英语国家文化

Unit OneIntroduction& Unit 1The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英语国家社会与文化课程的主要内容与要求，了解文化的概念；同时对英国有一个总体上的了解。

教学意义:帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。

教学重点:文化的概念；英国基本情况。

教学难点:英国概况教学方式：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。

教学内容: (详见下页）1.什么是文化？2．英国国土与人民英国的不同名称及其区域3. 伦敦概况教学方法：采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。

时间分配: What is culture? (10 分钟.);What’s th e relation between Culture and society? (10 分钟);Why should we learn culture (10 分钟);UK- a complicated country with a complicated name(40 分钟)A Brief Idea about London. (20 分钟)课堂板书:1. Culture-the foundation of communication2. The four parts of UK3. Main cities of EnglandLondonBirmingham-second largest city of England.Liverpool-second largest port of EnglandManchester- industrial and commercial centre.课后作业: Exercises in Unit 1Unit OnePart One1.What is culture?Culture-the foundation of communicationCulture is very abstract and complicated. Concretely speaking, it refers to all the aspects of social life, such as, the values, the practices of a society and social conventions, education, politics, art or literature,language,ideas,etc.文化即是人们所思,所言(言语和非言语),所为,所觉的总和.文化是无处不在的,具体说来,包括社会生活的一切方面,如:价值观念,生活行为方式,社会规范等,乃至艺术,政治,经济, 教育,修养,文学,语言,思想等.2. What’s the relation between Culture and society?1)Culture is a separate idea from society, although culture and society areinterrelated and cannot exist without each other.2)Culture is a system of values (or beliefs) and norms (or behaviour). A societyis a system of interrelationships which connect or bind individuals together.3. Why should we learn culture?1)Requirement of communication2) Language and culture are inseparable3)Culture acquisition is important for the study of literature.Part TwoUK- a complicated country with a complicated nameⅠStatus in the worldEffects of its Imperial Past--“an empire in which the sun never set”（日不落帝国）:1.one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding memberof NATO, and of the Commonwealth,2. Member of European Union and the Group of seven3.The make-up of the British population (Immigration has produced a populationof which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.)II. The effects of its imperial past* The days of empire ended after World War II1. The effects were mainly encountered in the close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations. But more important international relation is its membership in the European Union since 1973.2. The makeup of the British population--- immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean (西印度群岛与中南美洲海域) countries in the 1950s and1960s. 1/20 are non-European ethnicity.III.The features of British society:1.a multiracial societyRacial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the societya multi-racial society: most are Christians and because of immigration, many are Muslims;gender difference: male and female live different livesclass difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious (A white-collar worker’s lives are very different from a blue-collar worker’s.) economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries:-- difference between highland and lowland Scots-- difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north)2. a society with class-structure3. a society with difference of region difference: highland and lowland Scots，north and south England，the capital and provinces.Part ThreeMain cities of England1. London2. Birmingham-second largest city of England.3. Liverpool-second largest port of England4. Manchester- industrial and commercial centre.London--cultural,bussness,and financial centre1. One of the most famous cities of the world, London is England's capital and a favourite for tourists from all over the world who flock there in their millions. It has a history stretching back almost 2000 years, A population of 7.5 million people, and some of the most famous tourist attractions in the world.2.London Attractions:Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament.The Tower of London,Tower Bridge,St Paul's Cathedralthe River ThamesCountless fascinating museums, art galleries and famous theatres.The English Royal Family reside in London at Buckingham Palacewhere you can see the famous 'Changing of the Guard'and muchmore.3. A significant role of LondonWhen a man is tired of London, you are tired of life for there is in London all that life can afford.