Model-test-study-on-effective-ratio

Nutrient removal in an A2O-MBR reactor with sludgereductionABSTRACTIn the present study, an advanced sewage treatment process has been developed by incorporating excess sludge reduction and phosphorous recovery in an A2O-MBR process. The A2O-MBR reactor was operated at a flux of 77 LMH over a period of 270 days. The designed flux was increased stepwise over a period of two weeks. The reactor was operated at two different MLSS range. Thermo chemical digestion of sludge was carried out at a fixed pH (11)and temperature (75℃) for 25% COD solubilisation. The released pbospborous was recovered by precipitation process and the organics was sent back to anoxic tank. The sludge digestion did not have any impact on COD and TP removal efficiency of the reactor. During the 270 days of reactor operation, the MBR maintained relatively constant transmembrane pressure. The results based on the study indicated that the proposed process configuration has potential to reduce the excess sludge production as well as it didn't detonated the treated water quality.Keywords: A2O reactor; MBR; Nutrient removal; TMP1. IntroductionExcess sludge reduction and nutrients removal are the two important problems associated with wastewater treatment plant. MBR process has been known as a process with relatively high decay rate and less sludge production due to much longer sludge age in the reactor (Wenet al., 2004). Sludge production in MBR is reduced by 28-68%, depending on the sludge age used (Xia et al.,2008). However, minimizing the sludge production by increasing sludge age is limited due to the potential adverse effect of high MLSS concentrations on membrane (Yoon et al., 2004). This problem can be solved by introducing sludge disintegration technique in MBR (Young et al., 2007). Sludge disintegration techniques have been reported to enhance the biodegradability of excess sludge (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). In overall, the basis for sludge reduction processes is effective combination of the methods for sludge disintegration and biodegradation of treated sludge. Advances in sludge disintegration techniques offer a few promising options including ultrasound (Guo et al., 2008), pulse power (Choi et al.,2006), ozone (Weemaes et al., 2000), thermal (Kim et al., 2003), alkaline (Li et al., 2008) acid (Kim et al., 2003) and thermo chemical(Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). Among the various disintegration techniques, thermo chemical was reported to be simple and cost effective (Weemaes and Verstraete, 1998). In thermal-chemical hydrolysis, alkali sodium hydroxide was found to be the most effective agent in inducing cell lysis (Rocker et al., 1999). Conventionally, the nutrient removal was carried out in an A2O process. It has advantage of achieving, nutrient removal along with organic compound oxidation in a single sludge configuration using linked reactors in series (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). The phosphoroes removal happens by subjecting phosphorous accumulating organisms (PAO) bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Akin and Ugurlu, 2004). These operating procedures enhance predominance PAO, which are able to uptake phosphorous in excess. During the sludge pretreatment processes the bound phosphorous was solubilised and it increases the phosphorousconcentration in the effluent stream (Nishimura, 2001).So, it is necessary to remove the solubilised phosphorus before it enters into main stream. Besides, there is a growing demand for the sustainable phosphorous resources in the industrialized world. In many developed countries, researches are currently underway to recover the phosphoroes bound in the sludge's of enhanced biological phosphorus removal system (EBPR). The released phosphorous can be recovered in usable products using calcium salts precipitation method. Keeping this fact in mind, in the present study, a new advanced wastewater treatment process is developed by integrating three processes, which are: (a) thermo chemical pretreatment in MBR for excess sludge reduction (b) A2O process for biological nutrient removal (c) P recovery through calcium salt precipitation. The experimental data obtained were then used to evaluate the performance of this integrated system.2. Methods2.1. WastewaterThe synthetic domestic wastewater was used as the experimental influent. It was basically composed of a mixed carbon source, macro nutrients (N and P), an alkalinity control (NaHCO3) and a microelement solution. The composition contained (/L) 210 mg glucose, 200 mg NH4C1, 220 mg NaHCO3, 22一34 mg KH2PO4, microelement solution (0.19 mg MnCl2 4H20, 0.0018 mg ZnCl22H2O,0.022 mg CuCl22H2O, 5.6 mg MgSO47H2O, 0.88 mg FeCl36H2O,1.3 mg CaCl2·2H2O). The synthetic wastewater was prepared three times a week with concentrations of 210±1.5 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 40±1 mg/L total nitrogen (TN) and 5.5 mg/L total phosphorus (TP).2.2. A2O-MBRThe working volume of the A2O-MBR was 83.4 L. A baffle was placed inside the reactor to divide it into anaerobic (8.4 L) anoxic (25 L) and aerobic basin (50 L). The synthetic wastewater was feed into the reactor at a flow rate of 8.4 L/h (Q) using a feed pump. A liquid level sensor, planted in aerobic basin of A2O-MBR controlled the flow of influent. The HRT of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic basins were 1, 3 and 6 h, respectively. In order to facilitate nutrient removal, the reactor was provided with two internal recycle (1R). IRl (Q= 1)connects anoxic and anaerobic and IR 2 (Q=3) was between aerobic and anoxic. Anaerobic and anoxic basins were provided with low speed mixer to keep the mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) in suspension. In the aerobic zone, diffusers were used to generate air bubbles for oxidation of organics and ammonia. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the aerobic basin was maintained at 3.5 mg/1 and was monitored continuously through online DO meter. The solid liquid separation happens inaerobic basin with the help of five flat sheet membranes having a pore size of 0.23 pm. The area of each membrane was 0.1 m2. They were connected together by a common tube. A peristaltic pumpwas connected in the common tube to generate suction pressure. In the common tube provision was made to accommodate pressure gauge to measure transmembrane pressure (TMP) during suction. The suction pump was operated in sequence of timing, which consists of 10 min switch on, and 2 min switch off.2.3. Thermo chemical digestion of sludgeMixed liquor from aerobic basin of MBR was withdrawn at the ratio of 1.5% of Q/day and subjected to thermo chemical digestion. Thermo chemical digestion was carried out at a fixed pH of 11(NaOH) and temperature of 75℃for 3 h. After thermo chemical digestion the supernatant and sludge were separated. The thermo-chemicallydigested sludge was amenable to further anaerobic bio-degradation (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004), so it was sent to theanaerobic basin of the MBR2.4. Phosphorus recoveryLime was used as a precipitant to recover the phosphorous in the supernatant. After the recovery of precipitant the content was sent back to anoxic tank as a carbon source and alkalinity supelement for denitrification.2.5. Chemical analysisCOD, MLSS, TP, TN of the raw and treated wastewater were analyzed following methods detailed in (APHA, 2003). The influent and effluent ammonia concentration was measured using an ion-selective electrode (Thereto Orion, Model: 95一12). Nitrate in the sample was analyzed using cadmium reduction method (APHA, 2003).3. Results and discussionFig. 1 presents data of MLSS and yield observed during the operational period of the reactor. One of the advantages of MBR reactor was it can be operated in high MLSS concentration. The reactor was seeded with EBPR sludge from the Kiheung, sewage treatment plant, Korea. The reactor was startup with the MLSS concentration of 5700 mg/L. It starts to increase steadily with increase in period of reactor operation and reached a value of 8100 mg/L on day 38. From then onwards, MLSS concentration was maintained in the range of 7500 mg/L by withdrawing excess sludge produced and called run I. The observed yields (Yobs) for experiments without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion were calculated and given in Fig. 1. The Yobs for run I was found to be 0.12 gMLSS/g COD. It was comparatively lower than a value of 0.4 gMLSS/g CODreported for the conventional activated sludge processes (Tchoba-noglous et al., 2003). The difference in observed yield of these two systems is attributed to their working MLSS concentration. At high MLSS concentration the yield observed was found to be low (Visva-nathan et al., 2000). As a result of that MBR generated less sludge.The presently used MLSS ranges (7.5一10.5 g/L) are selected on the basis of the recommendation by Rosenberger et al. (2002). In their study, they reported that the general trend of MLSS increase on fouling in municipal applications seems to result in no impact at medium MLSS concentrations (7一12 g/L).It is evident from the data that the COD removal efficiency of A2O system remains unaffected before and after the introduction of sludge digestion practices. A test analysis showed that the differences between the period without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion (run II and III) are not statistically significant.However, it has been reported that, in wastewater treatment processes including disintegration-induced sludge degradation, the effluent water quality is slightly detonated due to the release of nondegradable substances such as soluble microbial products (Ya-sui and Shibata, 1994; Salcai et al., 1997; Yoon et al., 2004). During the study period, COD concentration in the aerobic basin of MBR was in the range of 18-38 mg/L and corresponding organic concentration in the effluent was varied from 4 to 12 mg/L. From this data it can be concluded that the membrane separation played an important role in providing the excellent and stable effluent quality.Phosphorus is the primary nutrient responsible for algal bloom and it is necessary to reduce the concentration of phosphorus in treated wastewater to prevent the algal bloom. Fortunately its growth can be inhibited at the levels of TP well below 1 mg/L (Mer-vat and Logan, 1996).Fig. 2 depicts TP removal efficiency of the A2O-MBR system during the period of study. It is clearly evident from the figure that the TP removal efficiency of A/O system was remains unaffected after the introduction of sludge reduction. In the present study, the solubilised phosphorous was recovered in the form of calcium phosphate before it enters into main stream. So, the possibility of phosphorus increase in the effluent due to sludge reduction practices has been eliminated. The influent TP concentration was in the range of 5.5 mg/L. During thefirst four weeks of operation the TP removal efficiency of the system was not efficient as the TP concentration in the effluent exceeds over 2.5 mg/L. The lower TP removal efficiency during the initial period was due to the slow growing nature of PAO organisms and other operational factors such as anaerobic condition and internal recycling. After the initial period, the TP removal efficiency in the effluent starts to increase with increase in period of operation. TP removal in A2O process is mainly through PAO organisms. These organisms are slow growing in nature and susceptible to various physicochemical factors (Carlos et al., 2008). During the study period TP removal efficiency of the system remains unaffected and was in the range of 74-82%.。

