Board and system level effects on plastic package thermal performance

DATASHEET OverviewThe RTL Architect™ solution is the industry’s first physically aware RTL design system that significantly reduces the development cycle and delivers superior quality-of-results. RTL Architect continues the “shift-left” strategy introduced in the Synopsys Fusion Design Platform™ to address power, performance, and area (PPA) challenges earlierin the design cycle. The complexities of advanced process nodes have made it more difficult to meet PPA targets through physical implementation techniques alone, so RTL designers are tasked with exploring domain-specific architectures to dramatically improve PPA. RTL Architect provides a logical/physical workbench that can accurately predict the PPA impact of architectural changes without waiting for feedback from the physical design team.Key Benefits• Unified data model that provides multi-billion gate capacity and comprehensive hierarchical design capabilities• Fast, multi-dimensional implementation prediction engine that enables RTLdesigners to predict power, performance, area, congestion• Dedicated workflow environment for ease-of-use and seamless analysis of key quality metrics• RTL re-structuring with automatic constraint updates for architectural changes and IP re-targeting• Hierarchical floorplan creation for block area, timing, and congestion estimation • Leverages Synopsys’ world-class implementation and golden signoff solutions to deliver results that correlate-by-construction• RTL power estimation and optimization of energy efficient designs with thePrimePower golden signoff power analysis engine• Comprehensive cross-probing facilitates debug from layout, schematic andreports to RTLRTL Architect’s “shift-left” strategy significantly reduces time-to-feedback RTL Architect2Predictive ModelingRTL Architect’s new Predictive Engine (PE) is derived from Synopsys’ implementation environment and enables rapid multi-dimensional analysis and optimization of RTL to predict PPA of downstream implementation accurately. This Predictive Engine utilizes new correct-by-construction modeling, leveraging the proven and widely used core implementation algorithms and architectures of the Synopsys Fusion Design Platform. This ensures tight correlation to the best implementation.This also allows the RTL designers to experiment and tune their HDL code without multiple, back-and-forth, hand-offs to synthesis and to pinpoint timing bottlenecks in their source code to improve RTL quality.Design PlanningRTL Architect’s hierarchical, design planning, infrastructure automatically generates a physical implementation, with clock trees, to provide the RTL designer with accurate power, timing and area estimates. Additionally, the RTL block integrator can use the design planning capabilities to integrate in-house and third-party IP (as seen in Figure 1 Arteris ® IP FlexNoC ® Interconnect Integration) including bus and pipeline register planning. This fast and deep look-ahead allows the designers to not only predict but also drivephysical implementation.Figure 1: Arteris IP FlexNoC Interconnect IntegrationRTL Design ExperienceThe RTL Architect experience is built around the RTL designer. The PE maps leaf cells back to the RTL so that the designer can see the direct impact a code change has on PPA. Figure 2 RTL Cross-Probing, shows the cross-probing capability from various design views to RTL. Color coded reports indicate severity level.Layout viewRTL Architect Unified GUI EnvironmentRTL view view viewFigure 2: RTL Cross-Probing©2020 Synopsys, Inc. All rights reserved. Synopsys is a trademark of Synopsys, Inc. in the United States and other countries. A list of Synopsys trademarks isavailable at /copyright .html . All other names mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.02/28/20.CS469885535_RTL Architect_DS.For example, the designer can see how the logic is physically implemented by cross-probing from a report directly to the layout. This is useful for seeing the predicted congestion hotspots caused by RTL, so they can experiment with different architectures to reduce the congestion. Figure 3 shows the high degree of correlation between the place and route engines of RTL Architect and Fusion Compiler™.Fusion CompilerRTL Architect Figure 3: RTL Architect vs. Fusion Compiler CongestionAnother key concern for RTL designers is power usage. The interactive power summary report provides an overview of key power metrics, such as, switching and glitch power, leakage, and clock gating efficiency. The results are based on the PrimePower golden signoff power analysis engine. The report data can be sorted, filtered and cross-probed to RTL.Bridging the GapRTL Architect significantly improves the quality of RTL before handing off to implementation. It addresses the limitations of the existing solutions which are hampered by inaccuracies that impact productivity as downstream implementation tools compensate. The shift-left strategy identifies and corrects physical implementation issues early in the design cycle to achieve aggressive PPA targets at advanced nodes through better RTL.。

考研英语作文范文真题The Graduate Record Examinations GRE is a standardized test widely used for graduate school admissions in various fields including business education and social sciences. The Analytical Writing section of the GRE assesses the testtakers ability to articulate and support complex ideas clearly and effectively. Below is a sample essay that addresses a GRE Analytical Writing prompt.Title The Role of Technology in Modern EducationIntroductionThe integration of technology in education has been a topic of debate for years. While some argue that it enhances learning experiences others believe it detracts from the value of traditional teaching methods. This essay will explore the various ways in which technology has transformed the educational landscape and evaluate its overall impact on modern education.Body Paragraph 1 Enhancing Learning ExperiencesTechnology has introduced a plethora of tools that have enriched the learning process. Interactive whiteboards for instance allow teachers to engage students in a more dynamic way making lessons more interactive and visually appealing. Moreover educational software and applications have made it possible for students to learn at their own pace catering to individual learning styles and needs.Body Paragraph 2 Access to Diverse Learning ResourcesThe internet has opened up a world of information to students providing them with access to a wealth of knowledge that was previously inaccessible. Online databases ebooks and academic journals are just a few examples of the resources that students can now tap into to deepen their understanding of various subjects.Body Paragraph 3 Challenges and LimitationsDespite the numerous benefits the reliance on technology in education also presents certain challenges. One such challenge is the digital divide where students from underprivileged backgrounds may not have the same access to technological resources as their more affluent peers. Additionally an overreliance on technology can lead to a decrease in critical thinking skills as students may become overly dependent on searchengines and other digital shortcuts.Body Paragraph 4 Balancing Traditional and Modern MethodsTo maximize the benefits of technology in education it is crucial to strike a balance between traditional teaching methods and modern tools. Teachers should use technology as a supplement to their lessons rather than a replacement for direct instruction and facetoface interaction. This approach ensures that students not only benefit from the convenience and resources provided by technology but also develop essential skills such as critical thinking problemsolving and effective communication.ConclusionIn conclusion technology has undoubtedly revolutionized the field of education offering numerous advantages that enhance the learning experience. However it is important to recognize and address the challenges that come with this transformation. By integrating technology thoughtfully and purposefully we can ensure that it serves as a valuable tool in the pursuit of knowledge and personal growth.This sample essay provides a balanced view of the role of technology in education discussing both its benefits and potential drawbacks. It is structured with a clear introduction body paragraphs that explore different aspects of the topic and a conclusion that summarizes the main points. This structure is typical for GRE Analytical Writing essays which require a wellorganized and coherent response to the prompt.。

第19卷 第2期太赫兹科学与电子信息学报Vo1.19，No.2 2021年4月 Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information Technology Apr.，2021 文章编号：2095-4980(2021)02-0347-06集成电路的通用单粒子效应测试系统设计杨婉婉1a,1b，刘海南1a,1b，高见头1a,1b，罗家俊1a,1b，滕瑞1a,1b，韩郑生1a,1b,2(1.中国科学院 a.微电子研究所；b.硅器件技术重点实验室，北京 100029；2.中国科学院大学微电子学院，北京 100029)摘 要：为满足种类繁多、功能复杂集成电路的单粒子效应评估需求，克服目前国内地面单粒子辐照实验环境机时紧张、物理空间有限等方面的限制，设计实现了一款高效通用的集成电路单粒子效应测试系统。

创新性地采用旋转立体垂直结构，包含一个多现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)电测试平台、运动控制分系统和被测器件装载板。

便携式箱体结构仅需3个DB9接口即可完成所有与外界连线；基于LabVIEW实现上位机交互界面，界面友好；基于多FPGA平台实现下位机测试程序，灵活可扩展，通用性强。

可实现8种300及以下管脚集成电路的一次安装、自动切换和10°~90°的角度辐射。

实时监控并后台记录翻转数据、翻转时间、电路状态等细节信息，测试频率可达100 MHz。

已通过专用集成电路(ASIC)、静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)、控制器局域网络(CAN)接口电路等集成电路的多次实测，验证了该系统的可靠性及其高效稳定、集成度高、安装调试方便等特点。

关键词：单粒子效应测试系统；旋转结构；角度辐射；虚拟仪器中图分类号：TN710 文献标志码：A doi：10.11805/TKYDA2019421Design of a general test system for integrated circuit Single Event EffectYANG Wanwan1a,1b，LIU Hainan1a,1b，GAO Jiantou1a,1b，LUO Jiajun1a,1b，TENG Rui1a,1b，HAN Zhengsheng1a,1b,2 (1a.Institute of Microelectronics；1b.Key Laboratory of Silicon Device Technology，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100029，China；2.School of Microelectronics，University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100029，China)Abstract：In order to meet the requirements of Single Event Effect(SEE) evolution for a wide variety of integrated circuits with complex functions and overcome the limitations such as time constraints andlimited physical space in current domestic ground single event irradiation experimental environment, anefficient and universal single event effect test system is designed and implemented for integrated circuits,which innovatively adopts rotating solid vertical structure，including a multi-Field Programmable GateArray(FPGA) electrical test platform，a motion control subsystem and some loading boards of the DevicesUnder Test(DUT). The entire test system is packaged as a portable box, which only needs three DB9interfaces to complete all connections with the outside world. Therein the PC interface is achieved basedon LabVIEW, friendly to users. The lower computer test program is implemented based on the multi-FPGAplatform, which is flexible, extensible and versatile. It can realize one-time installation, automaticswitching and angle radiation test of 8 types of integrated circuits within 300 PINs, meanwhile monitor inreal-time and background record the detail information such as flip data, flip time, circuit status and so on,whose test frequency achieves 100 MHz. The reliability, efficiency, stability, high integration, andconvenient installation and debugging have been verified by multiple tests on Application SpecificIntegrated Circuit(ASIC), Static Random-Access Memory(SRAM), Controller Area Network(CAN) interfacecircuit and other integrated circuits.Keywords：Single Event Effect test system；rotating structure；angle radiation test；virtual instrument人类对于空间以及外太空的不断探索促进了国内外航天事业的迅速发展[1]，但辐射环境中的高能粒子入射半导体材料引发的辐射效应，是影响航天器电子系统可靠性的主要问题之一[2]，集成电路的抗单粒子效应能力 收稿日期：2019-10-17；修回日期：2019-12-24作者简介：杨婉婉(1989–)，女，硕士，主要研究方向为辐照加固集成电路设计及辐照测试试验。

Eaton PowerPak Power Distribution UnitThe Eaton PowerPak® PDU protects your critical computer equipment from electrical noise and spikes and actsas a single point reference ground. Each PDU can be individually configured to meet your needs for isolation, voltage transformation, harmonic reduction and voltage regulationwith virtually limitless distribution options. Standard DOE 2016 compliant transformers make Eaton PowerPak PDUs ultra energy efficient, reducing your long-term operating expenditures. Built-in system monitoring and diagnostics facilitate load balancing and warn of potential threats.Every Eaton PowerPak PDU goes through the toughest testing in the industry. Eaton’s comprehensive quality assurance program, with 100 percent unit inspection and testing, is just one way we assure each unit will perform flawlessly day after day.Intelligent WaveStarmonitoringWaveStar® monitoring with7-inch color touch screendisplay gives you realtimecontrol of actual loads downto the individual breaker level.This important decision makingtool integrates Eaton’s BCMS(Branch Circuit MonitoringSystem) so you control system-wide performance, breakerpower levels, along withcurrent and voltage data. Thismeans improved, more timelydecisions can be made basedon real-time load and capacitydata, all in one interactive andmonitoring package.Win the race for spaceWe designed our PDU togrow with your facility.“sidecars” can be added tothe standard cabinet to giveyou up to six 42-circuit panelsor combinations of panelsand sub-feed breakers. Up to252 separate circuits can beinstalled in a single unit. Thesecircuits can be monitoredby one of Eaton’s BCMSsystems as a factory installedcomponent.Redundancy increases systemreliabilityFor utmost system reliability,choose one of our dual-inputoptions. Eaton manufacturesdual-input PowerPak PDUswith a full range of sensingand switching options tomeet the speed and budgetrequirements of a wide arrayof applications. Our manualdual and static switch primaryand secondary PowerPak PDUsystems help you create themost reliable power distributionsystem available — one thatprovides multiple power pathsfrom normal and emergencyelectrical sources all the way tothe point-of-use level.Modular designEaton’s modular design resultsin higher quality due to thestandardized pre-testing of allmodules, allowing us to meetthe tight project deadlines thatdata centers demand.Eaton service and supportAfter your equipment hasbeen installed, call on Eaton’sservice team for 24/7 support.Our industry best sales andservice team will stay with youfrom the design of your systemthrough the life of your datacenter.Other power distributionunits• P owerHub: 500–1,250 kVAwith solid bus construction,see our separate PowerHub®brochure.• P owerPak 2: 100–400 kVAwith compartmentalizationand true front access, seeour separate PowerPak 2brochure.Product brochureEaton PowerPak PDU touchscreen displayEaton 1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122 United States © 2021 Eaton All Rights Reserved Printed in USA Publication No. BR155041EN / GG March 2021Eaton is a registered trademark. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.For more information, please visit: /powerpakpdu Follow us on social media to get the latest product and support information.Specifications Features • Copper or aluminum wound construction • D ual electrostatic shield—attenuates high frequency noise • O versized neutral conductor • C ommon mode noise protection • T ransverse mode noise protection • A ccurate kW, power factor and THD measurement • T rue RMS metering • O perating efficiency: 98% typical • L isted to UL 1950, CSA certified • M odbus RTU communications • B CMS available as factory installed option Enclosure • N EMA 1 enclosure with removable front side and rear panels • R emovable front, side and rear panels • I ntegrated two-point latch and vision panels • F lush-mounted door handle with integral locks • A dvanced door catch assures positive closure Operating conditions • O perating temperature: Ambient 0°C to 40°C per ANSI/IEEE C57.12.01—the temperature of the cooling air (ambient temperature) shall not exceed 40°C, and the average temperature of the cooling air for any 24-hour period shall not exceed 30°C • S torage temperature: Ambient -10°C to +40°C (for storage temperature outside the standard range contact Eaton)• A ltitude standard: 3300 ft., max:10,000 ft. (For altitudes greater than 10,000 ft please contact Eaton)• 50 Hz operating range: 47–53 Hz • 60 Hz operating range: 57–63 Hz Customization Eaton offers the most comprehensive designs in the industry.Let us help you create your own for your application.PowerPak PDU options Monitoring Standard monitor: Eaton WaveStar monitor with 7-inch color touchscreen display (input and output monitoring)Options: Dual transformer thermal switches Communications: Serial RS-485 Modbus; optional SNMP communications Thermal: Dual transformer thermal switches Quad-Wye ® technology Solves harmonic problems by canceling the destructive triplen and nontriplen current harmonics.T ransient Suppression Network (TSN)An integrated system engineered to meet ANSI/IEEE category C standards for transient voltages and surge currents.Lightning arrestor/surge suppressor Protects the insulation of the system magnetics.Distribution panelboards/sub-feed breakers Customized distribution configurations meet the demands of any facility.Redundant power distribution systems • W aveStar manual dualDual-input power distribution systems that allow for manual source selection to isolate upstream equipment and facilitate system maintenance and repair.• W aveStar primary and secondary static switch systemStatic switching, power conditioning and distribution system for transparent dual power source transfers. An integrated line up that offers primary, secondary and dual-cord configurations to help optimize your system solution. The Eaton static switch will sense and transfer between sources in 4 ms.T ransformersDOE 2016 compliant transformers are standard on all models.NEMA 1 enclosure ®。

