Relationship between science and religion

Science and religionScience and religion are two parts of our society, however, the relationship between them is always a hot topic which has been discussed for many centuries. Some people believe in religion without any science, while other people want to use science to push over the religion.As far as I’m concerned, I think that in some degree ,science could be in harmony with religion. Just as Einstein saidscience without religion is lame, religion without science is blind. Form this, we can draw easily a conclusion that science and religion could get along well with each other. So how to deal with relationship between science and religion is another question facing us.In my view, first of all, we should respect science. It’s very unwise to make the science antagonistic to religion because religion is the first step to explore the world. When our human’s history just began we knew nothing except God. Gradually, with the development of science, we start to realized the God isn’t existent. Therefore the contradiction between science and religion hasbecoming more and more sharp. What’s worse, there are a number of scientists gave their lives to science. Therefore I believe that it’s significant to respect the science and religion.science and religion are two important parts in culture and they can push their developments in essentially. We need both of them because they can bring different benefits for us. Science can bring advanced technology and convenientwhich is just like a double-edged sword. It make human more and more greed even want to conquer nature. But religion is different totally. It teaches human to be kind and harmony with nature while just like every corns has two sides, Feudal Ethics of religion easily bring confines of thought.。

35自然科学与人类情感的联系The intricate relationship between the natural sciences and human emotions isa profound and multifaceted subject that has been explored by philosophers, scientists, and artists alike. The natural world, with its vast array of phenomena, has long been a source of inspiration and understanding for human beings, influencing our emotions, behaviors, and even our very existence.The natural sciences, encompassing fields such as biology, physics, chemistry, and astronomy, provide us with a framework to understand the world around us. They allow us to make sense of the universe's complexity and to predict and control natural phenomena to some extent. However, the connection between these sciences and human emotions is not always direct or obvious. It is often subtle and nuanced, requiring a deeper exploration to fully appreciate.One perspective to consider is the awe-inspiring nature of the natural world. The vastness of the cosmos, the intricate dance of celestial bodies, and the breathtaking beauty of landscapes can evoke a sense of wonder and humility in us. This emotional response is not merely a passive experience; it can also inspire a deeper curiosity and a desire to learn more about the universe and our placewithin it. The natural sciences help us to understand these phenomena, and indoing so, they can amplify our emotional responses to the natural world.Another perspective is the role of the natural sciences in shaping our understanding of life and death. The study of biology, for instance, provides insights into the processes of life, growth, and decay. This knowledge can evoke a range of emotions, from the joy of witnessing new life to the sadness of loss and the inevitability of death. The natural sciences help us to come to terms with these fundamental aspects of existence, offering both comfort and a sense of connection to the broader cycle of life.The relationship between the natural sciences and human emotions is also evident in the way we interact with the environment. Our emotional well-being isclosely tied to the health of the ecosystems we inhabit. The destruction ofnatural habitats and the loss of biodiversity can lead to feelings of grief and a sense of disconnection from the natural world. Conversely, the restoration of ecosystems and the conservation of species can bring about feelings of hope and fulfillment. The natural sciences play a crucial role in these efforts, providing the knowledge and tools necessary to protect and restore our environment.Furthermore, the natural sciences can also influence our emotional experiences through the development of technology. Advances in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and transportation have improved our quality of life in countless ways. However, these advancements can also have unintended consequences, leading to feelings of anxiety and uncertainty about the future. The natural sciences must continue to evolve, taking into account not only the physical and technological aspects of our world but also the emotional and psychological well-being of human beings.The emotional connection to the natural sciences is not limited to thetangible aspects of the world. The pursuit of knowledge itself can be a deeply emotional experience. The process of discovery, the joy of learning, and the satisfaction of solving complex problems can all evoke strong emotional responses. The natural sciences offer a means to engage with the world on a deeper level, fostering a sense of wonder, curiosity, and fulfillment.In conclusion, the relationship between the natural sciences and human emotions is complex and multifaceted. It encompasses awe, wonder, curiosity, and a sense of connection to the natural world. It also involves the emotional responses to life and death, the impact of our interactions with the environment, and the emotional implications of technological advancements. The natural sciences not only provide us with a framework to understand the world but also offer a means to engage with it on an emotional level, enriching our lives and deepening our understanding of our place within the cosmos.。

30分钟班级________ 姓名__________ 分数__________I．完形填空（2011·北京卷）完形填空I used to hate being called upon in class mainly because I didn’t like attention drawn to myself. And 36 otherwise assigned（指定）a seat by the teacher, I always 37 to sit at the back of the classroom.All this 38 after I joined a sports team. It began when a teacher suggested I try out for the basketball team. At first I thought it was a crazy 39 because I didn’t have a good sense of balance, nor did I have the 40 to keep pace with the others on the team and they would tease me. But for the teacher who kept insisting on my “41 for it”, I wouldn’t have decided to give a try.Getting up the courage to go to the tryouts was only the 42 of it! When I first started 43 the practice sessions, I didn’t even know the rules of the game, much 44 what I was doing. Sometimes I’d get 45 and take a shot at the wrong direction—which made me feel really stupid. 46 , I wasn’t the only one “new” at the game, so I decided to 47 on learning the game, do my best at each practice session, and not be too hard on myself for the things I didn’t 48 “just yet”.I practiced and practiced. Soon I knew the 49 and the “moves”. Being part of a team wa s fun and motivating. Very soon the competitive 50 in me was winning over my lack of confidence. With time, I learned how to play and made friends in the 51 — friends who respected my efforts to work hard and be a team player. I never had so much fun!With my 52 self-confidence comes more praise from teachers and classmates. I have gone from “53” in the back of the classroom and not wanting to call attention to myself, 54 raising my hand— even when I sometimes wasn’t and not 100 perc ent 55 I had the right answer. Now I have more self-confidence in myself.36. A. as B. until C. unless D. though37. A. hoped B. agreed C. meant D. chose38. A. continued B. changed C. settled D. started39. A. idea B. plan C.belief D. saying40. A. right B. chance C. ability D.patience41. A. going B. looking C. cheering D. applying42. A. point B. half C. rest D. basis43. A. enjoying B. preparing C. attending D. watching44. A. less B. later C. worse D. further45. A. committed B. motivated C. embarrassed D. confused46. A. Interestingly B. Fortunately C. Obviously D. hopefully47. A. focus B. act C. rely D. try48. A. want B. do C. support D. know49. A. steps B. orders C. rules D. games50. A. roles B. part C. mind D. value51. A. process B. operation C. movement D. situation52. A. expressed B. improved C. preserved D. recognized53. A. dreaming B. playing C. relaxing D. hiding54. A. by B. for C. with D. to55. A. lucky B. happy C. sure D. satisfied II．阅读理解[2013·陕西卷]ABecause of his family’s Jewish background, they are sent to live in the concentration camps (集中营). Scared and alone, Joshua one day makes frinds with a little mouse he calls Bethlehem who becomes his closest friend. presents the highlights of his 83 years of life, including his trips to India and the study of the writings of several great spiritual leaders.More things in Heaven will appeal to anyone who insists on finding the deepest meaning for their existence based on their own experience.Joshua, Helmut, and Bethlehem Michelle O. DonovanISBN 9781462058679Life is not easy for nine-year-old Joshua during World War II. More Things in Heaven Bill BosworthISBN 9780595433582In his More Things in Heaven, Bill BosworthCreation or Evolution Michael EbifeghaISBN 9781450289023 Were humans created, or did they evolve?in faith and to be a cure for chromic depression(长期抑郁) … cure to strengthen identity and purpose.How old is the Earth? The debate between science and religion continues to be heated.In Creation or Evolution, Michael Ebifeghaexamines these two opposed world viewswithin the structure of empirical(实证的) science.success whether in your current job, finding a new job, in education, family, or even hobbies.46. Who wrote the story about a little boy and a little mouse?A. Bill Bosworth.B. Michelle O. Donovan.C. Dr. Joseph L. Rose.D. Gloria Coykendall. 47. The ISBN for the book of poems is _______.A. 9781462031795B. 9781412027854C. 9780595433582D. 978146205867948. What kind of readers will probably like reading More Things in Heaven ?A. Those who are searching for the meaning of life.B. Those who are trying to be spiritual leaders.C. Those who study the art of writing.D. Those who like traveling abroad.49. Which of the following books explores the origin of humans?A. Seeking the Edge.B. Creation or Evolution.C. Joshua, Helmut, and Bethlehem.D. More Things in Heaven.III ．书面表达[2012·四川卷]Encourage Me! Inspirational Poetry Gloria Coykendall ISBN 9781412027854It is an easy to read collection ofpoems originally written to encourageSeeking the EdgeDr. Joseph L. Rose ISBN 9781462031795 Seeking the Edge provides the toolsand techniques to find that edge in one’s life . ---driving readers to achieve假如你是大学一年级新生李华。

