2019年6月上海高考英语试题word精校版Summary Writing(含试题-答案)

全国高考（上海卷）英语部分真题及材料（Word精校版）听力Section A:1. M: Good morning. can I help you?W; Yes, this dress's too long, would you please shorten it for me?!Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?2. W: Jack, you look tired!M:Yes,I've got a pile of work to do, but it gives me a great sense of achievementQ: What can we learn about the man?3. W: John, what's up? Why are you standing on the desk?M: The light suddenly went off! The bulb must have hurnt out!Q: What is the man most probably doing?4. W: I'll lake this room. How much is the rent?M: Well, ＄200 each month. You need to pay 3-month rent in advance, plus a deposit of ＄100.Q: According to the man, how much should the woman pay in total?5. W; I'll take an interview for a part-time librarian tomorrow.M: Don't worry. Others will stand no chance if you take the interview.Q: How does the man feel about the woman's chance of getting the job?6. M: I couldn't sleep at all last night. The bed is not comfortable.W: Don't blame the bed. You should stop drinking wine.Q: What docs the woman imply?7. W: Andy, 1 bought a shirt for you.M: Thank you. I hope you kept the receipt, I've put on some weight.Q: What does the man imply?8. W: I'm terribly sorry. But your flight has been canceled.M: What? In that case, I hope you will put me out somewhere tonightO: what does the man expect the woman to do for him?9.W: A new hotel is looking for workers. They need 300 new workers, but over 4000 people showed up.M: I saw the news on TV. I still have my job. Thank goodness!Q: What are the speakers talking about?10. W: Professor Smith explained the Physics problem very clearly,M: Did he? Unfortunately, it's still all Greek to meQ: what can we learn from the conversation?Section B:Passage I;With a fascinating past and more than four centuries of history, St Augustine is one of the nation’s oldest cities--- and an American treasure. Located on Florida's Atlantic coast, it is home to many fine examples of European architecture and wild scenic views.In 1513, while looking for the storied Fountain of Youth, explorer Juan Ponce de leon found this land and claimed it for Spain Then, in 1563, a Spanish conqueror established a settlement here and named it St, Augustine. Except for a 20-year period of English rule, Florida remained underSpanish rule until the united States took control in 182 I.In the years after its founding, the city St. Augustine was attacked by the French and English, and by Native Americans, who are said to have shot flaming arrows at the city's defensive building, setting it on fire. More recently, nature has stricken the region with successive hurricanes--- Matthew in 2016 and Irma in 2017. Still, St. Augustine endures. As the region recovers, visitors shouldn't overlook it.St. Augustine has suffered much in its long history. Hopefully, visitors will come and perhaps support the Florida coast's recovery while discovering its centuries of history and miles of coastal beauty .11. Which country first governed Florida in history?12 Which of the following statements is true about St, Augustine?13 What is the passage mainly about?Passage 2:Transport for London has a lost property office which collects the items left behind as people flow through the city's transport system each day. It is the biggest lost property office in Europe, beaten globally only by Tokyo's. Sixty-five staff sort through hundreds of thousands of lost and forgotten items each at the office, which is run by Paul Cowan. According to the latest data, Cowan's team dealt with over three hundred thousand items in the first quarter of the year. As the data reveals, very few are claimed. For example, of the nearly 13, 000 keys handed into lost property last year, just under I, 400 were returned to their owners, says Cowan. Overall, twenty percent of stock is claimed within three month. After that time, stock becomes the property of transport for London, and it's not necessarily the items you'd expect, A wander through the three-basement floor that make up the lost property office gives us an idea of what we value enough to recover and what we're happy to let go. Cowan has discovered something interesting about the complexity of lost shoes. He said, if you have one shoe, you are more likely to go looking for the other. If you lose two shoes. well. it's slightly out of sight. out of mind. He guesses many people regard loss as an opportunity t0 treat themselves to something new.14.What is the passage main about?15. Which of the following is true of the lost item?16. According to Cowan, why don't some people get their lost shoes back?完形填空When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. Rather, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock-climbing or talking about books.They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into adulthood. The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U,S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous decreases in the past decade.The declines appeared across race. Geographic and socioeconomic lines, and in rural,urban, and suburban areas.To be sure. more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the majorities have slimmed considerably. Between 1976 and 1979, 86 percent of high school seniors had gone on a date: between 2010 and 2015 only 63 percent had, the study found."People say, 'Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring' but they re missing the larger trend," said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less interested in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today's society they no longer need to.According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's "life strategy" slows down or speeds up depending on his or her surroundings exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the opposite effect, the study said. In the first scenario. "You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode. start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more diseases and fewer resources," said Twenge, a psychology professor at SanDiego State University who is the author of "iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious. More Tolerant. Less Happy--and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood."A century ago, when life expectancy was lower and college education less prevalent, "the goal back then was survival, not violin lessons by 5." Twenge said.In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more seriously about marriage. and driving a car and working for pay would be important for "establishing mate value based on procurement of resources," the study said.But America is shifting more toward the slower model, and the change is apparent across-the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. "Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education... families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully nurtured has really sunk in."The postponement of"adult activities" could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurricular as they did in the 1990s (with the exception of community service. which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smart phones and the Internet be entirely the cause, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available.部分填词: rather/ adulthood/ decreases/ options/ majorities/ missing/ interested in/surrounded/ opposite/ case/ diseases/ seriously/ carefully/ slower/ educated/ postponement/ cause阅读理解AApparently. the idea of money that's not tied to a specific bank -- or a specific country -- is appealing to many. But it's worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that: A modern invention. Not so long ago, money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering w as common (In fact, it still is common among many online local networks, like the Buy Nothing Project)In the past, money's makeup varied from place to place, depending on what was considered valuable there. So while some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum, objects other than coins have served as currency,including beads, ivory. livestock, and cowrie shells. In West Africa. bracelets of bronze or copper were used as cash, especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there.Throughout the colonial period, tobacco was used in lieu of coins or paper bills in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U.K.Today, on an island in the Pacific, a specific type of shell still serves as currency - and some people there are even hoarding it, just like Bitcoin moguls, convinced that one day, it will make them wealthy beyond imagination.On Malaita, the most-populated island that's part of the Solomon Islands, shells are accepted at most places in exchange for goods"How much tuna you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape." Mary Bruno,a shop owner from the small town of Auki, on Malaita, told Vice.e "One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna, but the red ones are worth more. For the red ones,one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time."Just like a mint that creates coins, there's only one place on the island where the shells,which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes, are made. (You can see how that works in the video above.) The strips of red, white, and black shells all come from LangaLanga Lagoon, where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals. Once marooned out on their islands, locals needed a currency to use among themselves, and so the shell currency was born.Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s, but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today. And just like cryptocurrencies, there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money, which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades. 1t might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed, strung-together shells, but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we' ve assigned value to and probably less durable over time than those shells.BHow do you move a giant Sequoia?Boise, Idaho, recently relocated a century-old, living tree provided by John Muir.Inhabitants of Boise, Idaho, watched with trepidation earlier this year as the city's oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks. The l05-year-old sequoia tree serves as a local landmark, not only for its longevity but also because renowned naturalist and Sienra Club co-founder John Muir provided the original seedling. So, when Saint Luke's Health System found that the 10-story-tallconifer stood in the way of its planned hospital expansion, officials called tree-moving firm Environmental Design.The Texas-based company has developed and patented scooping and lifting technology to move massive trees. Weighing in at more than 800,000 pounds, the Boise sequoia is its largest undertaking yet. “I had lost enough sleep over this," says David Cox, the company's Western region vice president- and that was before the hospital mentioned the tree's distinguished origin.Before the heavy lifting began, the team assessed the root system and dug a five-foot-deep cylinder, measuring 40 feet in diameter, around the trunk to protect all essential roots, After encapsulating the root ball in wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to acclimate to its new situation for seven months before relocating it. The illustration details what followed.CThe budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations -- it's the household budget, for example.Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above --a consumer's informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally.To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $ 10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above "O" on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books -- the number of books available in this example is 0.You can also graph the other extreme -- all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0available for movie tickets.If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you'll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.六选四文章网址；/Magazine_articles%3A_More_valuable_than_you_may_think.html 翻译部分：1. 他们中的哪一个可能做过排球教练?参考译文：Who may have been a volleyball coach among them?2.我看到他换上徒步鞋，走向了草坪。