机器学习之常用的分类模型评价指标常用的分类模型评价指标是衡量机器学习模型在分类问题上的性能的指标，用于评估模型的准确性和可靠性。

以下是常用的分类模型评价指标：1. 准确率（Accuracy）：准确率是最简单直观的评价指标，表示模型正确预测样本的比例。

准确率定义为：准确率 = (正确预测的样本数)/ (总样本数)。

2. 精确度（Precision）：精确度衡量模型预测为正样本的准确率，即在所有预测为正样本中，有多少是真正的正样本。

精确度定义为：精确度 = (真正的正样本数) / (预测的正样本数)。

3. 召回率（Recall）：召回率衡量模型对正样本的识别能力，即在所有真正的正样本中，有多少被正确预测出来。

召回率定义为：召回率 = (真正的正样本数) / (真正的正样本数 + 假负样本数)。

4. F1分数（F1 Score）：F1分数综合考虑了精确度和召回率，用于衡量模型的综合性能。

F1分数定义为：F1=2*(精确度*召回率)/(精确度+召回率)。

5. 特异度（Specificity）：特异度衡量了模型对负样本的识别能力，即在所有真正的负样本中，有多少被正确预测出来。

特异度定义为：特异度 = (真正的负样本数) / (真正的负样本数+假正样本数)。

6. 假正例率（False Positive Rate，FPR）：假正例率衡量了模型将负样本错误预测为正样本的能力。

FPR定义为：FPR = (假正样本数) / (真负样本数 + 假正样本数)。

7. AUC-ROC：AUC-ROC（Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve）是ROC曲线下的面积，用于衡量模型分类准确性的整体能力。

AUC-ROC的取值范围为0.5到1，值越接近1表示模型性能越好。

8. 查准率-查全率曲线（Precision-Recall Curve）：查准率-查全率曲线绘制了不同阈值下的查准率和查全率之间的关系。

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海马对酒精引起的记忆障碍、应激诱导的抑郁以及疲劳症状的改善作用摘要线纹海马（Hippocampus erectus）是一味名贵中药材，现代研究发现其具有抗疲劳、抗衰老，增强学习记忆等多种功能。