piezoelectric effect 原理英文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Piezoelectric Effect PrincipleIntroductionThe piezoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which certain materials generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress. This effect is widely used in various applications such as sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting devices. Understanding the principles behind the piezoelectric effect is crucial for optimizing the performance of these devices.Principle of Piezoelectric EffectThe piezoelectric effect is based on the unique properties of certain crystals, ceramics, and polymers that exhibit piezoelectric behavior. These materials have a crystalline structure that allows them to generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. This occurs because the application of stress causes the material's atoms to shift slightly from their equilibrium positions, creating a separation of positive and negative charges within the material.When a mechanical force is applied to a piezoelectric material, the material deforms and generates an electric charge as a result of the shift in atomic positions. This charge separation is known as the direct piezoelectric effect. Conversely, when an external electric field is applied to a piezoelectric material, it causes the material to deform, known as the inverse piezoelectric effect.Applications of Piezoelectric EffectThe piezoelectric effect has numerous applications across various industries due to its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Some common applications of the piezoelectric effect include:1. Sensors: Piezoelectric materials are used in sensors to detect pressure, force, acceleration, and vibration. These sensors are widely used in industrial, automotive, and medical applications.2. Actuators: Piezoelectric materials are also used in actuators to convert electrical energy into mechanical motion. These actuators are used in precision positioning systems, valves, and pumps.3. Energy Harvesting: The piezoelectric effect can be used to harvest energy from ambient vibrations and mechanical movements. This energy can be used to power small electronic devices and sensors.4. Medical Imaging: Piezoelectric materials are used in medical imaging devices such as ultrasound transducers. These transducers generate and receive ultrasound waves to create detailed images of internal body structures.5. Piezoelectric Fans: Piezoelectric fans use the piezoelectric effect to generate airflow without the need for rotating blades. These fans are quieter and more energy-efficient than traditional fans.ConclusionThe piezoelectric effect is a fascinating phenomenon that has revolutionized various industries with its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Understanding the principles behind the piezoelectric effect is essential for designing and optimizing devices that rely on this effect. As technology advances, the applications of the piezoelectric effect are expected to expand further, offering new opportunities for innovation and sustainability.篇2The piezoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which certain materials generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress. This effect was first discovered by the Curie brothers, Pierre and Jacques Curie, in 1880. It has since been widely studied and utilized in various fields, including physics, engineering, and materials science.At the heart of the piezoelectric effect is the concept of polarized ions within a crystalline structure. In a piezoelectric material, such as quartz or lead zirconate titanate (PZT), the atoms are arranged in a symmetric pattern with positive and negative charges balanced. When an external force is applied to the material, it causes the lattice structure to deform, which in turn displaces the polarized ions. This displacement of charges creates an electric field within the material, resulting in the generation of an electric voltage.The piezoelectric effect can be categorized into two types: direct and inverse. In the direct piezoelectric effect, mechanical stress leads to the production of electrical charge within the material. This effect is commonly used in sensors, actuators, and transducers. For example, piezoelectric sensors are oftenemployed in pressure sensing applications, while piezoelectric actuators are utilized in precision positioning systems.Conversely, the inverse piezoelectric effect involves the application of an electric field to induce mechanical strain in the material. This effect is commonly utilized in piezoelectric motors, ultrasonic transducers, and acoustic devices. For instance, ultrasound imaging systems rely on the inverse piezoelectric effect to generate high-frequency sound waves for imaging purposes.The practical applications of the piezoelectric effect are vast and diverse. In the field of energy harvesting, piezoelectric materials are used to convert mechanical vibrations into electrical energy. This technology can be employed in wearable devices, wireless sensors, and self-powered electronics. Piezoelectric materials are also utilized in medical devices, such as ultrasound probes and bone-conduction hearing aids.In conclusion, the piezoelectric effect is a fundamental principle that has revolutionized various industries. Its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, and vice versa, has paved the way for innovative technologies and advancements in science. As research in piezoelectric materialscontinues to progress, we can expect to see even more exciting developments in the future.篇3The piezoelectric effect is a fascinating phenomenon that has been studied and utilized in various fields of science and technology. In this document, we will discuss the principles behind the piezoelectric effect and its applications in different industries.Piezoelectric materials are substances that have the ability to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress. This effect was first discovered by French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880 when they observed that certain crystals, such as quartz, produced an electric charge when subjected to pressure. This discovery led to the development of the piezoelectric effect, which has since been studied extensively and applied in various devices and technologies.The piezoelectric effect is based on the concept of polarization, which is the separation of positive and negative charges within a material. When a piezoelectric material is deformed or compressed, the crystal lattice structure of the material is disturbed, causing the positive and negative chargesto separate and generate an electric charge. This electric charge can be harnessed and used to power devices or sensors.One of the most common applications of the piezoelectric effect is in sensors and transducers. Piezoelectric sensors are widely used in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and healthcare to measure pressure, force, acceleration, and vibration. For example, piezoelectric sensors can be used in accelerometers to detect changes in speed and direction, or in ultrasound devices to generate and receive sound waves for medical imaging.Piezoelectric materials are also used in actuators, which are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical motion. Piezoelectric actuators can be found in devices such as inkjet printers, where they are used to control the movement of the printer nozzle and dispense ink onto the paper. They are also used in precision positioning systems, microscopy, and robotics.Another area where the piezoelectric effect is utilized is in energy harvesting. Piezoelectric materials can convert mechanical energy from sources such as vibration, motion, or pressure into electrical energy, which can be stored and used to power electronic devices. This technology is particularly useful inremote or inaccessible locations where traditional power sources are not available.In addition to these practical applications, the piezoelectric effect has also been studied in research and development for its potential in other areas. For example, researchers are exploring the use of piezoelectric materials in energy-efficient buildings, where they can be used to generate electricity from ambient vibrations and movements in the structure. They are also investigating the use of piezoelectric materials in biomedical devices, such as implants and medical sensors.Overall, the piezoelectric effect is a powerful phenomenon that has revolutionized various industries and technologies. Its ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy makes it a valuable tool in sensors, actuators, energy harvesting, and many other applications. As researchers continue to explore and develop new uses for piezoelectric materials, the potential for innovation and advancement in this field is limitless.。

H t o O The Working EnvironmentThe broad range of backshell types available to-day makes it critical for interconnect engineers, and others tasked with the responsibility of specifying connector accessories to become adept at building backshell part numbers. For the most part, the pro-cess entails selecting options from the part number development trees found on each catalog page.But experience shows it is equally important to consider the working environment of the target ap-plication before completing the backshell selection process. There are many electrical, mechanical and environmental considerations which, when properly addressed, will ensure a long functional life for the interconnect system. So before you start building part numbers, please consider the following:(1) What are the material/finish specifications of the mating connector?(2) What level of environmental protection is re-quired in the system—from full water immersion, to splash proof and/or moisture resistance?(3) What level of EMI shielding is required, and is any particular style or type of shield termination generally specified in the target assembly?(4) What level or amount of strain-relief, from light duty to gorilla proof, is required to protect shield and conductor terminations from damage?(5) What is the temperature range of the appli-cation environment? Is it so hot that stainless steel is called for, or so cold that an elastomeric seal might potentially fail?(6) Is repairability a design requirement? Some split shell designs make field repair a snap, while solid shell models make accessing contact termi-nations more difficult.(7) Are there size or shape constraints which need to be considered? Is working room so impor-tant that an extender needs to be designed in? Or is available space so tight that an ultra low profile backshell design is called for? Does cable routing dictate 45o , 90o or straight cable entries?(8) Is a metal shell required or is saving weight and preventing corrosion with composite thermo-plastic materials an option?(9) Does the application require conformance to AS85049 or another specification?Cable Make-upOther questions in backshell selection cannot be answered without an understanding of the overall make-up of the cable and harness. Basic dimen-sional decisions on cable entry size cannot be specified without accurate descriptions and mea-surements of the cable or wire bundle. A basic analysis of the cable should include:• Wire Numbers and Types: twisted shielded pairs, coaxial power, signal, fiber optic, etc.• Shield Material Gauge, Number and Type:tin, nickel, silver plated copper wire, and so on.• Jacket Material and Thickness.The table on the following page will assist you in calculating wire bundle diameter for use in choos-ing the correct backshell cable entry diameter.An accurate estimate of the cable diameter is required to select the right backshell cable entry diameter. Com-plete the cable analysis before selecting the backshell.Backshell Part Number DevelopmentGlenair follows a standardized format for the de-velopment of accessory part numbers, so mastering the process once will enable you to build valid part numbers from any connector accessory product family—circular, rectangular, composite, fiber op-tic, and so on. Some differences are of course to be found from one product series to the next be-cause of the range of available options. If in doubt,QwikCreate, The Glenair Part Number Builder , is now available on our website and takes all the pain and suffering out of backshell specification. For catalog users, the following steps will serve as gen-eral guide to the process.(1) Select the Product Series: Do you want a dust cap, a banding adapter, an environmental back-shell or some other type of connector accessory?Use the graphical product selection guide at the be-ginning of the catalog for help in getting to the right section.Typical backshell part number development or "How to Order" treeSteps (1a) Determine average wire diameter whenall wires are the same diameter; or(1b) Determine average wire diameter when wires are different diameters.(2) Multiply average wire diameter by factor from Table I below(3) Add thickness of any shielding or jacketing to core wire bundle diameter (for example,add .025 for braided sleeving)Given 30 Wires @ .045 DIA Avg. Wire DIA = .045Given 15 Wires @ .045 and 15 Wires @ .13515 x .045 = .6815 x .135 = 2.03(1a) .045 x 6.7 = .3015 Core Wire Bundle DIA (1b) .090 x 6.7 = .603 Core Wire Bundle DIA (1a) .3015 + .025 = .3265 Wire Bundle Outside DIA (1b) .603 + .025 = .628 Wire Bundle Outside DIA2.71+302.71= .090 Avg. Wire DIA =H t o O (2) Select the Connector Designator: This al-phabetic symbol or "designator" is used to match each standardized connector family with the cor-rect backshell thread and interface dimensions.Tables listing all the connector designators used by Glenair can be found beginning on page 15. MIL-DTL-5015 connector users must use an additional manufacturer symbol when ordering backshells.Please see pages 18 and 19 for more information.(3) Select the Basic Part Number: This num-ber fine-tunes your selection within the productStrain-ReliefsTypical Mil-Aero cable assemblies often have over a hundred wires terminated to a single connector. Preventing the wires from pulling on the contacts and damaging the termination is critical, and is usually accomplished with a strain-relief cable clamp that serves to isolate the pulling strain applied to the cable. Strain relief on electrical connectors can be accom-plished in other ways, such as with a wire service loop that allows the wire to move be-tween the clamping device and the contactwithout over-stressing the termination. However the basic method of clamping the wire bundle or cable jacket with saddle bars has historically been the most common method of protectingcontact terminations.• Straight and Angled Strain Reliefs• Light, Medium and Heavy-Duty Saddle Bars• Qwik-Ty ®• QwikClamp ®series. For example, for Series 39 EMI/RFI Cable Sealing Backshells, your Basic Part Number selec-tion will tell the factory what style of shield termination technology you prefer and the level of environmen-tal sealing desired. The Basic Part Number also selects for other attributes such as rotatable or di-rect coupling.(4) Select the Angle and Profile: Choose 45o ,90o or straight backshells in either standard, low or full radius profiles. Selected parts are also avail-able in Ultra Low Profile Split Shell versions.Angle and ProfileThe art of successful backshell selection includes specifying the most appropriate shape and cable entry for each connector accessory.This selection determines working room,repairability, cable routing and the elimination of acute angles. In addition to straight backshells,the range of angles and profiles offered byGlenair include:• 45° Elbow - Standard Profile • 45° Elbow - Low Profile • 45° Elbow - Full Radius Profile • 45° Elbow - Low Profile Split Shell• 90° Elbow - Standard Profile • 90° Elbow - Low Profile • 90° Elbow - Full Radius Profile • 90° Elbow - Low Profile Split Shell• 90° Elbow - Ultra Low Profile Split Shell "Cobra"45o90oStraightBand-It Termination SystemGlenair TAG Ring BackshellsConical Ring Style Backshells(5) Select the Finish Symbol: This symbol, se-lected from the table on page 14 or from the same table inside the back cover, tells the factory what surface finish or plating should be applied to the product. In almost all cases this selection should match the material finish of your connector.(6) Select the Connector Shell Size Number:The connector shell size number is taken from Table 1, located on page 13 and repeated again on the inside back cover. The connector shell size num-ber ensures the backshell thread and interface dimensions will fit the chosen size connector. Find the shell size number in the appropriate column ac-cording to your connector designator. In certain cases, such as MIL-DTL 38999 Series I and II Con-nectors (designator F), we have combined both series under a single choice. Simply find your odd connector number or letter in the [brackets] and enter the adjacent number in your part number.(7) Select the Cable Entry Diameter: This en-try specifies the minimum and maximum diameter of cable the backshell accessory can accommo-date. Cable entry selection tables are generally found right there on the page. If in doubt, err on the big side, as cables may always be enlarged with tape or a grommet.(8) Select the Strain Relief Style: Most acces-sories that are able to accept saddle bar cable clamps offer a range of choices. The selection is usually based on the level or duty of strain-relief that is required, and design drawings of applicable options are featured right there on the catalog page.(9) Select Unique Options: Other available op-tions, such as drain holes, bands, wire attachment lengths, special material designators, and so on,are tacked on to the end of the part number. In some cases you will be asked to omit the code for a particular option if you do not want it included with the part.Shield Termination DevicesSelecting the most appropriate shield terminat-ing backshell for a particular application requires a detailed analysis of the cable and the application environment in which the assembly will be used.H t o O There is no single shield termination technology or methodology that will meet every customer require-ment. For this reason, Glenair supports every popu-lar shield termination method with the full range of shell sizes, materials, platings and tooling, including:• Single and Multiple Conical Rings • Crimp Rings• Banding Terminations• Castellated or Splined Rings • Lampbase Thread Rings • Radial Compression Springs • Integrated Shield Socks • Magnaforming • Tinel ™ Lock-RingsCustomer selection depends on many factors,including cost, repairability, shield type and construc-tion, cable diameter and type, cable jacket thick-ness, weight, shock and vibration, strain-relief, cor-rosion resistance and so on. The primary factor is cable construction: what type of shield is being ter-minated, where the shield or combination of shields is located within the cable or wire bundle, and how difficult the outer jacket is to work with. Customer preference, established methods and practices, tra-dition, manual skill levels and inspection procedures must also be considered.The relative effectiveness of each style can be measured using a transfer impedance test. The transfer impedance test is the most widely accepted absolute measure of a shield's performance. It is used to evaluate cable shield performance against electrostatic discharge and radiated emissions cou-pling at frequency ranges up to 1 GHz. This testing method is recommended by the International Electrotechnical Commission as well as the military.T est reports for most standard termination technolo-gies are available upon request from the factory.Corrosion Protection in Electromagnetic Interconnect SystemsGlenair has a responsibility to deliver intercon-nect systems and hardware to its customers with-out "built-in" corrosion problems. As part of this ef-fort we have pioneered the use of composite ther-Submersible BackshellsThis Cable Sealing Backshell provides a resil-Splash-Proof BackshellsFor applications requiring only moisture resis-moplastic materials as an alternative to conductive metal materials and finishes. Composite products can eliminate corrosion problems completely in in-terconnect systems and should be considered for all harsh application environments.The problems associated with corrosion are compounded by the need to produce parts which are electrically conductive. To prevent EMI from permeating into system electronics, conductive cable shielding is grounded to plated backshells and connectors to take the unwelcome EMI to earth. The challange is to produce conductive,plated products which both prevent EMI and resist corrosion in harsh application environments. At Glenair this work takes place in three areas:1. Strict attention to dissimilar metal combinations;2. The specification of corrosion-resistant mate-rials such as stainless steels and composites in se-vere environments wherever possible; and3. The use of surface coatings such as nickel,zinc or gold plating to isolate base metals from re-active electrolytes.The selection of compatible (non-galvanic)surface finishes is a critical step in backshell speci-fication. To prevent dissimilar metal corrosion,customers should note material and finish specifi-cations for connectors and cable shields before selecting connector accessory hardware. As a general rule, the backshell material and finish should match that of the chosen connector.Electroless nickel plating (code M) provides a low resistance conductive finish appropriate for most H (magnetic) and E (electrical) field EMI ap-plications, and is ideally suited for benign environ-ments not exposed to salt-spray. For environmen-tal applications, a sacrificial overplating, such as cadmium plate over electroless nickel (code NF),is recommended. Glenair zinc-nickel over electro-less nickel (code ZN) may also be specified for en-vironmental applications which require ASTMB 841-91 approval but are prohibited from using cadmium.Non-EMI applications may utilize nonconductive fin-ishes such as Black Anodize (Code C). See T able II for other standard finish options.Positive-Lock, Non-Detent CouplingSelf-Locking, Rotatable CouplingDirect couplers thread directly onto the connector by rotating the entire part. A separate toothed follower pro-pling nut for easier installation.Rotatable Self-Lockers add a ratcheted detent "clicker"to prevent de-coupling due to extreme vibration and shock.Glenair Mod Code -445 ("NESTOR") coupling mecha-nism corresponds to AS85049 style "N" non-detent, rotat-。

板级测试指南[英]Printed­circuit boards used to be works of art,and the PCB designer was an artist as well as a ponents had many different shapes,sizes,and colors,and the traces connecting them were graceful arcs in beautiful patterns.在过去，一块印刷电路板就是一份艺术品，印刷电路板的设计人员不仅仅是一名技术人员还是一位艺术家。

器件有不同的形状、大小和颜色，而且连接器件的导线形式优美。

Today’s boards,by contrast,are boring.On a typical modern digital PCB assembly,for example,the parts are all squat rectangular components,and the traces are laid out with a precision only a computer could love.相比之下，现在的电路板令人厌烦。

例如，在一块标准的数字印刷电路板上，所有的器件都是有棱有角的，布线的精度也只有计算机才可以完成。

Test methods for PCB assemblies have changed as well.In the past,nearly all testing was functional testing,and it was performed with bench top instruments or a custom tester.T oday,the test engineer has many more options,including in­circuit testers, manufacturing defects analyzers,and several types of functional testers.对印刷电路板装配的测试方法也已经改变了。

