burlesque of the dubious morality & false sentimentality of Richardson’s Pamela. Th e next year came The History of Jonathan Wild the Great，a satiric biography that harks back to Fielding’s early plays. The novel was followed by The History of Tom Jones，a Foundling (1749) & The History of Amelia (1751)。