而现代社会酗酒和抑郁症高发，并随之伴有记忆损伤以及身体疲劳，均已严重威胁到人类健康并造成巨大经济损失，但是目前缺乏有效治疗手段。

因此本论文探究了海洋中药—线纹海马在以上疾病动物模型中的治疗和改善作用，为线纹海马营养保健、药用价值的开发提供科学的理论依据。

为探究海马对于记忆的改善作用，本研究利用跳台实验检测小鼠记忆能力。

实验方法：将小鼠为4组，正常组与乙醇组喂食普通饲料，另外2组分别喂食含有质量分数为0.22%的雌、雄海马饲料，共喂食6周。

6周后，用30%的乙醇对小鼠灌胃，进行记忆障碍造模。

在跳台实验中，记录小鼠跳下平台的潜伏期与错误次数，以此检验小鼠学习记忆能力。

跳台实验结束24 h后，牺牲小鼠，保留脑组织，检测脑内AChE和ChAT活性。

实验结果：与对照组相比，模型组小鼠跳下平台的潜伏期显著下降（P＜0.01），错误次数显著升高（P＜0.01）；与模型组相比，喂食雄海马的小鼠跳下平台的潜伏期显著升高（P＜0.05），错误次数显著减少（P＜0.05），脑组织中的AChE活性显著降低（P＜0.05）；而喂食雌海马的小鼠上述指标均无显著变化。

为探究海马对于抑郁症的改善作用，本研究利用慢性应激制造斑马鱼抑郁样行为模型，利用新鱼缸潜水实验检测其抑郁样行为。

实验方法：斑马鱼共分4组，对照组、应激组、应激+0.044%海马组以及应激+0.22%海马组。

应激造模后，记录新鱼缸潜水实验中，斑马鱼的顶部转移次数、顶部用时、冻结次数、冻结时间以及从鱼缸底部到跨越鱼缸中线的潜伏期。

实验结束后，牺牲斑马鱼，保存样品。

检测斑马鱼的皮质醇、IFN-γ以及IL-6含量，同时利用高效液相检测组织中的单胺类神经递质含量。

实验结果：应激能显著降低斑马鱼的顶部转移次数和顶部用时，同时延长其潜伏期，而0.044%海马能有效逆转这些变化。

E7.2E7.3E7.4-------------------------------------------- (1) (2) ahe ahe -------------------------------------------- age 0.605*** 0.585*** (15.02) (16.02)female -3.664*** (-17.65)bachelor 8.083*** (38.00)_cons 1.082 -0.636 (0.93) (-0.59)（表2）Robust ci in parentheses*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1-------------------------------------------- N 7711 7711 -------------------------------------------- t statistics in parentheses* p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01 (表1)（1） 建立ahe 对age 的回归。

截距估计值是1.082，斜率估计值是0.605。

（2） ①建立ahe 对age ，female 和bachelor 的回归。

Age 对收入的效应的估计值是0.585。

② age 回归系数的95%置信区间： (0.514，0.657)（3） 设H 0:βa,（2）-βa,（1）=0 H1:βa,（2）-βa （1）≠0由表3，得SE ，SE(βa,（2）-βa,（1）)=√（0.0403）²+(0.0365)²=0.054t=（0.605-0.585）/0.054=0.37<1.96所以不拒绝原假设，即在5%显著水平下age 对ahe 的效应估计没有显著差异，所以（1）中的回归没有遭遇遗漏变量偏差。