/pesticides/science/biomarker.html#exposureDefining BiomarkersBiomarkers are measurable substances or characteristics in the hum an body that can be used to m onitor the presence of a chemical in the body, biological responses, or adverse health effects. The use of biom arkers will help us evaluate potential exposures to pesticides as well as predict effects that m ay result, allowing us to make decisions that are m ore protective of hum an health. Biomarkers are commonly grouped into biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility. This Web page describes these groups of biomarkers and provides examples.On this page:Biomarkers of ExposureBiomarkers of exposure are used to assess the amount of a chemical that is present within the body. Many chemicals can be m easured in urine, blood, saliva, and, if they are fat soluble, in body fat and breast m ilk (e.g., DDT). Biomarkers of exposure provide information on∙chemical exposures in individua ls,∙changes in levels over tim e, and∙variability am ong different populations.They m ay also provide information on the relative importance of different exposure pathways and associated risk. It is important to note that the m easurement of a chemical in som eone’s body does not by itself m ean that chemical has caused adverse health effects.Additionally, there are a number of uses related to the interpretation of biomarkers of exposure. For example, the m easurement of 3-phenoxybenzioc acid (3-PBA) in urine is considered a non-specific biom arker of exposure because 3-PBA is a common m etabolite of several pyrethroid pesticides. Therefore, additional information is needed to resolve which pyrethroid was the parent chemical.Top of pageBiomarkers of Exposure Categories∙Chemical–The m ost specific exposure biomarker is direct m easurement of the chem ical of interest in the body. Typically, m easurement of thechemical is made in an accessible biological matrix (e.g., blood, urine).While some pesticides can be directly m easured in the body, it is generallymore common to m easure m etabolites of pesticides.∙Metabolite– Many chem icals are rapidly m etabolized or difficult to m easure.In these cases, a m ore stable breakdown product (m etabolite) of thechemical m ay be m easured to estim ate exposure to the chemical. When ametabolite m ay derive from a number of different chem icals (as in the3-PBA example above), additional information is needed to resolve towhich chemical the person was exposed.∙Endogenous surrogate– In som e cases, a chemical or class of chem icals may result in an endogenous response (response within the body) that ishighly characteristic of that chemical or class. Measures of that responsecan be used as a surrogate in lieu of direct m easurement of the chemical ormetabolite concentration when sufficient additional information is available.Since there are m any factors that can influence endogenous responses,this type of exposure biomarker is accom panied by m any uncertainties thatshould be identified and discussed.See examples in Table 1Top of pageBiomarkers of EffectBiomarkers of effect are indicators of a change in biologic function in response to a chemical exposure 1. Thus, they m ore directly relate to insight into the potential for adverse health effects com pared with biomarkers of exposure.One example of a biomarker of effect is blood cholinesterase, which can becom e depressed following exposure to organophosphate and N-m ethyl carbamate pesticides. Measuring cholinesterase levels can be a useful tool for m onitoringagricultural workers and identifying workers that m ay potentially be overexposed to pesticides.Top of pageBiomarkers of Effect Categories∙Bioindicator– An ideal biomarker of effect has an explicitly known mechanism that links the marker and an adverse outcom e. In most cases,this is achieved by a sufficient understanding of the adverse outcom epathway or m ode of action of the chemical, and the causal or correlativerelationship of biological events between the m arker and the adverseoutcom e.Bioindicators provide a high degree of confidence in predicting thepotential for adverse effects in an individual or population based on markerlevels. An understanding of the adverse outcom e pathway also supportsdevelopment of a variety of bioindicators for different key events oroutcom es of interest (e.g., m arkers for precursor event s leading to aclinically detectable adverse outcom e to support early detection andprevention).When cellular or molecular initiating events can be identified as criticalsteps in an adverse outcom e pathway, bioindicators can be developed inconjunction with high throughput screening assays to provide a rapid andefficient m eans for early detection of adverse outcom es in targetpopulation. EPA researchers are actively developing this class ofbiomarkers of effects in support of Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century.∙Undetermined consequence– This subgroup of biomarkers provides more limited and uncertain indication of the potential for adverse effects,because the events or deterministic linkages in an adverse outcom epathway are less well known. An example would be markers of oxidativestress where elevations have been associated with a variety of adverseoutcom es, but the explicit relationships have yet to be defined. As the roleof oxidative stress in different disease processes (and adverse outcom epathways) becom es more clearly defined, there will be increasing certaintyin the use of oxidative stress biomarkers to predict the potential fororganism/population-level effects. Meanwhile, these biomarkers can beused in conjunction with other biomarkers in this or other subgroups toimprove the specificity and sensitivity of the overall set of m arkers fordevelopment of an adverse outcom e.∙Exogenous surrogate– Som e chemicals have well known adverse effects, which are accompanied by other effects that can be used as surrogateindicators of the m ain adverse effect of interest. A common example isparanitrophenol , a m etabolite of m ethyl parathion. Measurement inhumans of paranitrophenol in the urine has been used as an exogenoussurrogate biomarker of exposure to m ethyl parathion, and as an indicatorof the potential for toxicity due to m ethyl parathion-inducedacetylcholinesterase inhibition.Exogenous surrogate biomarkers are suboptimal as effects m arkersbecause they do not directly capture the contribution of additional factors(intrinsic and extrinsic) that m ay influence the incidence or severity of anadverse outcom e. Given these limitations, use of exogenous surrogates asbiomarkers is mostly limited to m easurement of those effects that arepredominantly due to the chemical of interest (i.e., to reduce the num berof potentially confounding effects, and to decrease uncertainty associatedwith the m easured surrogate biomarker).See examples in Table 2Top of pageBiomarkers of SusceptibilityBiomarkers of susceptibility are factors that m ay make certain individuals more sensitive to chem ical exposure. Biomarkers of susceptibility include:∙genetic factors that m ay influence how the body interacts with a chemical ∙other biological factors related to nutritional status, health status, lifestyle, and life stage that m ay affect an individual’s susceptibility to chemicalexposure.Top of pageTable 1: Examples of Biomarkers of Exposure from Different CategoriesTable 2: Examples of Biomarkers of Effects from Different CategoriesAbbreviations:3-PBA: 3-phenoxybenzioc acid8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosineAcetylcholinesterase: AChEDiPap: Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esterPFOA: Perfluorooctanoic acidT4: thyroxine (a thyroid hormone)1 Biomarkers of effect correspond to biomarkers as defined by the FDA: Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (2001). Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 69, p.89 – 95.。

154题中英对照1.Self-igniting signals自动点火信号is not provided with onboard lifeboat?2.According to IMO, the retro-reflective tapes反光带shall be posed outside lifeboat.3.Lifebuoys-救生圈is not required on survival crafts4.Have the safety belts for totally enclosed lifeboats全封闭式救生艇been examined5.Are your lifeboats fitted with tripping line锚爪拉索6.The fireman's outfit consists of safety lamp, protective clothing, rigid helmet, breathingapparatus 但不包括VHF7.Mercator projection莫卡托投影can always give true distances8.Why do distances always have to be measured from the nearest scale on a Mercator chart?Because it varies for each latitude因为它与每个纬度成比例9.Ship's heading is the direction the vessel is pointing.航向是船舶指示的方向10.How long would 15 minutes of longitude be at a latitude of 60 degrees North?在北纬60度15分经度是多长？7.5海里11.Which one of the followings is incorrect about magnetic compass?The magnetic compass is always placed inside steel constructions磁罗经总是放在刚性结构里面12.Which one of the followings is correct regarding the use of gyrocompass?Gyrocompass needs to be checked from time to time旋转罗盘需要经常被核查13.What often happens when using echo-sounder at river estuary where a layer of fresh waterlies on the top of denser salt water? A scattering layer appears.出现散射层14.Regarding the use of GPS, which one of the followings is incorrect?GPS can provide a real-time position 实时的位置under any condition15.officer shall be aware that A. Radar’s range reading is more accurate than its bearing reading16.As for racon, which one is incorrect：D. Racon can be used to take place of radar17.What does a Racon help with? D. Identifying a seamark18.What does ECDIS stand for：B. Electronic Chart Display and Information System19.The IALA buoyage system is divided into two categories：C. The lateral system and the cardinal system20.The lateral system is used in B. restricted water such as buoyed channels21.In region A, The green buoys are kept to starboard and red to port when sailing from sea to land22.Which one of the followings about Traffic Separation Scheme(TSS) is incorrect?D. Being in the TSS does change the general rule of the Road convention23.How do you take a running fix移线定位?C. By taking bearings from a landmark at intervals and measuring the distance covered in intervals.24.Who has the right of way in a Traffic Separation Scheme? C. The vessel coming from the starboard side25.What would be colour of IALA starboard hand lateral buoy, as seen when sailing toward land, in Europe? 答案：A在欧洲，当驶向沿岸时将会看到航标协会右舷指示侧标是什么颜色？Green绿色26.As the tide makes the water D. rise and fall twice a day a resulting current is generated27.the tidal stream will have a period with little or no effect. This is called the C. Slack平潮28.The average time between two high waters is 12 hours and 25 minutes because this is the time it takes for B.The moon to be at the opposite side of the earth答案：B两个高潮之间的平均时间是12小时25分钟，因为这个时候月亮在地球对面29.What is the tidal height? C. The water above the Lowest Astronomical Tide30.What is the right way to use VHF CH16 and working channel?A. Ships can call other ships on Ch16 but should move to working channel soon.31.How to report your ship call sign to a shore station? B. Use phonetic alphabet 音标字母32.Which one of the followings is not a right way to call an unknown vessel by VHF?D. According to her crewmembers答案：D33.If there were suddenly an immediate danger for both the vessel and its crew, you send a MAYDAY onD. Ch16 with 25 watts output34. a distress situation allows you to send only a very short message, after MAYDAY , you first say______A. Your name and call sign35.GPS receiver errors depend on D. construction 答案：D ________.36.Error in the GPS positions has nothing to do with D. ship's position GPS误差与船舶位置无关37.What is the main purpose of DGPS?A. Improve positioning accuracy 提高定位精度38.The accuracy of the DGPS mainly depends on_______.D. The age of the calculated correction 差分GPS的精度主要依赖于计算改正量39.What is the purpose of a Pedestal（基座，柱脚）Rail?A. To change the direction of lead on a mooring line？改变系泊缆的导向答案：A40.You stand a greater risk of injuring yourself during mooring and unmooring operations than at anyother time. So remember：C. Do not work too close to the drum when handling wires/ropes41.Which one of the followings is not a right way to behave during mooring unmooring operation?A. Stay close to the towline at all time42.The most serious danger from synthetic ropes is C. Snapback急速反弹when it breaks43.Unlike wires, synthetic ropes do not give audible D. sign of pending failure在断裂前44. A ship does not possess an all-wire or all-sythetic mooring outfit, the best procedure is to use____for spring and breast lines and _____for headlines and stern lines.A. The synthetic ropes, the wiresB. The wire s, the synthetic ropesC. The wires,the synthetic ropes with the wiresD. The synthetic ropes with the wires, the same as the former答案：船舶不会具有全金属绳或者全人造绳锚泊设备，最好的方法是用金属绳做倒缆和横缆，用人造绳做首缆和尾缆45.The ideal rope for stoppers should satisfy the following requirements except that ____B_.B. The size of the stopper should be as large as possibleually, do not use more than _____ complete rope turns around the drum. B. 3-447.If you have steel wire ropes leading in the same direction with other ropes, which will take themost of the load? A. Steel wire rope48.. Snapback 急速弹is a serious danger when we are handling_____.A. Wire ropeB. Nylon ropes onlyC. Synthetic ropesD. Manila49.Choose one statement which is correct according to safe mooring practice. DD. Two or more lines lea ding in the same direction should always be of the same material.50.What does a navigator who uses an ECDIS require?A. Good navigational knowledge and a professional job attitude51.When own ships position input to ECDIS wrong, what is the result?D. Position, range and bearing taken on the ECDIS will be wrong52.What should you avoid when receiving work order? D. Misunderstandings53.. What kind of information does the fire plan contain? B. location of firefighting equipment onboard54.Do you need to measure oxygen levels before entering an enclosed space?A. Yes, always55.. What is the most important treatment concerning a foreign body in the eye?A. Rinsing of the eye56.. What is the meaning of UEL? C. Upper explosive level UEL意思是爆炸上限57.. In which way may intake of poisoning material not occur? D. By protective measures58.What is OPA 90? C. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 什么是邻苯二甲醛90？1990油污法案59.What is the maximum oxygen percentage allowed in a tank?C. 8% 答案：C油舱中允许的最大氧气百分比是多少？60.What does OBO mean? 答案：B OBO的意思是什么？矿石/散货油61.. What is the meaning of LEL? C. Lower explosive limit LEL是什么意思？爆炸下限62.. What kind of fixed extinguishing plant is installed in an oil tankers’ engine room and pump room?C. CO2 plant 那种固定灭火装置安装在油轮机舱和泵房？二氧化碳装置63..Before any portable gas indicators are brought to the measuring spot, what is very important to do with theseanalysers first? A. To do a full calibration 全面的校正64.. Which one of the following factors does not reduce the effect of free surface?A.Minimum number of daily service tanks in useB. Where possible, tanks either full or emptyC. GZmax at minimum 25°D. Bilges pumped out答案：C下面那一个因素不能减小自由液面的影响？最大复原力臂最小在25度65.. Where is the draft largest when the ship has an aft trim?A. ForwardB. AftC. MidshipsD. The drafts are equal all over the ship答案：B当船舶尾倾时最大吃水在哪里？船尾66.What percentage of the baggage is required to be checked at Security Level 1?B. The percentage is not specified答案：B行李的百分比为多少时需要选择安全等级？这个百分比没有任何规定67.73. Who is responsible for the development of the ship security plan? CSOA. The company security officer答案：A谁负责开发船舶安全计划？公司安全检查人员74. Who is responsible for the regular security inspections of the ship? D. The ship security officer答案：D谁负责船舶常规安全检查？船舶安全检查人员SSO68.. For whom is the ISM Code mandatory? A. All vessels 500 GRT and above答案：A谁要强制执行国际安全管理规则？所有500总吨以上的船舶69.. Who can contact the Designated Person? D. All officers and crew答案：D谁能联系指定人？所有高级船员和普通船员70.. Who can suggest changes to the SMS? C. All officer and crew71.. How many hours of rest is the minimum required in a normal day? B.10 hours72.. The ISM code is pat of _____. A. SOLAS 国际安全管理规则是SOLAS公约的一部分73.. When are you allowed to throw plastic garbage overboard? D. Never74.. Why is the ISM Code mandatory强制性的? B. To improve safety提高安全75.. Why should you report accident to the Designated Person? B. To prevent it from happening again DPA76.Shipboard Emergency Drills must be carried out at least_____?B. Once a month77.. What is the purpose of the girders in the tank? C. They support the stiffeners and take up some of the seaforces 答案：C舱内桁的用途是什么？他们支持加强杆和抵挡一些海水压力78.. When does a bulk carrier experience extreme tension in bottom structure during fast rate loading?B. During loading of heavy cargo in mid-ship holds 在船中货舱装载重大货件期间79.. What is the difference between static and dynamic forces on a ship hull?A. The former is set up by cargo and sea while the latter by wave actionA在船体上静电干扰和（）的不同点是什么？前者由货物和海水形成而后者由海水波动形成80.. What is the worse case consideration for the hull girder at sea?B. When a wave length between the crests is approximately equal to the length of the shipB在海上船桁体考虑的很不好情况是什么？当波峰之间的波长约等于船舶长度的时候81.. Who is normally deciding which search pattern to use? B. OSC 由谁决定使用的搜寻方式？82.. What i s the meaning of the word “ROGER” when used in radio communication?D. I have received your transmission satisfactorily83.. What type of oil is most suitable for reducing the effect of heavy seas?C. Vegetable oil答案：C哪种油最适合减小波涛汹涌的海面的作用？植物油84.. Communication between ship and aircraft is _____.B. Difficult because of different radio bands因为无线电频段不同85.. When is the parallel sweep search used? B. When searching a large area答案：B什么时候使用平行搜索？当在一个大的海域搜索时86.. The following information may not be required to be communicated to a distressed craft?D. Rescue award if successful D和一个遇险航空器联系，成功后的营救奖品NO CURE, NO PAY87.. A search and rescue region is _____.D. An area of defined dimensions88.. The first ship arriving of a SAR incident should _____.A. Assume OSC duties 承担现场协调或指挥的职责89.. Which standard man overboard manoeuvre is considered the best during bad visibility conditions?D. The Williamson turn 威廉逊回旋法90.. Can the RCC and RSC use NA VTEX for shore to ship distress traffic?A.Yes RCC和RSC能把NA VTEX用于岸到船的遇险通信吗？91.. What is most important when using expanded square search? A. Accurate navigation答案：A当用展开方形搜索最重要的是什么？精确航行92.. What is most important for visual search purposes?A. Design of individual search patterns93.Dose the COLREG give any preference to ship equipped with radar?A. YesB. NoC. Only during reduced visibilityD. Only in good visibility答案：B国际海上避碰规则公约对船舶配备雷达给出了任何优先权吗？94.. COLREG NO.10 apply to _____. D. V essels sailing in separation schemes答案：D国际海上避碰规则适用于航行在分道通航制的船舶95.. How is a uncoded racon displayed on the PPI?A. As a lineB. As a dotC. As small circleD. As a large circle答案：A未加码的雷达信号在PPI上显示什么？像一条直线96.. What type of radar can activate a racon?A. X-band radarB. S-band radarC. C-band radarD. No radar can答案：A什么类型的雷达能激活雷达信标？X波段的雷达97.. What is a coded racon?C. A racon which display a morse code on the radar screen答案:C什么是编码雷达信标？在雷达屏幕上显示摩尔斯码的雷达98.. What is the purpose of the radar reflector?D. Making small objects better visible雷达反射器的用途是什么？使小物标更清晰99.. How to reduce beam width distortion? D. Reduce gain答案：D怎样减少波束宽度的失真？减少增益100.. Marine radar range accuracy is generally______.A. LowB. HighC. UnstableD. V ery low答案：B船用雷达测距精度一般很高101.. What is the purpose of VRM control?A. To measure distance accurately VRM控制的用途是什么？测量精确的距离102.. What course should be fed into a stabilized radar picture?A. Compass courseB. Gyro courseC. True cours eD. Course made good答案：C什么航向被输入稳定雷达图象？真航向103.. What is the correct speed input to an ARPA used for traffic surveillance?A. Ground speedB. Speed through waterC. Speed from GPSD. Speed from Doppler答案：B输入用来交通监察的ARPA的正确的速度是什么？对水速度104.. How does current and drift affect the relative motion, relative vector presentation相对矢量?A. No effect海流和漂流的怎样影响相对运动，。