The Changing Relationships Between Science and Mathematics: From Being Queen of Sciences to Servant of SciencesSerkan HekimogluMathematics Education, The University of GeorgiaIt is fair to say that nothing epitomizes our modern life better than computers. For better or worse, computers have infiltrated every aspect of our society. Today computers do much more than simply compute; they have changed the way we conduct research and the way we have learned mathematical or scientific knowledge. Thanks to computers, mathematics has moved from its original position as the queen of sciences to being the servant of sciences. To fully understand and appreciate the impact of computers on our lives and the promises they hold for the future, it is important to understand and to compare the historical relationship between science and mathematics.In this paper, we will give a brief historical overview of the relationship between science and mathematics then we will move on to the impact of computers in this relationship and finally we will talk about the future of this relationship. The origin of the sciences is rooted in tool making and agriculture. It is fair to say that making and using tools and the cultural transmission of scientific knowledge became essential to the existence of the human species and was practiced in all human societies. The history of science and mathematics starts with the Neolithic era. In the Neolithic Revolution, although mathematical knowledge was limited to counting and arithmetical operations, scientific knowledge was more advanced than mathematical knowledge; for example, potters possessed practical knowledge of the behavior of clay and fire, and, although they may not have had explanations for the phenomena of their crafts, they toiled without anysystematic science of materials or self-conscious application of the theory to practice (James, & Thorpe, 1994). Of course, practical knowledge embodied in the crafts is different from knowledge deriving from some abstract understanding of a phenomenon. To change a light bulb, one needs direct instruction or hands-on-experience, not any special knowledge of electricity or energy. It seems fair to say that Paleolithic people applied practical skills rather than any theoretical or scientific knowledge to practice their crafts (Basalla, 1988; De Camp, 1963; & Usher, 1988).After the Neolithic era, urban civilizations started to flourish in different parts of the world. During this time period, many civilizations emphasized the importance of hydrology and ecology, and they recognized the importance of intensified agriculture, abetted by large-scale hydraulic engineering projects, because water management was necessary to support the existence of civilization (De Camp, 1963; & Usher, 1988). Based on managing the annual flooding of the Nile, Egypt manifested all the earmarks of high civilization, including large-scale buildings, writing, mathematics, elementary astronomy, and expanded crafts. At the same time, the people of the Indus River Valley farmed the arid plains, and they built embankments to protect cities against erratic silt floods. In China, rice cultivation spread with the help of hydraulic control constructions. Also at this time period, the Mayan civilization also developed sophisticated artificial irrigation structures (James, & Thorpe, 1994).In all these civilizations, mathematical methods developed along with writing out of practical needs. In Egypt, the origin of geometry stemmed from the need to resurvey fields after the flooding of the Nile. Although pure mathematics later became an abstract game played by mathematicians, the practical, economic, and craft roots of earlymathematics remain visible in these applications. They used tables of exponential functions to calculate compound interest, and quadratic equations were solved in connection with other problems. Linear equations were solved to determine shares of inheritance and the division of fields. Lists of coefficients for building materials may have been used for quick calculations of carrying loads (Kirby, Withington, Darling, & Kilgour, 1990). And the calculation of volumes reflected no idle interest in geometry but was applied in the construction of canals and other components of the infrastructure. The only reason that they studied astronomy was the utility and necessity of accurate calendars in agrarian societies not only for agricultural purposes, but also for regulating ritual activities (James, & Thorpe, 1994). Their investigations were based on observation, mathematical analysis, and modeling of the phenomena, and no attention was paid to the abstract models of mathematical cycles. As opposed to the Greeks, they used knowledge for practical purposes, without a distinctive ideology that stressed the philosophical dimension of knowledge and a detachment from any social or economic objectives (Basalla, 1988).The Ancient Greek civilization elevated mathematics to the level of the abstract and the theoretical, and they discovered the role of mathematics in proving their theories. Greek mathematics moved far away from practical arithmetic to pure arithmetic and geometry, by developing proof as a means and model for justifying claims to knowledge. Greek science tended toward abstract thought and many scientific fields came to life during Greek civilization. For the Greeks, mechanics itself was a subject to scientific analysis, and they articulated a theoretical and applied mathematical science. Archimedes, the ancient Greek genius, mastered the principles of simple mechanics suchas the lever, wedge, screw, pulley, and windlass, and produced an analysis of balance including hydrostatic balance (Basalla, 1988; & De Camp, 1963).Although many scientific and engineering applications did appear in different parts of the world after the Greek civilization, they lacked the natural philosophy characteristic of the earlier Greek civilization. Military engineering, hydraulics, and astronomical problems were the main stimulating factors that shaped scientific discoveries and mathematical knowledge (Pacey, 2001). Although Chinese and Islamic scientists used arithmetic and algebraic techniques, including simultaneous equations and square and cube roots to solve problems related to measurement of agricultural fields, and construction and distribution problems, they never developed a formal geometry, logical proofs, and they consistently displayed a practical trend in their emphasis on arithmetic and algebra. While they solved higher-order equations, many problems had roots in the practical world dealing with taxes, charity, and the division of inheritances. The construction of large dams, waterwheels, and irrigation canals all formed part of the Islamic and Chinese engineering repertoire (De Camp, 1963).As this brief historical sketch has shown us, early mathematics generally were used for practical proposes and scientific knowledge was limited to application in agriculture, medicine, astronomy, physics, chemistry, civil engineering, and mechanical engineering. Engineering and scientific knowledge were still embodied in crafts (Kirby, Withington, Darling, & Kilgour, 1990). The adaptation of the present number system and the invention of printing made great contributions to scientific and mathematical knowledge. In the fifteenth century, new mathematical and scientific knowledge started to flourish in Europe due to urbanization (Kline, 1972). Sailors were in need of moreaccurate navigational techniques. This particular need sparked the development of trigonometry and non-Euclidean geometry for an accurate representation of the spherical earth’s surface. Partly as a result of making navigational calculations and partly as a result of economical development, the need for complex calculations resulted in the development of logarithms by Nipper and the others. During this time period a gambling dispute caused Fermat to develop the foundation of probability theory. Nevertheless, none of these incidents made such an impact as did the development of calculus. The irony is that calculus was developed by two non-mathematicians –(Newton was a physicist and Leibniz was a philosopher) to solve physics, astronomy, and real world problems. Newton's inspiration to invent calculus was the need for a mathematical vehicle for discoveries in physics and astronomy (Eugene, 1960).The development of calculus made a huge impact on scientific knowledge; expressing the rules of physics with mathematical formulations provided a key source of power for the Industrial Revolution and gave enormous impetus to the development of machinery of all types. Especially, the Military Revolution introduced competition between countries and a dynamic social mechanism that favored technical development. As a result, a new major classification of engineering dealing with tools and machines, namely mechanical engineering emerged. Eighteenth-century engineers benefited from scientific theory; technical developments provoked the interests of scientists and led to theoretical advances (Berlinski, 1995; & Boyer, 1949). However, the gulf between practical applications and theoretical research remained to be bridged until the beginning of the twentieth century (McClellan, & Dorn, 1999). In the same vein, although the fact that amber when rubbed will attract light objects was known by the Greeks, progress wasmade in the understanding and use of electrical energy as a result of the development of infinite series, differential equations, and complex numbers. In electrical engineering,e jwt=cos wt+i sin wt is equivalent in importance to the discovery of the circulation system of the human body or of the development of letters in writing. Although this equation was first produced by Euler, the development of electrical engineering made an impact on the development of mathematics. Marconi's understanding of waves helped him to invent radio; as a result, solving partial differential equations gained more importance (Kirby, Withington, Darling, & Kilgour, 1990). Later, Maxell mathematicized Faraday's ideas and gave the world the elegant mathematical expressions that describe the electromagnetic field in the form of wave equations, known as Maxwell's equations.This historical interplay between mathematics and engineering is also true for civil engineering. Civil engineering developed into a scientific field along with the scientific revolution: the use of iron in buildings and iron bridges, the development of cast iron in textile mills, and the improvement of cement quality. At first, the use of long span roofs, suspension bridges, the truss design and high buildings forced engineers to solve large linear systems. And later development in soil mechanics, foundation engineering, hydraulic structures, mechanics, and dynamics stimulated the work toward finding solutions to differential equations (Pacey, 2001). Thus, it would be fair to say that engineering contributions helped mathematical developments in differential equations and numerical analysis. Historically, a significant number of mathematicians in the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries were also engineers such as Archimedes, Euler, the Bernoulli family, and Pioncare.Around the late nineteenth century, engineering fields started to develop into scientific fields with the contribution of mathematics. The rapid rise of engineering science (both static and dynamical) in the nineteenth century extensively altered the practice of engineering and lent considerable impetus to the evolution of mathematics. Before this time period, Cauchy gave calculus a logically acceptable form by setting it on a more rigorous basis. Also, mathematicians became pretty comfortable in using complex numbers. The interactions that lead to these developments are like a conversation in which incomplete information sparks new ideas and what we can call responsive inventions. Due to pressure coming from science, mathematics started to develop into different research paradigms: algebra, topology, numerical analysis, number theory, geometry (algebraic, differential, and analytic geometry), ordinary and partial differential equations, and probability (Davis, & Hersh, 1981). Among these topics, numerical analysis and differential equations gained importance because of the need to solve them in engineering problems. Also, the technological race during the two World Wars was a major stimulating factor for further development of mathematics. Finally, the developments in numerical analysis techniques and the need for solving ordinary and partial equations encouraged the governments to support the development of computers. In the United States, the government supported the development of computers during World War II, because highly complex computations were required to develop the atomic bomb. During this period, due to security concerns in military communications, number theory gained importance (as the basis for cryptography) and it moved from being the game of mathematics to being a research field in mathematics. Probability also gained importance during this time. The Germans used and developed probability theory todecide where they were going to locate their antiaircraft guns. Before this application the development of statistical analysis was the main stimulating factor for probability theory.Although historically, science and engineering fields contributed major developments in mathematical theories, today they owe their existence to mathematics. The situation has changed dramatically in the past decade or so. For these fields, mathematics is more than another tool that they can use to solve their problems or give an account for their scientific discoveries (Boyer, 1949). Mathematics is now a key component of these academic fields and it is almost impossible to do research in these fields without using mathematics. It will be fair to say that computers and mathematics together are the hidden heroes behind the huge amount of recent scientific developments and discoveries. It is impossible to conceive of present-day technological achievement without the previous invention and availability of infinitesimal calculus and its role in celestial mechanics, astronomy, and engineering. It is well known that the development and the use of mathematical tools were a necessary prerequisite and stimulus to today's technological achievement. In addition to assisting the development of machines, construction of bridges, and design of electric motors, the techniques of calculus helped to formulate the theories of thermodynamics, electric fields, and construction of satellites (McClellan, & Dorn, 1999).Today, having mathematical knowledge of advanced calculus is required in almost all scientific fields and engineering majors. Today, even biologists are in need of using very sophisticated mathematics in their new areas (e.g. molecular biology, epidemiology and immunology) to do their investigations. Medicine also requires the use of mathematics such as in physiologists' modeling of solute and water transport by usingrenal functions. Biochemists use mathematics for enzyme kinetics, solving the Michaelis-Menton equation. On the other hand, microbiology uses mathematics in calculations for growth media, estimation of cell growth and biomass, modeling batch cultures and continuous growth, and control of microbial growth. Chemical Engineers use mathematics in their calculations of material and energy balances, transpiration of phenomena and kinetics, through formulation and solution of ordinary and partial differential equations. Analyzing the dynamic behavior of physical systems also requires modeling and solving differential equations. Today, collaboration among theoretical and applied mathematics and science is essential for scientific progress. Experimental research is linked to mathematical modeling so that observations about the real world can be interpreted and new hypotheses for testing can be generated.Business also uses a great deal of mathematics. Mathematical theories are being used in the calculation of stock prices within seconds, thus offering the investor the possibility to implement hedging strategies with almost instantaneous adjustments. In addition, more sophisticated financial products have required deeper theories, which are based on mathematical modeling to price them. Gerald Debreu, a mathematician, developed the theory of equilibria (which is fundamental for the theory of missing arbitrage) and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for economical sciences in 1983. Later, Fischer Black and Myron Scholes realized the importance of stochastic calculus for describing stock markets and developed one of the most important theories for options pricing: the famous Black-Scholes model.The impact of mathematics on science, business, and engineering can be summarized by the following comments: use of mathematical terms to express the ideasof science and engineering to prevent ambiguity, expressing the findings in nature and engineering mathematically to verify or disprove experimental results, and expressing scientific and engineering ideas with very concise statements using the symbolism of mathematics. Once an idea is expressed in mathematical form, we can use the axioms, the definitions, and the theorems of mathematics to change it into other statements. In some way, mathematics mechanizes our thinking and then the computer makes it possible to process information almost instantly.Computer sciences also use mathematical theories. The designing and computing operations of electronic computers themselves involve ideas of mathematical logic and combinatorial analysis. The invention of the computer, more than any other single achievement, marks the change in the relationship between mathematics and science from that of queen to servant. The relationship between computer science and mathematics is symbiotic. Thus a chain of development of this technological tool may be traced back though some of the major figures of early modern mathematics, science and technology (Pacey, 2001). Computer science owes its existence to mathematics. Leibniz probably never foresaw how his invention of the binary system would effect the creation of the computer era. The real beginning of the computer era starts with Charles Babbage, a mathematician, who noticed a natural harmony between machines and mathematics and realized that machines were best at performing tasks repeatedly without mistake (Atiyah, 1986). Today's computer science would not exist without the contribution of the Boolean algebra system and the contributions of the famous mathematicians von Neumann and Boole. Mathematics provides the theoretical foundation for computer science. So, it is not surprising that mathematics finds its way into computer science curricula, at both theundergraduate and graduate levels. Computer science curricula are heavily dependent on counting techniques, number theory, logic and proofs, and mathematical induction.The relationship between computer science and mathematics is obvious in number theory and numerical analysis. They are simultaneously branches of applied mathematics and branches of computer science, which is the art of obtaining numerical answers to certain mathematical problems. Although, the origin of numerical analysis goes back to the Babylonians in their simple numerical techniques to approximate the square root of 2, it gained its importance as a mathematical research field after World War II. The origin of number theory goes back to the ancient Greeks, and it also gained importance as a mathematical research field after World War II. World War II provoked a vast amount of computing that stimulated the development of many new techniques. The computer was born after the war ended and lent tremendous impetus to numerical analysis. As computers developed, they made a huge impact on mathematics (White, 1978). At first, different numerical methods developed to solve nonlinear systems such as Newton's method, the Quasi-Newton method, steepest descent method, and homotopy and continuation method. The basic reason for developing different methods was to find a better and faster way to solve nonlinear systems. Since early computers were relatively slow in their processing and saving space in memory was important, mathematicians were stimulated to find more efficient methods. With the technological capabilities of today’s computers, these issues have lost their importance. The same argument is also true for mathematical developments in iterative techniques in matrix algebra. We can now invert a (million by million) matrix, solve large systems of simultaneous differential equations, solve boundary-value problems of partial differential equations with powerfulcomputers (Graham, Patashnik, & Knuth, 1994). On the other hand, although number theory owes its development to computers, it is making a huge contribution to computer technology by supplying necessary tools and theories to decrease communication time between computers and to overcome security concerns when using computers (especially in an Internet environment) through data encryption techniques. The computer has made a huge impact on doing and learning mathematics. It helped mathematicians prove famous unsolved problems, such as the proof of the four-color problem in topology. The effective use of instructional software helps students learn mathematics in a meaningful way.The invention of computers completely revolutionized the relationship between mathematics and the other sciences (Mitcham, 1994). Although the mathematics that is taught at most engineering universities has not been changed for a very long time, with the shift toward greater use of numerical tools in many engineering subjects, the content of mathematics is undergoing profound changes, brought about by an emphasis on mathematical modeling. Today's engineers and scientists are heavily involved in the development and use of new materials and technologies, especially in computer-aided engineering. The computer-based simulations bring a new and useful tool to science and engineering. New system configurations and products can be designed and developed and in the later stage tested through computer simulations. Modeling in the engineering subjects and in engineering education has changed through the use and development of computers. The need for using computers and mathematics is obvious in scientific fields and in the engineering curriculum. The use of computers to solve equations of engineering problems has become routine in engineering practice. Simulation as anengineering tool has grown so rapidly because it is much cheaper than building prototypes and testing them (Graham, Patashnik, & Knuth, 1994). Mathematical modeling by using computers reduces a complex reality to a more simple method by identifying essential elements, linking them conceptually, and seeing how they interact. The invention of the integrated circuit and well developed theories in applied mathematics made it possible to bring computing power into different scientific fields (Bruijn, 1986). The power of using computer and mathematical models was demonstrated in their application in the guidance system of the Minuteman ballistic missile. The development of this guidance system also facilitated the human journey to the moon through the on-board guidance and control computer for the Apollo spacecraft.Numerical simulation technology has advanced many areas including aerospace, chemical, communication, manufacturing, medicine, semi-conductor processing, and transportation. A numerical solution to scientific and engineering problems can also be obtained by using the finite element method (Kline, 1972; Atiyah, 1986). The finite element method provides a realistic simulation of engineering and scientific problems. Thanks to these technologies, we can emphasize problem-solving techniques and use realistic engineering examples to demonstrate the relevance and utility of mathematics to engineers and scientists. Computers are needed to gather relevant information, solve problems, and anticipate data requirements and present information visually.The spread of the computer as a powerful new technology after 1980 altered the scientific, engineering, and mathematical landscape of the world (Borgman, 1984). The new medium created a communication revolution that increased the amount and accuracy of information available and made knowledge available to so many others. And, just asprevious media (such as printing) did, this new medium has been remaking things since the time it came into society (Mitcham, 1994). The technology of the computer produced a huge impact on contemporary science with corresponding input from science and mathematics on computer technology. Today, even social scientists are becoming more dependent on mathematics and computers when they are unable to make precise measurements (Bruijn, 1986). High-speed computers are valuable tools in the development of mathematical models. They enable us to mechanize some of the process of scientific thinking itself. In statistics, mathematical theory tries to give a rationale for selecting a procedure for analyzing the data rather than relying on intuition.The Internet will facilitate communication and cooperation among academics who may not otherwise be aware of each other's research. The ability of computers, to convey data, and make millions of complicated calculations in fractions of a second will be an empowering technology that will continue to produce dramatic social and cultural consequences for engineers, scientists, and mathematicians (White, 1978). The on-line distribution of scientific information will dissolve the traditional constraints of time and will solve the obstacles created by the paper journals’ control of the information and its distribution. Most of the time, articles may be revised many times and publication of research findings takes more than one year. The Internet, producing knowledge at a lower cost and greater speed, contributes decisively to the diffusion of scientific and mathematical knowledge. As a result, the effect of new scientific and mathematical activities on the development of modern scholarship will be intensified.This new medium will open our eyes to new possibilities and invites scholars to think freshly about the future of science and mathematics by challenging softwaredevelopers to build products that better support the scientists’ and mathematicians’ needs (Mitcham, 1994). But computers, and specifically the Internet, do not simply influence our culture and society; they are themselves inherently cultural and social. If there is to be any reconciliation between science and mathematics, it will come from connecting them with mathematical and scientific innovations.New technologies have been changing the classroom dynamics in the mathematics classroom by changing ways of communication and teaching, as well as by extending ways of learning. Since communication is necessary for successful mathematics education, the role of the Internet in mathematics education is becoming crucial (Owston, 1997). The Internet is being used in mathematics education as a resource for information, as a tool for mathematics learning, as a medium for classroom demonstration, and as a communication tool. The use of Java applets can provide effective problem-solving opportunities focused on each particular student's needs by running simulation experiments to illustrate mathematical concepts. They can be used as demonstrations in large lectures or, with some guidance, used by students to explore these concepts (Houston, 1998; Zhao, 1998).Mathematics teachers can benefit from the Internet to create a professional community to provide the opportunity for reflection through dialogue with their colleagues (Novick, 1996; Schrum 1996). In the coming years, The Internet will continue to serve as a virtual library for mathematics education (Clark, et al., 1998; Noss, & Hoyles, 1996). Everyday, the number of web pages related to teaching and learning mathematics, mathematics research results, discussion groups, curriculum projects, on-line mathematics courses, and Java applets will continue to increase. Virtual classroom。