Summary如何写（I）说明文的summary我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例The Problem of Packaging第一段A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. To understand why this is true, think of the packaging commonly used for a simple product, such as toothpaste. The packaging includes not only the tube for the toothpaste, but also the box for the tube. This box is put into a plastic wrapper. Then, the boxes are transported in a cardboard container.第二段Most packaging material ends up in a landfill after it is thrown away. Though necessary, landfills take up valuable space, often stink, and can leak harmful substances into the soil. Landfills not included, the production of packaging material itself is a major source of air and water pollution.第三段People are now trying to solve the problems caused by packaging materials. In 1991, Germany took the lead by requiring companies to recycle the packaging used for their goods. To do this, the companies set up recycling bins in every neighborhood. Consumers now separate their rubbish into three categories—metal, plastic and paper cartons. They then put it into the appropriate bin. The rubbish sorted, it is transported to are cycling company for processing.第四段The programme worked well at first. However, the amount of rubbish has begun to increase again. One reason for this is that many consumers no longer reduce waste because they think the problem is solved. It seems that to properly deal with the problem of rubbish, everyone must remain vigilant and do their part.我们先来把每段的大意理一下：第一段的中心应该就是讲 A large source of rubbish is packaging material. It often makes up more than 30 percent of the total. 后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。

上海高考英语summary的要求在上海高考英语中，summary（概括大意）是一项重要的考核内容。

在这一部分，考生需要根据所给的一篇英语短文，用自己的语言，以全文的1/4为限，对全文的主要内容进行概括。

这项能力旨在考察考生的阅读理解、语言表达和文字概括能力。

在进行summary时，考生首先要理解文章的大意和要点，然后用简洁、清晰的语言对其进行概括，同时遵循题目所给定的句子结构和单词数量要求。

考生还需注意语法和拼写的正确性。

在summary中，不同类型的文章可能会有不同的要求。

一般来说，新闻报道、科普文章和社论等不同类型的文章，对于概括的内容和表达方式都有所不同。

新闻报道要求考生对事件的时间、地点、原因和结果进行简洁准确的概括；科普文章要求考生对科学知识或技术原理进行简明的阐述；社论则要求考生对作者的观点和论据进行简要的总结。

在应对summary时，考生需要通过多读多练，积累丰富的词汇和句型，提高自己的语言组织能力。

平时的阅读量也是非常重要的。

只有通过大量的阅读练习，才能对不同类型的文章有更深入的理解，从而更好地进行summary。

对于上海高考英语summary来说，我个人认为这并不仅仅是一种考试技巧，更是一种实用的能力。

在日常生活和工作中，我们经常需要阅读各种文字材料，进行信息概括和传达。

通过学习和掌握summary 的技巧，不仅可以在考试中获得好成绩，更可以提高自己的语言表达和文字概括能力，为将来的学习和工作打下良好的基础。

上海高考英语summary的要求是全面的，不仅考察了考生的英语语言能力，更考察了考生的思维逻辑和文字表达能力。

通过认真学习和练习，相信每位考生都可以在这一部分取得令人满意的成绩。

上海高考英语summary要求的背后，是对考生阅读理解和语言表达能力的全面考察。

在这方面，学生们除了要掌握丰富的词汇和句型，还需要具备良好的阅读习惯和逻辑思维能力。

阅读量是非常重要的。

只有通过大量的阅读练习，学生才能对不同类型的文章有更深入的理解。

上海高考英语新题型之概要写作澄衷高级中学孙吉从2017年起，上海英语高考试卷的题型将面临许多调整，其中之一便是增加了概要写作（Summary writing），也有许多人将之称为“小作文”。

概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。

概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Key points of a summary”的要求。

一．正确认识概要写作1. Definition of summary writing（概要写作的定义）By summary, we mean a brief restatement, in your own words, of the content of a passage, an article, a chapter or a book.2. Key points of a summary（概要写作的要点）Conciseness（简要性）：Omit unnecessary details like examples, explanations and other unimportant information.Length: 1/4-1/3 of the original text.Completeness（完整性）：To include all the main and supporting points delivered in you own words in a condensed manner.Accuracy（准确性）：To give the same attention and stress to the points as the author does.Coherence（连贯性）：Rather than an outline listed as key words and phrases, a summary is a paragraph with necessary transitions and function structures to make it flow.Objectivity（客观性）：Do not include your own ideas or emotions on the topic. The summary should reflect the content of the original passage only.3. Steps to write a summary（概要写作的步骤）1）Skim the text to find out the general theme.2）Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 3）Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without involving minor details.4）Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.5）Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.4. Beginning of a summary（概要写作的开头）Begin your summary with:*The author’s name*The article’s or chapter’s name*The author’s thesis statement—a general overview(survey) of the article.The Body:First of all, the author describes……He then points out that……In addition, the author talks about……Finally, the author suggests……Some other introductory phrases:*(The author) states in (this article) that…*(The author), in (this article) shows that…*In (this article), (the author) writes that…*As (the author) says in (this article),…*The main idea of (the author’s article) is…*The author believes (holds; maintains; claims; argues; points out; suggests; proposes) that + clause…*The author talks about (explains; describes; reveals; discusses; focuses on) + n.二．记叙文概要写作要点点拨记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。

2019级高一英语学案新高考英语作文新题型——概要写作一. 概要写作题型特点概要写作（summary），《牛津高阶英语词典》（第8 版）对它的定义如下:“A summary is a brief statement that gives only the main points of something not the details”。

也就是要求考生在整体把握原文的前提下，用自己简洁、精练的语言，对原文的主旨大意进行高度的浓缩，写出一篇语义连贯的短文，也可称之为摘要。

这一题型一方面考查学生通过阅读获取文章主旨大意和关键词的能力，另一方面也考查学生的写作能力即用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。

因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。

从《考试说明》上对概要写作的评分原则以及各档次的给分范围和要求的规定中，我们可以发现概要写作有以下特点：客观性：概要写作其实是一种客观的复述，在正确理解原文的基础上，用自己的语言忠实地再现作者的思想，写作内容要全面，既不能漏掉任何要点，也不能随意增加内容；写作时要尽可能避免使用原文中的字句。

考生应通过释义的方式，用自己的语言呈现原文主要内容。

需要注意的是，考生不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法，或做出任何评判，因此不能出现“I believe”, “I think”等字句。

简洁性：简洁是概要写作的一个显著特点。

概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除原文中的细节减少例证，简化描述内容以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义的完整。

连贯性：概要写作并不是写提纲那样只是要点的罗列。

写概要时，必须在各要点之间增加一些体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。

写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。

二. 评分原则《考试说明》中关于概要的评分原则中第一条：本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分；评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。