往年招飞英语试题及答案一、选择题（共20分，每题2分）1. Which of the following is NOT a reason for someone to choose a career in the military?A. Serving the countryB. Financial benefitsC. Travel opportunitiesD. Personal interest in fashion2. The term "aviation" refers to the activities related to:A. Space explorationB. Air travel and aircraft operationC. Sea transportationD. Land transportation3. What does the abbreviation "NATO" stand for?A. North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationB. National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationC. National Association of Teachers of AviationD. New American Transportation Organization4. In the context of military aviation, "ejection seat" is used to:A. Adjust the pilot's seating position for comfortB. Quickly remove the pilot from the aircraft in an emergencyC. Allow the pilot to rest during long flightsD. Help the pilot enter the aircraft5. The phrase "cleared for takeoff" means that the aircraft has:A. Been inspected and is ready for flightB. Received permission from air traffic control to begin its departureC. Completed its taxi to the runwayD. Been given priority over other aircraft6. What is the primary purpose of a "flight simulator"?A. To provide entertainment for the publicB. To train pilots in various flight conditions without riskC. To test the durability of aircraft componentsD. To simulate space travel for astronauts7. The term "airspeed" refers to the speed of an aircraft relative to:A. The groundB. The surrounding airC. The speed of soundD. The wind8. What does "VFR" stand for in aviation?A. Visual Flight RulesB. Very Fast ResponseC. Variable Flight RateD. Vertical Flight Regulations9. The "black box" in an aircraft is used to:A. Record flight data and cockpit conversationsB. Store in-flight entertainmentC. Control the aircraft's navigation systemD. Communicate with air traffic control10. Which of the following is a common reason for a pilot to declare an emergency?A. Requesting a faster route due to time constraintsB. Experiencing a minor technical issueC. Encountering severe weather conditions or equipment failureD. Requesting priority for landing due to a VIP on board二、填空题（共10分，每题2分）11. The international distress signal is three repeated letters or numbers: _______.12. A pilot must maintain a safe _______ when flying in controlled airspace.13. The acronym "IFR" stands for _______.14. The term "stall" in aviation refers to a situation where the aircraft is flying at an airspeed that is _______ to maintain level flight.15. A "transponder" is a device used in aviation to help an aircraft be identified by _______.三、阅读理解（共30分，每 passage 10分，每题2分）Passage 1[Text略]16. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of aviationB. The benefits of military serviceC. The requirements for becoming a pilotD. The technology used in modern aircraft17. According to the passage, what is one of the key physical requirements for pilots?A. Excellent visionB. A specific height requirementC. The ability to speak multiple languagesD. A high level of mathematical skill18. Why is teamwork considered important in aviation?A. Pilots often work alone.B. Pilots need to coordinate with ground staff and other pilots.C. Pilots are required to compete against each other.D. Pilots have to manage multiple tasks simultaneously.19. What does the passage suggest about the importance of physical fitness for pilots?A. It is not a significant factor.B. It is essential for the job.C. It is only necessary for military pilots.D. It is less important than technical skills.20. What is one way the passage mentions to improve one's chances of being selected as a pilot?A. By having a strong family background in aviation.B. By excelling in physical education classes.C. By gaining experience in leadership roles.D. By specializing in aeronautical engineering.Passage 2[Text略]21-25. [题目略]四、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[Text略]26-35. [题目略]五、写作（共20分）36. Write an essay of about 200 words on the topic "The Role of Technology in Modern Aviation". Your essay should cover the following points:- The importance of technology in aviation- Examples of technological advancements in aircraft- The impact of。

User's GuideSNVA221B–February2007–Revised April2013AN-1588LM5001Evaluation Board1IntroductionThe LM5001evaluation board is designed to provide the design engineer with a fully functional isolated flyback power converter based on current mode control to evaluate the LM5001switching regulator IC.The evaluation board provides a5V output with1A current capability.The input voltage ranges from16V to42V.The design operates at250kHz,a good compromise between conversion efficiency and solution size.The printed circuit board consists of two layers of two ounce copper on FR4material with a thickness of0.062inches.This application note contains the evaluation board schematic,Bill-of-Materials(BOM) and a quick setup procedure.Refer to the LM5001High Voltage Switch Mode Regulator(SNVS484)data sheet for complete circuitdesign information.The performance of the evaluation board is as follows:Input Range:16to42VOutput Voltage:5V,±2%Output Current:0to1AFrequency of Operation:250kHzBoard Size:2.75X1.75X0.6inchesLoad Regulation:0.1%Line Regulation:0.1%Over Current LimitingAll trademarks are the property of their respective owners.1 SNVA221B–February2007–Revised April2013AN-1588LM5001Evaluation Board Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2007–2013,Texas Instruments IncorporatedV OUT = +5V T1L = 160 éH R5R12C11Evaluation Board Schematic 2Evaluation Board Schematic3Powering and Loading ConsiderationsRead this entire page prior to attempting to power the evaluation board.3.1Quick Setup ProcedureStep 1:Set the input source current limit to 1A.Turn off the input source.Connect the positive output of the input source to J1and the negative output to J2.Step 2:Connect the load,with 1A capability,to J3for the positive connection and J4for the negative connection.Step 3:The ENABLE pin,J7,should be left open for normal operation.Step 4:Set the input source voltage to 28V and the load to 0.1A.The load voltage should be in regulation with a nominal 5V output.Step 5:Slowly increase the load while monitoring the load voltage at J3and J4.It should remain in regulation with a nominal 5V output as the load is increased up to 1Amp.Step 6:Slowly sweep the input source voltage from 16V to 42V.The load voltage should remain in regulation with a nominal 5V output.Step 7:Temporally short the ENABLE pin (J7)to GND (J5)to check the shutdown function.Step 8:Increase the load beyond the normal range to check current limiting while the input source is set to 28V.The output current should limit at approximately 1.9A.The input source current limit should be increased for this step.Fan cooling is critical during this step.2AN-1588LM5001Evaluation BoardSNVA221B–February 2007–Revised April 2013Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright ©2007–2013,Texas Instruments Incorporated Performance Characteristics 3.2Air FlowProlonged operation at full power and high ambient temperature will cause the thermal shutdown circuit within the regulator IC to activate.A fan with a minimum of200LFM should always be provided.3.3Powering UpUsing the ENABLE pin(J7)provided will allow powering up the input source with the current level set low.It is suggested that the load power be kept low during the first power up.Set the current limit of the input source to provide about1.5times the anticipated wattage of the load.As you remove the connection from the ENABLE pin to GND(J5),immediately check for5volts at the output.A quick efficiency check is the best way to confirm that everything is operating properly.If something isamiss you can be reasonably sure that it will affect the efficiency adversely.Few parameters can beincorrect in a switching power supply without creating losses and potentially damaging heat.3.4Over Current ProtectionThe evaluation board is configured with cycle-by-cycle over-current protection.This function is completely contained in the LM5001.The Primary current is limited to approximately1A.This equates to about1.4A load current when the input voltage is16V,and about2.1A load current when the input is42V.Thethermal stress on various circuit components is quite severe while in an overloaded condition,therefore limit the duration of the overload and provide sufficient cooling(airflow).3.5SynchronizationA SYNC pin(J6)has been provided on the evaluation board.This pin can be used to synchronize theregulator to an external clock or multiple evaluation boards can be synchronized together by connecting their SYNC pins together.Refer to the LM5001High Voltage Switch Mode Regulator(SNVS484)datasheet for complete information.3.6Flyback TopologyAn excellent introduction to the isolated flyback converter is available on the Texas Instruments website.The Application Note AN-1095(SNVA005)discusses both loop compensation with a secondary side error amplifier and the phase-shift caused by opto-couplers.4Performance CharacteristicsEfficiency PlotsFigure1shows the conversion efficiency versus output current for several input voltage conditions.Figure1.Conversion Efficiency vs Output Current3 SNVA221B–February2007–Revised April2013AN-1588LM5001Evaluation Board Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2007–2013,Texas Instruments IncorporatedPerformance Characteristics Turn-on WaveformWhen applying power to the LM5001evaluation board a soft-start sequence occurs.Figure2shows the output voltage during a typical start-up sequence.Conditions:Input Voltage=28VDC,Output Current=1ATrace1:Output Voltage Volts/div=1VHorizontal Resolution=5ms/divFigure2.Voltage During a Typical Start-up SequenceOutput Ripple WaveformFigure3shows the output voltage ripple.This measurement was taken with a very short ground clip and 20MHz bandwidth limiting.Conditions:Input Voltage=28VDC,Output Current=1A,Bandwidth Limit=20MHZTrace1:Output Ripple Voltage Volts/div=50mVHorizontal Resolution=2µs/divFigure3.Output Voltage Ripple4AN-1588LM5001Evaluation Board SNVA221B–February2007–Revised April2013Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2007–2013,Texas Instruments Incorporated Performance Characteristics Primary Switchnode WaveformFigure4shows the typical primary voltage during continuous conduction mode(CCM).Conditions:Input Voltage=28VDC,Output Current=1A,Bandwidth Limit=20MHZTrace1:LM5001SW Pin Volts/div=10VHorizontal Resolution=2µs/divFigure4.Primary Voltage During CCM5 SNVA221B–February2007–Revised April2013AN-1588LM5001Evaluation Board Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2007–2013,Texas Instruments IncorporatedLayout and Bill of Materials 5Layout and Bill of MaterialsThe bill of materials is shown in Table1,including the manufacturer and part number.Table1.Bill of MaterialsDESIGNATO QTY PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION VALUE RC1,22C3225X7R1H225K CAPACITOR,1210X7R CER,TDK 2.2µ,50VC3,162C2012X7R2A104K CAPACITOR,0805X7R CER,TDK0.1µ,100VC4,72C2012X7R2A103K CAPACITOR,0805X7R CER,TDK0.01µ,100VC51C0805C101M5RAC CAPACITOR,0805COG CER,KEMET100p,50V C6,9,143C2012X7R1A105K CAPACITOR,0805X7R CER,TDK1µ,10V C81C2012Y5V1A106Z CAPACITOR,0805Y5V CER,TDK10µ,10VC111C0805C471M5RAC CAPACITOR,0805COG CER,KEMET470p,50VC121C1210C107M9PAC3810CAPACITOR,1210X5R CER,KEMET100µ,6.3VC151C2012X7R1C225K CAPACITOR,0805X7R CER,TDK 2.2µ,16VC191C4532X7R3D222K CAPACITOR,1812,X7R CER,TDK2200p,2000VD11CMHSH-3DIODE,SOD-123SCHOTTKY,CENTRAL SEMI200mA,30VD21CMMR1U-2DIODE,SOD-123F,CENTRAL SEMI1A,200VD31BAT54S DIODE,SOT-23SCHOTTKY,VISHAY200mA,30VD41CMSH5-40DIODE,SMC SCHOTTKY,CENTRAL SEMI5A,40VR11CRCW08056042F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY60.4kR2,122CRCW080510R0F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY10R31CRCW08056041F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY 6.04kR41CRCW08055232F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY52.3kR51CRCW080520R0F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY20R61CRCW08058061F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY8.06kR71CRCW08051003F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY100kR81CRCW08052490F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY249R10,172CRCW08050000Z0EA RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY0R131CRCW080549R9F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY49.9R141CRCW08055600F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY560R151CRCW08051002F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY10.0kR161CRCW08054991F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY 4.99kR18,192CRCW08052201F RESISTOR,0805,VISHAY 2.2kT11FA2636-AL POWER XFR,COILCRAFT160µHPRIMARY,8:3:2 U11LM5001REGULATOR,TEXAS INSTRUMENTSU21PS2811-1M OPTO-COUPLER,NEC100%-200%CTRU31LM431REFERENCE,SOT23,TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 2.500V J1,2,3,447693TERMINAL,6-32SCREW,4PIN,KEYSTONE SNAP IN,PC MOUNT J5,6,7,845002TERMINAL,SINGLE PIN,KEYSTONE TESTPOINT,LOOP6AN-1588LM5001Evaluation Board SNVA221B–February2007–Revised April2013Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2007–2013,Texas Instruments Incorporated PCB Layout 6PCB Layoutponent SideFigure6.Solder Side7 SNVA221B–February2007–Revised April2013AN-1588LM5001Evaluation Board Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2007–2013,Texas Instruments IncorporatedPCB Layout Figure7.Silkscreen8AN-1588LM5001Evaluation Board SNVA221B–February2007–Revised April2013Submit Documentation FeedbackCopyright©2007–2013,Texas Instruments IncorporatedIMPORTANT NOTICETexas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries(TI)reserve the right to make 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The New Structural Design for Airborne PodDongfang Hu1, a*, Jianwei Guo1, b and Yan Zhao2, c1School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003,China2LandGlass Technology Co., Ltd, Luoyang 471003, Chinaa b cKeywords: Airborne pod; Horizontal shafting; Vertical shafting; Design systemAbstract. Airborne pod is mounted on helicopters or unmanned aerial vehicles. Its main structure tends to be influenced by many factors such as air flow, air temperature, foreign body, and the normal work of sensors may be interfered. However, a logical mechanical system‟s structure can effectively improve the imaging effect and improve the scanning accuracy. Thus, through systematically elaborate the arrangement of its control system, the theory for dividing horizontal shafting and vertical shafting, and the method for outputting completed 3D models and their supporting engineering drawings by UG platform, a composite structure of airborne pod is designed, which provides a preliminary design system for domestic new airborne pod structure.IntroductionThe pod adopts the axially symmetric structure to improve the overall strength of the pod, and build the “two axis and two frame” structure which realizes the operation on economy and high efficiency [1, 2].On the basis of the above given technical indicators, the design for pod body is divided into two part - the part of frames and the part of motion mechanism.The part of motion mechanism refers to the horizontal axis organization and the azimuth axis organization. The horizontal axis organization controls the cabin changing the pitch angle of the implementation, which achieves the pitching motion of the inner framework; the holder linked with the azimuth axis as a whole, is mainly used to achieve the azimuth rotation of the outer shell. The whole machine uses the upper part of the pod to link with the bottom plate of the plane [2]. The layout structure of the air-borne pod is as shown in Fig. 1.The Specific Layout Structure of Airborne PodThe Shaft Arrangement of the Airborne Pod. The horizontal axis and its drive system, arms of the holder and the main frame, are named as the horizontal shafting; meanwhile, the azimuth axis and its drive system, the upper arm of the holder, the upper body of the whole pod, are called as the azimuth shafting. Horizontal shaft design will be discussed in detailMoreover, the control system of scanning objects and the control system of internal environment are designed to improve the safe operation of the system, we adopt the frame structure of symmetry which could make the pod‟s the center of gravity and its geo metric center overlap together, this structure will greatly limit the impact resistance from flying posture and reduce from the perspective of the difficulty of adjustment [3, 4].The Main Framework Design of the Airborne Pod. Taking into account that kinds of internal photoelectric instruments need avoid the influence of temperature [5, 6], we design a kind of servo system concluding temperature compensation and motion control, its specific layout is as shown in Fig.2.ozimuth oxis systemshock obsocherholdermain fronehorizontol oxis systeminfrared imager and comeroFigure 1. The structural layout of the airborne podFigure 2. The servo system for thermal compensation and motion control.The Horizontal Shafting Structural Design of the PodThe selection of the motor is the key in the electric drive system. According to the design requirements: high speed, large torque, high running accuracy, and the working environment of low temperature, a Swiss series of cryogenic permanent magnet DC servo motor is our preliminary choice.The Components Selection and the Corresponding Load in the Horizontal Shafting.Tab According to the design requirements, the outer shell is designed as the structure which composed of the front shell and the back shell, and its diameter is 260mm.In addition, we have made ABS-GF shell material for the machine of the infrared imaging and visible light camera.All of the parts are divided into the two types-the mechanical parts and the electrical load Calculation of the moment of inertia, and the software UG was used after the assembly, the details as shown in Table 1.The Assembly Parameters of the Horizontal Drive Shaft. Simplify the problem to a reducer gear. The effective power of the horizontal shaft work as required.2.0415w v P F == (1)According to the mechanical design manual, the motor output power to meet the requirement [7].11232.1693wP P wηηη==⨯⨯ (2)Table 1 The inertia estimating form for the horizontal shaft‟s main partsCategoryItem Results of UG analysisshop sign quality/kg inertia/kg •m 2 Mechanical structuresealing material 5171 0.0018 2.5922×10-5 front shell ZL205A 0.4199 0.0048 back shell ZL205A 1.2972 0.0118 hot and cold temperature controller LHS_15 0.0813 0.0009 bearing frame ZL205A 0.3652 0.0014 vibration damper plate 2A12 0.1625 0.0002 Gear 1a, 1b 40CrA 0.2859 0.0007 spoiler motor MONO 0.1444 0.0008 angle measuring device M2500 0.1188 2.3196×10-5 other connections Alloy steel0.1994 0.0016 Electrical loadInfrared imager/ 0.7800 0.0041camera/0.4500According to the motor has been selected, the out-put power is 62w which is much higher than the actual needs of the power, so it can meet the requirements.m w n i n =(3)In the formula, i is the total transmission ratio, nm is the full speed reducer of the DC motor, and its value is 20.9790r/min. The output power of DC motor with gear output to the outer frame60==123.2033/min w ivn r d π (4)It is concluded: i=1.7191, due to its transmission is only one level, so the gear ratio is i01=1.719 The Design for the Shaft, Bearings, the Key of the Horizontal Shafting. Calculation criterion of shaft can be divided into strength checking and axial stiffness checking. When the shaft is used with high-speed rotation, the shaft vibration checking should be carried out.The Drive Shaft I . The shaft power P1=61.38w, n1=20.9790r/min, the torque T1 is 27.9412N·m. The force on the shaft of the gear 1a.3112227.9412101117.648N50t T F d ⨯⨯=== (5)tan 1117.648tan 20406.791N r t F F α==⨯︒= (6)1117.6481189.376N cos cos 20t n F F α===︒ (7)According to the technical parameters given by enterprises, to determine the minimum diameter ofthe initial axis, selected the shaft material is 40Cr which makes the quenching and tempering treatment.Taking A0=97, then giving the following data.min 0970.143013.8735mm d A ==⨯= (8) The minimum diameter of the shaft is in accordance with the diameter of the shaft coupling mechanism to select. In this design, we use four connecting bolts install the pitch-drive motor at the inner frame, and the motor shaft and gear 1a are be fixed as a whole by the small key. The inner six angle screw bolt is arranged in the hole of the convex side of the gear 1a, it presses the key to prevent small loose. The gear 1a and the motor shaft directly use a flat wedge key to position their location; the motor shaft diameter is 14mm. the data of motor diameter can be checked the key width b and the key height, it is 5×5mm. the key length L is 16mm.In order to improve the running reliability of the system, a set screw. At the same time, in order to ensure the gear with the shaft of the motor having a good selection of neutral, the gear wheel and the shaft of the motor should put to use H7/n6.For the axial force analysis and the calculation of bending moment, considering the paper has said, we simplify the problem as the sake of cantilever beam bending moment and shear force. Among them, the distance between the sustain device of the motor and the gear center is L1=8mm.111117.648N t NH F L F L ⋅== (9) 11406.791N r NV F L F L ⋅==(10) 1189.376N N F == (11)11117.6480.0088.941N m NH NH M F L =⋅=⨯=⋅ (12)1406.7910.008 3.254N m NV NV M F L =⋅=⨯=⋅(13)9.515N m M ==⋅ (14)127.9412N m T T ==⋅ (15)The result, σ p =99.79MPa.Checking tables [σ P ] =100~120MPa, clearly meet the requirements. Strength check of shaft.According to the checking of bending and torsional strength calculation, we check the root section of the axis of maximum bending moment and torsion shaft.ca σ32(d t)322d bt W dπ-=-(17) The shaft is unidirectional rotation, torsion shear stress is pulsating cyclic stress, α=0.6.[]158.2496MPa ca σσ-=< (18)The shaft‟s strength meets the design standards.According to the calculation of the shaft stiffness checking, we focused on the end of the shaft mounted gear 1a as the study object, the cantilever beam deflection and angle formula.2(3)6Fx w l x EI -=- (19)22Fl EI θ-=(20)According to the known data, FN=1189.376N, the elastic modulus of 40Cr was E=210GPa,I=πd4/64, When the “x” is l, we get these result: w=5.1259×10-10<<0.002l, θ=9.6110×10-11<<0.001.The Drive Shaft II (the Fixed Mandrel). The pod is designed for symmetry, in the analysis of II transmission shaft, the drive shaft support focus on the side of the detailed analysis and calculation, the assumption that the shaft is a drive shaft, the shaft power is P2=59.5386w, n2=12.2042r/min, the torque is T2=46.5900N·m. The minimum diameter of the initial axis, according to the technical parameters given by enterprises, selection of shaft material is 40Cr, quenching and tempering treatment. A0=97.min 0970.169616.4512mm d A =⨯= (21) SummaryThe pod is adopted the symmetric structure. Meanwhile, the …two axes and two frames ‟ structure is proposed.Introducing the design idea of the airborne pod structure, which provides strong evidence for the feasibility of pod.The mechanism of control system is designed and operated from the aspects of control theory; the possible problems in the pod structure design had been made a detailed analysis.Through the design of horizontal shaft system, and the calculation of each component‟s material selection, the whole structure design is completed by using UG solid modeling.Due to the use of UG drawing module, the 3D design could directly switch into the 2D pictures used as figures, which greatly simplifies the design process and provide the safeguard for the manufacturing process. AcknowledgementsThe authors gratefully acknowledge the National Nature Science Foundation (Project No. 51575160), the Key Technology R &D Program of Henan Province (Project No. 13A520232), and the Major and previous pre-research project of Henan University of Science and Technology (Project No. 2011CX016).References[1] H.L. Ma: The structural design research and finite element analysis on two gimbals and two axisopto-electronic platform (MS., Jilin University, China 2011), p.3 (In Chinese).[2] L.B. Wang: The application and research of con-trol system for airborne optoelectronic pod (MS.,Henan University of Science and Technology, China 2011), p.2 (In Chinese).[3] Y.F. Shen, P.Y. Zhao, and Z.J. Chen: Aero Weaponry, (2010) No.3, p.61 (In Chinese).[4] M. Zhang, W.B. Liu, and C. Li: Acta Aeronautica ET Astronautica Sinica, Vol. 43 (2015) No.3,p.857 (In Chinese).[5] Y.P. Qu: Acta Aeronautica et Astro-nautica Sinica, Vol. 35 (2014) No.8 p.2307 (In Chinese).[6] J.Z. Yu, N. Su: Acta Aeronautica ET Astro-nautica Sinica, Vol. 21 (2000) No.5 p.399 (InChinese).[7] The editorial board for the handbook of me-chanical design: Machinerys Handbook. (ChinaMachine Press, Beijing, 2004) (In Chinese).。

