跨文化交际学考试名词解释整理

名词解释1.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

2.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, whichaffect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

3.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

4.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart anddistinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

5.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if brokencarry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，标准的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，标准对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

跨文化交际名词解释导语：随着全球化进程的加速，跨文化交际成为了当今社会中不可忽视的一个重要领域。

在跨文化交际中，涉及到许多专有名词。

本文将对其中一些常见的跨文化交际名词进行解释，以帮助读者更好地理解和适应跨文化交际环境。

一、文化认知（Cultural Awareness）文化认知是指对不同文化之间的差异和特点进行了解和理解的能力。

这包括对文化背景、价值观、习俗、信仰、礼仪等方面的了解。

在跨文化交际中，文化认知是跨越文化差异和潜在冲突的关键。

具备文化认知的能力可以帮助人们更好地处理和解决跨文化交际中的问题。

二、文化折衷主义（Cultural Hybridization）文化折衷主义是指不同文化之间互相吸收、交融并形成新的文化形态的过程。

在全球化的背景下，不同文化之间的互动和融合日益增多，导致了文化的折衷和更新。

文化折衷主义在跨文化交际中意味着不同文化之间的互相尊重和互动，并且在这个过程中形成更加包容和开放的态度。

三、文化霸权（Cultural Hegemony）文化霸权指的是在跨文化交际中，某一文化因其经济、政治或军事上的强势，通过文化传播手段和方式来主导其他文化的现象。

具有文化霸权意识的文化会在其他文化中产生一定程度的影响力，导致其他文化的价值观、行为方式等趋于同质化。

在跨文化交际中，要重视和避免文化霸权对于其他文化的消解和侵害。

四、文化认同（Cultural Identity）文化认同是指个体对于自己所属文化的认同感和对该文化的归属感。

在跨文化交际中，个体的文化认同既受个体内因素的影响，也受外在因素的影响。

文化认同对于个体的行为、态度和价值观有着重要影响，同时也会影响个体在跨文化交际中对其他文化的接纳程度和开放度。

五、文化冲击（Culture Shock）文化冲击是指个体在跨越文化差异的过程中，经历新文化所带来的一系列困惑、不适和认知上的障碍。

文化冲击通常分为三个阶段：初始阶段的兴奋期，接着是困惑期，最后是适应期。

名词解释1. Intercultural communication refers to communication betweenpeople whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinctenough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

2. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively largegroup of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

3. Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particularculture or ethnic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

4. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristictraits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a largersociety or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

5. Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrectbehaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4. Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Chapter 16. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

跨文化交际学题型可能会考的名词解释整理：Intercultural communication:intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds .Intracultural communication :intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between members of the same culture –whether this is in the majority .or within minority cultures .Perception :in its simplest sense ,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us “the process by which an individual selects ,evaluates ,and organizes stimuli from the external world .”in other words ,perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences .Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ; (2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ; (3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .Power distance :it’s the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally .Context :it’s the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .High-context communication :it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of the message ,e.g.,Chinese ,JapaneseLow-context communication :it’s just the opposite of high-context communication . it’s the mass of information is rested in the explicit code ,e.g. American GermanHigh-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chinese ,JapaneseLow-context culture:it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,GermanActivity orientation :it is the way a culture views activity ,which is classified by kluckhohns and strodtbeck as being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing.Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters’personalities’, emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech ,that is ,how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words .most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal characterizers ;vocal qualifiers ; and vocal segregatesM-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature ,something around us and from which we can not escape ; and ever-present part of the environment ,just like the air we breatheP-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures emphasize people more than schedules .For P-time cultures ,time is less tangible and hence feeing of wasted time are not as prevalent as M-time cultures .Proverbs :(1)(2)even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor (一人得道，鸡犬升天)it represents that thecollective nature of Chinese values is largely the product of thousands of years of living and working together on the land .collectivism is characterized with a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group (relatives ,clans, organizations )member to look after them .individual identity is based on the social system .the individual is emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions ,that is their in-group framework ,if one of the in-group member ,especially the head of the in-group ,gets a great success ,all the others can get benefit from him .(3)(4)when everybody adds fuel the flames rise high ,the more people the more strength (众人拾柴火焰高) it shows the collectivism –orientation of Chinese people in their work .they are great readiness to cooperate with ingroup members .they tend to have a homogeneous work fore with little differentiation between managers and workers .the high value placed on the collective fosters mutual dependence in a group-oriented environment :they interact and conduct work activities as group efforts ,depending heavily upon one another .in collectivism-oriented culture .everyone has duty to contribute his most to the collective .(5)(6)better to be a fool with the crowd than wise by oneself .it shows that mexican Americans have most of the characteristics of collectivism .they put more emphasis on beliefs shared with the ingroup rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup and great readiness to cooperate with ingrooup membership(7)(8) a man in king in his homeit shows that they tend toward a masculine world view .sex roles in a masculine society are clearly differentiated ,with men taught to be assertive and women nurturing .。

《跨文化交际》名词解释1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4. Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Chapter 16. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