全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.A comprehensive study of 4,500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain’s cortex the outer layer that processes sensory information. “We don’t know if it 21 (cause) by the screen time. We don’t know yet if it’s a bad thing. It won’t be until we follow them over time 22 we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we’re seeing in this single snapshot,” Dr. Gaya Dowling. “What we can say is that this is 23 the brains look like of kids who spend a lot of time on screens. And it’s not just one pattern.”The problem isn’t just screens 24 , but also the way screens tempt kids (and adults) away from something far more important: physical activity. More than 23 percent of adults and 80 percent of adolescents don’t get enough physical activity, and according to a 2019 report from the World Health Organization (WHO), these patterns of activity and rest arise 25 habits we develop early in life. “What we really need to do is 26 (bring) back play for children,” says Dr. Juana Wi llumsen, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019. “This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime, while 27 (protect) sleep.” Of course, children aren’t completely to blame for their screen addiction.Sometimes, the parents 28 complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. A 2016 study 29 (conduct) by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens, mostly not for work-related reasons. While 78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models, the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior. Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids 30 it means playing the bad guy. Our mental and physical health depends on it.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be usedSome Very “American” Words Come from ChineseMany of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese (粤语) or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin. Let’s start with them.kowtowThe English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems 31 . It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means “knock your head”. It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one’s head as a sign of respect to 32 such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. Britain’s Lord George Macartney refused to “kau tau” to th e Qianlong Emperor. Soon after, the English word “kowtow” was born. In 1793, Britain’s King George IIIsent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to 33 a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his 34 to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed word that came about through 35 between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters “gong” and “he” together mean “work together, cooperate.” The original term gongyehezuoshe means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development. Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine Corps observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying “…all the soldiers 36 themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over.” He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had 37 . In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the “Gung Ho Battalion.” From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan throughout the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, a typhoon is a very powerful and 38 storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-webster New Book of W ord Histories, the first typhoons reported in the English language were in India and were called “touffons” or “tufans.” The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon. Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means “great wind.” The word’s 39 to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word typhoon was influenced by the Cantonese but 40 to make it appear more Greek.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don’t drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. 41 , they stick to G-rated activities such as rock-climbing or talking about books.They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into 42 . The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver’s license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous (急剧的) 43 in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the 44 have slimmed considerably. Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades, as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015, according to Centers for Disease Control statistics. “People say, ‘Oh, it’s because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring,’ but they’re 45 the larger trend,” said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less 46 inactivities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today’s society, they no longer need to.According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person’s “life strategy” slows down or speeds up depending on his or her 47 , exposure to a “harsh and unpredictable” environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the 48 effect, the study said. In the first 49 , “You’d have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more 50 and fewer resources,” said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of “iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood.”In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more 51 about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “establishing mate value based on procurement of resources,” the study said. But America is shifting more toward the 52 model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. “Even in families whose parents didn’t have a college education... families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully 53 has really sunk in.” The 54 of “adult activities” could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990s (with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the 55 , the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.41. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Moreover D. Besides42. A. childhood B neighborhood C. adolescents D. adulthood43. A. escapes B. ends C. decreases D. changes44. A. minorities B. majorities C. masses D. amounts45. A. taking B. avoiding C. sending D. missing46. A. interested B. envied C. relieved D. realized47. A. emotions B. surroundings C. customs D. habits48. A. wrong B. same C. opposite D. similar49. A. event B. issue C. case D. occasion50. A. trouble B. questions C. benefits D. diseases51. A. respectively B. delicately C. seriously D. considerably52. A. slower B. better C. smaller D. faster53. A. emphasized B. related C. organized D. educated54. A. implement B. postponement C. achievement D. payment55. A. cause B. impact C. fact D. resultSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B. C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.ABitcoin and other so-called cryptocurrenciest (加密货币) have been all over the news lately. Apparently, the idea of money that’s not tied to a specific bank or a specific country is appealing to many. But it’s worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that: A modern invention. Not so long ago, money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering was common. (In fact, it still is common among many online local networks, like the Buy Nothing Project.).In the past, money’s makeup varied from place to place, depending on what was considered valuable there. So while some of the world’s first coins were made from a na turally occurring hybrid of gold andsilver called electrum (金银矿), objects other than coins have served as currency, including beads, ivory, livestock, and cowrie shells. In West Africa, bracelets of bronze or copper were used as cash, especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there. Throughout the colonial period, tobacco was used to replace coins or paper bills in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U. K.Today, on an island in the Pacific, a specific type of shell still serves as currency and some people there are even hoarding (储存) it, just like Bitcoin moguls, convinced that one day, it will make them wealthy beyond imagination. On Malaita, the most-populated island that’s part of the Solomon Islands, shells are accepted at most places in exchange for goods.“How much tuna (金枪鱼) you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape,” Mary Bruno, a shop owner from the small tow n of Auki, on Malaita, told Vice. “One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna, but the red ones are worth more. For the red ones, one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time.”Just like a mint that creates coins, there’s only one place on the island where the shells, which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes, are made. The strips of red, white, and black shells all come from Langa Langa Lagoon, where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals. Once marooned (困住) out on their islands, locals needed a currency to use among themselves, and so the shell currency was born.Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s, but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today. And just like cryptocurencies, there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money, which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades. It might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed, strung-together shells, but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we’ve assigned value to and probably less durable over time than those shells.56. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. Money was created and was widely used in the world.B. Tobacco was used as coins or paper bills in American in the past.C. The ingredients of world’s first coins may be the co mbination of gold and silver.D. Using shells for money has been out of date in the world.57. The word “mint” in paragraph 5 is closest in the meaning to “”.A. a kind of money that can exchangeB. the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candiedC. a place to produce and polish shellsD. a factory that produces currency58. What’s opinion of the author towards shells for money?A. Reasonable.B. Imaginary.C. Convenient.D. Inventive59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The History of BiteoinB. Shells Still MoneyC. The Currency Is of Great UseD. Some ShellsBMoving a GiantThe logistics of excavating (挖掘) and relocating a town’s century-old, living sequoia (红杉) tree. Inhabitants of Boise, Idaho, watched with trepidation earlier this year as the city’s oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks. The 105-year-old sequoia tree serves as a local landmark, not only for its longevity but also because renowned naturalist and Sierra Club cofounder John Muir provided the original seedling. So, when Saint Luke’s Health System found that the 10-story-tall conifer (针叶树) stood in the way of its planned hospital expansion, officials called tree-moving firm Environmental Design.The Texas-based company has developed and patented scooping and lifting technology to move missive trees. Weighing in at more than 800,000 pounds, the Boise sequoia is its largest undertaking yet. “I (had)lost enough sleep over this,” says David Cox, the company’s Wester n region vice president and that was before the hospital mentioned the tree’s distinguished origin. Before the heavy lifting began, the team assessed the root system and dug a five-foot-deep cylinder, measuring 40 feet in diameter, around the trunk to protect all essential roots. After encapsulating the root ball in wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to adapt to its new situation for seven months before relocating it. The illustration details what followed. Leslie Nemo1. Mark A. Merit and his team at Environmental Designinstalled underneath the root ball a platform ofseven-inch-diameter, 44-foot-long steelbars and, just belowthe rods, a first set of uninflated airbags (shown in gray). Theteam also dug a shallow ramp.2. In roughly 15 minutes, the movers inflated the airbagsto about three feet in diameter to raise the root ball to thesurface of the hole.3. By underinflating the front bags, the team allowed theplatform carrying the tree to roll up the ramp and out of thehole while staying level. A trailer hauled the tree along asteam members removed the airbags from the back of theplatform and replaced them in the front. They repeated the process until the tree arrived at the edge of its new home.4. There a second set of partially inflated bags (shown in white) waited inside the hole. Soil surrounding the sequoia in its original location was relocated as well, because trees are more likely to survive a transplant when they move with their original soil.5. Using the first set of airbags, the movers rolled the platform into the new hole.6. The bags waiting there were then inflated further to take the weight of the sequoia while the transportation bags were deflated and removed from under the tree.7. The white bags were then deflated in about half an hour to lower th e sequoia’s root ball to the bottom of its hole. The bags were removed, but the metal bars were left with the tree because they rust and degrade over a number of years.8. For the next five years the local park service will monitor and maintain the tree in its new home.60. Which of the following words can be used to replace the words underlined “stood in the way of”?A. Resisted.B. Balanced.C. Blocked.D. Promoted.61. What is the reason for the relocation of Sequoia trees?A. Because the Scooping and lifting technology should be put into use.B. Because it blocks local hospital expansion plans.C. Because it corresponds to government’s plan of Environmental Design.D. Because sequoia trees are over a hundred years old.62. How will the migrated sequoia trees be dealt with?A. They will be given new soil in the new living environment.B. Metal rods used to move sequoia trees will not be left on the trees.C. They will be kept in transport bags all the time.D. They will be managed by specialists in the next five years.CUnderstand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget line” has several related meanings, including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations it’s the household budget, for example.Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.Given a limited amount of money, a consumer can only spend that same amount buying goods. If the consumer has X amount of money and wants to buy two goods A and B, she can only purchase goods totaling X. If the consumer needs an amount of A costing 0.75 X, she can then spend only 0.25 X, the amount remaining, on her purchase of B.This seems almost too obvious to bother writing or reading about. As it turns out, however, this same concept one that most consumers make many times each day with reflecting on it is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics, which is explained below.Lines in a BudgetBefore turning to the economics definition of “budget line”, consider another c oncept: the line-item budget. This is effectively a map of future expenditures, with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified. There’s nothing very complicated about this: in this usage, a budget line is one of the lines in the budget, with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified.The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptOne of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above a consumer’s informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally.A Simple Budget Line GraphTo understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.If movies cost $10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books the number of books available in this example is 0.You can also graph the other extreme all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.You’ll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets.If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you’ll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.63. Which sentence about the budget line is NOT TRUE?A. It is a limitation of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.B. Most costumers will be confused with this concept because of its complex.C. It is the effectively a map of future expenditures.D. It can be expressed as a mathematical equation.64. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell us any concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation.B. To help us figure out the meaning Budget Line.C. To tell us we should budget before we buy goods.D. To give an instruction of drawing a budget Line.65. Assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15, you have $150. Which is RIGHT according to this passage?A. The maximum number of movies you can see is 10.B. The maximum number of crime novels you can buy is 15.C. You can buy 7 crime novels and see 5 movies.D. You can buy 7 crime novels and see 4 movies.66. What is the best title of this passage?A. Do we really know the economic concept of a budget line?B. The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptC. The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingD. The Complex Concept Budget LineSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. EachMagazine Articles: More Valuable Than You May ThinkParents are often surprised when teachers suggest their children read magazines. Read on to learn about the benefits that reading magazines offers to young readers and how to introduce your children to the medium.Magazine BenefitsMagazine articles can provide reluctant readers with a lively, breezy writing style that can inspire them to read more.The articles in magazines are generally short, which allows a child to finish reading a feature article without losing interest due to a short attention span. The writing in magazines also tends to be easy to read, especially if it is a children’s publication.By allowing your child to read magazines at an early age, you are encouraging development of a useful skill. 67 Getting into the habit of reading periodicals as a child will foster the habit of reading news articles that may continue into adulthood.68 Magazine articles challenge students to think about issues they may have never considered or cause them to rethink their world view. Information is available in a wide variety of reading levels because magazines are written for every audience imaginable. Many publications cover the same material in different writing styles that might make it easier for your child to comprehend.Magazine ActivitiesReading magazines as a family can be used to introduce each other to the various interests that each family member possesses. When your children are finished with their magazines, encourage them to pass their issue on to a sibling or other family member.Once each family member has finished reading each magazine, you can use them for art and writing projects. These projects are for family members of all ages:1. Cut out pictures to help your preschool and kindergarten children learn their alphabet, numbers, and colors.2. 69 Paste the picture at the top of a page and have them write a story about what is happeningor what the picture represents.3. Clip pictures to create a collage. Many teenagers love using their artistic talents to collage.70 The skills that students utilize and strengthen when reading magazines can be applied to higher level reading and other academic subjects. Encouraging your child to read by giving them a magazine subscription could cause them to take the leap from being a reluctant reader to a voracious page-turner.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Becoming an Attractive EmployeeThe 2008 financial crisis created an unstable job market. Fast-forward to the present, and the economy has not fully recovered. Thus, it’s of vital importan ce for job seekers to carefully strategize their approach to job application. And it’s especially important for those new to the work force. They should look at making themselves as attractive as possible to employers.For young people, information technology skills will play an increasing role in the future. As the generation to have grown up in the Information Age, they are quite confident when it comes to showing off their interests and skills in this field. This makes them a natural fit for companies seeking expertise (专业技能) in technology, marketing and networking. They should emphasize these skills when applying for jobs that require the ability to multitask.Another attractive quality is experience. It’s important that an applicant’s resume list any activities that involved teamwork and goal-driven responsibilities. Membership in a sports or social club and participation as a volunteer are good examples of this. These activities involve goal management and planning along with the ability to focus while competing on a team. When hiring committees see this, they see a candidate who is capable of working in a variety of environments.Finally, an attractive quality when job-hunting is a great attitude toward a potential job. Young job seekers are known to be overconfident because they have been praised for everything they have done. But they must realize that the employment market is about how an employee will be a good fit for a company, not the other way around.In fact, in an interview, an important question to ask is: “What would be expected of me as an employee?”In today’s tough job market, young job seekers need to provide a potential employer with good reasons to hire them.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 我看到他换上徒步鞋，走向草坪。