LED照明常用词汇中英文对照(一)1 backplane 背板2 Band gap voltage reference 带隙电压参考3 benchtop supply 工作台电源4 Block Diagram 方块图5 Bode Plot 波特图6 Bootstrap 自举7 Bottom FET Bottom FET8 bucket capcitor 桶形电容9 chassis 机架10 Combi-sense Combi-sense11 constant current source 恒流源12 Core Sataration 铁芯饱和13 crossover frequency 交叉频率14 current ripple 纹波电流15 Cycle by Cycle 逐周期16 cycle skipping 周期跳步17 Dead Time 死区时间18 DIE Temperature 核心温度19 Disable 非使能，无效，禁用，关断20 dominant pole 主极点21 Enable 使能，有效，启用22 ESD Rating ESD额定值23 Evaluation Board 评估板24 Exceeding the specifications below may result in permanentdamage to the device, or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not implied.超过下面的规格使用可能引起永久的设备损害或设备故障。

建议不要工作在电特性表规定的参数范围以外。

25 Failling edge 下降沿26 figure of merit 品质因数27 float charge voltage 浮充电压28 flyback power stage 反驰式功率级29 forward voltage drop 前向压降30 free-running 自由运行31 Freewheel diode 续流二极管32 Full load 满负载 33 gate drive 栅极驱动34 gate drive stage 栅极驱动级35 gerber plot Gerber 图36 ground plane 接地层37 Henry 电感单位：亨利38 Human Body Model 人体模式39 Hysteresis 滞回40 inrush current 涌入电流41 Inverting 反相42 jittery 抖动43 Junction 结点44 Kelvin connection 开尔文连接45 Lead Frame 引脚框架46 Lead Free 无铅47 level-shift 电平移动48 Line regulation 电源调整率49 load regulation 负载调整率50 Lot Number 批号51 Low Dropout 低压差52 Miller 密勒 53 node 节点54 Non-Inverting 非反相55 novel 新颖的56 off state 关断状态57 Operating supply voltage 电源工作电压58 out drive stage 输出驱动级59 Out of Phase 异相60 Part Number 产品型号61 pass transistor pass transistor62 P-channel MOSFET P沟道MOSFET63 Phase margin 相位裕度64 Phase Node 开关节点65 portable electronics 便携式电子设备66 power down 掉电67 Power Good 电源正常68 Power Groud 功率地69 Power Save Mode 节电模式70 Power up 上电71 pull down 下拉72 pull up 上拉73 Pulse by Pulse 逐脉冲（Pulse by Pulse）74 push pull converter 推挽转换器75 ramp down 斜降76 ramp up 斜升77 redundant diode 冗余二极管78 resistive divider 电阻分压器79 ringing 振 铃80 ripple current 纹波电流81 rising edge 上升沿82 sense resistor 检测电阻83 Sequenced Power Supplys 序列电源84 shoot-through 直通，同时导通85 stray inductances. 杂散电感86 sub-circuit 子电路87 substrate 基板88 Telecom 电信89 Thermal Information 热性能信息90 thermal slug 散热片91 Threshold 阈值92 timing resistor 振荡电阻93 Top FET Top FET94 Trace 线路，走线，引线95 Transfer function 传递函数96 Trip Point 跳变点97 turns ratio 匝数比，＝Np / Ns。

"Is there a pre-startup checklist for the preclean line? Is itcurrent(completely filled in)?针对预清洁线是否有建立预先点检表单？是否已经执行（已经填写）？""Is there objective evidence that the scrub/preclean chemistries are being analyzed by the laboratory on the documented frequency?刷磨/预清洁化学药水是否有证据证明其有按照实验室文件规定的频率进行分析？""Are Dump and Remake schedules documented for the preclean line and objective evidence exist that they are being adhered too?是否有证据证明预清洗倾槽与更曹计划有符合文件要求？""Is there an evidence to demonstrate that all chemicals are monitored and controlled as listed in WI?是否有证据证明所有的化学品与WI上管控的物质有监督并管控？""Is all in-process WIP and materials properly identified and controlled in designate area?所有制程上的WIP与相应制定材料是否管控在制定的工作区内？""Is a water break test performed every shift to ensure quality of pre-clean?槽液测试是否每班测试一次以确保预清洁品质良好？""Is their positive air pressure from the cleanroom at the preclean line entrance into the cleanroom?无尘室的预清洁线入口到无尘室是否有良好的压力？"Imaging 干膜"Is the cleanroom well controlled by temperature, humidity and particles which meet 10K Max. requirement and out of control notification? Review objective evidence.无尘室的温度，湿度与尘埃粒子是否按照10K最高要求管控，并且有管控实效通知系统？审核客观证据.""Are the resist lamination and exposure areas in the cleanroom utilizing yellow lighting and do all exterior windows have UV blocking film?无尘室的压膜与曝光区是否用的是黄灯并且所有的外部窗户使用的是UV膜？" "Is there objective evidence to demonstrate that all dry films and/or liquid resist are stored in temperature and humidity control environment? Also, inventoried under FIFO with expired date control?是否有证据可以证明干膜或是湿膜储存在温度与湿度管控的环境内？并且，到期管控有先进先出目录？""Are there tacky roller clean machines in front of the laminator?在压膜前是否有粘尘滚轮清洁机器？""For dry film lamination, is the temperature of the lamination roller checked and verified using an infrared meter?针对干膜压膜，是否检查了压膜滚轮的温度并使用红外线表进行确认？""Is there a documented resist inspection criteria with pass/fail guidelines?是否有文件规定的干膜检验标准指导书以判定接受或判退？""Is all in-process WIP and materials properly identified andcontrolled in designate area? Including expiration date on age sensitive material?所有的制程WIP与材料是否有相应的定义并管控在制定区域？包括老化敏感材料有效期过期？""Is there a documented resist strip/rework procedure with the maximum number of reworks identified?是否有文件规定干膜剥膜/重工程序有定义最大的重工次数？""For dry film lamination, is the temperature of the lamination roller checked and verified using an infrared meter?对干膜压膜，是否有对压膜滚轮温度进行检验并对红外线表表进行确认？""Is there a latest revision control on working film?是否对工作菲林的最新版本进行管控？""Is there an evidence that a maximum number of exposures has been established and the number of exposure times of working film is monitored? 是否有证据表明管控了曝光的最大次数并对工作菲林曝光次数进行监控？""Is the artwork cleaned after defined exposure times using tacky roller? Review the condition of the tacky rollers.在确定曝光次数后，是否使用粘尘滚轮对底片进行清洁？审核粘尘滚轮的状况？""Are there tools and procedures with tolerance limits in place for front-to-back registration verification during the artwork setup? Is it identified as a critical SPC parameter?在底片设计阶段，是否确认了前后对准度的工具/制程最大公差？是否被定义为关键SPC参数？"" Is the front to back verified during this process?在这些制程是否对上下对准度进行确认？""Is the maximum number of permissible exposures documented with a system to track the number of exposures?可允许的最大曝光次数是否有文件规定并有相应的系统对其跟踪？""Is there an evidence that the number of exposure times of working film is monitored and the artwork is not being used beyond documented useful life?是否能证明菲林的曝光次数有进行监控并且底片没有超出文件规定的使用期限？"" Is the max holding time between expose and develop documented and followed?曝光和显影之间是否文件规定最大的静置时间并有按照此要求执行？""Is their a pre-startup checklist for the DES line? Is itcurrent(completely filled in)?DES 线是否有预启动点检表？是否已经进行（有完整地填写）？""Is there an evidence to demonstrate that all chemicals are monitored andcontrolled as listed in WI?是否能证明所有的化学品有进行监控并有管控WI清单？""Are all in-process WIP and materials properly identified and controlled in designate area?所有的制程上WIP与材料是否有定义并管控在指定的区域？""Are defectives and rework schedules documented for the DES line and objective evidence exist that they are being follow?DES线是否有文件规定不良品与重工计划，并且有客观证据说明有按照其要求执行？""Is a first article run prior to etching the lot to confirm etcher settings and linewidths?在批量蚀刻前是否先进行首件确认，以保证蚀刻机设备与线径？""Is the etch unifomity monitored at least monthly and records maintained as a quality document?是否至少定期稽核一次蚀刻站并有相应的维护记录作为品质文件？""Are the etcher conveyor speeds defined and documented by copper weight/thickness?蚀刻机运作速度是否有规定并且有文件规定铜重量/厚度？""Is the filtration system adequate? What's the clean frequency and renew frequency?过滤系统是否完善？清洁频率与更换频率是多少？""Are there documented maximum final rinse water contamination levels, rinse flow rates and are these verified by conductivity measurements? 是否有文件规定最大水洗污染水准，水洗流动率与对传导性进行确认？""Are the cores observed coming off the DES line clean, dry and stain free? 是否有专门的对DES线清洁，烘干与无沾污进行检验？""Does the stripping module contain a filtering system for the removal of the dry film resist?剥膜机是否有过滤系统以去除干膜膜屑？""Are seperators used to separate each core (signals & power/grounds) to prevent scratches?是否有作业员单独操作每个重要项目（信号，电能，地面）以防止刮伤？" "Are there identified schedule of cleaning the seperaors?是否规定作业员的清洁计划？""Is there a system in place to identify which linewidths to be measured on a core?现场是否有系统规定主要测试哪条线径？""Are linewidth measurement frequency documented and is the frequency at a minimum of the first core, middle and last core off the line in the lot? 是否有文件规定线径测试的频率？"Subsection scores部分得分Section 6 - AOI of innerlayer 外层AOI"Is AOI perform 100% inspection for all signal layers?所有層數是否100%进行AOI检测？""Are all WIP properly identified and place in the desinated area?所有的WIP是否有相应的规定并放置在指定的区域？""Are the power / ground layer inspected per historical statistics sampling plan?是否对能源/接地层进行检验并按照抽样计划定期统计？""Are the AOI programs data base on customer's data and are all the critical AOI settings and programs established by Engineering?是否根据客户资料制定AOI程序，并且由工程建立所与的AOI关键参数设备与程序？""Does the AOI program have appropriate parameters programed to cover minimum linewidths, minimum spacing, dishdowns, etc?AOI程序是否有相应的参数，其涉及到最小线径，最小间距，等？""Is a standard defect board used to verify each AOI machine is catching all defects at the beginning of each shift?是否有不良标准板用于确认每台AOI机是否能够在开始每批测试前测出所有的不良？""Is there a system in place to notify the Image Area for first articles with repeat defects?现场是否系统要求干膜首件发现重复不良时作出相应的通知？""If excess random defects are detected on a lot is this information immediately fed back to the DES operation for review and action? i.e. excess copper, nicks, shorts, opens?若一批内出现了各种不良，此信息是否立即反馈给DES作业员并审核其作业动作？例如：残铜，线路缺口，短路，断路？""Is the AOI defect verification performed on separate verification stations and defect data collected and reported in a meaningful manner? AOI不良确认是否有独立的确认站并且有收集不良资料并进行有意义的报告？" "Are repaired panels re-AOI to confirm all defects were found and repaired? 修补后的板子是否有重新过AOI确认找出的不良已经全部修补OK？""Are yields tracked daily at AOI and feedback loop to I/L process improvement team established? Are first pass yield and final yield targets defined?AOI站的产率是否每日进行跟踪并及时反馈给I/L制程建立相应的改善小组？是否对直通率与最终生产率目标进行定义？""Are corrective actions taken if yields fall below target?若产量低于目标，是否采取相应的改善措施？""Is pareto analysis used to determine the top defects? Is effective continuous improvement used to eliminate top defects?是否针对最高不良项目有要求使用柏拉图进行分析？是否采取持续有效的改善方法以减少最高不良？""Does the rework instruction comply with Synaptics Spec and IPC specification?重工指导书是否符合synaptics规格与IPC规范？""Is there clear instruction to scrap the parts if more than three open circuit found at rework?是否有明确的说明若重工时超过3条线路断路，则报废？""Is the tape test and resistance measurement performed on the welded traces to ensure the reliability of repair?是否针对已经焊接的线路进行胶带测试，以确保修补板的信赖性？" Subsection scores部分得分Section 7 - Lamination 压合"Is there evidence exist that the Oxide Chemistry supplier has audited the line in the previous three months? If so, were actions taken?是否能证明棕化药水供应商在3个月前有对棕化线进行稽核？若有这样做，是否采取了相应的措施？""Have DOEs been conducted to verify the optimum oxide thickness to ensure no delamination after thermal stress test?是否有进行DOE确保最好的棕化厚度以保证在热压测试制程发生分层？""Are all in-process WIP and materials properly identified and controlled in designate area?所有在制品WIP与材料是否有定义并管控在指定的地方？""Is the microetch rate monitored? Is it under SPC control with calculated control limits and are the charts & actions current?是否对微蚀率进行监控？其是否有SPC图管控并有正在进行的措施？""Are oxide bond strength test performed for all material types for each oxide line used on Synaptics Product on a weekly basis?氧化粘合强度测试是否针对synaptica产品的所有材料类型的每条线每周进行一次测试？""Are the oxide chemistries on a auto-dosing system?棕化药水是否有定量给料系统？""Is DI water used for rinses?是否使用DI水进行水洗？"Are the cores exiting the machine dry and stainfree?机器是否干燥并无污染？"Is there an evidence that black oxide thickness is well controlled? 是否能证明黑化厚度有很好的管控？""Are the oxided panels uniform in color, appearance and free of scratches/handling damage?氧化板是否颜色统一，外表无刮伤/或操作导致损坏？""Is ionic contamination test conducted once/shift as defined in the Synaptics specification?离子污染测试是否按照synaptics规范要求每次换班执行一次？""Are cores reworked at oxide? If so, is there a documented rework procedure with the maximum number of reworks established?氧化线是否重工？若有重工，是否有文件规定最大重工次数？""Is the lay-up done in a clean room with adequate temperature and humidity control?叠合线无尘室是否有相应的温度与湿度管控？""Are there established hold-times for oxide cores in tha layup operation? 是否规定氧化线-叠合作业的静置时间？ ""Are all in-process WIP and materials properly identified and controlled in designate area?所有在制品WIP与材料是否有定义并管控在指定的地方？""Is there a procedure in place to insure the stack-up is performed per layup provided and approved by Synaptics?现场是否有文件以确保每对预叠有按照synaptics承认的要求执行？""Is the material profile done regularly to ensure the actual cooldown rate not exceed 5 deg C / minute? What is the heat rise and cool down rate? 是否定期检查以确保实际降温率不超过5度/分？温度升温与降温速率是多少？""Are steel plates cleaned for each cycle and polished periodically? Is the thickness of the steel plate checked regularly?每批钢板是否定期清洁并打磨？钢板的厚度是否定期检查其厚度？""Is there an evidence that lamination press platen flatness/parallelism is checked a minimum of once/six months?是否能证明压合平台是否平整/平行并至少1-6个月检查一次？""Is board thickness measured after lamination on all panels or on appropriate sample size at a min 5 points on each panel?压合后的板厚是否进行抽樣检验, 对每PNL至少检验的5个点？""Is there X-ray punch with accuracy compensation design for registration control?X-RAY冲床是否管控对准度的设计补偿精确度？""Is there a documented quality inspection procedure for resin spots on laminated panels?是否有品质检验程序文件对压合板数脂沾污进行定义？""Is the Tg and delta Tg checked weekly for all material types used for Synaptics product on each lamination press?所有用于synaptics型号的板材，是否每周对压合产品检测一次TG与△TG？" "Does there exist a documented accept/reject criteria at pre-drill x-ray for misregistration?是否有文件规定X-RAY钻孔对准度的接受/判退标准？""Is there a documented routine dimensional measurement confirmation performed on the x-ray pre-drill measurement system?是否有文件定义对X-RAY钻孔系统进行尺寸测量确认？"Subsection scores部分得分Section 8 - Drilling 钻孔"Does the drilling machine have broken bit and wrong bit size detection capability?钻孔机是否有破损钻咀与不良钻咀尺寸鉴定能力？""Does the traveller clearly define all the drilling parameters including stack height?钻孔机是否能够清楚地定义钻孔参数，包括堆叠厚度？""Is the drilling program checked prior to being released for production? 是否在开始生产国产前，对钻孔程序进行检验？""Is there evidence to demonstrate that spindle run-out is well controlled? 是否能证明钻轴偏移管控良好？""Is the stack height, maximum hit per drill bit, and feeds and speeds as a function of laminate type, board thickness, layer count and hole size controlled properly?堆叠高度，每钻咀的最大钻次，进刀速度是否对板材类型，板厚，曾数，与孔尺寸进行管控？""Are drill bit registration checked by cross-section or X-ray? What is the frequency?是否通过切片或X-RAY对钻咀对准度进行检验？频率是多少？""Do action plans exist for investigating and reducing broken bits? Does objective evidence exist that this is in control?是否对钻咀破损有调查改善计划并减少了不良次数？是否有客观证据证明已经有管控此项？""Is there a documented drill rework/repair procedure with quality checks? 是否有文件规定钻孔重工/修补程序并有相关品质点检表？""Are PCB's with missing holes placed back on the drill machine and drilled? 所有PCB漏钻孔位于钻孔机台面上已经钻过的位置？""Are resharpened drill bit inspected and identified prior to use?再次研磨的钻咀是否在使用前进行检验与确认？""Are the maximum number of re-sharpens documented & controlled?是否有文件规定并对最大研磨次数进行管控？""Are Aluminum plates inspected for dents and scratches before use?在使用之前是否对铝板进行检验，以确保无凹陷与刮伤？""Are output boards at the bottom of each spindle inspected on the hole size & location, hole registration and hole quantity etc?每轴底部的板子是否检验其孔尺寸，孔位，孔对准度与孔数量等？""Is there a general inspection procedure with Drilling accuracy, Hole size, Hole quantity, Hole location and Copper surface appearance defined?对钻孔精确度，孔径，孔数量，孔位与铜箔表面确认，是否有相应的检验程序？""Are drill machines capability data for hole position accuracy traceable for each machine and spindle?钻孔机孔位对准度能力数据是否对每台机器/每轴进行跟踪？""Are drill machines capability data for runout traceable for each machine and spindle?钻孔机偏移度是否追踪到每台机器/每轴？""Is registration monitored by Perfect Test machine or X-ray check after Drilling?在钻孔后是否通过良品测试机器或X-RAY检验其对准度？""Is SPC used in Drilling process?钻孔制程是否使用SPC？""Are all passed/rejected boards properly labeled and segregated to avoid mixing or missing?所有的PASS/REJECT板是否贴有相应的标签以避免混料或遗失？""Does all in process WIP and materials be properly identified and controlled?所有的WIP制程是否有相应的定义并进行管控？""Is there a SPC control implemented and control chart updated for critical parameters?是否有SPC管控并有最近更新关键参数管控？""Are relevant corrective actions taken toward all the out of control points?所有超出管控的项目是否有相应的改善对策？"Subsection scores部分得分Section 9 - Electroless 化学沉铜"Is there a pre-startup checklist for the Deburr line? Is itcurrent(completely filled in)?去毛刺线是否有启动前点检表？是否已经运行（完整填写）？""Are there air knives, fluid heads & ultrasonics on the deburr machine? 去毛刺机器是否有风刀，流动性&超声波？""Are all in-process WIP and materials properly identified and controlled in designate area?所有在制品WIP与材料是否有定义并管控在指定的区域？""Is a hole inspection/checker used after deburr for plugged holes? If so,are the data used for continuous improvement activities.在去冲孔孔内毛刺后，是否检验孔？若有，是否有持续改善的资料？""Are the surface of the boards and holes completely dry after deburr process?去毛刺后，板面与孔是否完全干燥？""Is there a pre-startup checklist for the Desmear line? Is it current? 去毛刺线是否有开机点检表？目前是否运行？""Are all in-process WIP and materials properly identified and controlled in designate area?所有在制品WIP与材料是否有定义并管控在指定的区域？""Are the temperatures, pumps, bath condition, tanks/sumps and process times on the line within the process specifications?生产线上的温度，抽水机，槽液条件等是否管控在制程规范内？""Is there an evidence that chemical analysis is performed periodically? 是否能证明化学药水分析有定期完成？""Is there a pre-startup checklist for the electroless line? Is it current (completely filled in)?化学沉铜线是否有开机点检表？目前是否运行（完整填写）？""Are all in-process WIP and materials properly identified and controlled in designate area?所有在制品WIP与材料是否有定义并管控在指定的区域？""Is backlight inspection performed to check the coverage of the electroless copper including both sides of the hole?是否检查化学沉铜的孔两面的背光？""Is dummy-plating performed as part of the start-up procedure before electroless copper plating product?化学沉铜在开始生产前是否有进行是试镀？""Is there a documented quality conformance procedure with accept/reject criteria for electroless plating line malfuctions(hoist, time, temperature, etc. interuptions) to insure the quality of the product in the line at the time of malfunction?化学沉铜线生产是否有规定的品质确认程序的判定接受/判退标准。