—Samuel Johnson London is dominant in UK in all sorts of ways.1)It is the largest city in the country with abo ut one seventh of the nation’spopulation.2)It is seat of government.3)It is the cultural centre.4)It is the business centre.5)It is the financial centre of the nation.6)London is a huge weight in Britain’s economic and cultural life, and to someextent the rest of the country lives in its shadow.For reference英国历代国王与王后Geographical features1.Geographical positionThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometres, of which nearly 99% is land and the remainder inland water. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometres long.(1) Northwest of Europe(2) North Atlantic Ocean(3) Separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel2.Geographical features(1) An island country, surrounded by sea(2) Highlands in the north and west(3) Lowlands in the east and southeastA. Part of the great European PlainB. Level land and fertile soilC. farming(4) 3 natural zones in ScotlandA. the highlands in the northB. the central lowlandsC. the southern uplands. Rivers and LakesImportant role of rivers in the country’s economy1.Important Rivers(1)the Severn RiverA.the longest in the countryB.only 338 kilos long(2)the Thames RiverA.the 2nd longestB.the most important riverC.336 kilos longD.Oxford and London are on the river(3)River ClydeA.the most important in ScotlandB.important commercial waterway2.the Lake District(1)in northwest England and North Wales(2)popular tourist attractions(3)the home of the Lake PoetsA.William WordsworthB.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC.Robert SoutheyClimate1.Typical feature of Britain’s climate“Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather.”The statement is often made by Englishmen to describe the peculiar meteorological conditions of their country.A maritime type of climate(1)rainy---abundant rainfallThe uncertainty about the weather tends to make the Englishmen cautious.“A foreigner may laugh when he sees the Englishman setting forth on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella, but he may well regret his laughter later in the day!”(2)changeable and unpredictable, no clear cut of 4 seasons“In no country other than England, it has been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day! Day may break as a balmy spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and the rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may be really wintry with the temperature down by about eight degrees or more centigrade. And then, in the late afternoon the sky will clear, the sun will begin to shine, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer.”(3)Mild: no extremesIn England one can experience almost every kind of weather except the most extreme.temperature: 4-6℃ in winter, 12-17℃ in summer2.Factors influencing the climate(1)the surrounding waters(2)the prevailing south-west winds(3)the North Atlantic Drift (warm current)3.Rainfall(1) a steady reliable rainfall throughout the year(2)uneven distribution of rainA. a water surplus in the north and westB. a water deficit in the south and eastUnit TwoThe History of England课程名称：英语国家社会与文化本课内容：The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries授课时间：90分钟教学目的:通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，尤其是英格兰的历史；掌握主要历史事件及人物。

