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AbsoluteX，Y X，Y轴的绝对坐标Abstract 抽象，抽象类Access Microsoft公司的一种数据库软件产品Activate 激活，使某数据框架进入操作状态Alias 字段假名Aligned，Alignment 字符注记对齐Allocation 空间配置，邻近分配Animation 动画Annotation 地图注记、注记要素Application 应用，应用单元Attribute 属性Attribute Table 属性表BBackground 地图显示、制图的背景Band 影响波段Barrier 网络障碍Basic Tool Bar 基本工具条BMP 一种通用的图像数据格式Border 地图外框线、图廓线Brightness 图像显示亮度Buffer 邻近、缓冲Buffer Zone 邻近区、缓冲区CCAD(Computer Aided Design and Drafting) 计算机辅助设计与绘图CAD Feature Dataset CAD数据集Callout 引线式注记Catalog 目录表、目录窗口Categories 定性分类Cell 栅格单元Cell Size 栅格单元大小Charts 统计图Class 类Classification 分类Clip 裁剪、一种叠合处理方式CoClass 组件类Closest Facility 最近设施Cluster Tolerance 线簇容差Color Ramp 色彩过渡表Commands 命令Connectivity 网络连接Contract 图像显示的对比度Contour 等值线、等高线Control Point 校正坐标用的控制点Coordinate System 坐标系、坐标系统Copy Parallel 平行复制Cost Distance 考虑成本距离Cost Weighted Distance 以成本为权重的距离Coverage ArcInfo的一种空间数据格式Customize 自定义Cut/Fill 填挖方DDangle Node 悬结点Data Frame 数据框架Data Frame Properties 数据框架特征设置Data Source 数据源Data View 数据视图Dataset 数据集dBase 一种数据库管理软件的名称DBF，dbf 一种属性数据库的文件格式Delta X，Y X，Y轴的偏移坐标Density 密度DGN 一种CAD数据文件格式Digitizing 数字化，矢量要素输入计算机Dimension 相对距离注记Dirty Area 存在违反拓扑规则要素的范围Display Units 地图显示单位Dissove 多边形归并、融合Drawing Tool Bar 绘图工具条Drop Shadow 使制图工具具有阴影效果Dot Density 点密度地图DXF CAD数据交换格式DWG CAD文件格式EEdge 网络边线Edge Match 地图接边Element 图形元素Elevation 高程End 网络线段、网络边线的端点End Node 线要素的终点、终结点Endpoint 同End NodeEqual Interval 等间距分类Extend 线要素延伸Extent 数据的空间范围Extensions 扩展、软件的扩展模块FFacility 设施Feature 要素、地理要素Feature Attribute Table 要素属性表Feature Class 要素类Feature Dataset 要素数据集FGDC(Federal Geographic DataCommittee) 美国联邦地理数据委员会Field 属性表的字段Fill Symbol 填充符号Fillet 加圆角From Point 网络线段的起点，起始端点GGeodatabase 地理数据库、空间数据库Geographic Coordinate System 地理坐标系Geometric Network 几何网络Geoprocessing 地学处理、空间处理Graduated Fill Symbol 渐变填充符号Graduated Colors 颜色渐变图Graduated Symbol 符号渐变图Graph 统计图Graphic 图形Graphic Element 图形要素Graphic Text 图形注记Grid 格网HHistogram 直方图Hyperlink 超链接IIcon 图标Identify 要素识别、显示要素的属性Image 影像、图像Image Adjust 影像配准Incident 网络分析中的事件Index 索引INFO ArcInfo的属性数据库，和Coverage对应Impedance 网络阻抗Integer 整型数据Interpolate，Interpolation 插值、空间插值ISO 国际标准化组织Item 数据项JJoin 连接表和表合并Junction 网络中线段端点和端点的交汇处JPEG 一种通用图像数据格式LLabel 图例标注Latitude 纬度、纬线Layer 地图图层、专题图层Layer Properties 图层特征Layer File 图层设置文件Layout 地图布局Legend 图例Line Symbol 线装要素符号Linear Reference 线性参考Longitude 经度、经线MMacro 宏命令Map Document 地图文档Map Element 地图制图元素Map Topology 地图拓扑Match to symbol in a style 匹配某个格式文件中的符号Merge 要素合并Metadata 元数据Multi Band 多波段影像Multi-part Feature 组合要素，一个要素由多个部分合并而成Multiple Attributes 多重属性NNatural Breaks 自然区间分类Neatline 图廓线Network 网络Network Dataset 网络数据集Normalization 归一化OOverlay 叠合、叠置Overshoot 线过长OMDs 对象模型图OLE 对象嵌入和链接PPan 图形平移Parallel 平行Perpendicular 垂线Precision 精度Proportional Symbols 比例分配图Proximity 邻近、相邻Pseduo Node 伪结点Pyramids 金字塔数据结构、数据索引RReflection 偏转角度Residual Error 残差，坐标转换后控制点坐标和参照点坐标的差距RMS 坐标转换残差Rubber Sheeting 橡皮拉伸、坐标拉伸TThiessen 泰森多边形Thumbnail 缩略图Tolerance 容差Trim 线要素剪切。
地理信息系统GIS--GIS词典Address matching一种用来在两个使用地址的文件将进行关联的机制。
地理坐标和属性可以从一个地址转换成另一个。
举例来说,一个学生包含地址的文件可以映射到一个街道图层上,该图层包含了学生居住点的点图层的地址。
ADS弧段数字化系统。
一种数字化和编辑的简单系统,用来向图层上添加弧段和标签点。
Allocation在最大阻抗或资源容量范围内于网络终止拍到最近中心的弧段的过程。
AM/FM是英文Automated Mapping/Facilities Management的缩写，是一种基于地理信息上的设备和生产技术管理的计算机图文交互系统，也是一种将图形技术与数据库管理技术相结合的计算机应用软件系统，采用AM/FM系统，能实现输配电网络系统的规划、建设、报装、调度、运行、检修和营业用电的计算机辅助管理，是目前在公共事业单位对分散设备（相对发电厂、钢厂等在地理上相对集中的集中设备而言）进行计算机辅助管理的先进、实用和理想的应用软件系统。
AM/FM系统是在地理信息系统（GIS）的基础上，根据设备工程管理的需要和生产技术管理的要求而开发的一种用于生产运行单位的新的信息管理系统，在很多场合也用AM/FM/GIS来代表AM/FM系统。
Annotation1.对图层特征物进行描述的文本，用来显示而不用于分析．2.在图层中用来标签其他特征物的一个特征类。
其信息包含一个字符串,字符串显示位置和文本特征信息(颜色,字体,大小等)。
又见TAT。
ANSI美国国家标准组织是一个全国性的标准化协调组织。
也是一个批准与撤消公认标准的组织,ANSI与国际标准组织关系密切,尤其是ISO,共同致力于发展国际标准,因其在当今社会的方方面面的影响,他们在SQL与空间扩展SQL方面的工作引起了GIS界的极大关注。
API应用程序接口。
API是一组调用操作系统或其他程序而获得访问服务的例行程序。
API允许一个程序与其他程序(可能是其他机器上的)协同工作。
地信英文术语地理信息系统（GIS）相关的英文术语有很多，以下是一些常见的术语：1.地理信息系统（GIS）：Geographic Information System2.地理数据（Geographic Data）：Data that has a spatial component, often collected to describe features and their attributes.3.地图（Map）：A visual representation of geographic information, showing features and their relationships.4.矢量数据（Vector Data）：Data that is stored as points, lines, and polygons, representing real-world features.5.栅格数据（Raster Data）：Data that is stored as a grid of cells, representing continuous surfaces like elevation or temperature.6.空间数据库（Spatial Database）：A database that can store, index, and query spatial data efficiently.7.地理参照（Georeference）：The process of associating spatial information with a specific location on the Earth's surface.8.地理编码（Geocoding）：The process of converting street addresses or other point locations into coordinates (latitude and longitude).9.地理信息服务（GeoServices）：A service that provides access to GIS data and functionality over the web.10.空间分析（Spatial Analysis）：The process of using spatial data to answer questions about features' relationships, patterns, and processes.11.拓扑（Topology）：The study of the relationships between geometric objects in a space, often used in vector data analysis.12.瓦片（Tile）：A square or rectangular portion of a map or raster image that is served individually or in a stitched mosaic for display on a web map or mobile application.13.瓦片地图服务（Tile Map Service）：A service that provides pre-rendered map tiles for display on web or mobile applications.14.地理信息系统软件（GIS Software）：Software used to create, manage, analyze, and visualize geographic data.15.地图投影（Map Projection）：The transformation of the three-dimensional surface of the Earth to a two-dimensional plane for display on a map.16.地图代数（Map Algebra）：A set of techniques for combining, manipulating, and analyzing map layers using spatial analysis operators and map algebra expressions.希望这些信息能帮助您更好地理解和使用这些术语！。
Source text翻译abscissa横坐标absolute accuracy绝对精度absolute coordinates绝对坐标absorption吸收abstraction抽取accuracy精度across-track scanner跨径扫描仪active remote sensing主动遥感Add Data添加数据address geocoding地址地理编码address locator地址定位器address matching地址匹配Advanced Very High Resolution高级甚高分辨率辐射仪Radiometeragreement licensee协议被许可人air station航摄站alidade照准仪along-track scanner沿径扫描仪alphanumeric grid字母数字网格anaglyph视差立体图analog image模拟图像analysis mask分析掩模anisotropy各向异性antipode对跖点apogee远地点arc弧architecture架构archive档案argument参数arithmetic expression算术表达式aspatial data非空间数据aspect ratio纵横比astrolabe星盘atlas grid地图集网格atmospheric window大气窗口atomic clock原子钟attenuation衰减authentication身份验证author作者autocorrelation自相关automated cartography自动化制图automation scale自动化比例autovectorization自动矢量化axis轴azimuthal projection方位投影backscatter后向散射band波段band ratio波段比band-pass filter带通滤波器bandwidth带宽bar scale比例尺 (图形比例尺) base layer底层base station基站batch批量batch geocoding批量地理编码batch processing批处理batch vectorization批量矢量化bathymetric curve等深线battleships grid战舰网格Bayesian statistics贝叶斯统计bearing方位角Bézier curve贝塞尔曲线bilinear interpolation双线性内插法binding绑定binomial distribution二项式分布biogeography生物地理学blind digitizing盲目数字化block group街区群block kriging块段克里金法bookmark书签boolean 1.布尔数据类型; 2.布尔值Boolean operator布尔运算符boundary边界boundary line界线boundary monument界标boundary survey边界测量bounding rectangle边界矩形Bowditch rule包狄法则break point断点breakline断裂线browser浏览器buffer area缓冲区business logic业务逻辑CAD 计算机辅助设计(computer-aided design)cadastral survey地籍测量cadastre地籍calibration校准,定标callout line标注线camera station摄站capacity容量cardinal point方位基点cardinality基数Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系cartogram统计图cartographer制图员cartography制图学cartouche地图饰框catalog tree目录树catchment流域categorical raster类目栅格celestial sphere天球cell size栅格大小cells栅格cellular automaton元胞自动机census block人口普查区块census geography人口普查地理学center中心点centerline中心线centerpoint中点central meridian中央子午线centroid重心chart图表chi-square statistic卡方统计choropleth map面量图chroma色度chronometer天文钟circle圆circular variance圆方差civilian code民用码Clarke Belt克拉克带Clarke ellipsoid克拉克椭球Clarke spheroid克拉克椭球面clearinghouse(信息或服务)交换中心clinometric map坡度图code-phase GPS码相位 GPScognitive map认知图coincident重叠cokriging协同克里金法command命令command line命令行compass north罗经北compass point罗经点compass rose罗经盘compass rule罗盘仪法则compression program压缩程序computational geometry计算几何学conformal projection等角投影,保角投影,正形投影conformality保形性conic projection圆锥投影conjoint boundary共同边界constant azimuth恒定方位containment包含Content Standard for Digital Geospatial数字地理空间元数据的内容标准Metadatacontinuous raster连续栅格contour等高线,等值线contour drawings等高线图,等值线图contour interval等高线间距,等值线间距contour line等高线,等值线contour tagging等高线标注,等值线标注contrast ratio对比度contrast stretch对比度扩展convergence angle收敛角conversion转换convex hull凸包coordinate geometry坐标几何学coordinate system 坐标系coordinated universal time协调世界时correlation相关corridor analysis走廊分析, 廊道分析county subdivision县级分区covariance协方差coverage 1.