2019年6月上海高考英语试题word精校版SummaryWriting（含试题-答案）2019年6月全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.It’s undeniable: Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool. There’s the excitement of doing what has never been done before the feeling that you’re living in the future. And when you’re the sole member of your social circle with the latest hot gadget, people stare in fascination. They ask you questions. They see you as the holder of powerful, secret knowledge for a little while, until the next big thing comes along. People tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness, which they pay in more ways than one. Don’t fall into the early adopter trap. Don’t join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media-hyped hardware: instead, wait and see.To put it frankly, early adoption is a bad investment. First, the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive, they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever be. Companies are presumably attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can, and they know that there are serious tech-lovers who will pay a great deal to be first. Once the revenues from early adopters’ purchases are safely in their hands, they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase: selling the product to everyone else. This is why the cost of the original iPhonedropped about U. S. 200 only eight months after its release. Plus, electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time. Prices of gadgets will fall shortly after release, and they will likely keep falling. Many new TV models drop significantly in price as little as ten days after hitting the market. Further, electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete (废弃的) so quickly. This means that early adopters pay the maximum price for an item that does not hold onto its value. The resale price of a cell phone or laptop can drop by fifty percent within just a few months.Speaking of becoming obsolete, those who are first to leap into a new technology risk wasting money and time on something that will never catch on. Another good reason to resist the early-adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost a lot in time and frustration. Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid beta testers and troubleshooters. Unless this sounds to you like a fun way to spend your time, don’t be among the first users. If you wai t to learn what the problems are with a new electronic gadget, you can look forward to a smoother experience or choose a less troublesome product.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 爷爷有点耳背，对他耐心一点。

