(免费)2011年考研复试英语翻译和写作(试题)

2011年考研英语(二)考试真题及参考答案完型填空试题："The Internet affords anonymity to its users —a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposalrmation B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费资料在：h tt p://w w w.k a o y a n x u e z i c o m17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced完型填空参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD其他客观题答案：21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG2011考研英语 (二)小作文suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her,and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university lifeyou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.第3页DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe英语 (二)小作文范文：A Letter to LimingJan-15-2011Dear Liming,Congraduate on you success in passing the entrance examination.Now, please allow me to give you some suggestion during your holidays.First of all, you should read. Because it makes a full man. Reading during the holiday helps you get the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful but reading is the most important thing.Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into the college, you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and shedule your daily life and etc.However, reading and housework doesn’t mean all of your holiday. You need contact with your friends or communicate with them. The reason is that old friends will be in your memory and new friends will be there. And we all know that the friendship among senior school.From the things I mentioned above, hope they will bring you a richful life in your college.Zhangwei2011考研英语（二）大作文范文题目write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments考研学子网倾情提供，更多免费资料在：h tt p://w w w.k a o y a n x u e z i c o myou should write at least 150 wrodswrite your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)英语二大作文范文As can be seen clearly from the chart, the market share taken by domestic car brands increased rapidly from 25% in 20008 to nearly 35% in 2009, while conversely, the market share owned by Japanese car brands dropped by 10% from 35% in 2008 to 25% in 2008. What’s more, the market share taken by American car brands is on the upward trend, from 10% to nearly 15%.Three reasons, in my opinion, can account for the changes in car market in these two years. First, the rise of Chinese cars is of little surprise as we have seen Chinese enterprises’ commitment to developing self-owned technologies, which not only free them from potential risks, but also bring about long-term benefit. Second, Japanese cars, which used to be highly praised for their outstanding quality and superior stability, is now reeling from a crisis of confidence. Last, the improvement of American cars’ performancemust be attributed to the smart marketing strategy employed by American sellers. They launched a lot of marketing campaigns designed specially for Chinese market, which won them applaud as well as benefit.第5页In order to maintain the good momentum of development, domestic cars should on one hand stick to their self-independent policy, and on the other, learn some experiences from Japanese car’s failures and Americans’ success.。