了解英语国家的文化和传统2023年，了解英语国家的文化和传统成为越来越多人关注的话题。

在全球化的背景下，了解不同国家与文化的差异和特点，有助于人们更好地融入国际社会。

本文将从历史、宗教信仰、节日、饮食、体育等多个方面，来介绍英语国家的文化和传统。

历史英语国家的历史可以追溯到数百年前，这些国家都体现了不同的历史和文化。

英国是一个古老而丰富的国家，其历史可以追溯到公元前10世纪。

到了中世纪，英国有了大量的城堡和教堂，这些建筑至今仍然呈现着昔日辉煌的壮丽景象。

同时，英国中世纪的语言和文化也影响了今天的英语语言和文化。

美国和加拿大则是英国殖民地，他们的历史可以追溯到16世纪。

这里还有一些新兴的国家，如新西兰、澳大利亚，它们的历史相对较短，但是也非常有特点。

宗教信仰英语国家的宗教信仰也是很有特点的。

英国是一个基督教国家，其国教为英国国教会，教堂是英国重要的文化遗产之一。

美国则是一个宗教多元的国家，基督教和天主教是主要的宗教信仰。

而澳大利亚在宗教信仰方面则更加多元，既有基督教，还有佛教、伊斯兰教等。

除了这些传统宗教，越来越多的人选择了无宗教信仰或新兴宗教。

节日每个国家都有自己的传统节日，英语国家也不例外。

英国最有名的节日之一就是复活节，这是一个基督教节日，是庆祝耶稣基督的复活。

美国最著名的节日是感恩节，这是一个表达感恩、团聚的节日，通常是在每年11月的第四个星期四。

加拿大则有国家庆典节日和圣诞节等传统节日。

此外，在英语国家还有很多独特的节日和活动，例如在英国的农历新年（又称“春节”）和澳大利亚的“澳大利亚日”等。

饮食英语国家的饮食文化也非常丰富多样。

英国的传统美食包括炸鱼和薯条、肉馅派、面包布丁等。

美国的传统美食则包括汉堡、烤肉、披萨等。

加拿大则以枫树糖浆、生蚝和蒸汽肉饼（Poutine）而闻名。

澳大利亚则以烤肉和海鲜为主，其中烤大虾（Prawns）是美食之一。

此外，在英语国家的主要城市中，还有许多各具特色的餐馆和小吃摊，比如伦敦的印度餐厅、美国的汉堡王和肯德基等。

Cultural Knowledge of Major English-Speaking Countries英语国家文化常识1.United States of America:a country of North America with coastlines on the Arctic,Atlanticand Pacific oceans.It includes the noncontiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.The area now occupied by the contiguous48states was originally inhabited by numerous Native Americans,the Indians.2.Washington,D.C.:capital of the United States,coextensive with the District of Columbia.Washington is the legislative,administrative,and judicial center of the United States.The city is also a major tourist attraction and cultural center.3.Abraham Lincoln:16th president of America.As president,he is best remembered forleading the Union through the Civil War and freeing Confederate slaves with the1863 Emancipation Proclamation,for delivering the Gettysburg Address,the most famous oration in American history,on19November1863,in which he claimed that government should be “of the people,by the people,for the people”.4.Pearl Harbor:an inlet of the Pacific Ocean on the southern coast of Oahu,Hawaii.It becamethe site of a naval base after the United States annexed Hawaii in1898.On Sunday,7 December1941,Japanese planes attacked the base,and United States entered World War II the following day.5.George Washington:first president and the founding father of the US.He stands as one ofthe three men—the others being Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Roosevelt—who came to power at the most6.Ralph Waldo Emerson:the most thought-provoking American cultural leader of themid-19th century.As a transcendentalist,Emerson spoke out against materialism,formal religion,and slavery.7.Henry David Thoreau:an American author,naturalist,and philosopher who is best knownfor his essay,Civil Disobedience,an argument for individual resistance to civil government, which would later influence such figures as Mohandas K.Gandhi and Martin Luther King,Jr.8.John Denver:one f the most popular recording artists of the1970s in the US.As country-folksinger/songwriter,Denver’s gentle,environmentally conscious music,like Rocky Mountain High and Take Me Home,Country Roads established him among the most beloved entertainers of his era.9.Mark Twain:American humorist and novelist.Born Samuel Langhorne Clemens,hispseudonym,Mark Twain,was taken from Mississippi riverboat terminology.His humorous tales of human nature,especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876)and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1885),remain standard texts in high school and college literature classes.10.Earnest Hemingway:one of the most famous American writers of the20th century.He wrotenovels and short stories about outdoorsmen,expatriates,soldiers and others.He is best known for his short novel The Old Man and the Sea(1952)which won him the Nobel Prize in Literature in1954.11.Rocky Mountains:a major mountain system of Western North America,extending around5,100km from northwest Alaska to the Mexican border.12.The New Deal:the collection of political and economic policies and programs promulgatedby the first two administrations of the presidency of Franklin D.Roosevelt.The New Deal policies were aimed at combating the economic miseries of the Great Depression.13.The Beatles:English top group,formed in Liverpool by John Lennon,Paul McCartney andGeorge Harrison.14.Yesterday Once More:a hit song by The Carpenters from their album Now&Then.TheCarpenters were a vocal and instrumental duo,consisting of siblings Karen and Richard Carpenter.They recorded fifteen#1songs in the entire decade of the1970s15.Halloween:celebrated in the United States,Canada,and the British Isles on31October bychildren going door to door while wearing costumes and begging treats and playing pranks.16.Jazz:once described as“the most significant form of musical expression of American