变美小知识：nmn真的能抗衰去皱吗，nmn改善皱纹一目了然日本W+NMN端粒塔变美小知识：nmn真的能抗衰去皱吗，nmn改善皱纹一目了然！我们知道，良好的生活习惯只是抗衰的外部条件，内部的吸收也是必不可少的。

至于蛋白质、维生素的摄入，只是抗衰路上作为辅助作用的一环，重要的，是要及时补充NMN。

事实上25岁之后很多人就像被按下加速键，皮肤越来越差！这时候单纯的用护肤品作用其实作用不大，就好像“老黄瓜刷绿漆”内里还是老的，科学研究发现，衰老的内因正是细胞衰老。

而日本W+NMN25000黑金版作为一种细胞层级的膳食补充剂，进入人体后直接生成NAD+并修复受损细胞，从源头为细胞提供能量，加速组织修复和再生，延缓衰老，这种较为便捷的方式，成为受到更多现代人推崇的主动抗衰的方式之一。

变美小知识：nmn真的能抗衰去皱吗，nmn改善皱纹一目了然！As a cellular level dietary supplement, Japan W+NMN25000 black gold version directly generates NAD+ and repairs damaged cells after entering the human body, provides energy for cells from the source, accelerates tissue repair and regeneration, and postpones aging. This convenient way has become one of the active anti-aging ways favored by more modern people变美小知识：nmn真的能抗衰去皱吗，W+NMN25000改善皱纹一目了然美国哈佛院校的生物系教授分析表示，从NMN的特性和它对人体的作用来看，其实NMN对皮肤是有间接性好处的。

SAFETY DATA SHEET1. Identification1000003608Product number CGS-12 12 OZ STONE CLEANER LT 6PK Product identifier 08-24-2018Revision date JELMAR5550 W. TOUHY AVENUE SUITE 200SKOKIE, IL 60077-1039 United States Company informationGeneral Assistance 847-675-8400Company phone1-866-836-8855Emergency telephone US 1-952-852-4646Emergency telephone outside US 02Version #06-22-2018Supersedes date Cleaner Recommended use None known.Recommended restrictions2. Hazard(s) identificationLiquefied gasGases under pressure Physical hazards Not classified.Health hazards Not classified.OSHA defined hazardsLabel elementsSignal word WarningHazard statement Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.Precautionary statementPreventionNot available.Response If swallowed: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Wash hands after handling.Storage Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.DisposalNot available.Hazard(s) not otherwise classified (HNOC)None known.Supplemental informationNone.3. Composition/information on ingredientsMixturesCAS number %Common name and synonymsChemical name 106-97-8 1 - 2.5Butane Other components below reportable levels 90 - 10074-98-61 - 2.5Propane*Designates that a specific chemical identity and/or percentage of composition has been withheld as a trade secret.4. First-aid measuresMove to fresh air. Call a physician if symptoms develop or persist.Inhalation Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower.Skin contactImmediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.Eye contact Not likely, due to the form of the product. In the unlikely event of swallowing contact a physician or poison control center. Rinse mouth.IngestionNot available.Most importantsymptoms/effects, acute and delayedProvide general supportive measures and treat symptomatically.Indication of immediatemedical attention and special treatment needed Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.General information5. Fire-fighting measuresWater fog. Foam. Carbon dioxide (CO2).Suitable extinguishing media Do not use water jet as an extinguisher, as this will spread the fire.Unsuitable extinguishing mediaContents under pressure. Pressurized container may explode when exposed to heat or flame.During fire, gases hazardous to health may be formed.Specific hazards arising from the chemicalNot available.Special protective equipment and precautions for firefighters In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. Move containers from fire area if you can do so without risk. Containers should be cooled with water to prevent vapor pressure build up. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles, if possible. If not, withdraw and let fire burn out.Fire fightingequipment/instructionsUse standard firefighting procedures and consider the hazards of other involved materials.Specific methods Extremely flammable aerosol. Contents under pressure. Pressurized container may explode when exposed to heat or flame.General fire hazards6. Accidental release measuresKeep unnecessary personnel away. Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak. Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks, or flames in immediate area). Keep out of low areas.Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Wear appropriate protective equipment and clothing during clean-up.Emergency personnel need self-contained breathing equipment. Do not touch damagedcontainers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Ventilate closedspaces before entering them. Local authorities should be advised if significant spillages cannot be contained. For personal protection, see section 8 of the SDS.Personal precautions,protective equipment and emergency proceduresRefer to attached safety data sheets and/or instructions for use. Stop leak if you can do so without risk. Move the cylinder to a safe and open area if the leak is irreparable. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks, or flames in immediate area).Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb in vermiculite, dry sand or earth and place into containers. Following product recovery, flush area with water.Small Spills: Wipe up with absorbent material (e.g. cloth, fleece). Clean surface thoroughly to remove residual contamination. For waste disposal, see section 13 of the SDS.Methods and materials for containment and cleaning upAvoid discharge into drains, water courses or onto the ground.Environmental precautions7. Handling and storagePressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use. Do not use if spray button is missing or defective. Do not spray on a naked flame or any other incandescent material. Do not smoke while using or until sprayed surface is thoroughly dry. Do not cut, weld, solder, drill, grind, or expose containers to heat, flame, sparks, or other sources of ignition. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Use non-sparking tools and explosion-proof equipment.Close valve after each use and when empty. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag,roll, slide, or drop. When moving cylinders, even for short distances, use a cart (trolley, hand truck,etc.) designed to transport cylinders. Suck back of water into the container must be prevented. Do not allow backfeed into the container. Purge air from system before introducing gas. Use only properly specified equipment which is suitable for this product, its supply pressure andtemperature. Contact your gas supplier if in doubt. Do not re-use empty containers. Use only in well-ventilated areas. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment. Observe good industrial hygiene practices.Precautions for safe handlingLevel 1 Aerosol.Pressurized container. Protect from sunlight and do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50°C/122 °F. Do not puncture, incinerate or crush. Do not handle or store near an open flame,heat or other sources of ignition. Store in a well-ventilated place. Cylinders should be storedupright, with valve protection cap in place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Stored containers should be periodically checked for general condition and leakage. Store away from incompatible materials (see Section 10 of the SDS).Conditions for safe storage,including any incompatibilities8. Exposure controls/personal protectionOccupational exposure limitsUS. OSHA Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants (29 CFR 1910.1000)Value Components TypePEL1800 mg/m3Propane (CAS 74-98-6)1000 ppm US. ACGIH Threshold Limit Values Value ComponentsType STEL1000 ppm Butane (CAS 106-97-8)US. NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Value Components Type TWA 1900 mg/m3Butane (CAS 106-97-8)800 ppm TWA1800 mg/m3Propane (CAS 74-98-6)1000 ppmNo biological exposure limits noted for the ingredient(s).Biological limit values Explosion-proof general and local exhaust ventilation.Appropriate engineering controlsIndividual protection measures, such as personal protective equipmentWear safety glasses with side shields (or goggles).Eye/face protectionSkin protectionWear appropriate chemical resistant gloves. Suitable gloves can be recommended by the glove supplier.Hand protectionNot available.OtherIf permissible levels are exceeded use NIOSH mechanical filter / organic vapor cartridge or an air-supplied respirator.Respiratory protection Wear appropriate thermal protective clothing, when necessary.Thermal hazards When using do not smoke. Always observe good personal hygiene measures, such as washing after handling the material and before eating, drinking, and/or smoking. Routinely wash work clothing and protective equipment to remove contaminants.General hygiene considerations9. Physical and chemical propertiesAppearanceGas.Physical state Aerosol. Liquefied gas.Form Not available.Color Not available.OdorOdor threshold Not available.pHNot available.Melting point/freezing point Not available.Initial boiling point and boiling range 212 °F (100 °C) estimated Flash point -21.6 °F (-29.8 °C) estimated Evaporation rate Not available.Not applicable.Flammability (solid, gas)Upper/lower flammability or explosive limitsFlammability limit - lower(%)Not available.Flammability limit - upper (%)Not available.Explosive limit - lower (%)Not available.Explosive limit - upper (%)Not available.Vapor pressure 23.01 psig @70F estimated Vapor density Not available.Relative density 0.969 g/cm3 estimated Solubility(ies)Solubility (water)Not available.Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water)Not available.Auto-ignition temperature Not available.Decomposition temperature Not available.ViscosityNot available.Other informationAerosol spray enclosed spaceDeflagration density> 300 g/m³ No Ignition Time equivalent No Ignition Aerosol spray ignitiondistance 0 cm No Ignition Density0.97 g/cm3 estimated Not explosive.Explosive properties Flammability class Flammable IB estimated Heat of combustion 1.57 kJ/g estimated Heat of combustion (NFPA 30B)1.8 kJ/g estimated Not oxidizing.Oxidizing properties Percent volatile 94.74 % estimated Specific gravity 0.972 estimated VOC (Weight %)7.84 % estimated10. Stability and reactivityThe product is stable and non-reactive under normal conditions of use, storage and transport.Reactivity Material is stable under normal conditions.Chemical stability No dangerous reaction known under conditions of normal use. Hazardous polymerization does not occur.Possibility of hazardous reactionsAvoid heat, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. Avoid temperatures exceeding the flash point. Contact with incompatible materials. Fire or intense heat may cause violent rupture of packages.Conditions to avoidStrong oxidizing agents.Incompatible materials No hazardous decomposition products are known.Hazardous decomposition products11. Toxicological informationInformation on likely routes of exposureInhalationNot available.Skin contact Not available.Eye contact Not available.IngestionNot available.Not available.Symptoms related to thephysical, chemical andtoxicological characteristicsInformation on toxicological effectsAcute toxicity Expected to be a low hazard for usual industrial or commercial handling by trained personnel. Components SpeciesTest ResultsButane (CAS 106-97-8)AcuteInhalationLC50Mouse1237 mg/l, 120 Minutes52 %, 120 MinutesRat1355 mg/lPropane (CAS 74-98-6)AcuteInhalationLC50Mouse1237 mg/l, 120 Minutes52 %, 120 MinutesRat1355 mg/l658 mg/l/4h* Estimates for product may be based on additional component data not shown.Prolonged skin contact may cause temporary irritation.Skin corrosion/irritationNot available.Serious eye damage/eyeirritationRespiratory or skin sensitizationRespiratory sensitization Not a respiratory sensitizer.This product is not expected to cause skin sensitization.Skin sensitizationNo data available to indicate product or any components present at greater than 0.1% areGerm cell mutagenicitymutagenic or genotoxic.Carcinogenicity This product is not considered to be a carcinogen by IARC, ACGIH, NTP, or OSHA.IARC Monographs. Overall Evaluation of CarcinogenicityNot listed.OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1050)Not regulated.US. National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report on CarcinogensNot listed.This product is not expected to cause reproductive or developmental effects.Reproductive toxicityNot classified.Specific target organ toxicity -single exposureNot classified.Specific target organ toxicity -repeated exposureAspiration hazard Not an aspiration hazard.12. Ecological informationThe product is not classified as environmentally hazardous. However, this does not exclude the Ecotoxicitypossibility that large or frequent spills can have a harmful or damaging effect on the environment.No data is available on the degradability of this product.Persistence and degradabilityNo data available.Bioaccumulative potentialPartition coefficient n-octanol / water (log Kow)Butane 2.89Propane 2.36No data available.Mobility in soilOther adverse effects No other adverse environmental effects (e.g. ozone depletion, photochemical ozone creationpotential, endocrine disruption, global warming potential) are expected from this component.13. Disposal considerationsCollect and reclaim or dispose in sealed containers at licensed waste disposal site. Contentsunder pressure. Do not puncture, incinerate or crush. Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations.Disposal instructionsDispose in accordance with all applicable regulations.Local disposal regulations The waste code should be assigned in discussion between the user, the producer and the waste disposal company.Hazardous waste code Dispose of in accordance with local regulations. Empty containers or liners may retain some product residues. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe manner (see:Disposal instructions).Waste from residues / unused productsSince emptied containers may retain product residue, follow label warnings even after container is emptied. Empty containers should be taken to an approved waste handling site for recycling or disposal. Do not re-use empty containers.Contaminated packaging14. Transport informationDOTUN1950UN numberAerosols, non-flammable, (each not exceeding 1 L capacity)UN proper shipping name2.2ClassTransport hazard class(es)-Subsidiary risk2.2Label(s)Not applicable.Packing groupNot available.Special precautions for user 306Packaging exceptionsNone Packaging non bulkNone Packaging bulkThis product meets the exception requirements of section 173.306 as a limited quantity and may be shipped as a limited quantity.Until 12/31/2020, the "Consumer Commodity - ORM-D" marking may still be used in place of the new limited quantity diamond mark for packages of UN 1950 Aerosols. Limited quantities require the limited quantity diamond mark on cartons after 12/31/20and may be used now in place of the "Consumer Commodity ORM-D" marking.IATAUN1950UN numberAerosols, non-flammable UN proper shipping name2.2ClassTransport hazard class(es)-Subsidiary risk2.2Label(s)Not applicable.Packing groupNo.Environmental hazards2L ERG CodeRead safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling.Special precautions for user Allowed with restrictions.Passenger and cargoaircraftOther informationAllowed with restrictions.Cargo aircraft onlyLTD QTY Packaging ExceptionsIMDGUN1950UN numberAEROSOLS UN proper shipping name2.2ClassTransport hazard class(es)-Subsidiary risk2.2Label(s)Not applicable.Packing groupNo.Marine pollutantEnvironmental hazardsNot available.EmSRead safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling.Special precautions for user LTD QTY Packaging ExceptionsNot applicable.Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC CodeDOTIATA; IMDG15. Regulatory informationThis product is a "Hazardous Chemical" as defined by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200.US federal regulationsTSCA Section 12(b) Export Notification (40 CFR 707, Subpt. D)Not regulated.CERCLA Hazardous Substance List (40 CFR 302.4)Not listed.SARA 304 Emergency release notificationNot regulated.OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1050)Not regulated.Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)Immediate Hazard - No Delayed Hazard - No Fire Hazard - NoPressure Hazard - Yes Reactivity Hazard - NoHazard categoriesSARA 302 Extremely hazardous substanceNot listed.NoSARA 311/312 Hazardous chemicalSARA 313 (TRI reporting)Not regulated.Other federal regulationsClean Air Act (CAA) Section 112 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) ListNot regulated.Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r) Accidental Release Prevention (40 CFR 68.130)Butane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)Not regulated.Safe Drinking Water Act(SDWA)US state regulationsUS. California Controlled Substances. CA Department of Justice (California Health and Safety Code Section 11100) Not listed.US. California. Candidate Chemicals List. Safer Consumer Products Regulations (Cal. Code Regs, tit. 22, 69502.3, subd.(a))Butane (CAS 106-97-8)US. Massachusetts RTK - Substance ListButane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)US. New Jersey Worker and Community Right-to-Know ActButane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)US. Pennsylvania Worker and Community Right-to-Know LawButane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)US. Rhode Island RTKButane (CAS 106-97-8)Propane (CAS 74-98-6)US. California Proposition 65California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65): This material is not known to contain any chemicals currently listed as carcinogens or reproductive toxins.International InventoriesCountry(s) or region Inventory name On inventory (yes/no)* Australia Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS)NoYes Canada Domestic Substances List (DSL)Canada Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL)No China Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances in China (IECSC)No Europe European Inventory of Existing Commercial ChemicalNoSubstances (EINECS)Europe European List of Notified Chemical Substances (ELINCS)No Japan Inventory of Existing and New Chemical Substances (ENCS)No Korea Existing Chemicals List (ECL)No New Zealand New Zealand InventoryNo Philippines Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical SubstancesNo(PICCS)United States & Puerto Rico Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) InventoryYes *A "Yes" indicates that all components of this product comply with the inventory requirements administered by the governing country(s)A "No" indicates that one or more components of the product are not listed or exempt from listing on the inventory administered by the governingcountry(s).16. Other information, including date of preparation or last revision06-22-2018Issue date08-24-2018Revision dateVersion #02The information provided in this Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge, Disclaimerinformation and belief at the date of its publication. The information given is designed only as aguidance for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and isnot to be considered a warranty or quality specification. The information relates only to the specificmaterial designated and may not be valid for such material used in combination with any othermaterials or in any process, unless specified in the text.This document has undergone significant changes and should be reviewed in its entirety. Revision information。