Religion and Science--A spiritual stick and a technological stick of humankind Abstract: As for the topic of religion and science, most people may argue that they disaccord with each other. However, I do not think so. In this article, I want to talk a bit about the relationship between religion and science in the past, at present, and in the future.Content: As intelligent beings, the innate curiosity had led our ancestors not only to exploring the nature around them, but also the essential questions on our own existence: where did we come from? How did the universe form? Different answers to these questions constituted the fundamental distinction between religion and science.Religion is referred to be a system of faith, which can be divided into two categories: a religion of fear and a religion of morality. All religions are a varying blend of both types. [1] Regarding the ultimate origin of the humankind and the universe, all religions worship one form or many forms of a Supreme Being or entity, who was held as the Creator of everything, including human itself. In order to secure the favor of these beings, humans performed rituals and offered sacrifices, from generation to generation.On the contrary, science relies on empirical evidences and scientific methods, for instance, induction and deduction, etc. to explain the natural and biological phenomena. Scientists believed in only truth rather thanauthority. Charles Darwin, the father of evolution theory, proposed that we are the result of millions of years of adaptation to changing environment and natural selecting. According to the “Big Bang” theory, the universe formed when a gigantic explosion occurred in a cloud of dust.From the above comparison, it seems that religion and science are so incompatible, like so many people think, that they unavoidably disagree even fight with each other. Is it really religion vs. science? I think it is difficult to simply say yes or not.On one hand, there used to be the times in history when religion excluded science. As is known to all, in the Medieval Age of Europe, the church restrained strictly science activities opposed to the authority, say, the decrees of the Holy Bible, by prohibiting the publication of scientific letters, imprisoning scientists and even burning the advocators cruelly. All of these had seriously hindered the development of science and the progressiveness of human race, which threw man into an abyss of ignorance.On the other hand, after the modern science freed from the restriction of religion, and made great advancement over the last centuries, science had also imposed new enormous threats on humanity, such as overpopulation, environment pollution, nuclear and biochemical weapons, and so on. The civilized people used science to repel religion, only to findthe emptiness of the mind, the relapse of the civilization, the turbulence of the world. The endless desire for personal interests once again drove human to a “black hole” of pain.So, in my opinion, without either religion or science, the world had been and will be a mess.Religion, the spiritual stick of humankind [2], since it came into being, it had provided a mental elixir for human beings, who were living in an abysm of suffering. The prophets, namely Jesus Christ, Muhammad and Skamania, of the three mayor religions, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, tried to persuade mortal to give up greedy desires, learn to love every living beings, and pursue for an ultimate harmony within the soul, between the soul and all that the soul depended on. For thousand years, religion had played an important role in promoting and maintaining social moralities. It is religion that had alleviated humans of the solitary and helplessness in face of the Great Nature, and made our forebears well disposed toward a mortal. We can not imagine what the history of human would have been like but for religion.Science, the technological stick of humankind, helped the forefathers of human to get rid of the fear of hunger, wild beasts, diseases and death. Thanks to science, we can wear clothes with synthetic materials which can keep us cooler in summer and warmer in winder; thanks to science, we can eat more fresh and healthy food all over the year; thanks toscience, we can live comfortably in houses furnished with air conditioner, refrigerator, washing machine and television; thanks to science, we can travel distant places of interest that we appreciate within short time by car, ship or plane. Due to the development of medical science, human has conquered lots of malignant diseases that were once considered incurable, and the average life expectancy has increased greatly. Science enable human to be more confident when faced up with the Great Nature.Religion was the product of history, so was the science. All religions can not be almighty, nor was the religion the incarnation of evil otherwise. There is no wrong or right about the faith itself (Of course, if the faith will lead to violent behaviors that harm society, then it will be another story.).On contrast, religion teaches many virtues that govern human behaviors. Science is as well a double—edge sword, if applied appropriately, can further improve the condition of human existence on the physical level. So everything comes down to the degree to which religion and science should be practiced. Religion is a spiritual stick, gave humans a mental force to know themselves, science is a technological stick, offer humans a material force to explore nature. Since the original and final end of religion, that is to say, achieving the social harmony and higher quality of life conforms to that of science, why not the both work together to make a better society?Isaac Newton was committed to God, Albert Einstein believed inGod, and they may be the greatest scientists of all the time. Religious beliefs are not against scientific research. Religion is beside science, another area of human life different from science. A contemporary has said, not unjustly, that in this materialistic age of ours the serious scientific workers are the only profoundly religious people. [3] Nowadays, there are still people suffering from poverty and illness around the world.There are still conflicts and clashes among nations in the world.We need science to make us live more healthily.We need religion to make us live more harmoniously.I have a dream that one day religion and science will join hands. Every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plane, and the crooked will be made straight. The glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. [4] And then, the people all over the globe can sheer in one voice,” Peace at last! Happiness at last!”Reference：[1] Albert Einstein[2] Sigmund Freud[3] Albert Einstein[4] Martin Luther King。