learningrate参数-回复什么是学习率（learning rate）参数？学习率是机器学习中的一个重要参数，用于控制模型的学习速度或者说梯度下降的步长。

它决定了模型在每次迭代中更新权重的幅度。

学习率的选择很关键，过小的学习率会导致模型收敛缓慢，而过大的学习率可能会导致模型无法达到最优解。

在机器学习算法中，我们通常会最小化一个损失函数，以找到最佳的模型参数。

梯度下降是一种常用的优化算法，它通过计算损失函数对参数的梯度来更新模型的参数。

学习率的大小决定了更新参数时的步伐大小。

如果学习率较大，模型参数会在每次迭代中做较大幅度的更新，但可能会错过最优解；如果学习率较小，模型参数的更新幅度较小，收敛速度会变慢。

如何选择合适的学习率参数？选择合适的学习率参数是一项重要的任务，因为它直接影响模型的性能和训练速度。

下面介绍几种常用的方法来选择合适的学习率参数。

1. 固定学习率：在训练过程中，将学习率设定为一个固定的常数。

这种方法简单直接，但可能需要大量的实验来确定最佳的学习率值。

2. 学习率衰减（learning rate decay）：在训练的过程中逐渐降低学习率。

一种常用的学习率衰减策略是每个epoch（所有训练样本都被遍历一次）将学习率减小一个固定的因子（如0.1），以逐渐降低学习率。

3. 学习率重启（learning rate restarts）：在训练过程中周期性地重置学习率。

例如，可以在每个epoch结束时重设学习率为一个较大的值，以帮助模型跳出局部最优解。

4. 学习率自适应（learning rate adaptive）：根据模型训练的进展动态调整学习率。

一种常见的自适应方法是AdaGrad，它根据参数的梯度历史信息自适应地调整学习率。

还有其他一些自适应算法，如Adam、RMSProp 等。

5. 学习率调度（learning rate scheduling）：根据训练的进展和性能动态地调整学习率。

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模型拟合指标引用文献全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：模型拟合指标是评价建立的模型对实际数据的拟合程度的重要指标之一。