2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “ a bodily exercise precious to health. __1”__sBoumt e claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2__short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5__ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930 ' s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutesafter the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of __10__ feedback, that improve an indi vidual 's emotional state. __11 __one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted __12__ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry __13__they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also __14__ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15__ muscular responses. In anexperiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of w u rzburg in Germany asked volun teers to __16__ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creat ing an artificial smile —or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17__ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did thosewhose months were contracted in a frown, __19__ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just theother way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [ C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.“ Hooray! At last! ”wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober -sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert 'asppointment in the Times, calls him “ anunpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. ”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer anddownload still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the greatclassical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today 's live performances; moreover, they can be “ consumed” at a time and pl listener 's choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert 's own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical -music critic, has describedhim as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra 's repertoire will not be enough. If Gilber and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America 's oldeasntdorchestthe new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert 's appointment has[A] incurred criticism.[B] raised suspicion.[C] received acclaim.[D] aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A] influential.[B] modest.[C] respectable.[D] talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A] ignore the expenses of live performances.[B] reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C] exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D] overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A] They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B] They are easily accessible to the general public.[C] They help improve the quality of music.[D] They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert 's role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A] doubtful.[B] enthusiastic.[C] confident.[D] puzzled. Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “ togoal of running a company. ” Broadcasting his ambition was “ very much my decision, ” McGee says. Within,two we he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. Italso sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn ' t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. Asboards scrutinize succession p lans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don ' t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: ”cI an' tthink of a single search I ' vedone where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. ”Those who jumped without a job haven ' t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “ The traditional rule was it ' s safer to stay where you are, but that fundamentally inverted, ” says one headhunter. “ The people who ' ve been hurt the worst are those who ' ve st long. ”26. W hen McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A] arrogant.[B] frank.[C] self-centered.[D] impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives ' quitting may be spurred by[A] their expectation of better financial status.[B] their need to reflect on their private life.[C] their strained relations with the boards.[D] their pursuit of new career goals.28. T he word “ poached ” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A] approved of.[B] attended to.[C] hunted for.[D] guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] top performers used to cling to their posts.[B] loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C] top performers care more about reputations.[D] it ' s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A] CEOs: Where to Go?[B] CEOs: All the Way Up?[C] Top Managers Jump without a Net[D] The Only Way Out for T op PerformersThe rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditionalmedia -such as television commercials and print advertisements —still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users ' responses. But in some cases, one marketer 's owned media become a marketer 's paid media fo-r instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. Thistrend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information ab out the appeal of other companies ' marketing, and may help expanduser traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company 's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31. Consumers may cr eate “earned ” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor 's experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It 's no surprise that Jennifer Senior 's insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I H Life, ” isrousing much chatter —nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything lessthan a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “thevery things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight. ”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive —and newly single —mom Sandra Bullock, aswell as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant ” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten- killing ? It doesn 't seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regre ts of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn 't have had kids, b unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own”(read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It 's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut . But it 's interesting to wonder if the images wesee every week of stress-free, happiness- enhancing parenthood aren 'tin some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel ” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A] temporary delight[B] enjoyment in progress[C] happiness in retrospect[D] lasting reward37. We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A] celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B] single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C] news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D] having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A] are constantly exposed to criticism.[B] are largely ignored by the media.[C] fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39. A ccording to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A] soothing.[B] ambiguous.[C] compensatory.[D] misleading.40. W hich of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B] Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C] Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D] We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part B Directions: The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “ general education ” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “ the great books are read because they havebeen read ”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarde d more bachelor ' s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “ theknowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable. ” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “ theproducers of knowledge are produced. ” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly de tached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize. ” Academiniqcuiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic. ” Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G T 41. T 42. T E T 43. T 44. T 45.Part C Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “ Mind is the master weaver, ” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As aMan Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen ' s contribution was to take an assumption we all share -that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in realitywe are continually faced with a question: “ Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen con cluded : “ Wedo not attract what we want, but what we are. ” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don ' t “ get ” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen ' s book is its contention that “ Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in usand if we feel that we have been “ wronged ” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from oursituation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person early l'ife s and its conditions are often the greatest gift toan individual.The sobering aspect of Allen ' s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.2011 年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1. C 解析：语义逻辑题。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试(英语二)真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense ofa 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting theidentities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.th ough3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal 5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6． A.by B.into C.fromD.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.ac ross16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced完形填空参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not meanthat such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.”Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed tobe .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outsidedirectors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalTEXT 1 参考答案21．A。

2011考研英语翻译真题和答案With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: "We do not attract what we want, but what we are." Achievement happens because you as a person embodythe external achievement; you don’t “get" success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen's book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they r eveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This, however, would be a knee-jerk(直觉的;不经思考的) reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49) circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person's early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen's book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained inknowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.参考答案(46)我们都不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想。

2011年考研英语(二)真题完整版2011-1-16 14:46教育在线Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation‘s cyber-czar，offered the federal government a4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace，with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”。

不过，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商已在密切监控其数据中心的工作效率并做出改进。监控只是减排的第一步， 需要做的还有很多，而且这不单单是大公司的事情。
【参考范文】 Dear Li Ming,
We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.
You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results，so I suggest that you should make a great progress in university life.
Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.

2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。

作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种方法做了评述。

二、试题解析1.【答案】A【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。

鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑，并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。

A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A为正确答案。

B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”；C 项walk 意为“走，步行”；D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。

2.【答案】C【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关系。

空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety andsecurity to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。

A 项for 表示因果关系；B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。

2011：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3 ？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation‘s cyber-czar，offered the federal government a4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver‘s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace，with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “indivi duals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”。