学科之间是互相联系英语作文The Interconnectedness of Academic Disciplines.In the vast landscape of knowledge, academicdisciplines often seem like islands, each with its own unique terrain and inhabitants. However, a closer examination reveals that these islands are not entirely separate; they are connected by invisible bridges, and the exchange of ideas and knowledge between them is constant and crucial.The interconnectedness of academic disciplines is not merely a theoretical concept; it is a practical realitythat shapes the way we understand and interact with the world. Consider, for instance, the field of biology. It is often thought of as a standalone discipline, focused solely on the study of life and its processes. However, biology's intersections with other disciplines, such as chemistry and physics, are numerous. The study of biochemistry, for example, bridges the gap between biology and chemistry,revealing the chemical reactions that underlie biological processes. Similarly, the field of biophysics explores the physics of biological systems, from the movement of molecules to the complex interactions of cells and tissues.Moreover, the social sciences are not immune to this interconnectedness. Economics, for instance, often borrows concepts and theories from physics and mathematics to model and predict economic phenomena. Psychology, on the other hand, finds itself intersecting with neuroscience, as researchers explore the neurobiological basis of psychological processes and behaviors.The arts and humanities are also not exempt from this trend. Literature, for instance, often draws inspiration from history, philosophy, and even science. The study of cultural studies or comparative literature requires across-disciplinary approach, examining the influence of various academic fields on the creation and interpretation of literary works.The benefits of this interconnectedness are numerous.Firstly, it encourages a more holistic approach to knowledge, one that recognizes the interconnectedness ofall phenomena. It helps us to see the big picture, understanding that no single discipline can provide a complete picture of reality. Secondly, it fosterscreativity and innovation. The exchange of ideas and methods between disciplines often leads to new insights and solutions that would not have been possible within a single discipline. Finally, it prepares students for the real world, where problems often require a multifaceted approach, drawing on knowledge and skills from multiple fields.However, while the interconnectedness of academic disciplines is clear, it is also challenging to implementin practice. Institutional silos and funding restrictions often hinder cross-disciplinary collaboration. Nevertheless, with increasing recognition of the value ofinterdisciplinary research and education, we are seeing more efforts to break down these barriers. Academic institutions are establishing cross-disciplinary research centers and offering interdisciplinary courses and programs that encourage students to think beyond the confines oftheir respective fields.In conclusion, the interconnectedness of academic disciplines is a crucial aspect of knowledge production and understanding. It highlights the need for a more holistic and interdisciplinary approach to education and research, one that recognizes the value of knowledge exchange and collaboration across fields. As we move forward in the 21st century, it is this interconnectedness that will drive innovation and progress, helping us to solve the complex problems that face society.。