在数据分析和建模中，我们常常需要借助模型来描述数据之间的关系，从而进行预测、推断或探索性分析。

而模型拟合指标则可以帮助我们评价这些模型的有效性和准确性，从而为我们的决策提供支持和参考。

在实际的数据分析中，经常会用到各种不同类型的模型来对数据进行建模。

例如线性回归模型、逻辑回归模型、决策树模型、支持向量机模型等等。

而在使用这些模型的过程中，我们需要用一些指标来评价这些模型在数据上的表现如何。

这些指标可以反映出模型对实际数据的拟合程度，帮助我们评估模型的准确性和鲁棒性。

模型拟合指标的选择还取决于我们所关注的问题和具体的应用场景。

比如在探索性数据分析中，我们可能更关心模型的解释性和可解释性；而在预测建模中，我们则更注重模型的预测准确性和稳定性。

在选择模型拟合指标时，要考虑到自身的研究目的和需求，选择合适的指标来评价模型的表现。

在实际应用中，模型拟合指标的选择和使用需要谨慎，不同的指标对模型的评价有不同的侧重点和局限性。

因此在选择模型拟合指标时，要根据具体的问题和数据情况来进行选择，并结合其他评价方法来综合评估模型的表现。

只有这样，我们才能更好地利用模型拟合指标来指导我们的数据分析工作，为我们的研究提供更有力的支持和指导。

第二篇示例：模型拟合指标是评价模型拟合程度和预测能力的重要工具，广泛应用于统计学、机器学习、金融等领域。

通过对模型预测值和真实观测值之间的差异进行量化，可以帮助我们评估模型在不同情况下的表现，从而指导我们对模型的调整和改进。

在研究和实践中，有很多种模型拟合指标被提出，不同的指标适用于不同的问题和数据类型。

本文将介绍一些常用的模型拟合指标，并举例说明其在某些研究中的应用。

一、均方根误差（RMSE）均方根误差是最常用的模型拟合指标之一，用来评估模型的预测精度。

RMSE描述了模型预测值与真实观测值之间的平均偏差程度。

Model Test 2News Report OneMalawi is one of the poorest nations in Africa with millions of people living under the poverty line .Unemployment rates are high. And those who have jobs have low wages. [1]Yet a recent survey shows that many Malawians are using more than half of their monthly incomes on mobile phone usage. This makes Malawi one of the most expensive countries in the world to use cell phones.In fact, a report by the International Telecommunications Union, ITU, says on average, Malawians use more than twelve dollars a month on cell phones.[2]Lack of competition is why mobile costs are so high. The government might be forced to intervene to bring down the cost of using a mobile phone. Many consumers also want the providers to give them value for their money by improving the quality of service they get.1.What is the result of the recent survey?2.Why are the mobile costs so high in Malawi?News Report TwoBlack Friday is the day after Thanksgiving, and it`s a massive shopping day. This year the retailers have a little bit of a unique opportunity. So, here are a few strategies:[3]One, retailers are rolling out promotions early. More people are shopping in November, before Black Friday.Two, minimize wait times. Stores are increasing staff and mobile checkouts. The fact is, shoppers are more valuable than ever before. So, stores are really working hard to keep them happy.[4]Three, focus on online sales. Researcher NPD Group says 60 percent of consumers plan to shop online this year. So, expect more special online and mobile deal, and fewer shipping fees, but at the end of the day, these tactics can only go so far.Ultimately, what people spend and where they spend it, depends on how they feel about their job, the economy, and how much money is in their pocket.3.What do the retailers usually do before Black Friday?4.What is one of the strategies according to the news report?News Report Three[5]Parents are being urged to download a free app which tells them the sugar content of food and drink. The “sugar smart app”, from Publ ic Health England (PHE), works by scanning barcodes and revealing total sugar in cubes or grams. Officials hope it will help combat tooth decay, obesity and type two diabetes and encourage families to choose healthier alternatives.[6]PHE says young children are eating three times more than the sugar limit. Its new Change4Life advertising campaign, which includes the sugar app, suggests that on average children aged four to ten years old are consuming 22kg of added sugar a year. That`s about 5,500 sugar cubes-more than the weight of an average five-year-old child.The app has been developed to raise awareness of how much sugar is contained in everyday food and drink. [7]It works on more than 75,000 products, offering a quick guide to help parents to assess potential purchases that may harm their children`s health.Dr Alison Tedstone, chief nutritionist from PHE, said children were having too much sugar in their diets and this was leading to painful tooth decay, weight gain and the potential for serioushealth problems in later life.5.What is the news report mainly about?6.What can we learn about the children in England?7.How can the app help parents?Conversation OneW:Jack, I heard you were looking for a job. Have you found one yet?M：I`m getting discouraged and frustrated. I went to the weekly job market the day before yesterday. But no one was really wanting to hire an English major.W:I quite agree with you. I went there, too. [8] I found that many of the companies there were only looking for people with more skills.M:I can`t agree with you more. You went there, too? Have you had any job opportunities?W：You know, I have learned computer and know it quite well. [9]A quite prosperous company would give me an interview.M:How wonderful!Tell me about it.W:You know I am familiar with Word Perfect. The first person I talked with showed greet interests in me. When they found I was able to speak very good English, they were even more impressed. [8]You know they just want people with combination of skills.M:[10]I was hoping to finding a sales job in an import-export company.W:[10]You`d be good at that kind of job. Your English is very good. You are interested in business. One of my friends has been working in an import-export company for many years, and now he is the personal manager of that company. [11]If you would like, I will call him and ask him to help you find a job there.M:[11]I would really appreciate that. I know some of my classmates have found job in that area. Thank you for you help.W:You are welcome.8.What kind of people were most companies looking for?9.What do we learn about the woman from the conversation?10.Why does the woman think the man will be good at a sales job?11.How can the man find a sales job?Conversation TwoM:Hi, Rose, you are so absorbed that [12]you didn`t even know I came in.W:Oh, you scared me. We were assigned the homework to learn more about the Bronte sisters.