2011考研英语二真题及答案解析完整版第一部分：阅读理解第一篇题目：Will Robots Take Our Jobs?In Boston, there is a small restaurant called Spyce, which boasts (吹嘘) a unique feature: the entire kitchen is automated (自动化的). There are no chefs or cooks working in the kitchen, just seven robot cooks working efficiently to serve delicious meals to customers. This fully automated restaurant is a clear indication of the rise of robots in the workforce.The introduction of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics, has raised concerns about job security. Many industries are facing the disruption caused by automation. The real question that arises is whether robots will take over our jobs and leave humans unemployed.Robotics and automation have successfully replaced manual labor in several industries. For example, self-checkout machines in supermarkets and automated assembly lines in factories are becoming increasingly common. These technologies streamline processes, reduce costs, and enhance efficiency.However, it is essential to note that while robots excel at tasks that require precision and repetition, they often strugglewith jobs that involve emotional intelligence and creativity. For instance, robots may be programmed to perform routine surgeries, but they cannot provide empathetic care to patients like healthcare professionals can. Similarly, while a robot can clean a room, it lacks the attention to detail that a human cleaner possesses.Furthermore, new technologies often create more jobs than they replace. The rise of robots may lead to the creation of entirely new industries and job roles. Software developers, AI engineers, and robotics technicians are examples of professions that have emerged as a result of automation. Additionally, as robots take over mundane tasks, humans can focus on more complex and creative work.In conclusion, while robots are undoubtedly changing the workforce and may replace some jobs, they are unlikely to completely eliminate human employment. The future lies in a partnership between humans and robots, where humans leverage their unique skills and abilities alongside automationto create a more productive and efficient society.解析：本文主要探讨了人工智能和机器人技术的引入对工作安全的影响。

一．2011首都师范翻硕真题1.名词翻译英汉：currency appreciation 货币升值the book of songs 诗经NPC 全国人民代表大会the divine comedy 神曲汉英：少数民族地区the minority areas股市指数the stock market(exchange) index国际法主体subject of international law国际法准则standard of international law素质教育education for all-round development公务员civil servant网络空间cyberspace2.翻译formal usage about english, several occasions the formal english is required, including, report by profession group to a government, writings to a seriousjournal, job application, etc.??an unintended consequences of globalization, some countries thrive and others furstrated, and all those take accounts for terrision, which we have the very best interest to wipr it out.汉英一篇象讲话? 在当今的国际关系下，只有。

才是各国发展的基础，世界平安发展的保证。

还有一篇是在这个功利的社会，奔波劳顿，勾心斗角，想要随心所欲，实在是不容易。

人们从孩提时代就海事追组，学位，工作，恋爱，婚姻，事业，名利等。

......。

作文是给材料的。

材料是一个人，如果没有经过翻译学习，那么即使他的语言在美丽，在一段外文面前，也失去了原有的语言能力。

2011年考研英语（二）真题及参考答案2011年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of E nglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each nu mbered black and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freed om of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ？Last month，Howard Schmid t，the nation?s cyber-czar，offered the federal g overnment a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a ―voluntary trusted identity‖ system that would be the hig h-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to a specific compu ter .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been au thenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver?s li cense 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these―single sign-on‖ systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a ―walled garden‖ n cy berspace，with safe ―neig hborhoods‖ and b right ―streetlights‖to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmid t described it as a ―voluntary ecosystem‖ in which ―individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ，trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs‖。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题Section I Use of? EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that alread y have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sens e of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．on on in in12．vain effect return contrast13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldma n Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directo rs are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. The y fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, thefirm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable becausethey .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Econ omic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who likeother people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means t hat less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for exam ple, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and pro portions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influen ce on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers –but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, we aker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is st uck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing forgovernments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: ., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck beca use the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting publ ic health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to shop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food products such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity，diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.“Thirty years ago, it would hav e been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufactures of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change Life campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behavior.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “if children ar e taught about the impact that food had on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between and grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and notjust by big companies.Section IV?? WritingPart A: Suppose your cousin Li Ming has been admitted to a him/her a letter to1)congratulate him/her, and2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B: write an essay based on the following chart .In your writing you should1)interpret the chart ,and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDTEXT 1参考答案21．A。

2011考研英语（二）写作真题详解与参考范文参考范文Dear Li Ming,Congratulations! I’m absolutely delighted to hear that you have just been admitted to Stanford University. I know there was a lot of competition this year but your hard work and perseverance certainly paid off.I’d like to give you several practical proposals on how to prepare for your university life. Firstly, it’s my hope that you will take advantage of the library in your university by reading books outside the college curriculum. Secondly, I believe that free-time should be divided into three main activities: physical exercise, relaxation, and communication with friends and family.Wish you further success in your continuing studies and hope you wil l invite me to your graduation ceremony in four years time. (115 words)Yours faithfully,Zhang Wei参考译文李明：祝贺你！得知你已被斯坦福大学录取，我由衷地高兴。