blackculture and America’s outstanding contribution to the art of music”.From obscure origins among African Americans in New Orleans a century ago,the music blends elements of African music,work songs,and developing through the blues and ragtime into a new syncopated improvisational style.Jazz flourished in New Orleans before World War I,in Chicago in the1920s,and in New York and throughout the country after that.17.MIT:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,US private university in Cambridge,famous forits scientific and technological training and research.Founded in1861,MIT has schools of architecture and planning,engineering,humanities,arts,social sciences and management(the Sloan School).18.Ping-pong Diplomacy:In1971,a Us table-tennis team paid a visit to China after many yearsof antagonism between the two countries,opening the door for China-US people-to-people contacts.In the fall the same year,the then US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger visited China,followed by another historic visit by President Richard Nixon in1972,which paved the way for the normalization of bilateral relations.19.New York City:the“Big Apple”,the“City That Never Sleeps”—New York is a city ofsuperlatives:America’s most exciting place;its business and cultural capital;the nation’s trendsetter.20.Hollywood:a district of the city of Los Angeles,California,US.Its name is synonymous withthe American movie industry.It became the center of the movie industry by1915.21.Silicon Valley:located around Santa Clara and San Jose,California,being the home of manykey US corporations that specialize in advanced electronic and information technologies.First called“Silicon Valley”by a local news letter writer,the“Valley”became the center of newly developing technologies that many believed would revolutionize computers, telecommunications,and even society itself.22.IMF:the International Monetary Fund,an organization of185countries dedicated topromoting global monetary cooperation and the health and stability of the internationalmonetary system.The IMF supports worldwide economic growth by granting loans and technical assistance to countries in need.The organization was formed in1944.23.University of Cambridge:one of the world’s oldest and most prestigious academicinstitutions.Dating back some800years to1209,Cambridge boasts more than100academic departments and several world-class research centers that have produced more than8-Nobel Prize winners.Its alumni have included such prominent notables as Sir Isaac Newton,Charles Darwin,and Stephen Hawking.24.The British Broadcasting Corporation:usually known as the BBC.Founded in1922as theBritish Broadcasting Company Ltd,it was subsequently granted a Royal Charter and made a state-owned corporation.The corporation produces programs and information services, broadcasting globally on television,radon,and the Internet.25.Stonehenge:a group of standing stones in the west of England.The arrangement of the stonessuggests that Stonehenge might be once used as a religious center and also as an astronomical observatory.26.Robert Burns:widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland,and a lyricist.Among hisbest-known songs are“Auld Lang Syne”and“A Red,Red Rose”.He freely proclaimed his radical opinions,his sympathies with the common people,and his rebellion against orthodox religion and morality.27.Big Ben:one of the world’s largest four-faced clocks,also one of London’s most famouslandmarks.The name,which originally referred to the hour bell,was given in honor of Sir Benjamin Hall,the commissioner of works,according to the legend.28.Hyde Park:located in Westminster borough,London,England,a large public park inwest-central London,England.Distinctive features of the park are Hyde Park Corner(also the Speakers’Corner),the meeting place of soapbox orators.29.M artin Luther King,JHr.:an African-American clergyman who advocated social changethrough non-violent means.A powerful speaker and a man of great spiritual strength,he shaped the American civil rights movement of the1950s and1960s.King won the1963Nobel Peace Prize,becoming at the time the youngest recipient ever.30.GM:General Motors Corporation(GM)is the world’s largest automotive manufacturer formost of the20th century and into the21st It was founded in1908by William C.Durant to consolidate several motorcar companies,based in Flint,Michigan.Its arsenal of brands includes Chevrolet,Pontiac,GMC,Buick,Cadillac,Saturn,Hummer,and Saab.31.London Bridge is falling down:one of the widest-know children’s songs in theEnglish-speaking world and has existed both as a nursery rhyme and as a singing game for a very long time.32.The Mississippi River:the largest river of