覆盖面；2.ESRI图层cracking裂化Crandall rule Crandall 法则crop guide裁切参考线crop marks裁切标记cross correlation交叉相关cross covariance交叉协方差cross tabulation交叉表cross validation交叉验证cross variogram交叉变差函数cubic convolution立方卷积插值法cultural feature人文要素cultural geography文化地理学curb approach路边通道curve fitting曲线拟合customizations自定义cylindrical projection圆柱投影dangle length悬线长度dangle tolerance悬线容差dangling arc悬弧dasymetric mapping分区制图（多用于人口数据）data management数据管理data table数据表dataset数据集datum基准DBMS 数据库管理系统(data-base management system)dead reckoning航位推测法declination 1.偏角;2.磁偏角degree slope坡度Delaunay triangulation德洛内三角delimiter分隔符demography人口统计学densify增密densitometer密度计density slicing密度分割deploy部署或安装（硬件、软件等）depression contour洼地等高线depth contour等深线depth curve深度曲线descending node降交点desire-line analysis期望线分析desktop桌面desktop clients桌面客户端Desktop GIS桌面 GISdestination目标determinate flow direction确定性流向deterministic model确定性模型detrending趋势分离developable surface可展表面developer开发人员development environment开发环境diazo process重氮晒印法difference差异differential correction差分校正differential Global Positioning System差分全球定位系统diffusion扩散Digital elevation model数字高程模型Digital Geographic Information数字化地理信息交换标准Exchange StandardDigital Geographic Information Working数字地理信息工作组Groupdigital image processing数字图像处理digital line graph数字线划图digital nautical chart数字海图digital number数值digital orthophoto quadrangle数字正射影像图digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle数字正射影像象限图digital raster graphic数字栅格图digital terrain elevation data 数字地形高程数据digital terrain model数字地形模型digitizer数字化仪Dijkstra’s algorithm狄捷斯特拉算法dilution of precision精度衰减因子dimension尺寸，维，维度directed network flow有向网络流direction方向Dirichlet tessellation荻瑞斯莱特镶嵌，荻瑞斯莱特剖分discovery发现discrete data离散数据discrete digitizing离散数字化discrete raster离散栅格数据displacement位移display scale显示比例display unit显示单位dissemination扩散,传播distance距离distance decay距离衰减distance unit距离单位distortion变形district地区dithering抖动diurnal arc周日弧docking停靠Doppler shift多普勒位移Doppler-aided GPS多普勒辅助 GPSdot density map点密度图dot distribution map点分布图double precision双精度double-coordinate precision双坐标精度Douglas-Peucker algorithm道格拉斯-普克算法downstream下游drafting描绘draping叠加，披盖drift漂移drive-time area驾车时间区drop-down list下拉列表drum scanner鼓式扫描仪Dual Independent Map Encoding双重独立坐标地图编码dynamic zoom动态缩放easting东距eccentricity偏心率ecliptic黄道edge边edgematching边缘匹配elastic transformation弹性变形electromagnetic spectrum电磁光谱electronic atlas电子地图集electronic navigational chart电子航海图element元素elevation guide高程指南ellipsoid椭球体ellipticity椭圆率end offset末端偏移endpoint端点enterprise GIS企业级 GISentity objects实体对象envelope包络矩形environmental model环境模型ephemeris星历表equal competition area平等竞争区equal-area classification等积分类equal-area projection等积投影equal-interval classification等距分类equatorial plane赤道面equidistant projection等距投影ESRI Data ESRI 数据event事件exponent指数export导出exposure station摄站expression表达式extended扩展extent范围extrapolation外插法extrude拉伸extrusion拉伸face平面false easting东移假定值false northing北移假定值feature要素Federal Geographic Data Committee美国联邦地理数据委员会field字段fill填充fillet圆角filter过滤器，过滤flow direction流向flow map流向图focal analysis邻域分析focal functions邻域函数form地形，形式fractal分形framework框架frequency频率from-node起点Full Extent完整范围fuzzy boundary模糊边界fuzzy classification模糊分类fuzzy set模糊集合fuzzy tolerance模糊容差Gauss-Krüger projection高斯-克吕格投影generalization概化，（数据库或地图的）综合技术geocentric coordinate system 地心坐标系geocode地理编码geocoding地理编码geocomputation地理计算geodata地理数据geodatabase地理数据库geodatabase data model地理数据库数据模型geodataset地理数据集geodesic测地线geodetic测地学geographic coordinate system地理坐标系geographic information science地理信息学Geographic Information System (GIS)地理信息系统(GIS)geography地理学geography level地理等级Geography Markup Language地理标记语言geoid大地水准面geoid-ellipsoid separation大地水准面-地球椭球面分离geolocation几何定位geometric coincidence几何重叠geometric correction几何校正geometric dilution of precision几何精度衰减因子geometric network几何网络geometric transformation几何变换geometry几何学geomorphology地貌学geoprocessing地理处理georectification地理校正georeference地理参考georeferencing地理参考georelational data model地理相关数据模型geospatial data地理空间数据geospatial data clearinghouse地理空间数据交换中心geospatial technology地理空间技术geospecific model地学相关模型geostationary对地静止geostatistics地理统计学geosynchronous对地同步geotypical model典型地理模型GIS地理信息系统GIScience地理信息学Global Navigation Satellite System全球卫星导航系统Global Positioning System全球定位系统global spatial data infrastructure全球空间数据基础架构glyph字形gnomonic projection日晷投影Go to XY转至 XYGPS全球定位系统grad梯度 (原英文单词可能有误) gradian梯度gradient坡度，斜率graticule经纬网gravimeter重力计gravimetric geodesy大地重力学gravity model引力模型gray scale灰度great circle大圆Greenwich mean time格林尼治标准时间Greenwich meridian格林尼治子午线grid网格grid cell网格单元ground大地,地面GUI GUI (图形用户界面) hachure晕渲线Hamiltonian circuit汉密尔顿回路Hamiltonian path汉密尔顿路径height高度Helmert transformation线性正形变换hemisphere半球heuristic试探算法，试探函数hexadecimal十六进制High Accuracy Reference Network高精度基准网High Precision Geodetic Network高精度大地基准网hillshading坡面阴影，晕渲histogram equalization直方图均衡化hole孔洞horizontal geodetic datum水平大地基准human geography人文地理学hydrography水文地理学hydrologic cycle水循环hydrology水文学hyperlink超链接hypsography测高学，地势图hypsometric curve等高线hypsometric map地势图hypsometry测高法Identify识别identity link一致性链接illumination照度image coordinate图像坐标image data图像数据image division图像除法运算image scale图像比例尺image space图像空间imager成像仪impedance阻抗import导入IMS IMS (网络地图服务器,Internet Map Server)incident energy入射能量index索引index map索引图infrared scanner红外扫描仪infrastructure基础设施inset map插图instance实例instantiation实例化integer data整数型数据integration集成intensity亮度interactive vectorization交互矢量化interchange format交换格式interferogram干涉图intermediate data中间数据international date line国际日期变更线international meridian国际子午线International Organization for国际标准化组织Standardizationinterpolation内插法interrupted projection分瓣投影intrinsic stationarity内在稳态inverse distance weighted interpolation反距离加权内插法irregular triangular mesh不规则三角网irregular triangular surface model不规则三角面模型isanomal等地平isarithm等数线isobar等压线isochrone等时线isohyet等雨量线isolines等值线isometric line等容线isopleth等值线isotherm等温线isotropy无向性iteration迭代iterative procedure迭代过程jaggies锯齿Jenks’ optimization詹克斯优化joint operations graphic联合作战地图junction element交点元素kernel内核key identifier主标识符kinematic positioning动态定位knockout分离区 (信号或通讯的中断)known point已知点Kohonen map柯霍南图kriging克里金法label标签labeling标注lag间隔land cover土地覆盖land information system土地信息系统land use土地利用landform地形landmark地标Landsat陆地卫星landscape ecology景观生态学large scale大比例尺lattice点阵面layers层layout布局least squares最小二乘法level水平leveling水平测量library类库license许可证license agreement许可协议licensee被许可人lidar激光雷达line线line feature线要素line of sight视线line simplification线条简化line smoothing线条平滑linear dimension线性尺寸linear feature线性要素linear interpolation线性内插法linear referencing线性参考 (用于交通GIS) linear unit线性单位localization本地化location query位置查询location-allocation位置分配location-based services基于位置的服务logarithm对数logical network逻辑网络loop traverse闭合导线loxodrome恒向线magnetic bearing磁方位magnetometer磁力计majority resampling多数重新采样map algebra地图代数map collar地图边缘map display地图显示map document地图文档map element地图元素map extent地图范围map feature地图要素map generalization地图概化,地图综合map projection地图投影map query地图查询map reading地图阅读map scale地图比例尺map series地图系列map service地图服务map sheet地图map style地图风格map unit地图单位mapping制图mask掩模mass point散点mathematical operator数学运算符matrix矩阵mean center平均中心mean sea level平均海平面mean stationarity平均稳态Measure测量measure value测量值measurement residual测量残差median中间数median center平均中心mental map意境图meridian子午线metadata元数据metropolitan statistical area大都市统计区microdensitometer测微密度计micrometer 1.测微计; 2.