关于求是与求不的科学关系的作文英文回答：The relationship between seeking truth and seeking impossibility in science is a complex and multifaceted one. On one hand, the pursuit of truth is at the core of scientific inquiry. Scientists strive to uncover the fundamental principles that govern the natural world and to understand the underlying mechanisms of various phenomena. This quest for truth drives scientific progress and has led to remarkable discoveries and advancements in various fields.Science is built on the foundation of curiosity and the desire to understand the unknown. Scientists constantly seek to challenge existing theories and hypotheses, pushing the boundaries of knowledge and expanding our understanding of the world. This process involves rigorous experimentation, data analysis, and critical thinking. The pursuit of truth in science is a never-ending journey, asnew questions and mysteries continue to arise.However, the pursuit of truth in science is not always straightforward. Sometimes, scientists encounter obstacles and limitations that make it difficult to find definitive answers. Scientific research often involves uncertainty, and not all questions can be answered with absolute certainty. In such cases, scientists may need to explore alternative explanations or develop new theories to account for the complexity of the natural world.On the other hand, the pursuit of impossibility also plays a role in scientific inquiry. While it may seem counterintuitive, seeking the impossible can sometimes lead to breakthroughs and unexpected discoveries. Scientists often challenge conventional wisdom and explore seemingly impossible ideas or concepts. This can lead to the development of new technologies, innovative approaches, and paradigm shifts in scientific thinking.The pursuit of impossibility in science involves thinking outside the box and embracing creativity. Itencourages scientists to question established norms and explore unconventional paths. Sometimes, what was once considered impossible becomes possible through advancements in technology or a shift in our understanding of the world. The pursuit of impossibility can therefore be seen as a catalyst for scientific progress.In conclusion, the relationship between seeking truth and seeking impossibility in science is a dynamic and intertwined one. While the pursuit of truth is the foundation of scientific inquiry, the pursuit of impossibility can also lead to unexpected discoveries and advancements. Both aspects are essential in driving scientific progress and expanding our understanding of the natural world.中文回答：求是与求不的科学关系是复杂而多面的。

文科与理科关系英文作文English: The relationship between the humanities and sciences is often perceived as a dichotomy, with each field being characterized by its own unique methods, goals, and values. The humanities, which include disciplines such as literature, philosophy, history, and art, are often associated with the study of human culture, creativity, and expression. In contrast, the sciences, encompassing subjects like biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics, are typically focused on empirical observation, experimentation, and the search for objective truths about the natural world. While these two fields may seem distinct in terms of their methodologies and subject matter, they are actually deeply interconnected and mutually enriching. The humanities provide valuable insights into the complexities of human experience, helping us to understand the significance of scientific discoveries within the broader context of society and culture. Similarly, the sciences contribute to the humanities by shedding light on the biological and physical foundations of human behavior, creativity, and aesthetic appreciation. By bridging the gap between these seemingly disparate disciplines, we can gain a more holistic understanding of the world and our place within it.中文翻译: 人文科学和自然科学之间的关系通常被认为是一种二元对立，每个领域都被其独特的方法、目标和价值取向所描述。

科学学科和人文学科的关系英语作文The Relationship Between Science and HumanitiesIntroductionIn today's world, there is often a divide between science and humanities. Many people believe that these two disciplines are separate and distinct, with little overlap or connection. However, the reality is that science and humanities are closely related and interdependent. In this essay, we will explore the relationship between science and humanities, and discuss how they can complement each other to provide a more holistic understanding of the world.The Interconnectedness of Science and HumanitiesScience and humanities may seem like polar opposites – one focused on objective facts and empirical evidence, the other on subjective interpretations and cultural values. However, upon closer inspection, it becomes clear that these disciplines are not as separate as they may first appear.At their core, both science and humanities are concerned with understanding the world around us and exploring the human experience. While science may focus on the physical and natural world, humanities delve into the complexities of humanthought, emotion, and culture. Both disciplines share a common goal of seeking knowledge and truth, albeit through different methods and approaches.Furthermore, scientific advancements are often influenced by humanistic principles and values. Ethical considerations, cultural context, and societal impacts are all important factors in scientific research and innovation. Likewise, humanities can benefit from scientific insights, such as cognitive psychology informing literary analysis or anthropology shaping our understanding of history.The Benefits of Interdisciplinary StudiesWhen science and humanities come together, they create a powerful synergy that can lead to new discoveries and deeper insights. Interdisciplinary studies, which integrate knowledge from multiple disciplines, offer a valuable opportunity to bridge the gap between science and humanities.For example, environmental science combines scientific research with ethical reflections on environmental issues, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of sustainability and conservation. Similarly, medical humanities explore the intersection of medicine and the humanities, shedding light on the human experience of illness, healing, and mortality.By embracing interdisciplinary approaches, we can gain a richer understanding of complex issues and foster collaboration across disciplines. This not only enhances our knowledge and expertise but also promotes creativity, innovation, and critical thinking.The Role of Education in Bridging the GapEducation plays a crucial role in bridging the gap between science and humanities. By promoting interdisciplinary learning and encouraging students to explore diverse subjects, educators can help cultivate a more holistic and interconnected view of the world.Integrating science and humanities into the curriculum can foster well-rounded individuals who are equipped to tackle the multifaceted challenges of the modern world. By encouraging students to think critically, communicate effectively, and appreciate the complexities of human experience, education can empower individuals to make informed decisions and contribute meaningfully to society.Furthermore, educators can collaborate across disciplines to develop interdisciplinary courses and research projects that highlight the interconnectedness of science and humanities. By breaking down the barriers between disciplines and promotingcross-disciplinary dialogue, educators can inspire students to think creatively and embrace the richness of diverse knowledge systems.ConclusionIn conclusion, science and humanities are not mutually exclusive disciplines but rather interconnected and interdependent. By recognizing the complementary nature of these disciplines and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, we can create a more holistic and integrated approach to knowledge and understanding. Through education, research, and dialogue, we can bridge the gap between science and humanities and embrace the diversity and complexity of the human experience.。