[12]Now I am reading one of their books Jane Eyre.M:I`ve just read it the other day. No wonder you were absorbed. It is worth reading. It was written by the eldest sister, Charlotte Bronte.W:So, you know the sisters. Tell me about them.M:[13]The other two are Emily and Anne, and their famous works are Wuthering Heights, and Agnes Grey respectively.W:I leaned they had a brother. Is he also well-known?M:Well, it`s interesting that those literature geniuses had such an ordinary brother. Whatever he did, he ended up a failure. However, later he got famous because it was he who left the world the sisters` only picture.W:You mean without him, we would not have learned what the sisters looked 3like?M:Definitely true. [14]Personally, I think the reason, why he was a failure is that he might havebeen spoiled. Have you learned that his sisters sacrificed a lot to promote him?W:What do you mean?M:In the early period of the 19th century, women were usually looked down upon. So the hopes of a family rested on the male child. [15] The three sisters had their first books published in their pen names.W:So, inequality between men and women was a historical problem. But it`s a pity that the sisters died very young.12.What was the woman doing when the man came in?13.Who wrote Wuthering Heights?14.Why was the Bronte sisters` brother a failure?15.What do we know about the Bronte sisters` first books?Passage OneI live in a small village in the country. My wife and I run the village shop. We have a very peaceful life-boring, some might say, but we love it. We know all the people in the village, and have plenty of time to stop and chat. I have plenty of time for my hobbies, too-gardening, fishing, and walking in the countryside. I love the outdoor life. It wasn`t always like this, though.[16]\[17]I used to have a really stressful job, working till late at the office every evening, and often bringing work home at the weekend. [16]The advertising world is very competitive ,and when I look back ,I can’t imagine how I stood it.I had no private life at all,no time for the really important things in life.Because of the pressure of the job,I used to smoke and drink too much.The crisis came when my wife left me.She complained that she never saw me and that I had no time for family life . This made me realize what was really important to me . I talked things through with her , and decided to get back with her again and to start a new and better life together . I gave up tobacco and alcohol and searched for new hobbies. Now, I`m afraid of looking back, sine the past life seemed a horrible nightmare.16.What did the speaker use to do for a living?17.What do we know about the speaker`s life in the past?18.What made the speaker change his life style?Passage TwoPeople with bigger brains tend to score higher on standard tests of intelligence, according to new study findings. [19]However, study author Dr. Michael A. McDaniel emphasized that these findings represent a general trend, and people with small heads should not automatically believe they are less intelligent. For instance, Albert Einstein’s brain was“not particularly large”, Mc Daniel noted. “There’s some relationship between brain size and intelligence on average, but there’s plenty of room for exceptions,” he said. [20]Interest in the relationship between brain size and intelligence grew in the 1803s, when German scientist Frederick Tideman wrote that he believed “there was a connection between the size of the brain and the mental energy displayed by the individual man”. Since that statement, scientists have conducted numerous studies to determine if Tiedmann’s argument was,in f act, correct. More recently, researchers have published additional studies on intelligence and brain size. For his study, McDaniel analyzed more than 20 studies that investigated the relationship between brain size and intelligence in a total of 1,530 people. The studies showed that on average, people with bigger brains tended to be more intelligent. The relationship between brain size and intelligence was stronger in women than men, and in adults than children, McDaniel noted. In an interview, McDaniel not ed that he’s not surewhy the relationship was stronger for adults and women. [21]Previous research has shown that women, on average, tend to have smaller brains than men, but score just as well-if not higher-in tests of intelligence, he said.19.What does Dr. McDaniel believe?20.When did the study on the relationship between brain size and intelligence becomepopular?21.What can we infer from the previous research mentioned in the passage?Passage ThreeA new study found that 43 percent of boy and girl participants drank at least one daily serving of soda. Four percent of the youngsters had four or more sodas to drink every day.[22]The study’s author, Shakira Suglia says her team found that children who drank the most soda were more than two times as likely as those who drank no soda to show signs of aggression. For the children who consumed four or more soft drinks per day, they see an association between aggressive behaviors, attention problems and withdrawn behaviors.[23]The aggressive behaviors included destroying possessions belonging to others, taking part in fights and physically attacking people.Shakira Suglia says the researchers identified the link after they considered socio-demographic factors like the child’s age and sex. They also considered other possible influences, such as whether the boys and girls were eating sweets or given fruit drinks on a normal day. [24]In addition, the researchers examined parenting styles and other social conditions that might be taking place in the home.Doctor Suglia says it is not clear why young children who drink a lot of soda have behavior problems. A substance often found in soft drink is caffeine, which helps to make people feel energized. [25]She suggests that caffeine could be causing the five year olds to be more aggressive.22.What did the researchers find from the study?23.What did the aggressive behaviors include according to the passage?24.What factors did the researchers consider before they identified the link?25.What is supposed to be the cause of the aggressive behaviors according to DoctorSuglia?。