微米minimum bounding rectangle最小边界矩形minimum map unit最小地图单位minor axis短轴misclosure闭合差Mitigation减轻mobile clients移动客户端Mobile GIS移动 GISmodel模型monument标石morphology形态学mosaic镶嵌图mud pit泥浆池multichannel receiver多频道接收器multidimensional data多维数据multipart feature多部分要素multipatch feature带纹理要素multiplexing channel receiver多路复用频道接收器multipoint feature多点要素multispectral scanner多光谱扫描仪multivariate analysis多元分析My Places我的位置National Spatial Data Infrastructure美国国家空间数据基础设施natural breaks classification 自然分类navigation导航Navstar Navstar (美国国防部全球定位系统联合服务项目)neighborhood statistics邻域统计networked联网node节点noncoterminous polygon非相连多边形nonversioned非版本normal distribution正态分布normal probability distribution正态概率分布northing北距oblate ellipsoid扁椭球体oblate spheroid扁椭球面offset偏移oill spill溢油 (原文oill 应为Oil)Online GIS在线 GISOpen Geodata InteroperabilitySpecification开放地理空间数据互操作规范Open Geospatial Consortium开放地理空间协会open traverse不闭合导线OpenGIS Consortium OpenGIS 协会OpenLS OpenLS (OpenGIS所包含的Open Location Service)operand运算数operator运算符optical center光学中心ordinal data序数数据ordinary kriging普通克里金法ordinate纵坐标Ordnance Survey英国陆地测量局orientation方向origin point原点orthogonal offset正交偏移orthographic正交orthomorphic正形orthophoto正射影像orthophotograph正射影像orthophotoquad无等高线正射影像orthophotoscope正射投影仪orthorectification正射校正outlier异常值outline vectorization轮廓矢量化output data输出数据overlay重叠overprinting套印overview map总览图pan平移panchromatic sharpening全色锐化parallax bar视差尺parameter参数parametric curve参数曲线passive remote sensing被动遥感passive sensors被动传感器path路径pathfinding路径搜寻peak山峰percent slope斜率perigee近地点persistence持久性photogeology摄影地质学photogrammetry摄影测量学photomap摄影地图photometer光度计physical geography自然地理学pit洼地，山谷placement放置planar coordinate system平面坐标系planar enforcement平面强化planarize平面化plane平面planimetric map平面图planimetric shift平面位移platform平台plot绘图plotter绘图仪plumb line铅垂线point点point digitizing点数字化point event点事件point feature点要素point line点线point mode digitizing点模式数字化point size点大小point-in-polygon overlay多边形内点重叠polar aspect极方位坡向polar flattening极向扁率polar orbit极轨道polar radius极半径policy and management政策与管理polygon overlay多边形重叠polyhedron多面体polyline折线position位置postal code邮政编码precision code精确码prime meridian本初子午线prime vertical东西圈probability map概率图profile graph剖面图projected coordinate system 投影坐标系projective transformation射影变换prolate ellipsoid长椭球体property属性proximity analysis邻近分析proximity query邻近分析pseudo node伪节点pseudo-random number伪随机数Public Land Survey System美国公共土地测量系统pyramid金字塔QQ plot QQ 图quadrangle maps梯形图幅quadrant象限quadrat analysis样方分析quadtree四叉树quantile分位数quantile classification分位数分类quantile scatter chart分位数散点图quantitative data数量数据quantitative geography数量地理学query查询radar altimeter雷达测高计radar interferometry雷达干涉测量radian弧度radiation辐射radio button单选按钮radio waves无线电波radiometer辐射计radiometric辐射测量radius半径random noise随机噪声range范围,距离range domain范围域,距离域raster栅格raster band栅格层raster cell栅格单元raster data model栅格数据模型raster dataset band栅格数据层raster model栅格模型raster preprocessing栅格预处理raster snapping栅格贴齐raster tracing栅格跟踪rasterization栅格化ratioing比值法ray tracing光线跟踪RDBMS关系数据库管理系统reclassification重分类record记录record selector记录选择器rectangular survey矩形测量rectification校正rectilinear直线,纵横线redistricting重新区划reference data参考数据reference grid参考网格reference level基准面reference map基准图reference spheroid参考椭球面reference system参考系统referential integrity参照完整性reflectance反射率reflected back反射region地区，区域regression回归relational join关系结合relational operator关系运算符relationship关系relative accuracy相对精度relative bearing相对方位relative mode相对模式relative path相对路径Release of hazardous liquids有害液体的泄漏relief efforts救助relief shading地貌晕渲remote-sensing imagery遥感图像replaced hachuring替代晕渲法replication复制representation表示法，表现representative fraction数字比例尺reprojection重新投影 resampling重采样residuals残差resolution merging分辨率融合restriction限制reverse geocoding反地理编码rhumb line恒向线ring圆环ring study圆环分析river addressing河道寻址rotation旋转route路线row行R-tree R 树satellite image卫星图像satellite imagery卫星图像saturation饱和度scalable可伸缩scale bar比例尺scale factor比例系数scale range比例尺范围scatter chart散点图scene场景,景(卫星图像单位) schema架构seamless pan无缝平移secant projection正割投影section弧段segment线段self-organizing map自组织影射图semantics语义semimajor axis半长轴semiminor axis半短轴semivariogram半变差函数sensitivity analysis敏感度分析sensor传感器sequence序列sequential analysis顺序分析serialization序列化Server GIS服务器 GISsextant六分仪shaded relief image晕渲地貌图shaded relief map晕渲地貌图shading晕渲shape形状shapefile形状文件(ESRI数据格式) shield盾牌,(地质学)地盾shift位移shortcuts快捷方式short-range variation短程变化signal信号signal-to-noise ratio信噪比signature特征significance level显著性水平sill基台simple kriging简单克里金法simultaneous conveyance同时传达sink端点，汇点site prospecting选址分析slope坡度smooth平滑snapping tolerance捕捉容差soil土壤sonar声纳soundex语音编码算法source起点，源点source data源数据space coordinate system空间坐标系spaghetti data无位相数据spaghetti digitizing无位相数字化spatial analysis空间分析spatial cognition空间认知spatial data空间数据Spatial Data Transfer Standard空间数据传输标准spatial database空间数据库spatial join空间结合spatial modeling空间建模spatial overlay空间叠加spatial query空间查询spatial reference空间参考spatial weights matrix空间权重矩阵spatialization空间化spectral resolution光谱分辨率spectral signature光谱特征spectrometer光谱仪spectrophotometer分光光度计spectroscopy光谱学spectrum光谱sphere球体spheroid椭球面,椭球体spider diagram蛛网图spike尖峰，异常线spline样条函数spot点spurious polygon伪多边形standard deviation标准偏差Standard Generalized Markup标准通用标记语言LanguageStandard Industrial Classification codes标准工业分类代码star diagram星形图state状态state plane coordinate system国家平面坐标系static positioning静态定位stationarity稳态stationing定位参考statistical surface统计表面steep陡峭steradian球面度stereocompilation立体测图stereogrammatic organization立体法结构stereographic projection球极平面投影stereometer体积计stereomodel立体模型stereopair立体像对stereoplotter立体绘图仪stochastic model随机性模型stream digitizing流数字化stream mode digitizing流模式数字化stream tolerance流容差streaming数据流stretch拉伸string线段串，字符串structure结构study area研究区域surface fitting曲面拟合surface model曲面模型surround element周边元素survey marker方位标survey monument方位标survey station测点symbol符号tangent projection切面投影taskbar任务栏temporal data时态数据temporal GIS时态 GIS territory地域tessellation网格化textbox文本框texture纹理thematic map专题地图theodolite经纬仪Thiessen polygons泰森多边形thinning细化third normal form第三范式three-dimensional shape三维形状three-tier configuration三层结构threshold ring analysis阈值环分析tidal datum潮位基准面tie point连接点tie survey连接测量Tissot indicatrix天梭指示线tolerance容差toolbar工具栏,工具条toolbox工具箱tools toolbox工具工具箱topographic contours地形等高线topography地形学, 地形topological overlay拓扑重叠topology error拓扑误差toponym地名tour巡回路线township镇区tracing跟踪tracking data跟踪数据tract人口普查区transaction事务transformation变换transit rule过渡法则translation平移，转换transverse aspect横轴法投影traverse导线triangulated irregular network不规则三角网triangulation三角测量trilateration三边测量true bearing真实方位true curve真实曲线true north真北tuple元组turn impedance转弯阻抗turn-by-turn maps多段显示地图tutorial教程uninitialized flow direction未初始化的流向United States Geological Survey美国地质勘测局univariate distribution一元分布universal kriging通用克里金法universal polar stereographic 通用极球面投影坐标网Universal Soil Loss Equation通用土壤流失方程universal time世界时universal transverse Mercator统一横轴墨卡托投影upstream上游urban geography城市地理学Urban Vector Map城市矢量图valency度validation验证variable变量variance方差variance-covariance matrix 方差协方差矩阵variogram变差函数variography变差法vector矢量vectorization矢量化verbal scale言语比例尺vertex顶点vertical axis纵轴vertical coordinate system垂直坐标系vertical exaggeration垂直夸大vertical geodetic datum垂直大地基准vertical photograph垂直航拍图viewshed视域visible scale range可见比例范围visual center视觉中心visual hierarchy视觉层次visualization可视化Voronoi diagram Voronoi 图voxel三维像素warping变形waterfall model瀑布模型watershed分水岭wavelength波长wavelet compression小波压缩wayfinding路线搜寻waypoint路点Web clients Web 客户端Web-enabled支持 Web weight权重weighted mean center加权平均中心weighted moving average加权移动平均weighted overlay加权重叠weird polygon复杂多边形well水井windowing窗口wireframe线框workbook工作簿,练习册workflow工作流world世界zenithal projection天顶投影zonal analysis区域分析zonal functions区域函数zone of interpolation内插区zoning分区zoom缩放。
ArcGIS的一些名词解释1.AML宏语言AML是在ARC环境中用于编程和创建应用的语言。
AML提供完整的编程能力和一套工具来创建应用的用户界面。
2.叠置分析把两层和多层地图要素叠加产生一个新图层的操作。
叠置分析可以应用于矢量图层的叠置、栅格GRID的叠加以及地理事件的叠加等。
3.ArcGIS Desktop是一个集成了众多高级GIS应用的软件套件，它包含了一套带有用户界面组件的Windows桌面应用(例如，ArcMap，ArcCatalog，ArcToobox)。
4.ArcSDE是在各种关系型数据库管理系统中管理地理信息的高级空间数据服务器。
5.ArcIMS是通过开放的Internet协议发布地图、数据和元数据的可伸缩的网络地图服务器。
6.ArcMap是一个用于编辑、显示、查询和分析地图数据的以地图为核心的模块，ArcMap包含一个复杂的专业制图和编辑系统，既是一个面向对象的编辑器，又是一个完整的数据表生成器。
7.ArcCatalog是以数据为核心，用于定位、浏览和管理空间数据的模块，是用户规划数据表，用于制定和利用元数据的环境，应用模块帮助你组织和管理你所有的GIS 信息，比如地图，数据集，模型，元数据，服务等。
8.ARCTOOLBOX是用于完成ARCGIS所提供的空间数据分析管理的处理环境，包含了ArcGIS地理处理的大部分分析工具和数据管理工具。
9.MapObjects是一组供应用开发人员使用的制图与GIS功能组件。
它由一个OLE控件和一系列可编程OLE对象组成。
利用MapObjects，开发人员可以在应用程序中添加制图和GIS功能。
10.ArcGIS Engine是一个完整的嵌入式GIS组件库和工具包，开发者能用它创建一个新的、或扩展原有的可定制的桌面应用程序。
11.ArcGIS Server是一个中心应用服务器，它包含一个可共享的GIS软件对象库，能在企业和Web计算框架中建立服务器端的GIS应用。
地理信息系统基本名词术语编码Encoding 将信息分类的结果用一种易于被计算机和人识别的符号体系表示出来的过程，是人们统一认识、统一观点、相互交换信息的一种技术手段。
编码的直接产物是代码。
标识码Identification Code 在要素分类的基础上，用以对某一类数据中某个实体进行唯一标识的代码。
它便于按实体进行存贮或对实体进行逐个查询和检索，以弥补分类码的不足。
参考椭球reference ellipsoid 一个国家或地区为处理测量成果而采用的一种与地球大小、形状最接近并具有一定参数的地球椭球。
大地水准面geoid 一个假想的与处于流体静平衡状态的海洋面(无波浪、潮汐、海流和大气压变化引起的扰动)重合并延伸向大陆且包围整个地球的重力等位面。
等高距contour interval 地图上相邻等高线的高程差。
等高线contour 地图上地面高程相等的相邻点所连成的曲线在平面上的投影。
等值线法isoline method 用数值相等各点连成的连续曲线(等值线)在地图上表示制图对象数量渐变特征方法。
地理格网Geographic Grid 是按一定的数学法则对地球表面进行划分形成的格网，通常是指以一定长度或经纬度间隔表示的格网。
地理数据geographic data 直接或间接关联着相对于地球的某个地点的数据。
地理数据库geographical database 利用计算机存储的自然地理和人文地理诸要素的数据文件及其数据管理软件的集合。
地理信息geographic information 关于那些直接或间接涉及相对于地球某个点的现象的信息。
地理信息系统geographical information system：GIS 在计算机软硬件支持下，把各种地理信息按照空间分布，以一定的格式输入、存贮、检索、更新、显示、制图和综合分析的计算机技术系统。
地理信息元数据Metadata for Geographic lnformation 描述地理数据内容、质量、状况和其他特征的数据。
地理信息系统名词
1. 空间数据：指包含地球表面各种对象位置、大小、形态、属性等信息的数据。
2. 地图投影：将三维球形地球表面映射到二维平面地图上的方法。
3. GIS （Geographic Information System）：地理信息系统，是一种管理、分析和显示地理数据的计算机系统。
4. GPS （Global Positioning System）：全球卫星定位系统，通过收发卫星信号确定自身位置。