跨文化交际_名词解释(总3页) -本页仅作为预览文档封面，使用时请删除本页-名词解释1.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whoseculture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter thecommunication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

2.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, andnorms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

3.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture orethnic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

4.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits thatset apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

5.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviorswhich, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

跨文化交际名词解释跨文化交际指的是在不同文化背景下进行的交流和互动。

在全球化的背景下，跨文化交际变得越来越重要，因为不同国家和文化之间的交流和合作已经成为现实。

以下是几个与跨文化交际相关的重要名词解释。

1. 文化冲突（Cultural Conflict）：指在不同文化间发生的摩擦或冲突。

文化冲突可能源于不同的价值观、信仰、惯例、行为方式等。

通过跨文化交际，人们可以更好地理解和尊重他人的文化差异，减少文化冲突的发生。

2. 文化智商（Cultural Intelligence）：指人们在跨文化环境中有效运用跨文化知识、技巧和能力的能力。

高文化智商的个体能够适应和应对不同文化之间的差异，从而更好地与其他人进行有效的跨文化交际。

3. 冷冻音（Frozen Accent）：指在学习第二语言时，母语的语音习惯会影响人们发音的现象。

冷冻音是一种跨文化交际的障碍，会导致人们的发音不准确，难以被他人理解。

4. 文化微观描绘（Culture Micro-Mapping）：研究人们在跨文化交际中特定情境下的行为和交际方式的方法。

文化微观描绘通过分析人们的行为习惯、价值观念、非语言交际等方面的差异，帮助人们更好地理解不同文化之间的交际模式。

5. 柔性文化 (Flexible Culture)：柔性文化强调对不同文化之间的差异保持开放和灵活的态度。

在跨文化交际中，柔性文化的人们能够适应和接纳不同文化的观念和行为方式，与他人进行有效沟通和合作。

6. 文化同化（Cultural Assimilation）：指在跨文化交际中，个体为了更好地适应和融入特定文化，逐渐接受并遵从目标文化的价值观、行为方式和社会规范的过程。

文化同化是跨文化交际中一个重要的适应策略。

7. 语言障碍（Language Barrier）：指由于语言差异导致的交际障碍。

不同的语言系统和语言表达方式可能使人们难以理解和沟通。

在跨文化交际中，克服语言障碍是一个重要的挑战，可以通过学习对方语言和使用辅助工具等方式解决。

跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理：Intercultural communication :intercultural communication is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-grounds .Intracultural communication :intracultural communication can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between members of the same culture –whether this is in the majority .or within minority cultures .Individualism :broadly speaking ,individualism refers to the doctrine theater the interests of the individual are of ought to be paramount ,and that all values ,rights and duties originate in individual s ,it emphasizes individual initiative ,independence ,individual expression ,and even privacy .Collectivism: it is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguish between in-groups and out-groups .people expect their in-group to look after them ,and in exchange for that they fell they owe absolute loyalty to the group .collectivism means greater emphasis on (1)the views ,needs ,and goals of the in-groups rather than oneself ;(2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure ;(3)beliefs shared with the in-group; rather than beliefs that distinguish self from ingroup ; and (4)great readiness to cooperate with ingroup membership .Power distance:it’s the extent to which a society accepts that power in relationships ,institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally .Context :it’s the information that surrounds an event ,it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event .High-context communication:it is a kind of communication in which most of theinformation is already in the person ; while very little is in the coded ,explicitly transmitted part of the message ,e.g.,Chinese ,JapaneseLow-context communication :it’s just the opposite of high-context communication . it’s the mass of information is rested in the explicit code ,e.g. American GermanHigh-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences ,information networks ,and the like ,e.g. Chinese ,JapaneseLow-context culture :it's a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts ,e.g. American ,German Activity orientation :it is the way a culture views activity ,which is classified by kluckhohns and strodtbeck as being ,being-in-becoming ,and doing.Nonverbal communication: nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. Paralanguage :certain vocal cues provided us with information with which to make judgments about characters’personalities’, emotional States ,and rhetorical activity .Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech ,that is ,how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words .most classifications divide paralanguage into three kinds of vocalizations ;vocal characterizers ;vocal qualifiers ; and vocal segregatesM-time (monochromic time schedule ):M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature ,something around us and from which we can not escape ; and ever-present part of the environment ,just like the air we breatheP-time (polychromic time schedule ):P-time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity occurring at the moment .Polychronic time cultures emphasize people more than schedules .For P-time cultures ,time is less tangible and hence feeing of wasted time are not as prevalent as M-time cultures .15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9 Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference: language, thought patterns…Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of communication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextualCommunication is dynamic.Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. Communication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.Communication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.Communication is systematicCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.Communication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. Communication is contextual. (P8)All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship. Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother common Chinese form of address is theuse of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time andtime is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity?Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group. 12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?PWhat is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-oriented a non-developmental model of society/ Competitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family communicationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193 Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceHigh-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. Inlow-context cultures, the message itself means everything.精选谢谢观看! 欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考,如有雷同纯属意外欢迎下载。