Science or Religion?It has been demonstrated many times that science and religion are not likely to coexist peacefully with each other. Whatever a step of progress science has achieved, religion has to give up a large piece of territory. And for such an advancing step, science has to do its utmost to break down the prejudices set by religion and brings new ideas into people’s mind. The burning of Bruno, who strived for the belief of Copernicus’ theory of celestial bodies; the trial of Galileo, who set his eye through a telescope on the spot of moon—all this clearly shows that science was not peacefully evolving within the scope of religion. It is also true at the time being. For example, the human clone issue has caused a lasting debate over whether human is justified to gain the right and power to create life ourselves just like “God”.After the Second World War, especially after the 1970s, the west is revaluing the nature of science, caused by the pain and damage to human mind and soul, the serious and dangerous relationship between nature and human, and between self and other people. They no longer take rationalism and logos as the sole supremacy. Instead, they value more about heart, compassion, feeling and poetic thinking including magic. That partly explains why ‘Harry Potter’ is tremendously popular in the west and other places in the world.Actually science and religion may be two kinds of different thinking patterns. The British anthropologist Frazer in his masterpiece ‘Golden Bough’divided the human history into three periods: the era of magic thinking, of religion and of science which is looming towards the modern world. If Frazer was right, then the present time is the transgression from the era of religion to that of science, and that will certainly cause a fit of pain, because human has to shift from the previous mind framework of understanding the world into another one, an unknown one.A scientific world view is an unknown one not only because it’s new, but also because it is strictly based on proofs, on observational and experimental facts and figures and it doesn’t and can’t come up with a whole explanation of the cosmos and the meaning of human existence. Just like Bertrand Russell said, “ such, in outline, even more purposelessness, more void of meaning is the world which science presents for our belief.”(From Russell’s ‘A Free Man’s Worship’) The alienation of human caused by machine and industrialization which are the main offspring of scientific technology is devoiding the meaning of life. And it’s also polluting our living home dramatically that even some pessimists predicted that human will ultimately be killed by the unlimited development of science and technology. But we must admit that science does improve our life conditions and raising our living standards and a better life now has become a universal desire. Whether science will lead us to paradise or hell remains unknown.But human is a kind of creature that’s fond of reflecting on what happened and predicting about what will happen, and we can only feel secure when we know which road we are taking and what the end of it is like. And during the process of going towards the eternal terminus, we need something high above to warm our heart and direct our way, just like a shining guiding star. But where is the source of such warmthand power? From science? What we can get is just a cold world of fact and data without poetry. So some people, even including the greatest scientists in history, exemplified by Newton and Einstein, seek to return to the embrace of God, where they can find warmth and meaning that can sustain their existence. But the scientific knowledge is evidently lying before our eyes that we can no longer truly believe that human are created by God and the Earth is motionless, being the center of the cosmos. So some people rush out amid the smaze of purposelessness and meaninglessness to seek the worship of Power, the physical and military and scientific power to conquer nature and other people. Among them, the leading chief are Carlyle and Nietzsche, who believed that the meaning of life results from the fulfillment of the instincts of gaining power and conquering the nature and other people, thus freeing himself or herself from the outside restrictions and containments. Such ideology, adopted by Hitler and his Germany fellowmen, however, brought the ever largest pain on human—the two world wars. And German was also defeated and forced to regret and realize that conquer and power is just not the way to achieve that goal.God and Power are not to be worshipped by human: so is humanity really helpless and are we destined to linger around the verge of abyss of desperation?No! My answer is NO! Because of a far-east country, China! Because the traditional Chinese morality and thinking have the power to dissolve the pestilence of the will of Power which is haunting over the modern time.For example, the idea of ‘unification of heaven and human’ can weaken the instinct to exploit and harm nature, who is our mother supporting our living, not just a collection of resources waiting for us to gather（which is the view of the modern scientific economists）, and we being the child and unbreakable part of nature, but not the conqueror of nature. Like Jesus said, “He who maketh a living by a sword will eventually killed by his sword.” China emphasizes a lot on human itself, on the moral strength of human, and on human relationship, which can hint new meaning and sustaining power for human existence, because it avoids things of Gods and relies on the potential, inner power of human heart. “As heaven’s movement is ever vigorous, so must a gentleman ceaseless strive along upon his own strength.” The heaven bodies are moving vigorously without outside power, so that human should rely on ourselves without God’s salvation. And China is a country of poetry, whose poetical power can create a world of beauty and dissolve the harshness of the world of facts brought about by the philosophical and scientific thinking patterns. If we are not able to believe in Gods, at least we should believe in beauty, in our inner power of goodness, and in ourselves!I sincerely hope that people of insight in China and the rest of the world pay more attention on traditional Chinese morality and thinking, and enhance in the new era the study of human itself, which is, highly probably, the way out of the conflict between science and religion.By space 江楚池06trade6。

The Interconnectedness of Disciplines: A Bridge to Comprehensive UnderstandingIn the realm of education, the traditional silo approach, where subjects are taught in isolation, is gradually giving way to a more integrated and interconnected approach. This shift recognizes the inherent interconnectedness of disciplines and the value of cross-pollination in fostering a deeper, more comprehensive understanding of knowledge. The interconnectedness of disciplines is not just a theoretical concept; it is a practical imperative in today's world, where complex problems often require interdisciplinary solutions.The sciences, for instance, are not just a collection of unrelated facts and theories. Instead, they are an interconnected web of knowledge, with physics, chemistry, and biology influencing and being influenced by each other. The laws of thermodynamics, for example, have profound implications for the study of ecology and the understanding of how energy flows through biological systems. Similarly, the principles of genetics inform our understanding of the chemical reactions that occur within cells.The humanities and social sciences are also deeply interconnected. History, for instance, is not just a record of past events; it is a mirror reflecting the values, beliefs, and social structures of a society. Economics, on the other hand, provides insights into the forces that shape these structures and the distribution of resources within a society. Political science examines theinstitutions and processes that govern a society, while sociology studies the interactions and relationships within that society. Each of these disciplines contributes to our understanding of the world and human experience, and each benefits from the insights provided by the others.The arts, too, are not exempt from this interconnectedness. While they may seem removed from the more "practical" disciplines, the arts provide a unique perspective on human experience and expression. Theyreflect and shape our values, beliefs, and social norms. They also provide a medium for critical thinking and problem-solving, often in ways that are not possible through more traditional academic disciplines.The interconnectedness of disciplines is not just a theoretical concept; it has practical applications in the real world. In today's world, problems are increasingly complex and multifaceted. Climate change, for example, is not just a scientific issue; it has profound social, economic, and political implications. Similarly, issueslike poverty and inequality require a multifaceted approach that draws on insights from across the disciplines.The interconnectedness of disciplines also fosters creativity and innovation. By bringing together ideas and perspectives from different fields, we create new ways of thinking and new solutions to problems. This cross-pollination of ideas is crucial in fostering a culture of innovation and creativity.In conclusion, the interconnectedness of disciplines is a critical aspect of education and understanding. Itfosters a deeper, more comprehensive understanding of knowledge and equips students with the tools and perspectives they need to address the complex problems of today's world. By bridging the gaps between differentfields of study, we create a more interconnected andcomprehensive understanding of the world, one that isbetter prepared to meet the challenges of the future.**学科之间的互联互通：通向全面理解的桥梁**在教育领域，传统的孤立教学方法，即各个学科分别教授，正在逐渐被更加综合和互联的教学方法所取代。