5. RS （Remote Sensing）：遥感，通过遥感技术获取地球表面物体的信息。
6. 数据库：按照一定规则组织起来的数据集合，可被计算机程序查询和处理。
7. 空间分析：对空间数据进行量化、分类、比较、统计等操作，得出空间特征和规律。
8. 地理编码：将地理位置信息转换为数字编码，用于处理和分析空间数据。
9. CAD （Computer-Aided Design）：计算机辅助设计，用计算机辅助实现地图制作、地物提取等操作。
10. 可视化：将空间数据通过图表、图像、动画等形式表现出来，以便于交流和理解。
ESRI英中翻译abscissa横坐标absolute accuracy绝对精度absolute coordinates 绝对坐标absorption吸收abstraction抽取accuracy 精度across-track scanner 跨径扫描仪active remote sensing 主动遥感Add Data 添加数据address geocoding地址地理编码address locator地址定位器address matching地址匹配Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 高级甚高分辨率辐射仪agreement licensee 协议被许可人air station航摄站alidade照准仪along-track scanner沿径扫描仪alphanumeric grid字母数字网格anaglyph视差立体图analog image模拟图像analysis mask分析掩模anisotropy各向异性antipode对跖点apogee远地点arc弧architecture架构archive档案argument参数arithmetic expression 算术表达式aspatial data非空间数据aspect ratio纵横比astrolabe星盘atlas grid地图集网格atmospheric window 大气窗口atomic clock原子钟attenuation衰减authentication身份验证author 作者autocorrelation自相关automated cartography 自动化制图automation scale自动化比例autovectorization自动矢量化axis轴azimuthal projection方位投影backscatter后向散射band波段band ratio波段比band-pass filter带通滤波器bandwidth带宽bar scale比例尺(图形比例尺) base layer底层base station基站batch 批量batch geocoding批量地理编码batch processing批处理batch vectorization 批量矢量化bathymetric curve等深线battleships grid战舰网格Bayesian statistics贝叶斯统计bearing方位角Bézier curve贝塞尔曲线bilinear interpolation双线性内插法binding绑定binomial distribution二项式分布biogeography生物地理学blind digitizing盲目数字化block group街区群block kriging块段克里金法bookmark 书签boolean 1.布尔数据类型; 2.布尔值Boolean operator布尔运算符boundary边界boundary line界线boundary monument界标boundary survey 边界测量bounding rectangle边界矩形Bowditch rule包狄法则break point 断点breakline断裂线browser 浏览器buffer area 缓冲区business logic 业务逻辑CAD 计算机辅助设计(computer-aided design) cadastral survey地籍测量cadastre地籍calibration 校准,定标callout line标注线camera station摄站capacity容量cardinal point方位基点cardinality基数Cartesian coordinate system 笛卡尔坐标系cartogram统计图cartographer制图员cartography制图学cartouche地图饰框catalog tree 目录树catchment流域categorical raster 类目栅格celestial sphere天球cell size栅格大小cells 栅格cellular automaton 元胞自动机census block人口普查区块census geography 人口普查地理学center 中心点centerline中心线centerpoint中点central meridian中央子午线centroid重心chart 图表chi-square statistic卡方统计choropleth map面量图chroma色度chronometer天文钟circle圆circular variance圆方差civilian code民用码Clarke Belt克拉克带Clarke ellipsoid 克拉克椭球Clarke spheroid 克拉克椭球面clearinghouse(信息或服务)交换中心clinometric map坡度图code-phase GPS码相位GPScognitive map认知图coincident重叠cokriging协同克里金法command 命令command line 命令行compass north罗经北compass point罗经点compass rose罗经盘compass rule罗盘仪法则compression program 压缩程序computational geometry计算几何学conformal projection等角投影,保角投影,正形投影conformality保形性conic projection圆锥投影conjoint boundary共同边界constant azimuth恒定方位containment包含Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata 数字地理空间元数据的内容标准continuous raster连续栅格contour 等高线,等值线contour drawings 等高线图,等值线图contour interval等高线间距,等值线间距contour line等高线,等值线contour tagging等高线标注,等值线标注对比度contrast stretch对比度扩展convergence angle收敛角conversion转换convex hull凸包coordinate geometry坐标几何学coordinate system??坐标系??coordinated universal time 协调世界时correlation相关corridor analysis走廊分析, 廊道分析county subdivision县级分区协方差coverage1.覆盖面；2.ESRI图层cracking裂化Crandall ruleCrandall 法则crop guide裁切参考线crop marks裁切标记cross correlation交叉相关cross covariance交叉协方差cross tabulation 交叉表cross validation交叉验证cross variogram交叉变差函数cubic convolution立方卷积插值法cultural feature人文要素cultural geography文化地理学curb approach路边通道curve fitting曲线拟合customizations 自定义cylindrical projection圆柱投影dangle length悬线长度dangle tolerance悬线容差dangling arc 悬弧dasymetric mapping分区制图（多用于人口数据）data management 数据管理data table 数据表dataset 数据集datum基准DBMS 数据库管理系统(data-base management system) dead reckoningdeclination 1.偏角;2.磁偏角degree slope坡度Delaunay triangulation德洛内三角delimiter分隔符demography人口统计学densify增密densitometer密度计density slicing密度分割deploy 部署或安装（硬件、软件等）depression contour洼地等高线depth contour等深线depth curvedescending node降交点desire-line analysis期望线分析desktop 桌面desktop clients 桌面客户端Desktop GIS 桌面GIS destination目标determinate flow direction 确定性流向deterministic model确定性模型detrending趋势分离developable surface可展表面developer 开发人员development environment 开发环境diazo process重氮晒印法difference 差异differential correction差分校正differential Global Positioning System差分全球定位系统diffusion扩散Digital elevation model 数字高程模型Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard 数字化地理信息交换标准Digital Geographic Information Working Group数字地理信息工作组digital image processing数字图像处理digital line graph数字线划图digital nautical chart数字海图digital number数值digital orthophoto quadrangle数字正射影像图digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle 数字正射影像象限图digital raster graphic数字栅格图digital terrain elevation data??数字地形高程数据??digital terrain model数字地形模型digitizer数字化仪Dijkstra’s algorithm狄捷斯特拉算法dilution of precision精度衰减因子dimension 尺寸，维，维度directed network flow有向网络流direction 方向Dirichlet tessellation荻瑞斯莱特镶嵌，荻瑞斯莱特剖分discovery 发现discrete data离散数据discrete digitizing 离散数字化discrete raster离散栅格数据displacement 位移display scale显示比例display unit显示单位dissemination扩散,传播distance距离distance decay距离衰减distance unit距离单位distortion变形district 地区dithering抖动周日弧docking停靠Doppler shift多普勒位移Doppler-aided GPS多普勒辅助GPSdot density map点密度图dot distribution map点分布图double precision双精度double-coordinate precision 双坐标精度Douglas-Peucker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法downstream下游drafting描绘叠加，披盖drift漂移drive-time area驾车时间区drop-down list 下拉列表drum scanner鼓式扫描仪Dual Independent Map Encoding 双重独立坐标地图编码dynamic zoom 动态缩放easting东距eccentricity偏心率ecliptic黄道edge边edgematching边缘匹配elastic transformation弹性变形electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱electronic atlas电子地图集electronic navigational chart电子航海图element元素elevation guide高程指南ellipsoid 椭球体ellipticity椭圆率end offset末端偏移endpoint 端点enterprise GIS企业级GISentity objects 实体对象envelope包络矩形environmental model环境模型ephemeris星历表equal competition area平等竞争区equal-area classification 等积分类equal-area projection等积投影equal-interval classification 等距分类equatorial plane 赤道面equidistant projection等距投影ESRI Data ESRI 数据event事件exponent指数export导出exposure station摄站expression表达式extended 扩展extent范围extrapolation外插法extrude 拉伸extrusion拉伸face平面false easting东移假定值false northing北移假定值feature 要素Federal Geographic Data Committee 美国联邦地理数据委员会field 字段fill 填充fillet圆角filter过滤器，过滤flow direction流向flow map流向图focal analysis邻域分析focal functions 邻域函数form. 地形，形式fractal分形framework 框架frequency频率from-node起点Full Extent完整范围fuzzy boundary 模糊边界fuzzy classification模糊分类fuzzy set模糊集合fuzzy tolerance模糊容差Gauss-Krüger projection高斯-克吕格投影generalization概化，（数据库或地图的）综合技术geocentric coordinate system??地心坐标系??geocode地理编码geocoding 地理编码geocomputation地理计算geodata 地理数据geodatabase 地理数据库geodatabase data model地理数据库数据模型geodataset地理数据集geodesic测地线geodetic 测地学geographic coordinate system 地理坐标系geographic information science地理信息学Geographic Information System (GIS) 地理信息系统(GIS) geography地理学geography level地理等级Geography Markup Language地理标记语言geoid大地水准面geoid-ellipsoid separation大地水准面-地球椭球面分离geolocation几何定位geometric coincidence几何重叠geometric correction几何校正geometric dilution of precision几何精度衰减因子geometric network几何网络geometric transformation几何变换geometry 几何学geomorphology地貌学geoprocessing 地理处理georectification地理校正georeference 地理参考georeferencing地理参考georelational data model地理相关数据模型geospatial data地理空间数据geospatial data clearinghouse 地理空间数据交换中心geospatial technology地理空间技术geospecific model地学相关模型geostationary对地静止geostatistics地理统计学geosynchronous对地同步geotypical model典型地理模型GIS地理信息系统GIScience地理信息学Global Navigation Satellite System 全球卫星导航系统Global Positioning System全球定位系统global spatial data infrastructure 全球空间数据基础架构glyph字形gnomonic projection日晷投影Go to XY 转至XYGPS全球定位系统grad梯度(原英文单词可能有误) gradian梯度gradient坡度，斜率graticule经纬网gravimeter重力计gravimetric geodesy大地重力学gravity model引力模型gray scale灰度great circle大圆Greenwich mean time 格林尼治标准时间Greenwich meridian格林尼治子午线grid 网格grid cell网格单元ground 大地,地面GUI GUI (图形用户界面) hachure晕渲线Hamiltonian circuit汉密尔顿回路Hamiltonian path汉密尔顿路径height高度Helmert transformation 线性正形变换hemisphere半球heuristic试探算法，试探函数hexadecimal十六进制High Accuracy Reference Network高精度基准网High Precision Geodetic Network高精度大地基准网hillshading 坡面阴影，晕渲histogram equalization直方图均衡化hole孔洞horizontal geodetic datum 水平大地基准human geography人文地理学hydrography水文地理学hydrologic cycle水循环hydrology水文学hyperlink 超链接hypsography测高学，地势图hypsometric curve 等高线hypsometric map 地势图hypsometry测高法Identify 识别identity link一致性链接illumination照度image coordinate 图像坐标image data图像数据image division图像除法运算image scale图像比例尺image space图像空间imager成像仪impedance阻抗import导入IMS IMS (网络地图服务器,Internet Map Server) incident energy入射能量index索引index map索引图infrared