North America.The River has been a focal pointin American history,commerce,agriculture,literature,and environmental awareness.33.Trafalgar Square:in Westminster,London,England,named for Lord Nelson’s victory at thebattle of Trafalgar.Trafalgar Square is a frequent site of political rallies.34.Gladiator:a2000historical action drama film.It is directed by Ridley Scott and stars RussellCrowe.Crowe portrays General Maximus Decimus Meridius,who rises through the ranks of the gladiatorial arena to avenge the murder of his family and his Emperor.The film who five Academy Awards in the73rd Acadamy Awards ceremony.35.University of Oxford:an autonomous university at Oxford,Oxfordshire,England.It wasfounded in the12th century and modeled on the University of Paris,with initial faculties of theology,law,medicine,and the liberal arts.Oxford has been associated with many of the greatest names in British history.36.Cowboy:used in England meaning“a boy who takes care of cows”.But it is the Americanswho invented two new meanings for it.The first one was the revolutionary patriots’term for pro-British raiders during the American Revolution,while the second kind of cowboy came to national and worldwide attention after the American Civil War,when for two decades thousands of cowboys drove millions of longhorn cattle from Texas to the new transcontinental railroads in Kansas and Colorado.Building on this legend,cowboy today still is used to mean someone who is reckless,impulsive,and dangerous.It can also be modified to mean someone who merely puts one airs of being tough or sophisticated:a drugstore cowboy.37.Canada:with a developed market economy that is export-directed and closely linked withthat of the US,Canada is one of the world’s most prosperous countries.It is a parliamentary state with two legislative houses;its chief of state is the British monarch,whose representative is Canada’s governor-general,and the head of government is the prime minister.Originally inhabited by American Indians and Inuit,Canada was visited in AD1000by Scandinavian explorers,whose settlement is confirmed by archaeological evidence from Newfoundland.38.Sydney:capital of New South Wales,Australia.Sydney is Australia’s largest city,chief port,and main cultural center.The dramatic,modernistic Sydney Opera House complex was largely designed by Jorn Utzon,the Danish winner of an international competition;it is now Sydney’s most famous landmark.39.Salzburg:the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg.Salzburg’s“Old Town”with its world-famous baroque architecture was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.The city is noted for the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the setting for parts of the musical and film The Sound of Music,which features famous landmarks in Austria,but focuses mainly on Salzburg.40.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:a prolific and influential composer of the Classical Era in whatis now Austria,but then part of the Holy Roman Empire.He composed over600works,many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic,concertante,chamber,piano,operatic,and choral music.He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers.41.Buffalo:the second most populous city in the state of New York,second only to New YorkCity.Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River,Buffalo is the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area.42.The Scilence of the Lambs:a1991horror thriller directed by Honathan Demme and starringJodie Foster,and Anthony Hopkins.It is based on the novel of the same name by ThomasHarris.In the film,Clarice Starling,a young FBI trainee,seeks the advice of the imprisoned Lecter on catching a serial killer known only as“Buffalo Bill”.The film won the top five Academy Awards:Best Picture,Best Actress,Best Actor,Best Director and Best Screenplay.43.Madonna:an American recording artist,actress and entrepreneur.Madonna is ranked by theRecording Industry Association of America as the best-selling female rock artist of the20th century and the second top-selling female artist in the United States.She has sold over200 million albums worldwide.In2007,Guinness World Records listed her as the world’s most successful female recording artist of all time and she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the following year.44.Bank Holliday:a public holiday in both the United Kingdom and Ireland.There is someautomatic right to time off on these days,although the majority of the population not employed in essential services receive them as holidays;those employed in essential services usually receive extra pay for working on these days.Bank holidays are often assumed to be so called because