新高考英语作文新题型(summary writing) 2019级高一英语学案新高考英语作文新题型——概要写作一、概要写作题型特点概要写作（summary）是指用简洁、精练的语言，对原文的主旨大意进行高度浓缩的一种写作形式。

这一题型考查学生通过阅读获取文章主旨大意和关键词的能力，同时也考查学生的写作能力，即用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。

因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。

从《考试说明》上对概要写作的评分原则以及各档次的给分范围和要求的规定中，我们可以发现概要写作有以下特点：1.客观性：概要写作是一种客观的复述，要全面、忠实地再现作者的思想，不能漏掉任何要点，也不能随意增加内容。

考生应通过释义的方式，用自己的语言呈现原文主要内容，不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法或做出任何评判。

2.简洁性：概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除原文中的细节、减少例证、简化描述内容以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义的完整。

3.连贯性：概要写作并不是写提纲那样只是要点的罗列。

写概要时，必须在各要点之间增加一些体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。

写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。

二、评分原则考试说明》中关于概要的评分原则中第一条：本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分；评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。

其中最高档次第五档（21-25分）的给分描述如下：理解准确，涵盖全部要点；能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑；完全使用自己的语言。

三、解题思路概要写作需要考生先通读全文，理解文章的主旨大意和关键词，然后根据文章的结构和逻辑关系，用自己的语言对主要内容进行浓缩，写出一篇语义连贯的短文。

2019年6月全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海听力试题（左上角的压缩文件为完整试题）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard1. A. A new bookstore. B. A new road. C. Good novels. D. The past history.2. A. He is a doctor of surgery. B. He was hurt yesterday because of an accident.C. He injured his back yesterday just by sneezing.D. He wants to look for a job at hospital.3. A. Excited. B. Serious. C. Impatient. D. Disappointed.4. A Xi’an. B. Chengdu. C. At home. D. In the company.5. A. She lives a healthy life now. B. He has a habit of drinking orange juice.C. He is too careful about his diet.D. He is used to taking regular exercise.6. A. Sun. B. Water. C. Fertilizer. D. Soil7. A. Some courses on reading. B. Some courses on writing.C. The habit of keeping a diary.D. Her potential talent.8. A. She is too busy to take exercises. B. She doesn’t have enough money.C. It’s unnecessary for her to take some lessons.D. She has never planned to play tennis.9. A. The park is far away from their home. B. He hates to walk to the park.C. He wants to drive his car to another park.D. It will be faster for them to drive to the park rather than walk.10. A. He is adding and reading the numbers. B. He is checking the financial report.C. He is rewriting the numbers of the report.D. He is trying to make the budget limited. Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the question will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. When they go forth into an area that they are unfamiliar with.B. When they are qualified to bring the story back.C. When they start an urgent project.D. When they have never written the same subject.12. A. Because he is a baseball fan all his life.B. Because he has interviewed a professional athlete.C. Because they are moved by the speaker’s sincerityD. Because the speaker has done some sports reporting before.13. A. Broaden the story with their own strength. B. Grow up happily and luckily.C. Get some unexpected results.D. Become a productive writer.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Creativity is production of something original and useful.B. Creativity happens on the right side of the brain.C. Creativity is related to the freedom from concrete facts.D. Everyone has his special creativity.15. A. By focusing on obvious facts and familiar solutions to see if the answer lies there.B. By scanning remote memories that could be vaguely relevant.C. By focusing our attention to search for a wide range of distant information.D. By cutting off the connection it may have with the problem before it escapes.16. A. The common sense about the production of creativity.B. The both sides of the brain working together to creativity.C. A sense of pleasure produced by the creativity.D. How difficult that we come up with a new single idea.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. Their plan for the summer vacation. B. The woman’s new job.C. Peter’s experience of volunteer.D. The spirit of activities.18. A. Supervising a volunteer program in a non-profit art gallery.B. Cleaning up the gallery every weekend.C. Donating cash and other things.D. Offering some part-time jobs to the young.19. A. Taking part in activities that are respected.B. Taking part in activities that are creative.C. Taking part in activities you show enthusiasm for.D. Taking part in activities you’re responsible for.20. A. Fund. B. Persistence. C. Acknowledgement. D. Respect.1-5 ACCBA 6-10 CCADA 11-15 ACABA 16-20 BCACB2019年6月上海市高考英语听力录音稿I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. M: Is there a new bookstore on Fuzhou Road?W: Yes, it’s got very good novels of the 20th century.Q: What are the speakers mainly talking about？2. W: Mike, are you OK?M: I injured my back yesterday just by sneezing. My doctor said I need surgeryQ: What can be learned about the man?3. M: Which team are you going to support?W: You’re not going to talk about football again, are you? That’s itQ: How does the woman feel about discussing footbal1?4. M: Mary is not in the company. Has she returned from Xi’an yet?W: Yes. But before she went to Chengdu yesterday, she had been home for only one day.Q: Where is Mary Now?5. M: What? Steven is drinking orange juice.W: You cannot believe it. Now, he’s careful about what he eats and takes regular exercise.Q: What does the woman imply about Steven?6. M: I’ve moved the flower into the garden and watered it every day. How come it is still not doing well? W: Well, why not add some fertilizer? M aybe that’ll helpQ: According to the woman, what may the flower need?7. M: Wow, you won the first prize in the writing contest. You haven’t taken any courses on reading and writing.W: But I’ve been keeping a diary since childhood.Q: According to the woman, what helped her win the contest?8. M: You like tennis so much. Why not take some lessons? They start next weekW: How am I going to fit that into my crowded schedule?Q: What does the woman mean?9. W: Walk to the park? You must be kidding! It takes only five minutes to drive there.M: If I had remembered to charge my carQ: What can be learned about the man?10. W: You’ve been dealing with that budget report for nearly an hour. Anything wrong?M: I keep adding and reading the numbers, but they just don’t balance.Q: What is the man doing?Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.It’s common for you, nonfiction writers, to go forth i nto an area you know little about. You may worry that you are not qualified to bring the story back. I feel that anxiety every time I start a new project. I felt it when I went to Bradenton to write my baseball book Spring training. Although I’ve been a ba seball fan all my life, I had never done any sports reporting, never interviewed a professional athlete. Any of the men I approached with a notebook could have asked. What else have you written about baseball? But nobody did.They didn’t ask, because I was sincere. It was obvious to those man that I really wanted to know how they did their work. Remember this. when you enter a new area and need a shot of confidence, whatmatters is how you do it. Also remember that your assignment may not be as narrow as you think. Often it will turn out to touch some unexpected corner of your experience or your education, enabling you to broaden the story with strength of your own. Every such production of the unfamiliar will reduce your fear.Questions:11. According to the speaker, when may non-fiction writers feel worried?12. Why didn’t nobody in Bradenton care about what the speaker had written before?13. According to the speaker, how does non-fiction writers’ experience or education benefit them? Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following talkThe accepted definition of creativity is production of something original and useful, and it is commonly thought that creativity occurs on the right side of the brain, and the arts play an important role in enhancing it. But according to a new research, creativity isn’t about freedom from concrete facts. Rather, fact-finding is vital in the creative process. It’s the result of both sides of your brain working together. To understand this. we need to take a look at what leads to creativity. When you try to solve a problem, you begin by concentrating on obvious facts and familiar solutions to see if the answer lies there. This is done mostly by the left side However, if the answer doesn’t come, the right and left sides of the brain activate together. The right side scans remote memories that could be vaguely relevantA wide range of distant information that is normally ignored becomes available to the left side. Then the left side catches whatever connection it may have with the problem. and quickly locks in on it before it escapes. With extremely focused attention, the brain quickly pulls together these pieces of thought and combines them into a new single idea, as the brain recognizes the originality of what it has come up with.a sense of pleasure will arise.Questions14. What do people commonly think of creativity?15. According to the passage, how does the left side of the brain contribute to creative process?16. What is the passage mainly about?Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.W: Hello. Peter. I heard you worked in a remote village last monthM: Yes, as a volunteer teaching in a primary school in southeastern China.W: A good choice for the summer vacationM: For me, it’s not only a choice, but a responsibility.W: You’re right. What can a volunteer generally do?M: Many things, like creating a change in the surroundings, providing shelter and food to the needy ones. W: So you mean volunteering is not just donating cash or things?M: Right! We prefer to call that charityW: How did you come up with the idea of volunteering?M: It was my father. He used to supervise a volunteer program in a non-profit art gallery.W. Was it a full-time job for him?M: No, in fact. a part-time job. He went to the gallery nearly every weekend.W: Wow, this requires great passionM: Sure. The best way to volunteer is to get involved in activities we are passionate aboutW: Have you had any difficulties as a volunteer?M: Definitely! Lack of respect, acknowledgement, and lack of funds now and then W: Oh, my! Many obstacles!M: So the most important spirit is perseveranceW: I’d like to join you someday.M: Any time.Questions17. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?18. What vo lunteer service did the man’s father do?19. What does the man think is the best way to volunteer?20. According to the man, which of the following is the most important for a volunteer?。