scanner红外扫描仪infrastructure基础设施inset map插图instance 实例instantiation实例化integer data整数型数据integration 集成intensity亮度interactive vectorization交互矢量化interchange format交换格式interferogram干涉图intermediate data中间数据international date line国际日期变更线international meridian国际子午线International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织interpolation内插法interrupted projection分瓣投影intrinsic stationarityinverse distance weighted interpolation 反距离加权内插法irregular triangular mesh不规则三角网irregular triangular surface model不规则三角面模型isanomal等地平isarithm等数线isobar等压线isochrone等时线isohyet等雨量线isolines 等值线isometric line等容线isopleth等值线等温线isotropy无向性iteration 迭代iterative procedure迭代过程jaggies 锯齿Jenks’ optimization詹克斯优化joint operations graphic联合作战地图junction element交点元素kernel内核key identifier 主标识符kinematic positioning动态定位knockout分离区(信号或通讯的中断) known point已知点柯霍南图kriging克里金法label标签labeling 标注lag间隔land cover土地覆盖land information system 土地信息系统land use土地利用landform地形landmark地标Landsat陆地卫星landscape ecology景观生态学大比例尺lattice点阵面layers 层layout布局least squares 最小二乘法level水平leveling水平测量library 类库license 许可证license agreement 许可协议licensee 被许可人lidar激光雷达line线line feature线要素line of sight视线line simplification线条简化line smoothing线条平滑linear dimension线性尺寸linear feature线性要素linear interpolation线性内插法linear referencing线性参考(用于交通GIS) linear unit线性单位localization本地化location query位置查询location-allocation位置分配location-based services 基于位置的服务logarithm对数logical network逻辑网络loop traverse闭合导线loxodrome恒向线magnetic bearing 磁方位magnetometer磁力计majority resampling 多数重新采样map algebra地图代数map collar地图边缘map display地图显示map documentmap element地图元素map extent地图范围map feature 地图要素map generalization地图概化,地图综合map projection地图投影map query地图查询map reading地图阅读map scale地图比例尺map series地图系列map service地图服务map sheet地图地图风格map unit地图单位mapping 制图mask掩模mass point散点mathematical operator 数学运算符matrix矩阵mean center平均中心mean sea level平均海平面mean stationarity平均稳态Measure 测量measure value测量值measurement residual测量残差median中间数median center平均中心mental map意境图meridian子午线metadata 元数据metropolitan statistical area 大都市统计区microdensitometer测微密度计micrometer1.测微计;2.微米minimum bounding rectangle 最小边界矩形minimum map unit最小地图单位minor axis短轴misclosure闭合差Mitigation 减轻mobile clients 移动客户端Mobile GIS移动GISmodel模型monument标石morphology形态学mosaic镶嵌图mud pit 泥浆池multichannel receiver多频道接收器multidimensional data多维数据multipart feature多部分要素multipatch feature带纹理要素multiplexing channel receiver多路复用频道接收器multipoint feature多点要素multispectral scanner多光谱扫描仪multivariate analysis多元分析My Places 我的位置National Spatial Data Infrastructure美国国家空间数据基础设施natural breaks classification??自然分类??navigation导航NavstarNavstar (美国国防部全球定位系统联合服务项目) neighborhood statistics邻域统计networked 联网node节点noncoterminous polygon 非相连多边形nonversioned 非版本normal distribution 正态分布normal probability distribution正态概率分布northing北距oblate ellipsoid扁椭球体oblate spheroid扁椭球面offset 偏移oill spill 溢油(原文oill 应为Oil)Online GIS 在线GISOpen Geodata Interoperability Specification开放地理空间数据互操作规范Open Geospatial Consortium开放地理空间协会open traverse不闭合导线OpenGIS ConsortiumOpenGIS 协会OpenLSOpenLS (OpenGIS所包含的Open Location Service) operand运算数operator运算符optical center光学中心ordinal data序数数据ordinary kriging普通克里金法ordinate纵坐标Ordnance Survey英国陆地测量局orientation方向origin point 原点orthogonal offset正交偏移orthographic正交orthomorphic正形orthophoto 正射影像orthophotograph正射影像orthophotoquad无等高线正射影像orthophotoscope正射投影仪orthorectification 正射校正outlier 异常值outline vectorization轮廓矢量化output data 输出数据overlay重叠overprinting套印overview map总览图pan平移panchromatic sharpening 全色锐化parallax bar视差尺parameter参数。
1名词解释1.1数据与信息数据是指某一目标定性、定量描述的原始资料，包括数字、文字、符号、图形、图像以及它们能够转换成的数据等形式。
信息是向人们或机器提供关于现实世界新的事实的知识，是数据、消息中所包含的意义，它不随载体的物理设备形式的改变而改变。
1.2地理信息是指与空间地理分布有关的信息，它表示地表物体和环境固有的数据、质量、分布特征，联系和规律的数字、文字、图形、图象的总称。
1.3大地坐标系与平面直角坐标系大地坐标系：即地理坐标系，是全球统一坐标系，它用经度和纬度来表示地面上各点平面直角坐标系：用平面上的长度表示地面点们置的直角坐标1.4信息系统:信息系统是具有数据采集、管理、分析和表达数据能力的系统，它能够为单一的或有组织的决策过程提供有用信息。
1.5WebGISWebGIS是利用网络技术来扩展和完善地理信息系统的一项新技术，由于HTTP协议采用基于客户机/服务器的请求/应答机制，可以传输并在浏览器上显示多媒体数据，用户通过交互操作，就可以通过网络来寻找其所需的空间数据。
1.6DTM与DEM数字地形模型是描述单元空间位置和地形属性分布的有序集合，是定义于二维区哉上的一个有限项的向量系列，它以离散的平面点来模似连续分布的地形。
当地形属性为高程时就是数字高程模型（DEM）。
1.7空间数据编码在数据结构的指导下，把空间的图形数据和属性数据经过分类、量化和组织转换成计算机能接收的形式，以便进行各种处理分析。
1.8子午面与经线子午面：通过旋转轴NS的平面经线：子午面与椭球体表面相交所截的大环线。
1.9赤道面与线线赤道面：通过O点垂直于旋转的面纬线：与赤道面平行的平面同椭连云港面相交所截的圈。
1.10栅格数据与矢量数据栅格数据是以规则的阵列来表示空间地物或现象分布的数据组织，组织中的每个数据表示地物或现象的非几何属性特征。
矢量数据结构是通过记录坐标的方式尽可能精确地表示点、线和多边形等地理实体，坐标空间设为连续，允许任意位置、长度和面积的精确定义。
The GIS GlossaryEnvironmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.January 2, 1996This glossary will help familiarize you with terms associated withGIS and ESRI software. Select a character below to go to thatpoint in the glossary or use the find tool from your browser.A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAAATArc attribute table. A table containing attributes for arc coverage features. In addition to user-defined attributes, the AAT contains the from and to nodes, the left and right polygons, the length, an internal sequence number anda feature identifier. See also feature attribute table.ACCESS directoryThe system directory that LIBRARIAN uses to store the files that manage access to the library. Each library has an ACCESS directory located in the library's DATABASE directory.accessibilityAn aggregate measure of how reachable locations are from a given location. The ACCESSIBILITY commandcomputes values for accessibility as a function of the distance between locations and an empirically deriveddistance decay parameter.access rightsThe privileges accorded a user for reading, writing, deleting, updating and executing files on a disk. Access rights are stated as `no access', `read only' and `read/write'.ACODE fileAn INFO data file storing arc attributes for coverages created from TIGER, DIME, IGDS and Etak files. ACODE stands for `Arc CODE'. The ACODE file is related by Cover-ID to the Arc Attribute Table (AAT) of the coverage.address matchingA mechanism for relating two files using address as the relate item. Geographic coordinates and attributes can betransferred from one address to the other. For example, a data file containing student addresses can be matched toa street coverage that contains addresses creating a point coverage of where the students live.ADS1. Arc Digitizing System. A simple digitizing and editing system used to add arcs and label points to a coverage.2. A command at the Arc: prompt that starts an ADS session.allocationThe process of assigning arcs in a network to the closest center until the maximum impedance or resource capacity of the center is reached.AMLARC Macro Language. A high-level algorithmic language for generating end-user applications. Features include the ability to create on-screen menus, use and assign variables, control statement execution, and get and use map or page unit coordinates. AML includes an extensive set of commands that can be used interactively or in AML programs (macros) as well as commands that report on the status of ARC/INFO environment settings.analysisAnalysis is the process of identifying a question or issue to be addressed, modeling the issue, investigating model results, interpreting the results, and possibly making a recommendation. See model and spatial analysis.annotation1. Descriptive text used to label coverage features. It is used for display, not for analysis.2. One of the feature classes in a coverage used to label other features. Information stored for annotation includesa text string, the location at which it is displayed, and a text symbol (color, font, size, etc.) for display. See alsoTAT.ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute is a national coordinator of voluntary standards activities, and an approval organization and clearinghouse for consensus standards in the United States. ANSI works closely withinternational organizations, particularly ISO, for the development and approval of international standards. While ANSI standards apply to every facet of today's world, their efforts in the area of SQL and spatial extensions to SQL are of particular interest to the GIS community.Application program interface (API). An API is a set of system calls or routines for application programs toaccess services from operating systems or other programs. An API allows your program to work with otherprograms, possibly on other computers. API is fundamental to client/server computing. ArcView provides this service to ARC/INFO users.arc1. An ordered string of vertices (x,y coordinate pairs) that begin at one location and end at another. Connectingthe arc's vertices creates a line. The vertices at each endpoint of an arc are called nodes.2. A coverage feature class used to represent linear features and polygon boundaries. One line feature can containmany arcs. Arcs are topologically linked to nodes (arc-node topology) and to polygons (polygon-arc topology).The descriptive attributes of arcs are stored in the arc attribute table (AAT). See also n ode.arc-node topologyThe topological data structure ARC/INFO uses to represent connectivity between arcs and nodes. Arc-nodetopology supports the definition of linear feature and polygon boundaries, and supports analysis functions such as network tracing. See also topology.archiveA preserved collection of historical information purged from an ArcStorm database.ArcStormArcStorm (ArcStorageManager) is a data storage facility and transaction manager for ARC/INFO data. ArcStorm manages a feature-oriented database that can be closely integrated with database systems supported byARC/INFO's DATABASE INTEGRATOR.ArcStorm databaseAn ArcStorm database is a collection of libraries, layers, INFO tables and external DBMS tables. Data stored in an ArcStorm database benefit from the transaction management and data archiving capabilities of ArcStorm.ArcToolsArcTools is a collection of ARC/INFO productivity tools implemented through an A ML-based (ARC MacroLanguage) graphical user interface. ArcTools provides a user-friendly approach to commonly used ARC/INFO operations and functions.areapolygons (region). Examples: states, counties, lakes, land-use areas, and census tracts.2. The size of a geographic feature measured in unit squares. ARC/INFO stores an area measure for each polygonand region.ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange. A set of codes for representing alphanumeric information(e.g., a byte with a value of 77 represents a capital M). Text files, such as those created with the text editor of acomputer system, are often referred to as ASCII files.aspectThe compass direction toward which a slope faces, measured in degrees from North in a clockwise direction.ASRGARC Standard Raster Graphic. Raster graphic data transformed to the Equal ARC-second Raster Chart/Map(ARC) Projection System. See SRG. ASRG (using RGB) is very similar to DMA (Defense Mapping Agency)ADRG (ARC Digitized Raster Graphic). ADRG files can be imported into ARC/INFO with the ADRGGRIDcommand. The ASRG (using RGB) can be converted with the ADRGGRID command if it is in a true DMAADRG format. The ASRG permits color codes, which the ADRGGRID command does not handle.attractivenessThe property or properties of a location that create an incentive for trips to be made to that location. For example, the attractiveness of a retail store could be a function of the retail floor space, number of parking spaces, product pricing, or a combination of these factors.attribute1. A characteristic of a geographic feature described by numbers, characters, images and CAD drawings, typicallystored in tabular format and linked to the feature by a user-assigned identifier (e.g., the attributes of a well might include depth and gallons per minute).2. A column in a database table. See also item.attribute tableAn INFO or other tabular file containing rows and columns. In ARC/INFO, attribute tables are associated with a class of geographic features, such as wells or roads. Each row represents a geographic feature. Each columnrepresents one attribute of a feature, with the same column representing the same attribute in each row. See also feature attribute table.azimuthThe horizontal direction of a vector, measured clockwise in degrees of rotation from the positive y-axis, forexample, degrees on a compass.BbackupA copy of a file, a set of files, or whole disk for safekeeping in case the original is lost or damaged.bandOne layer of a multispectral image representing data values for a specific range of the electromagnetic spectrum of reflected light or heat (e.g., ultraviolet, blue, green, red, near-infrared, infrared, thermal, radar, etc.). Also, other user-specified values derived by manipulation of original image bands. A standard color display of a multispectral image shows three bands, one each for red, green and blue. Satellite imagery such as LANDSAT TM and SPOT provide multispectral images of the Earth, some containing seven or more bands.band separateAn image format that stores each band of data collected by multispectral satellite scanning instruments in aseparate file.bandwidthA measure of the volume of data that can flow through a communications link. Image data tend to exist as largedata sets; thus moving image data sets from one computer to another requires high bandwidth or performance will be slowed. Also known as throughput.base mapA map containing geographic features used for locational reference. Roads, for example, are commonly found onbase maps.base tableA table that is physically stored in the database. Compare with view.baud rateA measure of the speed of data transmission between computer and other devices, measured in bits per second.bitThe smallest unit of information that a computer can store and process. A bit has two possible values, 0 or 1,which can be interpreted as YES/NO, TRUE/FALSE, or ON/OFF. See also b yte.BLOBBinary large object. The data type of a column in an RDBMS table which can store large image or textual data as attributes.BNDThe file in a coverage or grid which contains the coverage extent.Boolean expression1. A type of expression that reduces to a true or false (logical) condition. A Boolean expression contains logicalexpressions (e.g., DEPTH > 100) and Boolean operators. A Boolean operator is a keyword that specifies how to combine simple logical expressions into complex expressions. Boolean operators negate a predicate (NOT),specify a combination of predicates (AND), or specify a list of alternative predicates (OR). For example, DEPTH > 100 AND DIAMETER > 20. See also logical selection.border arcs1. The arcs that create the outer edge boundary of a polygon coverage.2. In LIBRARIAN, the tile boundary arcs that split a polygon coverage into tiles.breaklineA linear feature that defines and controls the surface behavior of a t in in terms of smoothness and continuity.Breaklines are always maintained as linear features in a tin. Stereo-digitized features containing x,y,z values such as streams and shorelines containing an elevation attribute are often stored as breakline features.bufferA zone of a specified distance around coverage features. Both constant- and variable-width buffers can begenerated for a set of coverage features based on each feature's attribute values. The resulting buffer zones form polygons-areas that are either inside or outside the specified buffer distance from each feature. Buffers are useful for proximity analysis (e.g., find all stream segments within 300 feet of a proposed logging area).bugAn error in a computer program or in a piece of electronics that causes it to malfunction.byteA memory and data storage unit composed of contiguous bits, usually eight. For example, file sizes are measuredin bytes or megabytes (one million bytes). Bytes contain values of 0 to 255 and most often represent integernumbers or ASCII characters (e.g., a byte with an ASCII value of 77 represents a capital M). A collection ofbytes (often 4 or 8 bytes) represents real numbers and integers larger than 255.CCADComputer-aided design. An automated system for the design, drafting, and display of graphically orientedinformation.CAD drawingThe digital equivalent of a drawing, figure or schematic created using a CAD system. For example, a drawing file or DWG file in AutoCAD.calibrationThe process of choosing attribute values and computational parameters so that a model properly represents thereal-world situation being analyzed. For example, in pathfinding and allocation, calibration generally refers toassigning or calculating appropriate values to be entered in impedance and demand items.capacityThe maximum resource that can be assigned (allocated) to or be serviced by a c enter. For example, the capacity ofa school is the number of students that can be enrolled there.Cartesian coordinate systemA two-dimensional, planar coordinate system in which x measures horizontal distance and y measures verticaldistance. Each point on the plane is defined by an x,y coordinate. Relative measures of distance, area, anddirection are constant