Construction & Decoration192 建筑与装饰2023年2月下 拉索式陶板砖帘系统在室外装饰中的应用探讨黄遵法 苏州金螳螂幕墙有限公司 江苏 苏州 215128摘 要 因用工量大、观感效果差的事实，基本否定了外墙大面积陶板砖帘的构件式安装方案，为确保大面积陶板砖帘的快速实施，满足对工期、质量、特别是外观效果的要求，陶板砖帘的安装必须突破传统思维，做系统性的设计，整体性、系统性的控制立面效果，从而实现设计效果。

通过引进单元式安装理念，把空中外架作业前置到工厂内，把人工作业调整为汽车吊吊装，从而从根本上实现了效率与效果的彻底改观。

关键词 陶板砖帘；工艺前置；单元加工；机械吊装；系统调整；实现效果Discussion on Application of Guy Cable-Type Ceramic Plate Brick Curtain System in Exterior DecorationHuang Zun-faSuzhou Gold Mantis Curtain Wall Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215128, Jiangsu Province, ChinaAbstract Due to the fact of large amount and poor visual effect, the component installation scheme of large-area ceramic plate brick curtain of the exterior wall is basically denied. In order to ensure the rapid implementation of the large-area ceramic plate brick curtain and meet the requirements of the construction period, quality, especially the appearance effect, the installation of ceramic plate brick curtain must break through the traditional thinking, conduct a systematic design, and control the façade effect comprehensively and systematically, so as to achieve the design effect. By introducing the unit-type installation concept, the aerial frame operation is completed in the factory, and the manual operation is adjusted to automobile hoisting, which fundamentally achieves a complete improvement in efficiency and effect.Key words ceramic plate brick curtain; process pre-installation; unit processing; mechanical hoisting; system adjustment; achieve effect引言图1 外立面陶板砖帘的应用效果随着装饰材料行业的科技创新和技术进步，新材料、新工艺不断涌现，新方法、新技术得到了广泛应用，很多过去少量应用在室内装饰中作为点睛作用的精美面材，正逐步大量应用到外立面装饰上，将原本以高端大气为主调的外装饰立面，变得色调更加丰富、细腻、更加充满美感，外墙陶板的大面积应用，将这种装饰美引入了更加富于梦幻。

Test Train at FASTGreen Technologies for Improved Operations at FASTTTCI engineers begin unmannedoperations at the Facility for AcceleratedService Testing (FAST), TransportationTechnology Center, Pueblo, ColoradoGreen Engineering is defined by the USEnvironmental Protection Agency as "the design,commercialization, and use of processes andproducts, which are feasible and economical whileminimizing risks to human health and theenvironment." One related effort undertaken by TTCIengineers has focused on gradually automating thetrain operations at FAST.TTCI engineers have implemented a cruise control algorithm andsuccessfully operated the FAST train with a one-person crew over aperiod of two years. The ultimate goal was to operate the train withoutan engineer in the cab. At the end of 2008, unmanned train operationtrials began. Since January 2009, a 13,000-ton train comprised of fourlocomotives and eighty 315,000-pound cars traveling at 40 mphconstant speed began operating without a locomotive engineer atFAST. The train is operated over the 2.7 mile High Tonnage Loop,where a number of controlled experiments are being conducted, todetermine the impact of heavy axle load cars on track components andmaintenance procedures. The Association of American Railroads andthe Federal Railroad Administration jointly fund the program.The automated train movements at FAST are controlled by anintegrated onboard computer that uses GPS, track information, trainmakeup, wayside system data, and dynamic train input. The systemvaries throttle position in response to changing conditions (wind,precipitation, rail lubrication, grade, etc.). Throttle control has beenoptimized to reduce in-train forces. The onboard system will bring thetrain to a stop if a rail break is detected by the track circuit, or ifdirected to do so by remote command. The onboard system providesfeedback to the Train Controller (TC) and Locomotive Engineer (LE)on the ground, if it is unable to make track speed, if it detects wheelslip, or if it detects a trainline alarm.TTCI developed a “real-time” onboard track monitoring system to replace the engineer’s knowledge of and feel for the track. The onboard system reports abnormal accelerations at the locomotive truck and frame. The ride quality indices are reported to the TC and LE within 15-20 seconds of passing a detected spot, allowing time to stop the train if necessary. Track condition and exceptions are stored for later review.MeteorComm ™ data radios handle critical communication. These radios are also being used as part of current Positive Train Controldevelopment work by TTCI. Noncritical operational information, with redundancy, is passed through an outdoor 802.11 G radio network. Final redundancy is a 2-way end-of-train device and head-end-units that can activate stop commands remotely.Reduction in locomotive idle time at FASTInitially, weekly FAST train operations began on Sunday night. As a result, the locomotives would idle over the weekend to reduce the likelihood of start-up trouble on Sunday night when no support staff was available on site. Recently, the train operating schedule was changed to reduce locomotive idle time, and now start-up begins on Monday night so that the locomotives are shutdown over the weekend and start-up can be handled by the daytime crew on Monday.The change in the operating schedule reduced locomotive idle time by an average of 260 hours per week during normal operations at FAST (about 25 weeks per year). FAST locomotives burn about 6 gallons of diesel/hour. The reduction in idle time results in savings of about 1560 gallons/week or 39,000 gallons/year. Total fuel savings since the program was instituted in 2006 are estimated at 86,000 gallons.Reducing fuel and wear through lubrication at FASTAnother way TTCI helps railroads go greenJust like oiling the sliding surfaces and pulleys on your garage door, railroads have gained significant benefits by applying lubricants and friction modifiers to the wheel and rail interface. By reducing friction on the side of the rail, energy needed to pull long and heavy trainsaround curves can be significantly reduced. Railroads now use anLocomotive Engineer/TestController Control Screenarray of specialized products and purposely built application systems to get the right product at the correct location on top and/or side of the rail. This has shown benefits by reducing fuel consumption 5% to 15%, wear of rails by over 50%, and curving forces by at least 30%.The net effect of extending rail wear life by 50% reduces the need for new resources not only to produce new rails, but for the cost of transporting and installing, all of which reduces emissions, thus the carbon footprint of the industry. Even a 5% reduction in fuel consumption, when coupled with the 3-billion gallons used annually by railroads, places a significant dent in the railroad’s impact to the environment, while at the same time eliminating thousands of truck loads from the highway, and reducing America’s use of fuel and subsequent emissions.Testing different application systems on a closed loop at FAST is one way of assessing impacts to energy and wear. The first plot shows the effect on side wear (gage face) of sharp curves with and without lubrication. The raw difference (unground) life of rail is increased by a factor of 50 with consistent lubrication. When normal rail grinding maintenance is factored, this same difference is still a factor of 10 or more.Likewise, the second graph shows energy consumed over a closed loop, indicating energy (in the form of kilowatt hours) can be reduced by over 40%. While results from closed loop tests represent carefully controlled systems, field implementation of these same lubricant systems has shown reductions in energy of 5% to 15% and increases rail life by at least a factor of 5.Energy Consumption: Closed Loop with a Range of Application Systems Rail wear: With (blue) and Without (red) Lubrication。