Religion and Science--characterized by conflict or by concord?IntroductionModern western empirical science has surely been the most impressive intellectual development since the 16th century. Religion, of course, has been around for much longer, and is presently flourishing, perhaps as never before. The relation between these two great cultural forces has been tumultuous, many-faceted, and confusing. This entry will concentrate on the relation between science and the theistic religions: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, where theism is the belief that there is an all-powerful, all-knowing perfectly good immaterial person who has created the world, has created human beings ‗in his own image,‘ and to whom we owe worship, obedience and allegiance. Most of what follows will also apply to monotheistic and henotheistic varieties of Buddhism and Hinduism.There are many important issues and questions in this neighborhood; this entry concentrates on just a few. Perhaps the most salient question is whether the relation between religion and science is characterized by conflict or by concord. This paper attempts to figure out the relation between religion and science. This paper firstly tries to interpret the nature of religion and the nature of science. Subsequently, the epistemologies of science and, in particular, of religious belief will be discussed. After that, the conflict or concord between religion and science is reasoned. Finally, conclusive remark is made to answer the most salient question whether the relation between religion and science is characterized by conflict or by concord.1. The Nature of Science and the Nature of Religion1.1 ScienceThe first thing to mention, is that it is exceedingly difficult to characterize these phenomena. First, consider science: what exactly is science? How can we characterize it? What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for a given inquiry or theory or claim to be scientific, a part of science? This is far from easy to say. Many conditionshave been proposed as essential to science. According to Jacques Monod, ―The cornerstone of the scient ific method is the postulate that nature is objective…. In other words, the systematic denial that ‗true‘ knowledge can be got by interpreting nature in terms of final causes …‖ (Monod 1971, 21, Monod's emphasis). In the 1930s, the eminent German Chemist Walther Nernst claimed that science, by definition, requires an infinite universe; hence Big Bang theory, he said, isn't science (von Weizsäcker 1964, 151). Another proposed constraint: science can't involve moral judgments, or value judgments more generally.1.2 ReligionAs it is difficult to give an account of the nature of science, it is not much easier to say just what a religion is as well. According to the New Testament book of James, ―the devils believe [that God exists] and tremble‖; the devils' bel iefs, presumably, aren't religious. Someone might propose theories about an omnipotent, omniscient and wholly good being as a key part of a metaphysical system: belief in such theories need not be religious.It is therefore extremely difficult to give necessary and sufficient conditions for either science or religion. Perhaps for present purposes that is not a really serious problem.2. Epistemology and Science and ReligionThere are many interesting epistemological questions about science. A central topic has been the under determination of theory by evidence: evidence for a theory seldom entails the theory, in which case there will be several empirically equivalent theories —theories with the same consequences with respect to experience.According to ‗evidentialism‘, the source of positive epistemic status for religious belief, if indeed it has such status, is just reason—the ensemble of rational faculties including, preeminently, perception, memory, rational intuition, testimony, and the like. The source of positive epistemic status for religious belief, therefore, is the same as that for scientific belief. This view goes back at least to John Locke (1689) and has prominent contemporary representatives. On this view, the existence of cogentarguments for a religious belief is required for rational acceptance of that belief, or at any rate is intimately related to rational acceptance. Some who endorse this view believe there aren't any such cogent arguments; accordingly they reject religious belief as unfounded and rationally unacceptable (Mackie 1982); others hold that in fact there are excellent arguments for theism and even for specifically Christian belief. Here the most prominent contemporary spokesperson would be Richard Swinburne, whose work over the last 30 years or so has resulted in the most powerful, complete and sophisticated development of natural theology the world has so far seen (see, e.g., Swinburne (1979, 2004), (1981, 2005)).There is some reason to think that if theism is indeed true, if indeed there is an all-powerful, all-knowing perfectly good person who has created the world and created human beings in his image, then religious belief would be independent of arguments from reason; it would not require such argument for rationality or positive epistemic status. For if theism is true, God would presumably want human beings to know of his presence (and in fact the vast majority of the human population believe in God or something very much like him); he would therefore arrange for human beings to be able to come to knowledge of him. But if knowledge of God depended on the theistic arguments, or other arguments from the deliverances of reason, then, as Aquinas says, only a few human beings would ever come to knowledge of this truth, and they only after a long time, and with a substantial admixture of error.3. Conflict and Concord3.1 ConcordThe early pioneers and heroes of modern Western science—Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Boyle, and so on—were all serious Christians, if occasionally, as with Newton, Christologically unorthodox. Furthermore, many (Foster 1934, 1935, 1936; Ratzsch 2009) have pointed out that theistic belief and empirical science display a deep concord, fit together neatly. This is in part a result of the doctrines of creation embraced by theistic religions—in particular two aspects of those doctrines. First, there is the thought that God has created the world, and has of course thereforealso created human beings. Furthermore, he has created human beings in his own image. Now God, according to theistic belief, is a person: a being who has knowledge, affection (likes and dislikes), and executive will, and who can act on his beliefs in order to achieve his ends.Second, there is the thought that divine creation is contingent. According to theism, many of God's properties—his omniscience and omnipotence, his goodness and love—are essential to him: he has them in every possible world in which he exists.3.2 Conflict?The Christian doctrine of creation supports a deep concord between Christian belief and science; yet it is of course compatible with this sort of concord that there also be conflict. Many have claimed that there is conflict, indeed warfare, between religion and science (Draper 1875) (White 1895). This is certainly too strong; but obviously the relation between the two has not always been smooth and irenic. There is the famous Galileo incident, often portrayed as a contest between the Catholic hierarchy, representing the forces of repression and tradition, the voice of the old world, the dead hand of the past, and, on the other hand, the forces of progress and the dulcet voice of reason and science. This way of looking at the matter is simplistic (Brooke 1991, 8–9); much more was involved.Naturalism is presumably not a religion. In one very important respect, however, it resembles religion: it can be said to perform the cognitive function of a religion. The argument concludes that the conjunction of naturalism with the theory of evolution cannot rationally be accepted.ConclusionTo conclude, there is conflict between naturalism and one of the chief pillars of contemporary science. Insofar as naturalism is a quasi-religion by virtue of performing the cognitive function of a religion, there is a sort of religion/science conflict—not between theistic religion and science, but between naturalism and science.BibliographyBrooke, J. H., 1991, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Draper, J. W., 1875, History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 5th ed.Foster, M.B., 1934, “The Christian Doctrine of Creation and the rise of Modern Natural Science”, Mind (October), XLIII (172) 446–468.Foster, M.B., 1935, ―Christian Theology and Modern Science of Nature (I)” Mind (October), XLIV (176) 439–466.Foster, M.B., 1936, “Christian Theology and Modern Science of Nature (II)” Mind (October), XLV (177) 1–27.Locke, J., 1689, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. with “Prolegomena” by Alexander Fraser. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1959.Mackie, J. L., 1982, The Miracle of Theism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Monod, J., 1971, Chance and Necessity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Ratzsch, D., 2009,“Humanness in their Hearts: where science and religion fuse” in The Believing Primate: Scientific, Philosophical and Theological Reflections on the Origin of Religion. Jeffrey Schloss and Michael Murray (eds.) Oxford, pp. 215–245.Swinburne, R., 1979, 2004, The Existence of God. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Swinburne, R., 1981, 2005, Faith and Reason. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Swinburne, R.,2003, “The argument to God from fine-tuning reassessed” in God and Design: The Teleological Argument and Modern Science, Neil Manson (ed.), London: Routledge.White, A. D., 1895, History of the Warfare of Science with Theology.von Weizsäcker, C.F., 1964, The Relevance of Science. New York: Harper and Row.。

关于人文和科学的英语作文Humanities and Science: Bridging the Gap。

The world we live in is complex and multifaceted. It is a place where science and technology have transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. At the same time, it is a place where the arts, humanities, and social sciences continue to play a vital role in shaping our understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Although science and the humanities may seem like two separate and distinct fields, they are in fact deeply interconnected and interdependent.Science and technology have brought about many significant advancements in our society. From medicine to transportation, from communication to entertainment, science has revolutionized the way we live our lives. However, science alone cannot provide us with a complete understanding of the world. The arts, humanities, andsocial sciences help us to make sense of the humanexperience and provide us with a framework for understanding our place in the world.The humanities, including literature, history, philosophy, and the arts, help us to understand the human experience and provide us with a sense of meaning and purpose. They allow us to explore the complexities of human emotion, thought, and behavior. They also help us to understand the historical and cultural context in which we live. By studying the humanities, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.On the other hand, science provides us with a framework for understanding the natural world. It allows us to explore the physical and biological processes that govern our world. Science helps us to develop new technologies and innovations that can improve our lives and solve some of the world's most pressing problems.However, science alone cannot provide us with a complete understanding of the world. The humanities help us to understand the human experience and provide us with asense of meaning and purpose. They allow us to explore the complexities of human emotion, thought, and behavior. They also help us to understand the historical and cultural context in which we live. By studying the humanities, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.The relationship between science and the humanities is not always harmonious. There is often tension between the two fields, with scientists and humanists sometimes viewing each other with suspicion or even contempt. However, this tension is unnecessary and counterproductive. Science and the humanities are not in competition with each other, but rather are complementary fields that can work together to provide us with a more complete understanding of the world.In conclusion, the humanities and science are deeply interconnected and interdependent. While science provides us with a framework for understanding the natural world, the humanities help us to understand the human experience and provide us with a sense of meaning and purpose. By bridging the gap between these two fields, we can gain amore complete understanding of ourselves and the world around us. It is only by working together that we can truly unlock the full potential of human knowledge and understanding.。

科学与技术的关系英语作文English:Science and technology are closely interconnected and often complement each other in various ways. Science provides the knowledge and understanding of the natural world through systematic observation and experimentation, while technology involves the application of that knowledge to create innovations that improve our lives. Science drives the technological advancements by uncovering the principles and theories behind various phenomena, which then inspires the development of new technologies. On the other hand, technology enables scientists to conduct experiments, analyze data, and communicate their findings more efficiently. The constant interaction between science and technology accelerates progress in both fields, leading to breakthroughs in various disciplines. Moreover, science often raises new questions and challenges that drive technological innovation, while technology can suggest new hypotheses and avenues for scientific exploration. Ultimately, the relationship between science and technology is symbiotic, as they continuously inspire and push each other forward to create a better and more advanced society.中文翻译:科学与技术之间紧密相互联系，通常在各种方式上相辅相成。