throughout the Cartesian coordinate plane.CASEComputer-Aided Software Engineering. CASE tools are defined programming rules for applying engineeringprinciples, methods, techniques, and concepts. These tools assist in accomplishing a definable engineering task in the software design process by automating manual activities through structured prototyping. This techniquereduces customized development time, supplying consistent code sets and supporting the entire software life cycle process.CCITTComité Consultatif Internationale de Télégraphique et Téléphonique (Consultative Committee on InternationalTelephone and Telegraph). CCITT is a technical committee of the International Telecommunications Union, aUnited Nations organization in Geneva. It sets international communications recommendations concerningstandardization of data interfaces, modems, and data networks. ARC/INFO is fully compliant with CCITT Group IV, the Standard for raster data compression. ARC/INFO supports the following T IFF compression schemes:CCITT Group 4 for black-and-white data (read only); CCITT Group 3, one-dimensional encoding forblack-and-white data; and PackBits.CD-ROMCompact Disk-Read Only Memory. CD-ROM is an optical media. A CD-ROM 5.25-inch disk can hold about 650 megabytes of information. The ISO 9660 standard defines the format of data held on CD-ROM.cellSee grid cell.centerA discrete location that has a supply of a resource or commodity. In spatial interaction, a center is consider to haveattractiveness.CGMComputer Graphics Metafile is a graphic image exchange standard, ANSI: x3.122-1986, ISO: 8632-1986, forgraphic output file format. ARC/INFO, ArcView Version 2, and PC ARC/INFO support CGM.character1. A letter (e.g., a, b, c, or d), digit (e.g., 1, 2, or 3), or special graphic symbol (e.g., *, |, or -) treated as asingle unit of data.2. A data type for an attribute designating that values for the attribute will be represented using characters. Forexample, the character data type would be appropriate for the attribute COUNTRY, if the values assigned are like United States, Brazil, Canada, Thailand, and so on.checkinCheckin is the act of returning ArcStorm data which was previously checked out for update purposes. Whenmodified data is checked in, all locks on the data are released.checkoutCheckout is the act of taking selected data out of an ArcStorm database into a local coverage for editing purposes.When data is checked out, it is locked to prevent updates from other users. ArcStorm data cannot be modifieddirectly, it must first be checked out.client/serverA software system is said to have a client/server architecture when there is a central process (server) whichaccepts requests from multiple user processes (clients). ArcStorm is one example of a client/server architecture within ARC/INFO.clipThe spatial extraction of those features from one coverage that reside entirely within a boundary defined byfeatures in another coverage (called the clip coverage)-clipping works much like a cookie cutter.COGO1. Abbreviation of the term COordinate GeOmetry. Land surveyors use COGO functions to enter survey data, tocalculate precise locations and boundaries, to define curves, and so on.2. The name of the ARC/INFO coordinate geometry software product.columnThe vertical dimension of a table. A column has a name and a data type applied to all values in the column.commandA specific instruction to a computer program, issued by the user to perform a desired action.command line interfaceA software product that allows the user to type in commands at a prompt. Contrast to f orms interface.commitTo make permanent any changes made during a database transaction. Compare with roll back.concurrency managementA database management process for maintaining consistency of the data while supporting simultaneous access bymore than one user. A typical technique is to allow any number of users read access but to allow only one user to have write access. A second user wanting write access will have to wait until the first person completes theirtransaction.conditional operatorA symbol or keyword specifying how to compare values. Conditional operators are used to query a database.Examples from SQL include: = (equal to) BETWEEN < (less than) LIKE > (greater than) CONTAININGconflationA set of functions and procedures that aligns the arcs of one coverage with those of another and then transfers theattributes of one to the other. Alignment precedes the transfer of attributes and is most commonly performed by rubber-sheeting operations.connectivityThe topological identification of connected arcs by recording the from- and to-node for each arc. Arcs that share a common node are connected. See also arc-node topology.constraintsLimits imposed on a model. For example, in an interaction model, specifying that the number of trips generated from an origin to all destinations cannot exceed the origin's production capacity.contiguityThe topological identification of adjacent polygons by recording the left and right polygons of each arc. See also polygon-arc topology.continuous dataA surface for which each location has a specified or derivable value. Typically represented by a tin or lattice (e.g.,surface elevation).contourA line connecting points of equal surface value.contour intervalThe difference in surface values between contours.coordinateA set of numbers that designate location in a given reference system, such as x,y in a planar coordinate system oran x,y,z in a three-dimensional coordinate system. Coordinates represent locations on the Earth's surface relative to other locations. See also vector and Cartesian coordinate system.coordinate geometrySee COGO.coordinate systemA reference system used to measure horizontal and vertical distances on a planimetric map. A coordinate system isusually defined by a map projection, a spheroid of reference, a datum, one or more standard parallels, a central meridian, and possible shifts in the x- and y-directions to locate x,y positions of point, line, and area features. In ARC/INFO, a system with units and characteristics defined by a map projection. A common coordinate system is used to spatially register geographic data for the same area.Cover#A unique sequence number automatically generated by ARC/INFO for each coverage feature. This internalnumber is used to directly access features and to describe topological relationships between coverage features. It is often referred to as the `record number'.Cover-IDAn integer identifier, assigned by the user, to relate geographic features and corresponding attribute data.Cover-ID is an item found in feature attribute tables, with `Cover' replaced by the coverage name (e.g., for a soils coverage, the Cover-ID would be SOILS-ID). Feature-ID and User-ID are synonymous terms to Cover-ID. coverage1. A digital version of a map forming the basic unit of vector data storage in ARC/INFO. A coverage storesgeographic features as primary features (such as arcs, nodes, polygons, and label points) and secondary features (such as tics, map extent, links, and annotation). Associated feature attribute tables describe and store attributes of the geographic features.2. A set of thematically associated data considered as a unit. A coverage usually represents a single theme such assoils, streams, roads, or land use.coverage extentThe coordinates defining the minimum bounding rectangle (i.e., xmin,ymin and xmax,ymax) of a coverage orgrid. All coordinates for the coverage or grid fall within this boundary. In ARCPLOT and ARCEDIT, map extent is often set from the coverage extent. See also BND.coverage unitsThe units (e.g., feet, meters, inches) of the coordinate system in which a coverage is stored.cross-tile indexingA method used to index features that cross tile boundaries. Features that cross tile boundaries are stored as one ormore features in each tile instead of as a single feature.CSSMThe Content Standards for Spatial Metadata. A document produced by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) that describes spatial metadata.cursor1. A graphic pointer used with a mouse to point to a location on a terminal screen.2. An internal pointer to a record in a table which provides a mechanism for processing a selected set of records.The cursor is moved one by one through the set while operations such as display, query and update areperformed.cycle1. In pathfinding, a cycle is a path