2019年上海高考英语试题(精校版) 1 普通高等学校招生全国统一考试上海英语试卷II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions : After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. In the presence of animals A professor of public health at UCLA says that pet ownership might provide a new form of health care. As far back as the 1790s, the elderly at a senior citizens’ home in England 21 (encourage) to spend time with farm animals. This would help patients ’ mental state more than the cruel therapies 22_______ (use) on the mentally ill at the time. In recent years, scientists have finally begun to find proofs 23 contact with animals to increase a sick person’s chance of survival and ha ve shown 24 (lower) heart rate, calm upset children, and get people to start a conversation. Scientists Scientists think think think t t hat hat animals’animals’companionship companionship is is is beneficial beneficial beneficial 25 25 animals animals are are are accepting accepting accepting and and attentive, and they don’t cri ticize or give orders. Animals have the unique ability to be more social. For example, visitors to nursing homes get get more social responses more social responses f rom from patients patients when they when they come with animal companions. Not only do people seem 26 (anxious) when animals are nearby, but they may also live longer. Studies show that a year 27 heart surgery, survival rates for heart patients were higher for those with pets in their homes than those without pets. Elderly people with pets make fewer fewer trips trips trips to to to doctors doctors doctors than than than those those those without without without animal animal animal companions, companions, companions, possibly possibly possibly because because because animals animals animals relieve relieve loneliness. Staying with animals is believed to create a peaceful state of mind, 28 (result) in a favorable environment for everyone. Research Research confirms confirms confirms that that that the the the findings findings findings concerning concerning concerning senior senior senior citizens citizens citizens can can can be be be applied applied applied to to to restless restless children. They are more easy-going when there are animals around, with 29 company they tend to calm down more easily. They involve 30 in playing with animals and the presence of animals conforms them greatly. Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. suspected B. fortunately C. invasions D. inevitable E. accustomed F. unreliable G. features H. acknowledged I. inclusion J. transferred K. instantly The The iPhone iPhone iPhone X, X, X, Apple’s Apple’s Apple’s new new new s s mart mart phone, phone, phone, is is is equipped equipped equipped with with with facial facial facial recognition. recognition. recognition. 31 31 , , its its scanner can unlock the system. It requires no buttons to be pressed, being always ready to read your face. Android users can expect similar 32 as well. For the millions of people who will soon depend on facial recognition to check their email, send a text or make a call, it will be quick, easy and pretty “cool cool”” to use. However, as we grow 33 to the technology, we cannot become numb to the problems that come with it. Facial recognition is already used everywhere. In China, police use the technology to identify people who jaywalk (乱穿马路). In the United State, more than half of all adults are in a facial recognition database that can be used for criminal investigation. Governments, however, are not the only users of facial recognition. Retailers (零售商) use the technology in their stores to identify 34 shoplifters. One social media app in Russia allows strangers to find out who you are just by taking a photo of you. However, However, different different different users users users of of of facial facial facial recognition recognition recognition produce produce produce different different different levels levels levels of of of accuracy. accuracy. accuracy. Camera Camera distance, lighting, facial pose all affect the accuracy. Officials at the New York Police Department, for example, have 35 at least five misidentifications by their facial recognition system. If the iPhone’iPhone’s new system is similarly 36 s new system is similarly 36 , no one will consider it to be acceptable security for our personal information. 37 , it probably won’t be. But for many of the systems elsewhere, mistakes and 38 of privacy might be unavoidable. As the smart phone of choice for many users, the iPhone’s 39 s 39 of facial recognition may encourage consumers to accept the technology elsewhere. However, even as we choose to explore the convenience facial recognition might offer, we should also be suspicious of the many ways it can be used. Facial recognition may well be 40 . Its risks need not be! III. Reading Comprehension (45%) Section A Directions : For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Famous people often say that the key to becoming both happy and successful is t o “do what you love.” But mastering a skill, even one t hat you deeply love, 41 a huge amount of dull work. Anyone Anyone who who who want want want to to to master master master a a a skill skill skill must must must run run run through through through the the the cycle cycle cycle of of of practice, practice, 42 feedback, modification, modification, and and and increasing increasing increasing improvement improvement improvement again, again, again, again again again and and and again. again. again. Some Some Some people people people seem seem seem able able able to to concentrate concentrate on on on practicing practicing practicing an an an activity activity activity like like like this this this for for for years years years and and and take take take pleasure pleasure pleasure in in in their their their gradual gradual improvement. improvement. Y et Y et others others others find find find this this this kind kind kind of of of focused, focused, focused, time-intensive time-intensive time-intensive work work work to to to be be 43 or or boring. boring. Why? The The difference difference difference may may may turn turn turn on on on the the the ability ability ability to to to enter enter enter into into into a a a state state state of of of “f “f “flow,low,low,”” the the feeling feeling feeling of of of being being completely 44 in what you are doing. Whether you call it being “in the zone,” or something else, a flow state is a special experience. Since Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi developed the 45 of flow in the 1970’s, it has been a mainstay of positive-psychology research. Flow states can happen in the course of any activity, and they are most common when a task has well-defined goals and is at a(n) 46 skill level, and where the individual is able to 47 their performance to clear and immediate feedback. Csikszentmihalyi Csikszentmihalyi suggested suggested suggested that that that those those those who who who most most 48 entered entered into into into flow flow flow states states states had had had an an “auto “autotelic telic telic personality personality personality ((自带目的性人格)” a a disposition disposition disposition to to to seek seek seek out out out challenges challenges challenges and and and get get get into into into a a state state of of of flow. flow. flow. While While While those those those without without without such such such a a a personality personality personality see see see difficulties, difficulties, difficulties, autotelic autotelic autotelic individuals individuals individuals see see opportunities to build skills. Autotelic individuals are receptive and open to new challenges. They are are also also 49 and and have have have low low low levels levels levels of of of self-centeredness. self-centeredness. self-centeredness. Such Such Such people, people, people, with with with their their their capacity capacity capacity for for “disinterested int e re ere erest” have a great st” have a great 50 over others in developing their innate abilities. Fortunately Fortunately for for for those those those of of of us us us who who who aren’t aren’t 51 blessed blessed with with with an an an autotelic autotelic autotelic personalily, personalily, personalily, there there there is is evidence that flow states can can be be 52 by environmental factors. 53 , , the the the learning learning framework prescribed by Montessori schools seems to encourage flow states. While there isn’t (yet) a pill that can turn mundane practice into a thrilling activity for anyone, it t (yet) a pill that can turn mundane practice into a thrilling activity for anyone, it is is heartening heartening heartening that that that we we we seem, seem, seem, at at at least least least to to to some some 54 , , to to to be be be able able able to to to nudge nudge nudge ourselves ourselves ourselves toward toward toward flow flow states. states. By By By giving giving giving ourselves ourselves ourselves unstructured, unstructured, unstructured, open-ended open-ended open-ended time, time, time, minimal minimal 55 , , and and and a a a task task task set set set at at at a a moderate level of difficulty, we may be able to love what we’re doing while we put in the hard work practicing the things we loving doing. 41. A. inquires B. requires C. acquires D. gains 42. A. preventable B. maintainable C. sustainable D. critical 43. A. frustrating B. encouraging C. concerning D. instructing 44. A. improved B. indicated C. involved D. inspired 45. A. concept B. receipt C. reception D. condition 46. A. alternative B. appropriate C. approximate D. sufficient 47. A. make B. adopt C. adapt D. adjust 48. A. fully B. really C. readily D. accidentally 49. A. generous B. persistent C. courageous D. resistant 50. A. addict B. advance C. advantage D. admire 51. A. necessarily B. obviously C. gradually D. occasionally 52. A. forbidden B. functioned C. fastened D. facilitated 53. A. In particular B. For example C. In conclusion D.In comparison 54. A. intention B. degree C. purpose D. extension 55. A. temptation B. charming C. attractions D. distractions Section B Directions : Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read. (A) The adaptation of books to the big screen is nothing new to our society. Books have become well-respected tools for creating a better Hollywood. However, films should be just as respected for their ability to create better writers. The main skill films help writers develop is attention to progress. Most directors and screenwriters know that the majority of people are not willing to sit through a five-hour film. Thus, every scene must have a purpose. This is a vital objective to keep in mind when writing a novel or short story. With most writing courses placing emphasis on literary techniques, it is easy to become more invested in diction than with actually moving the plot forward. Films remind the writer that while a novel ought to have some degree of literary complexity, the goal at the end of each chapter, page, or sentence is simple: keep the story moving. Films not only help writers develop a plot, but also also help help help writers writers writers develop develop develop specific specific specific moments moments moments within within within their their their stories. stories. stories. Although Although Although writing writing writing a a a means means means of of expression, not all things are easy to express in writing, especially facial expressions and emotions. Films Films allow allow allow writers writers writers to to to study study study the the the bodily bodily bodily and and and emotional emotional emotional actions actions actions that that that make make make characters characters characters read read read more more realistically and make stories more tempting. Lastly, Lastly, sometimes sometimes sometimes it it it takes takes takes a a a film film film to to to bring bring bring about about about a a a story story story idea idea idea in in in the the the first first first place. place. place. Stop Stop Stop using using using a a horribly specific or extremely uninteresting prompt. A pleasing theme or aesthetic can be enough to inspire a character or setting. As writers, whether fiction or independent, our works often arise from the things we see around us or the things we wish we could see. Nonetheless, our works also arise from from the the the visuals visuals visuals that that that have have have been been been created created created for for for us. us. us. As As As literature literature literature continues continues continues to to to enter enter enter the the the film film film industry, industry, perhaps we should make use of film techniques in our literature. 56. 56. Reminded by films, a writer can move the plot forward by Reminded by films, a writer can move the plot forward by . A. keeping in mind that every word should mean something. B. providing a description of as many details as possible. C. paying attention to further enhancing literary complexity. D. choosing the perfect word to go with his/her thought. 57. According to the postage, films help writers develop in many aspects except . A. getting an improved expressiveness B. focusing on keeping the story moving. C. complicating their thinking and life. D. bringing in inspiration for new works. 58. The word “prompt prompt”” (paragraph 4) probably means . A. a reason to write. B. a topic to start from. C. an excuse to put off working. D. an element to attract relationship. 