科学学科与人文学科的关系英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Relationship between Science and HumanitiesIntroductionIn the world of academia, there has long been a debate about the relationship between science and humanities. Some argue that they are fundamentally different disciplines with little overlap, while others believe that they are interconnected and can benefit from each other. In this essay, I will examine the ways in which science and humanities are related and how they can work together to enrich our understanding of the world.The Differences between Science and HumanitiesScience is often seen as a study of the natural world, focusing on empirical evidence, experimentation, and objective analysis. It is typically divided into specific fields such as physics, biology, chemistry, and psychology, each with its own methods and theories. In contrast, humanities are more concerned with human culture and society, including literature, history,philosophy, and art. They often involve subjective interpretation, critical thinking, and creativity.Despite these differences, both science and humanities share a common goal: to explore and understand the world around us. They approach this goal from different perspectives, with science emphasizing observation and measurement, and humanities focusing on interpretation and meaning. While the methods and tools they use may differ, both disciplines seek to uncover truths about the human experience and the natural world.The Intersection of Science and HumanitiesWhile science and humanities have traditionally been seen as separate disciplines, there is growing recognition of the ways in which they intersect and influence each other. For example, the field of medical humanities combines insights from literature, history, and philosophy with medical science to enhance the understanding of illness, suffering, and healing. Similarly, environmental humanities draw on concepts from ecology, literature, and philosophy to address pressing environmental issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss.In addition, the rise of interdisciplinary research and education has led to new opportunities for collaborationbetween science and humanities. Scholars and students are increasingly encouraged to work across traditional boundaries, bringing together diverse perspectives and methodologies to tackle complex problems. For example, a biologist studying animal behavior may benefit from insights from literature on human emotions, while a historian researching ancient civilizations may draw on archaeology and geology to reconstruct the past.Benefits of Integrating Science and HumanitiesThere are several benefits to integrating science and humanities. First, it can lead to a more holistic understanding of the world by combining different ways of knowing and seeing. By bringing together scientific and humanistic perspectives, we can gain a richer and deeper appreciation of the complexities of human society and the natural environment. This can also foster creativity and innovation, as diverse perspectives can inspire new ideas and solutions to old problems.Second, integrating science and humanities can help bridge the gap between theory and practice. By applying insights from both disciplines, we can develop more effective strategies for addressing real-world challenges. For example, a project to reduce air pollution in a city may involve input from urbanplanners, environmental scientists, and social scientists to create a comprehensive and sustainable solution.ConclusionIn conclusion, the relationship between science and humanities is complex and multifaceted. While they have distinct methods and goals, they are ultimately united in their quest to understand the world and improve the human condition. By recognizing the connections between science and humanities, we can create new opportunities for collaboration, discovery, and innovation. As we continue to explore the intersection of these disciplines, we can deepen our understanding of the world and our place in it.篇2Science and Humanities: Two Sides of the Same CoinIntroductionScience and humanities are often seen as two separate and distinct fields of study, with little overlap or connection between them. However, in reality, these two disciplines are deeply intertwined and complement each other in many ways. In this essay, we will explore the relationship between science andhumanities, and how they can work together to enhance our understanding of the world.The Relationship Between Science and HumanitiesOn the surface, science and humanities may seem like polar opposites – one dealing with the objective and empirical, and the other with the subjective and interpretive. However, a closer look reveals that they share many common goals and methods. Both disciplines seek to understand the world around us, albeit from different perspectives.Science, with its focus on observation, experimentation, and data analysis, provides us with systematic and empirical knowledge about the natural world. It helps us to understand the laws of nature, unravel the mysteries of the universe, and develop new technologies that improve our lives. Humanities, on the other hand, explore the human experience through literature, philosophy, history, art, and culture. It helps us to understand ourselves, our place in the world, and our relationship with others.Interdisciplinary ApproachesWhile science and humanities may have their own methodologies and ways of thinking, they can also benefit fromeach other's insights and perspectives. Interdisciplinary approaches that combine scientific and humanistic methods can lead to new and innovative ways of understanding complex phenomena. For example, the field of bioethics combines insights from biology, philosophy, and sociology to address ethical issues in healthcare and biotechnology. Similarly, environmental studies draw on knowledge from ecology, economics, and ethics to address sustainability challenges.Moreover, science and humanities can collaborate to address pressing global issues such as climate change, public health, and social justice. For example, scientists can work with ethicists, policymakers, and community leaders to develop evidence-based solutions that are ethically and socially responsible. By integrating scientific knowledge with humanistic values, we can create a more holistic and balanced approach to addressing complex challenges.Benefits of Integrating Science and HumanitiesIntegrating science and humanities can lead to a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the world. By combining empirical evidence with ethical considerations, we can make more informed decisions that take into account the diverse perspectives and values of society. This can help us todevelop more sustainable and inclusive solutions that benefit everyone.Furthermore, integrating science and humanities can enhance our creativity and innovation. By bringing together different ways of thinking and approaching problems, we can generate new ideas and insights that can lead to breakthroughs in science, technology, and the arts. This interdisciplinary approach can foster collaboration and cooperation among researchers, educators, policymakers, and practitioners from different fields, leading to a more integrated and harmonious society.ConclusionIn conclusion, science and humanities are not mutually exclusive but complementary disciplines that can work together to enhance our understanding of the world. By integrating scientific knowledge with humanistic values, we can address complex challenges in a more holistic and balanced way. Interdisciplinary approaches that combine science and humanities can lead to new insights, innovations, and solutions that benefit society as a whole. As we move forward in the 21st century, it is more important than ever to bridge the gapbetween science and humanities and embrace a more integrative and collaborative approach to knowledge and discovery.篇3The relationship between scientific disciplines and humanities has been a complex and intriguing topic for scholars and thinkers for centuries. While some argue that the two fields are inherently opposed to each other, others believe that they are complementary and can even enrich each other.Scientific disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics, are primarily concerned with understanding the natural world through empirical observation, experimentation, and quantification. These disciplines are rooted in the principles of logic, reason, and objectivity. They seek to uncover the underlying laws and mechanisms that govern the physical universe and provide explanations for natural phenomena.On the other hand, humanities disciplines, such as literature, philosophy, history, and art, are focused on exploring the human experience, values, beliefs, emotions, and expressions. These disciplines rely on interpretation, analysis, and critical thinking to understand and interpret human culture, society, and history.They seek to delve into the complex nuances of human behavior, relationships, and identities.Despite their apparent differences, scientific and humanities disciplines are interconnected in many ways. For example, scientific advancements often arise from the intersection of different fields, such as physics and philosophy leading to the development of quantum mechanics. Similarly, humanities disciplines can benefit from scientific methods and technologies, such as using data analysis to study literature or applying neuroscience to understand human behavior.Moreover, both scientific and humanities disciplines share common goals, such as seeking knowledge, truth, understanding, and meaning. They both contribute to the advancement of society, culture, and civilization by expanding our horizons, challenging our perspectives, and fostering innovation and creativity.In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that bridge the gap between scientific and humanities disciplines. This has led to the emergence of new interdisciplinary fields, such as cognitive science, environmental humanities, digital humanities, and medical humanities, which seek to combine insights fromdifferent disciplines to address complex problems and challenges.Overall, the relationship between scientific and humanities disciplines is not one of opposition but of collaboration and mutual enrichment. By embracing the diversity and richness of both fields, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world around us and our place within it. It is only through integrating scientific and humanities perspectives that we can fully appreciate the complexity and beauty of the universe and our existence.。

文科与理科关系英文作文The Symbiotic Relationship between Humanities and SciencesIn the ever-evolving landscape of academia, the debate surrounding the relationship between humanities and sciences has been a longstanding one. While these two domains may appear to be distinct and disparate, they are, in fact, intrinsically linked and interdependent. The humanities, encompassing fields such as literature, history, philosophy, and the arts, provide a deeper understanding of the human condition, while the sciences, including physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics, offer insights into the natural world and the mechanisms that govern it. This essay will explore the symbiotic relationship between these two realms, highlighting their complementary nature and the vital role they play in shaping our understanding of the world.One of the primary ways in which humanities and sciences are interconnected is through the pursuit of knowledge. Both domains share a common goal of expanding our understanding of the world around us, albeit through different lenses. The humanities delve intothe realm of human experience, exploring the complexities of the human mind, the nuances of cultural and social interactions, and the intricate tapestry of human history. They provide a framework for understanding the human condition, allowing us to grapple with the fundamental questions of existence, morality, and the human experience.In contrast, the sciences focus on the empirical study of the natural world, seeking to uncover the underlying principles and laws that govern the physical universe. Through rigorous experimentation, observation, and analysis, scientists unravel the mysteries of the natural world, from the smallest subatomic particles to the grandest cosmic structures. This scientific knowledge not only enhances our understanding of the world but also paves the way for technological advancements that have transformed the way we live.However, the relationship between humanities and sciences is not merely one of juxtaposition; it is one of interdependence and synergy. The humanities provide the necessary context and perspective for the application of scientific knowledge. They help us understand the social, ethical, and philosophical implications of scientific discoveries and technological innovations. For instance, the field of bioethics, which examines the moral and ethical issues surrounding advancements in medicine and biotechnology, draws heavily on the insights and methodologies of the humanities.Conversely, the sciences offer the humanities a more rigorous and empirical approach to understanding the world. The use of scientific methods, such as data analysis and experimental design, can enhance the validity and reliability of research in the humanities. For example, digital humanities, an emerging field that combines computational techniques with traditional humanistic inquiry, has revolutionized the way scholars approach historical and literary analysis.Moreover, the interconnectedness of humanities and sciences is evident in the way they inform and inspire each other. Scientific discoveries have often been the subject of artistic and literary exploration, as seen in the works of writers, painters, and composers who have drawn inspiration from the wonders of the natural world. Conversely, the humanities have influenced the direction of scientific research, as scientists grapple with the philosophical and ethical implications of their work.One of the most compelling examples of this synergy is the field of cognitive science, which combines insights from psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, and philosophy to understand the complex workings of the human mind. By integrating the perspectives of both the humanities and the sciences, cognitive scientists have made significant strides in unraveling the mysteries of cognition,perception, and consciousness.In the face of the pressing challenges facing our world, the integration of humanities and sciences has become increasingly crucial. Global issues such as climate change, healthcare, and social inequality require a multifaceted approach that draws on the strengths of both domains. The humanities can provide the necessary context and ethical frameworks to guide the application of scientific knowledge, while the sciences can offer the empirical tools and technological solutions to address these complex problems.In conclusion, the relationship between humanities and sciences is not one of rivalry or opposition, but rather a symbiotic partnership that enriches our understanding of the world and our place within it. By embracing the complementary nature of these two realms, we can foster a more holistic and nuanced approach to knowledge, one that recognizes the inherent value of both the human experience and the natural world. As we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of the21st century, the continued collaboration and integration of humanities and sciences will be essential in shaping a better future for all.。