or tour beginning and ending at the same node.2. In tracing, a cycle is a set of arcs forming a closed polygon. Upstream and downstream directionality areundefinable in a cycle.DDALData Access Language. Apple's former standard to allow applications to communicate with relational databases.DAL is middleware on a network. It is a program installed on the database server to provide a common SQLaccess for all database servers on a network. Apple has licensed this technology to Independence Technologies, Inc.dangle lengthMinimum length allowed for dangling arcs during the CLEAN process. CLEAN removes dangling arcs that are shorter than the dangle length.dangling arcAn arc having the same polygon on both its left and right sides and having at least one node that does not connect to any other arc. It often identifies where a polygon does not close properly (e.g., undershoot), where arcs don't connect properly, or where an arc was digitized past its intersection with another arc (i.e., overshoot). A dangling arc is not always an error. For example, dangling arcs can represent cul-de-sacs in street centerline maps. See also dangling node.dangling nodeThe endpoint of a dangling arc not connected to another arc.data access securityMeasures taken to control system users' ability to view or modify data. These measures can include logical views of data and explicit access rights by group or individual users. See also access rights.databaseA logical collection of interrelated information, managed and stored as a unit, usually on some form ofmass-storage system such as magnetic tape or disk. A GIS database includes data about the spatial location and shape of geographic features recorded as points, lines, areas, pixels, grid cells, or tins, as well as their attributes.database designThe formal process of analyzing facts about the real world into a structured database model. Database design is characterized by the following phases: requirement analysis, logical design and physical design.DATABASE directoryThe same as the Library Reference workspace. It is the system directory that LIBRARIAN uses to manageinformation about a map library. Each map library has one database directory named DATABASE.data conversionThe translation of data from one format to another. ARC/INFO supports data conversion from many geographic data formats such as DLG, TIGER, DXF, and DEM.data dictionaryA catalog of all data held in a database, or a list of items giving data names and structures. Also referred to asDD/D for data dictionary/directory. Commercial RDBMSs have online data dictionaries stored in special tablescalled system tables.data integrityMaintenance of data values according to data model and data type. For example, to maintain integrity, numericcolumns will not accept alphabetic data. See referential integrity.data model1. The result of the conceptual design process. A generalized, user-defined view of the data related toapplications.2. A formal method of describing the behavior of the real-world entities. A fully developed data model specifiesentity classes, relationships between entities, integrity rules and operations on the entities.3. ARC/INFO coverages and grids use a georelational data model, a hybrid data model that combines spatial data(in coverages or grids) and attribute data (in tables). Other data models used in ARC/INFO include tins, images, and grid.data setA named collection of logically related data items arranged in a prescribed manner.data typeThe characteristic of columns and variables that defines what types of data values they can store. Examplesinclude character, floating point and integer.DATABASE INTEGRATOR (DBI)ARC/INFO software's link to relational database management systems (RDBMS). DBI enables ARC/INFO users to access existing commercial databases and take advantage of the power and capabilities of the RDBMS.database lockLocking is a mechanism by which database systems can prevent conflicting access to data when multiple users are making requests to the data. See also persistent lock.database management system (DBMS)A set of computer programs for organizing the information in a database. A DBMS supports the structuring of thedatabase in a standard format and provides tools for data input, verification, storage, retrieval, query, andmanipulation.datumA set of parameters and control points used to accurately define the three-dimensional shape of the Earth (e.g., asa spheroid). The datum is the basis for a planar coordinate system. For example, the North American Datum for1983 (NAD83) is the datum for map projections and coordinates within the United States and throughout North America.DBISee DATABASE INTEGRATOR.DBMSSee database management system.DBMS tableSee attribute table.DCW"Digital Chart of the World." The first 1:1,000,000-scale digital basemap of the world. The DCW containstopologically based vector data digitized from the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency's Operational NavigationCharts.DDEDynamic Data Exchange. An IAC protocol developed by Microsoft for Windows-based applications. DDE allows one application to send messages to, and get information from, other applications in Windows. This is specific to Windows only (RPC, Remote Procedure Calls, is used in the UNIX environment). DDE is supported in ArcView Version 2 for the exchange of data with other business applications without having to convert the data or leaveArcView. (See IAC.)DDLData definition language. SQL statements that can be used either interactively or within programming language source code to define databases and their components.DEMSee digital elevation model.demand1. In allocation, the potential for using a portion of the supply of a resource or commodity.2. In spatial interaction, demand is the measure of the need for a particular type of service or goods that generatesa trip to a destination. For example, the demand for a gallon of milk may generate a trip to a grocery store.denormalizationThe process of restructuring a normalized data model to accommodate operational constraints or systemlimitations.densifyA process of adding vertices to an arc at specified distances, without altering the arc's shape. Compare with s plineand grain tolerance.descriptive dataTabular data describing the characteristics of geographic features. Can include numbers, text, images, and CAD drawings about features. ARC/INFO stores descriptive data in feature attribute tables and in related tables. Also referred to as attribute data.destinationIn spatial interaction, the location of the end of a trip. For example, a shop or an office where a consumer or aworker is going. Destinations are represented as centers in a network coverage, as points in a point coverage, and as label points in a polygon coverage.digital elevation model1. A digital representation of a continuous variable over a two- dimensional surface by a regular array of z valuesreferenced to a common datum. Digital elevation models are typically used to represent terrain relief. Also referred to as `digital terrain model' (DTM).2. An elevation database for elevation data by map sheet from the National Mapping Division of the U.S.Geological Survey (USGS).3. The format of the USGS digital elevation data sets.DGMDigital Geospatial Metadata. DGM was approved in June 1994 by the Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC). DGM describes the specifications for the content, quality, condition, and other characteristics ofdocumentation of geospatial data. DGM establishes the names of data elements and groups of data elements to be used for these purposes, definitions of these data elements and groups, and information about the values that are to be provided for the data elements.DIGESTThe Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard is produced under authority of NATO's DigitalGeographic Information Working Group. DIGEST is a standard for digital geographic information which willenable interoperability and compatibility among national and multinational systems and users. DIGEST iscomposed of standards for two digital geographic formats: ARC Standard Raster Graphic (ASRG) and vectorrelational format (VRF). ASRG is very similar to ADRG and can be imported into ARC/INFO as an ADRG file with the ADRGGRID command. The ARC/INFO VPFIMPORT and VPFEXPORT convertors will process the VRF data.digital terrain modelSee digital elevation model.。