2011考研英语二真题及答案Didentity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for usersto 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals andorganizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of theinfrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s planhas 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walkedD. ridden2. A. for B. within C. while D. though3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointlessD. helpless4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6. A. by B. into C. from D. over7. A. linked B. directed C. chainedD. compared8. A. dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9. A. recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11. A. carry on B .linger on C. set in D. log in12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In returnD. In contrast13. A. trusted B. modernized c. thriving D. competing14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15. A. on B. after C. beyond D. across16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17. A. frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18. A. skepticism B. relevance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “tradeup.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symboli zed the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaceshe designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrowninfluence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleader’s talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on theneed for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigors; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different:”European economic governme nt” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy anda system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C] loans will be readily available to rich countries[D] rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.[A] pessimistic[B] desperate[C] conceited[D] hopefulPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41-45）. There are two extra headings thatyou do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. ProfessorTerence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how"lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes –by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that foodhas on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front."He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals –areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.Part CDirections:In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart ADirection: Suppose your cousin, Liming, has just been admitted to a university, write him/hera letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to getprepared for university life.Your should write about 100 words on ANSER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write a short essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANWER SHEET 2.(15 points)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二参考答案Section I Use of English1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 BBDAA 26-30 DBCBB 31-35 BDCDB 36-40 DCBACPart B41-45 EDCFGPart C有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多?占二氧化碳总排量的2%。

这样去描述这个乐团的下一位指挥，至少对于时代的读者而言，这是一种苍白的表扬。

For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. 就我看来，我不知道Gilbert是否是一个伟大的指挥家或者是一个好的指挥。

但是我能确定的是，他能表现出很多有趣的乐章，但是我却应该不会去Avery Fisher Hall或者其他地方去听一场有趣的交响乐演出。

我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上，或者打开的我的电脑从ITUNES上下载更多的唱片。

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances; moreover, they can be "consumed" at a time and place of the listener's choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. 那些忠实的音乐会观众会讲唱片并不能代替现场的演出，但是他们忽略了一些事情。

In the2011Graduate Entrance Examination for English,the essay prompt was designed to test the candidates ability to write an argumentative essay based on a given topic.Heres a detailed breakdown of the essay prompt and how to approach it:1.Understanding the Prompt:The prompt typically presents a statement or a situation and asks the examinee to discuss their viewpoint on the matter.Its crucial to read the prompt carefully to grasp the main idea and the specific aspects that need to be addressed.2.Brainstorming Ideas:After understanding the prompt,spend a few minutes brainstorming ideas that support your stance.Make a list of points that you can elaborate on in your essay.3.Outline Your Essay:Before you start writing,create an outline.This should include an introduction,body paragraphs,and a conclusion.The introduction should present the topic and your thesis statement.The body paragraphs should each focus on one main point that supports your argument,and the conclusion should summarize your points and restate your thesis.4.Writing the Introduction:Start your essay with an engaging introduction that grabs the readers attention.This could be a question,a quote,or a statement that relates to the topic. Then,present your thesis statement,which is your main argument or viewpoint on the topic.5.Developing Body Paragraphs:Each body paragraph should focus on one main idea that supports your thesis.Start with a topic sentence that introduces the point,followed by explanations,examples,or evidence that support your argument.Ensure that each paragraph flows logically into the next.ing Transitions:To make your essay cohesive,use transitional words and phrases to connect your ideas.This helps the reader follow your argument more easily.7.Writing the Conclusion:The conclusion should be a brief summary of your main points.It should not introduce new information but rather restate your thesis and emphasize the significance of your argument.End with a strong closing statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.8.Proofreading:After completing your essay,take a few minutes to proofread.Check for grammatical errors,spelling mistakes,and ensure that your essay follows the logical flow you outlined.9.Time Management:Since the exam is timed,make sure to allocate your time wisely. Spend a few minutes on planning,the majority of your time on writing,and a few minutes on proofreading.10.Adhering to Word Limit:The2011prompt likely had a word limit,so ensure that your essay does not exceed this limit.Its better to have a concise,wellargued essay than one that is too long and loses focus.Remember,the key to a successful argumentative essay is clarity,coherence,and strong supporting evidence for your argument.Practice writing essays on various topics to improve your skills before the exam.。