嵌入式系统专业术语中英文比照A:Actuator 执行器A:Amplifier 放大器A:Attendance 员工考勤A:Attenuation 衰减AA:Antenna amplifier 开线放大器AA：Architectural Acoustics 建筑声学AC:AnalogueController 模拟掌握器ACD:Automatic CallDistribution 自动安排话务ACS：Access ControlSystem 出入掌握系统AD:Addressable Detector地址探测器ADM：Add/Drop Multiplexer 分插复用器ADPCM：Adaptive Differential ulse Code Modulation 自适应差分脉冲编码调制AF:Acoustic Feedback 声反响AFR：Amplitude /Frequency Response 幅频响应AGC：Automati Gain Control 自动增益掌握AHU：Air Handling Unit 空气处理机组A—I:Auto—iris 自动光圈AIS:Alarm Indication Signal 告警指示信号AITS:Acknowledged Information Transfer Service 确认操作ALC:Automati Level Control 自动平衡掌握ALS：Alarm Seconds 告警秒ALU：AnalogueLines Unit 模拟用户线单元AM：Administration Module 治理模块AN:AccessNetwork 接入网ANSI:American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会APS:Automatic Protection Switching 自动保护倒换ASC：Automati Slope Control 自动斜率掌握ATH：Analogue Trunk Unit 模拟中继单元ATM：Asynchrous Transfer Mode 异步传送方式AU- PPJE：AU Pointer Positive Justification 治理单元正指针调整AU：Administration Unit 治理单元AU-AIS：Administrative Unit Alarm Indication SignalAU 告警指示信号AUG:Administration Unit Group 治理单元组AU—LOP:Loss of Administrative Unit Pointer AU 指针丧失AU—NPJE:AU Pointer Negative Justification 治理单元负指针调整AUP:Administration Unit Pointer 治理单元指针AVCD：Auchio &Video Control Device 音像掌握装置AWG:American Wire Gauge 美国线缆规格BA:Bridge Amplifier 桥接放大器BAC:Building Automation ＆ Control net 建筑物自动化和掌握网络BAM：Background Administration Module 后治理模块BBER:Background Block Error Ratio 背景块误码比BCC：B—channelConnect ControlB 通路连接掌握BD：Building DistributorBEF:Buiding Entrance Facilities 建筑物入口设施BFOC：Bayonet Fibre Optic Connector 大口式光纤连接器BGN：Background Noise 背景噪声BGS: Background Sound 背景音响BIP—N：Bit Interleaved Parity N code 比特间插奇偶校验N 位码B—ISDN：Brand band ISDN 宽带综合业务数字网B—ISDN：Broad band —Integrated Services Digital Network 宽带综合业务数字网BMC:Burst Mode Controller 突发模式掌握器BMS：Building Management System 智能建筑治理系统BRI：Basic Rate ISDN 根本速率的综合业务数字网BS：Base Station 基站BSC:Base Station Controller 基站掌握器BUL:Back up lighting 备用照明C/S： Client/Server 客户机/效劳器C：Combines 混合器C：Container 容器CA：Call Accounting 自动计费系统CATV：Cable Television 有线电视CC:Call Control 呼叫掌握CC:Coax cable 同轴电缆CCD：Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件CCF：Cluster Contril Function 簇掌握功能CD:CampusDistributor 建筑群配线架CD:Combinationdetector 感温，感烟复合探测器CDCA:Continuous Dynamic Channel Assign 连续的动态信道安排CDDI:Copper Distributed Data 合同缆分布式数据接口CDES:Carbon dioxide extinguisbing system 二氧化碳系统CDMA：Code Division Multiplex Access 码分多址CF：Core Function 核心功能CFM：Compounded Frequency Modulation 压扩调频繁CIS:Call Information System 呼叫信息系统CISPR：Internation Special Conmittee On Radio Interference 国际无线电干扰特地委员会CLNP:Connectionless Network Protocol 无连接模式网络层协议CLP：Cell Loss Priority 信元丧失优先权CM：Communication Module 通信模块CM:Configuration Management 配置治理CM:Cross-connect Matrix 穿插连接矩阵CMI:Coded Mark Inversion 传号反转码CMISE:Common Management Information Service 公用治理信息协议效劳单元CPE：Convergence protocol entity 会聚协议实体CR/E:card reader /Encoder 〔Ticket reader 〕卡读写器/编码器CRC:Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗佘校验CRT:Cathode Ray Tabe 显示器，监视器，阴极射线管CS: Convergence service 会聚效劳CS：Cableron Spectrum 旧纳档块化技术CS：Ceiling Screen 挡烟垂壁CS:Convergence Sublayer 合聚子层CSC:Combined Speaker Cabinet 组合音响CSCW：Computer supported collaborative work 计算机支持的协同工作CSES：Continuius Severely Errored Second 连续严峻误码秒CSF:Cell Site Function 单基站功能掌握CTB:Composite Triple Beat 复合三价差拍CTD：Cable Thermal Detector 缆式线型感温探测器CTNR:carrier to noise ratio 载波比CW:Control Word 掌握字D：Directional 指向性D:Distortion 失真度D:Distributive 分布式DA:Distribution Amplifier 安排的大器DBA:Database Administrator 数据库治理者DBCSN:Database Control System Nucleus 数据库掌握系统核心DBOS:Database Organizing System 数据库组织系统DBSS:Database Security System 数据库安全系统DC:Door Contacts 大门传感器DCC:Digital Communication Channel 数字通信通路DCN:Data Communication Network 数据通信网DCP-I:Distributed Control Panel -Intelligent 智能型分散掌握器DCS：Distributed Control System 集散型掌握系统DDN：Digital Data Network 数字数据网DDS：Direct Dignital Controller 直接数字掌握器DDW:Data Describing Word 数据描述字DECT：Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication 增加数字无绳通讯DFB:Distributed Feedback 分布反响DID：Direct Inward Dialing 直接中继方式，呼入直拨到分机用户DLC：Data Link Control Layer 数据链路层DLI:DECT Line InterfaceDODI:Direct Outward Dialing One 一次拨号音DPH:DECT PhoneDRC:Directional Response Cahracteristics 指向性响应DS:Direct Sound 直正声DSP:Digital signal Processing 数字信号处理DSS：Deiision Support System 决策支持系统DTMF：Dual Tone Multi—Frequency 双音多频DTS：Dual —Technology Sensor 双鉴传感器DWDM:Dense Wave—length Division Multiplexing 密集波分复用DXC：Digital Cross—Connect 数字穿插连接E:Emergency lighting 照明设备E：Equalizer 均衡器E：Expander 扩展器EA—DFB:Electricity Absorb—Distributed Feedback 电吸取分布反响ECC：Embedded Control Channel 嵌入或掌握通道EDFA：Erbium—DopedFiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EDI：Electronic DataInterexchange 电子数据交换EIC：Electrical ImpedanceCharacteristics 电阻抗特性EMC:Electro Magnetic Compatibiloty 电磁兼容性EMI：Electro Magnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMS:Electromagnetic Sensitibility 电磁敏感性EN:Equivalent Noise 等效噪声EP：Emergency Power 应急电源ES:Emergency Sooket 应急插座ES:Evacuation Sigvial 疏散照明ESA：Error SecondA 误码秒类型Ａ ESB：ErrorSecondB 误码秒类型ＢESD:Electrostatic Discharge 静电放电ESR：Errored Second Ratio 误码秒比率ETDM：Electrical Time Division Multiplexing 电时分复用ETSI：European Telecommunication Standards Institute 欧洲电信标准协会F：Filter 滤波器TOPFAB:Fire Alarm Bell 火警警铃FACU：Fire Alarm Contrlol Unit 火灾自动报警掌握装置FC:Failure Count 失效次数FC:Frequency Converter 频率变换器FCC：Fire Alarm System 火灾报警系统FCS：Field Control System 现场总线FCU:Favn Coil Unit 风机盘管FD:Fire Door 防火门FD:FlameDetector 火焰探测器FD:FloorDistributor FD：FrequencyDirsder 分频器FDD：Frequency Division Dual 频分双工FDDI：Fiberdistributed Data Interface 光纤缆分布式数据接口. FDDIF：Fiber Distributed Data Inferface 光缆分布数据接口FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access 频分多址FE:Fire Extirguisher 消防电梯FEBE:Far End Block Error 远端块误码FEXT：Far End Crosstalk 远端串扰FFES：Foam Fire Extionuishing System 泡沫灭火系统FH：Fire hydrant 消火栓FI:Fee Indicator 费用显示器FL：Focal Length 焦距FL:FuzzyLogic 模糊规律FM：FaiiltManagement 失效治理FPA:Fire Public Address 火灾事故播送FPD:Fire Public Derice 消防设施PACR：Attonuation to Crosstalk Ratio 衰减与串扰比GAP：Gaussian (filtered〕Frequency Shift Keying 高斯滤波频移键控TOP GBS:Glass Break Sensors 玻璃裂开传感器GC：Generic Cabling 综合布线GIB:Generic Information Block 通用信息模块GNE:Gateway Network Element 网关GSM：Global System for Mobile communications 全球移动通信系统H:Hybrid 混合式TOPHCBS:High C Bus Servers Unit 高速C 总线效劳单元HCS：Higher order Connection Supervision 高阶连接监视HD：Heat Detecter 感温探测器HDB3:High Density Bipolar of order 3code 高密度双极性码HDLC：High Data Link Control 高级数据链路掌握HDLC：HighDigital Link Control 高级数据链路掌握HDSL：High—bit -rate Digital Subscriber Link 高比特数字用户链路HDTV：High Definition Television 高清淅度电视HEC：Header Ervor Control:信头过失掌握域HEMS:High -level Entity Management system 高级实体治理系统HFC:Hybrid fiber coax 光纤-同轴电缆混合系统HGRP：Home Optical Network 华为公司专用协议HIFI：High Fidelity 高保真度HIPPI：High Performance Parrallel Interface 高性能并行接口HMP:Host monitoring protocol 宿主机监视协议HOA：High Order Assembler 高阶组装器HOAPID:High Order Path Access Point Identifier 高阶通道接入不敷出点标识符HOI：High Order Interface 高阶接口HONET:Home Optical Network 华为综合业务接入网商标HO—TCM:High Order Tandem Connection Monitor 高阶通道串联连接监控HOVC：High Order Virtual Container 虚容器HPA:High order path Adaptation 高阶适配HPC：High order path Connection 高阶通道连接HPOM:High -order Path Overhead Monitor 高阶通道开销监视器HPP：High —order path Protection 高阶通道保护HP-RDI:Higher order path —Remote Defect Indication 高阶通道接收缺陷指示HP—REI:Higher order Path—Remote ErrorIndication 高阶通道远端错误指示HPT:High order path Termination 高阶通道终端HRDS：Hypothetical Reference Digital Section 假设参考数字段HSUT:High —order path Supervision Unequipped Termination 高阶通道监控未装装载终HVAC:Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning 暖通空调HWS:Hot Water Supply 热水供给系统I：Interference 串扰TOP IA：Intruder Alarm 防盗报警ICMP:Internet Control Message Protocol 掌握信息协议IDC：Insucation Displacement Connection 绝缘层信移连接件IDS：Industrial Distribution System 工业布线系统IFC：Intelligent Fire Controller 照明智能掌握器ILD:InjectLight Diode 注入式激光二极管IM:Impedance Matching 阻抗匹配IMA：Interactive Multimedia Association 交互式多媒体协议IM—DM:Intensity Modulation—Direction Modulation 直接强度调制IN:Information Network 信息网IO：Information Outlet 信息插座IOS:IntelligentOut Station 智能外围站IPEI:InternationalPortable 国际移动设备标识号IPTU:Indoor Pan&Tilt Unit 室内水平俯仰云台IPUI：International Portable User Identity 国际移动用户标识号ISD:Ionization Smoke Detector 离子感烟探测器IT：Information Technology 信息技术ITU：International Telecommunications Union 国际电信联盟ITU—T:原名CCITT，是国际电信联盟的一个委员会ITV:Interactive Tevevision 交互式电视JIT—Discussion conference system 即席发言系统L：Lens 摄像机镜头LAN:Local Area Network 局域网LAPB：Link Access Procedure—Balanced 链路接入规程--—-平衡LAPD:Link Access Procedure D—channel D 信道链路访问协议LCD：Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示屏LCL：Longituchinal Conrorsion Loss 纵模变换损耗LCN：Local Communication Network 本地通信网LCS:Lowerorder Connection Supervision 低阶连接监视LD:LaserDiode 激发二极管LE：Local Exchange 本地交换网LED:Light Emittirng Diode 发光二极管LIU:Lightguide Interconnection Unit 光纤互连装置LLC：Logic Link Control Layer 规律链路掌握层LLME:Low Layer Management Entity 低层治理实体LM:Lerel Modulation 电平调整LNA：Low Noise Amplifier 低噪音放大器LOF：Loss Of Frame 帧丧失LOI:Low Order Interface 低阶接口LOP:Loss Of Pointer 指针丧失LOS:Loss Of Signal 信号丧失LO—TCM：Low Order Tandem Connection Monitor 低阶通道串联连接监视器LOVC：Low Order Virtual Container 低阶虚容器LPA：Lower order qath Adaptation 低阶通道适配LPC:Lower order Path Connection 低阶通道连接LPOM:Low-order Path Overhead Monitor 低阶通道开销监视器LPP：Low—order Path Protection 低阶通道保护LPT：Lowerorder Path Termination 低阶通道终端TOPMAC：Medium Access Control Layer 介质访问掌握层TOP MBMC:Multiple Burst Mode Controller 多突发模式掌握器MCF:Message Communication Function 消息通信功能MD：Mediation Device 中介设备MFPB：Multi—Frequency Press Button 多频按键MIB：ManagementInformation Base 治理信息库MIC：Mediu InterfaceConnector 介质接口连接器MIO：MultiuserInformation Outlet 多用户信息插座MLM：Multi-Longitudinal Mode 多纵模MM:Mobile Management 移动治理MMDS：Maltichanned Microware Distribution System 多路微波安排系统MMO：Multionedia Outlet 多媒体插座MN-NES:MN—Network Element System 网元治理系统MN-RMS:MN—Region Management System 网络治理系统MO:Managed Object 治理目标MSA:Multiplex Section Adaptation 复用段适配MS-AIS：Mutiplex Section—Alarm Indication Signal 复用段告警指示信号MSOH：Multiplex Section Overhead 复用段开销MSP:Multiplex Section Protection 复用段保护MS-RDI:Multiplex Section-Remote Defect Indication 复用段远端缺陷指示MST:Multiplex Section Termination 复用段终端MSU:Multi-Subscriber Unit 多用户单元 MTIE：Maximum Time Interval Error 最大时间间隔误差MUX：Multiplexer 敏捷复接器NDF：New DataFlag 数据标识NDFA:Niobium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺铌光纤放大器NE：Network Element 网元NEXT：Near End Crosstalk 近端串扰NMS：Network Management System 网络治理系统NNE:Non-SDH Network Element 非 SDH 网元NNI：Network Node Interface 网络节点接口NPI：Null Pointer Indication 无效指针指示NWK:Network Layer 网络层NZ—DSF：Non Zero-Dispersion Shift Fiber 非零散位移光纤OAM&P：Operation Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning 运行、治理、维护和预置OAM：Operation, Administration and Maintenance 操作、治理和维护OBFD：Optical Beam Flame Detector 线型光速火焰探测器OC-N:Optical carrier level-N 光载波级 NOCR:Optical Character Recogmition 光学字符识别OEIC:Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit 光电集成电路OFA:Optical Fiber Amplifier 光纤放大器OHP:OverheadProcessing 开销处理OLT:Optical Line Terminal 光纤线路终端ON:Orerall Noise 总噪声ONU:Optical Network Unit 光纤网络单元OOF：Out Of Frame 帧失步OOP:Object Oriental Programming 面对对象程序设计OS:Operating System 操作系统OSC：Oscillator 振荡器OSI：Open Systems Interconnection 开放系统互连OTDK：Optical Time Doman Reflectometer 光时域反射线OTDM:Optical Time Division Multiplexing 光时分复用PA:Power Amphfier 功率放大器PA:Power Amplifier 功率放大器PABX：Private Auntomatic Branch Exchange 程控数字自动交换机Paging :无线呼叫系统PAL:Pinhole Alc Lons 针孔型自动亮度掌握镜头PARK:Portable Access Rights Key 移动用户接入权限识别码PAS：Public Address System 公共播送音响系统PBX:PrivateBrancn exchange 程控用户交换机PC：Pan unit&control 云台及云台掌握器PC：Proximinty Card 接近卡PCM：Pulse Code Modulation 脉冲编码调制PCS:Personal Communication Service 个人通讯效劳PDFA:Praseodymium—Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺镨光纤放大器PDH:Plesiochronous digital Hierarchy 准同步数字系列PDN:Public data network 公用数据网PDS:Premises Distribution Systemn 建筑物构造化综合布线系统PF:Pressurization Fan 加压风机PG:Pressure Gradient 压差式PID：Passire Infrared Detector 被动式红外传感器PJE：Pointer Justification Event 指针调整大事PLC:Programmerable Logic Controller 可编程掌握器PM:Power Matching 功率匹配PMS:Prooerty Management system 资源治理系统PO:Pressure Operated 压强式POH：Path Overhead 通道开销PPI:PDH Physical InterfacePDH 物理接口Preamplification :前置放大PRI：Primany Rate Interface 基群速率接口PRM：Patter Recogniton Method 模式识别法PSC:Protection Switching Count 保护倒换计数PSD:Photoelectric Smoke Detector 光电感烟探测器TOPITU-T：International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Sector 国际电信联盟-电信标准部R:Receiver 终端解码器TOP R:Reverberator 混响器RC：Radio Communication 移动通信RC：Room”s Coefficient 房间系数RCU：RemoteControl Units 终端掌握器RDI:Remote DefectIndication 远端失效指示REG:Regenerator再生器Resolution：清楚度RF:Radio Frequency 射频RHE：Romote Head End 远地前端RMC：Repeater Management Controller 天线信道掌握器RMS:Root Mean Square 均方根值RMU：Redundancy Memory Unit 冗佘存贮器RORTD：Rate Of Rise Thermal Detector 差温探测器RR:Reverberation Radius 混响半径RS：Reflected sound 反射场RSOH:Regenerator Section Ouerhead 再生段开销RSSI：Radio Signal Strength Indicator RST：Regenerator Section Termination 再生段终端RSU：Remote Subscriber Unit 远端用户单元RT：RealTime 实时RT:Reverberation Time 混响时间RWS：Remote Workstation 远端工作站TOP S：Sprinkler 安排器S：Stereo 双声道S:Strike 电子门锁SAA：Sound Absorption Ability 吸声力量SAR：Segmetation and reassembly sublayer 拆装子层SATV：Sate Llite 卫星电视SBS：Synchronous Backbone System 同步信息骨干系统SBSMN：SBS SBS Management Network 系列传输设备网管系统SC:Smart Card 智能卡SC：Subscriber Connector 〔Optial Fiber Connector〕用户连接器(光纤连接器〕SC:Supervisong Center 中心站监控中心治理中心SCADA：监控和数据采集软件SCB:System Control Board 系统掌握板SCC:System Control＆Communication 系统通信掌握SC-D:Saplex sc commector 双 ISC 连接器SCD：Sound Console Desk 调度台SCPC:Single Chnanel Per Carrier 卫星回程线路SCS:Stractured Cabling System 构造化布线系统SD：Signal Degraded 信号劣化SD:Smoke damper 排烟阀SD：Smoke Detector 感烟探测器SD：System Distortion 系统失真SDCA:Synchronization DCA 同步数据通讯适配器SDMA：Spaee Division Multiplex Access 容分SDXC：Synchronous Digital Cross Connect 同少数字穿插连接T：Teletext 可视图文TOP T：Terminal 终端机TA:Trunk Amplifier 干线放大器TC：Telecommunication Closet 通信插座TC:Transient Characteristic 瞬间特性TCI:Trunk cabling interface 星形连接TCP/P:Transmission Control Protocol Inter-network Protocol 传输掌握协议/网间协议TCS：Tele Communication System 通信系统TCS：Telecommunication System 通讯系统TD：Ticket Dispemser 发卡机TDD：Time Division Dual 时分双工TDEV：Time Deviation 时间偏差TDM:Time Division Multiplexing 时分复用TDMA:Time Division Multiple Address 时分多址TDS：Time division switching 时分交换构造TELEX：用户电报电传TEP:时间/大事软件TF:Transfer Function 传送功能TFCC:Transmission frequenay Characteristic 传输频率特性TGNP：The Greatest Noise Power 最大噪声功率TIM：Trace Identifier Mismatch 追踪识别符失配TM：Termination Multiplexer 终端复用器TMN：Telecommunication Management Network 电信治理网TMN:Telecommunication Management Network 电信治理网TNL:Total Noise Level 总噪声级TO:Telecommunications Outlet 通信插座TP：Tunst Pair 对绞线TR：Token Ring 令牌网TSI：Timeslot Interxhange 时隙交换TSU:Time Switching Unit 时隙交换单元TTF:Transport Terminal function 传送终端功能TTS:Tri Technology Sensor 三鉴传感器TU：Tributary Unit 支路单元TUG：Tributary Unit Group 支路单元组TU-LOM：TU-Loss Of Multi-frame 支路单元复帧丧失TUP:Tributary Unit Pointer 支路单元指针TUPP:Tributary Unit Payload Process 支路净荷处理UAT：Ultra Aperture Terminal 超小口径卫星地面接收站UL:Underwriters Laboratory 担保试验室UM:Unidirectional Microphines 单指向性传声器VA:Vacant auditoria 空场VCI：Virtual chammel identifier 虚信道标识VCS:vIdeo conferphone system 会议电视系统VI:Video interphone 可视对讲门铃Video switchers 图象切换掌握器Videotext :可视图文VOD:Video on demand 视频点播VSAT：Very Small Aperture Terminal 甚小口径天线地球站。