59. Which of the following statement s best represents the author’s thoughts in this passage?A. book writers are the ones promoting the growth of the film industry. B. directors and screenwriters are more respected than fiction writers. C. writers should spend more time on wording rather than on other things. D. filmmaking technique could help book writers to improve themselves. (B) American Airlines Date of Issue: 233 JAN 10 Ping Luo: Thank Thank you you you for for for choosing choosing choosing American American American Airlines/American Airlines/American Airlines/American Eagle, Eagle, Eagle, a a a member member member of of of the the the one one one world world TMAlliance. Below is your journey plan for the ticket(s) purchased. Please print and keep possession of this document for use throughout your trip. Record locator: HPMDLH You may check in and obtain your boarding pass for U.S. domestic electronic tickets within 24 hours of your flight time online at AA. Come by using / checkin or at a Self-Service Check-In Check-In machine machine machine at at at the the the airport. airport. airport. For For For faster faster faster check-in check-in check-in at at at the the the airport, airport, airport, scan scan scan the the the barcode barcode barcode at at at any any any AA AA Self-Service machine. Effective Effective February February February 1, 1, 1, American American American Airlines Airlines Airlines will will will be be be cashless cashless cashless onboard onboard onboard all all all flights. flights. flights. For For For in-flight in-flight purchases, purchases, we we we will will will accept accept accept Citi Citi ○R /A /A Advantage Advantage ○R MasterCard ○Rand and other other other major major major credit credit credit or or or debit debit cards cards only. only. only. Cashless Cashless Cashless cabins cabins cabins will will will not not not be be be implemented implemented implemented onboard onboard onboard American American American Eagle Eagle Eagle and and and American American Connection flights … only cash will continue to be accepted onboard those flights. eTicket Carrier Flight number Departing Arriving Booking Code City Date & time City Time American Airlines 4290 NASHVILLE SUN, 31 JAN 11:05 AM CHICAGO OHARE 12:40 PM Q OPERATED BY AMERICAN EAGLE Ping Luo Economy Seats 9C Food for Purchase American Airline 4131 CHICAGO OHARE SUN 31 JAN 2:40 TM MADISON 3:25 PM Q OPERATED BY AMERICAN EAGLE Ping Luo Economy Seats 17C Food for Purchase 60. 60. The above document serves as _______. The above document serves as _______. A. evidence of booked tickets. B. explanations of check-in policies. C. a reminder of airline regulations. D. an airline ticket and its confirmation. 61. During his journey, Ping Luo will . A. fly non-stop to his destination. B. arrive in Chicago in the late afternoon of the same day. C. have to stay at CHICAGO OHARE airport for two hours. D. reach his final destination on the next day. 62. 62. According to the document, in order to check in at the airport faster, a passenger may According to the document, in order to check in at the airport faster, a passenger may . A. arrive at the airport far ahead of time. B. choose the seat in advance. C. use a self-service machine. D. contact the record locator online. (C) There There are are are classes classes classes for for for the the the mothers mothers mothers of of of babies, babies, babies, but but but there there there’s ’s ’s no no no helping helping helping with with with your your your mum mum mum and and and dad dadgrowing old. Old people’s wards are hell for old people. G eriatric wards are bedlam and bonkers. A toothless woman screaming when left alone, a cry that reaches the high hospital ceiling. A woman effing and blinding — the polite curtain will not protect her from the indignity of a happy change. A woman who lives the same moment in repeat, dressed up for going home in a bright red, over the dressing grown, asking for the key to her house, sa ying over and over: “Am I going home today?”And though my mum, by the time she was released, knew that her life was charmed compared with the lives of t he world’s refugees. It seems to me as if the plight (困境) of old people, while not as as horrible horrible horrible as as as the the the plight plight plight of of of refugees, refugees, refugees, shares shares shares some some some of of of the the the horror. horror. horror. Just Just Just as as as we we we live live live in in in a a a society society society that that hasn’hasn’t caught up with technology, the kind of moral choices it gives people, we also live in a world t caught up with technology, the kind of moral choices it gives people, we also live in a world t hat hat hasn’t hasn’t hasn’t kept kept kept up up up with with with its its its ageing ageing ageing population. population. population. We We We have have have the the the advances advances advances in in in medical medical medical science science science and and technology technology that that that have have have kept kept kept people people people alive alive alive longer, longer, longer, but but but not not not the the the advances advances advances in in in how how how to to to treat treat treat our our our ageing ageing population. Society is lagging behind the old, failing and falling. There There are are are certain certain certain small small small but but but piercing piercing piercing similarities similarities similarities between between between the the the treatment treatment treatment of of of the the the old old old and and and the the treatment of refugees. The old are often displaced from their homes, moved out against their will; decisions are often made for them that they have no say over. Often, they are treated as fools or halfwits, crowded t ogether in one place, given clothes that don’t belong to them, treated as a fallen tribe, incapable of any individuality. Nobody imagined my mother was a secretary of the Scottish peace peace movement, movement, movement, a a a primary primary primary teacher, teacher, teacher, a a a lifelong lifelong lifelong socialist, socialist, socialist, a a a witty witty witty woman. woman. woman. Out Out Out of of of hospital, hospital, hospital, my my 85-year-old 85-year-old mum mum mum said: said: said: “going “going “going into into into hospital hospital hospital at at at my my my age age age puts puts puts years years years on on on you. you. you. God God God save save save from from from old old people’s wards. You never think of yourself as old. You look across t he ward and think, am I like t hat?”63. The treatment of the old is compared of that of the refugees in order to . A. prove they have a lot in common B. show the terrible status of the old C. display their similarities and differences D. indicate that old people have to leave their home 64. What can be interred from the passage? A. Refugees lead a better life than old male patients. B. Old people are ill-treated due to their loss of individuality. C. T he author’s mom is capable of teaching and being a socialist in the meanwhile. s mom is capable of teaching and being a socialist in the meanwhile. D. T he treatment of the ageing population doesn’t develop as science advances.65. T he author’s mom felt that life in the hospital s mom felt that life in the hospital . A. made her much older. B. created her a mature woman. C. enable her to look back at life. D. let her full of gratitude to children. 66. The passage mainly discussed . A. the life of refugees and old people. B. social responsibility to old women. C. improper treatment of old people. D. preparing for ageing parents. Section C Directions : Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can he used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A. Clear solutions already exist for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. B. Despite this, how our dietary choices affect climate change is often underestimated. C. Food, especially livestock, also lakes up a lot of room D. In developed countries, vegetarianism would bring all sorts of environmental and health benefits. E. No matter how much their carnivorous friends might deny it, vegetarians have a point: cutting out meat delivers multiple benefits. F. Though a relatively small increase in agricultural land, this would more than make up for the loss of meat. What would happen if the world suddenly went vegetarian? People become vegetarians for a variety of reasons. Some do it to make animal suffering, others because they want to pursue a healthier lifestyle. Still others are fans of sustainability or wish to reduce reduce greenhouse greenhouse greenhouse gas gas gas emissions. emissions. 67 And And the the the more more more who who who make make make the the the switch, switch, switch, the the the more more more those those perks would manifest on a global scale. Jarvis and other experts at Colombia’s Inte rnational Centre for Tropical Agriculture carried out researches to see what might happen if meat dropped off the planet’s m enu overnight. menu overnight. First they examined climate change. Food production accounts for one-quarter to one-third of all greenhouse greenhouse gas gas gas emissions emissions emissions from from from human human human activities activities activities worldwide, worldwide, worldwide, and and and the the the worst worst worst of of of responsibility responsibility responsibility for for those numbers falls to the livestock industry. 68 In the US, for example, an average family of four emits more greenhouse gases because of the meat they eat than from driving two cars but it is cars, not steaks, that regularly come up in discussions about global warming. 69 Of Of the the the world’s world’s world’s approximately approximately approximately 12 12 12 billion billion billion acres acres acres of of of agricul agricul agricultural tural tural land, land, land, 68% 68% 68% is is is used used used for for livestock. Should we all go vegetarian, ideally we would give at least 80% of that pastureland (牧场) to to the the the restoration restoration restoration of of of grasslands grasslands grasslands and and and forests, forests, forests, which which which would would would capture capture capture carbon carbon carbon and and and further further further alleviate alleviate climate change. The remaining 10 to 20% of former pastureland could be used for growing more crops to fill gaps in the food supply. 70 That That’s because one’s because one -third of the land currently used for crops is -third of the land currently used for crops is dedicated to producing food for livestock not for humans. Summary Writing: Directions : Read Read the the the following following following passage. passage. passage. Summarize Summarize Summarize the the the main main main idea idea idea and and and the the the main main main point(s) point(s) point(s) of of of the the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Learning by Rote in the Digital Age Rote Rote learning learning learning has has has become become become seen seen seen as as as an an an outdated outdated outdated method method method of of of teaching. teaching. teaching. The The The dictionary dictionary dictionary defines defines learning ‘by rote’ a s : ‘from memory, without thought of the meaning: in a mechanical way’.The The decline decline decline of of of rote rote rote learning learning learning has has has been been been quickened quickened quickened by by by technology. technology. technology. No No No one one one needs needs needs to to to memorize memorize friends’ phone numbers or email addresses because such data is conv eniently stored and accessible electronically. And why remember when and where World War Two broke out when you can find the answer on the Internet in about 6 seconds? But now there are voices for a need to return to rote learning. In fact, memorizing key data is essential to learning any skill. Doctoring requires knowledge of medicine medicine and and and lawyering lawyering lawyering requires requires requires knowledge knowledge knowledge of of of cases cases cases and and and laws. laws. laws. Of Of Of course, course, course, being being being able able able to to to recall recall things will not further your understanding of those things, but without memorizing these foundation elements, you cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject. While the Internet and computers have weakened the need for us 10 remember things, it may well be that mobile learning can help bring this style of learning back to life by making it more convenient and more fun. Drilling yourself with flashcards or by repetition is usually hard and boring work, which is why most most people people people need need need their their their multiplication multiplication multiplication tables tables tables to to to be be be drilled drilled drilled into into into them them them by by by teachers teachers teachers or or or parents. parents. parents. Rote Rote learning learning without without without a a a willing willing willing third third third party party party can can can be be be a a a battle battle battle of of of discipline discipline discipline and and and motivation. motivation. motivation. But But But mobile mobile learning learning can can can make make make those those those flashcards flashcards flashcards and and and drills drills drills more more more appropriate appropriate appropriate to to to individual individual individual study; study; study; our our our digital digital devices can challenge and inform us at the same time and also keep us motivated, whether through game-like structures or recording our progress. Once you’ve acquired the e ssentials of a subject by rote learning, you will find it easier to go deeper in the application of knowledge which is important. V . Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets . 1. 李雷宁愿受罚也不愿说谎。