they are days upon which banks are shut,but this is not in fact the case.Some of the assumed bank holiday are days on which the banks are shut but are not,in fact,a bank holiday(e.g.Good Friday and Christmas Day).Stephen’’s Day:or called the Feast of St.Stephen is a Christian Saint’s Day celebrated on 45.St.Stephen26December in the Western Church and27December in the Eastern Church.Many Eastern Orthodox churches adhere to the Julian calendar and mark St.Stephen’s Day on27December according to that calendar.46.Boxing Day:a public holiday in the United Kingdom,Australia,Canada,New Zealand,andcountries in the Commonwealth of Nations with a mainly Christian population.The name derives from the English tradition giving gifts(a“Christmas box”)to less fortunate members of society in the days when people worked in rural economies.Boxing Day is traditionally celebrated on26December.Unlike St Stephen’s Day,Boxing Day has become a secular holiday and is not always on26December.The date of observance of Boxing Day varies between countries.47.Martin Luther King,Jr.Day:a United States holiday marking the birthdate of Reverend.Dr.Martin Luther King,Jr.,observed on the third Monday of January eash year,around the time of King’s birthday,January 5.It is one of three United States federal holidays to commemorate an individual person.After King’s assassination in1968,United States Representative John Conyers introduced a bill in Congress to make King’s birthday a national holiday.On November2,1983,United States President Ronald Reagan signed the bill creating a federal holiday to honor King.It was observed for the first time on January2o, 1986.Washington’’s birthday:a United States feral holiday celebrated on the third Monday of 48.WashingtonFebruary.It is also commonly known as Presidents Day(or Presidents’Day).As Washington’s Birthday or Presidents Day,it is also the official name of a concurrent state holiday celebrated on the same day in a number of states.bor Day:a United States federal holiday observed on the first Monday in September(September7in2009).The holiday originated in Canada out of labor disputes(“Nine-HourMovement”)first in Hamilton,then in Toronto,Canada in1870s,which resulted in a Trade Union Act which legalized and protected union activity in1872in Canada.In1882,American labor leader Peter J.McGuire witnessed one of these labor festivals in Toronto.Inspired from Canadian events in Toronto,he returned to New York and organized the first American“Labor Day”on September5of the same year.50.Columbus Day:first became an official state holiday in Colorado in1906,and became afederal holiday in1934.The day has been celebrated in the United States since1792in New York City,and it honors Christopher Columbus,who landed in the Americans on October12, 1492.51.Veterans Day:is an annual American holiday honoring military veterans.Both a federalholiday and a state holiday in all states,it is usually observed on November11.It is also celebrated as Armistice Day or Remembrance Day in other parts of the world,falling on November11,the anniversary of the signing of the Armistice that ended World War I.52.Thanksgiving Day:presently celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November,has been anannual tradition in the United States since1863.It did not become a federal holiday until1941.Thanksgiving was historically a religious observation to give thanks to God,and is still celebrated as such by some religious families,but it is now considered a secular holiday as well.In the United States,certain kinds of food are traditionally served at Thanksgiving meals.Baked or roasted turkey is usually the featured item on any thanksgiving feast table.Stuffing, mashed potatoes with gravy,sweet potatoes,cranberry sauce,sweet corn,other fall vegetables, and pumpkin pie are commonly associated with Thanksgiving dinner.Patrick’’s Day:an annual feast day which celebrated St.Patrick,the most commonly 53.St.Patrickrecognized of the patron saints of Ireland,and is generally celebrated on17th of March.The day is a national holiday of Ireland.It is also a public holiday in Canada,United Kingdom, Australia,the United States,Argentina and New Zealand.It is widely celebrated but is not an official holiday.Today,St.Patrick’s Day is widely celebrated in America by Irish and non-Irish alike.Many people,regardless of ethnic background wear green-colored clothing and items.Celebrations are generally themed around all tings Irish and the color green.The secular version of the holiday is celebrated by wearing green,eating Irish food and/or green foods,imbibing Irish drink and attending parades,which have a particularly long history in the United States.Andrew’’s Day:the first day of Saint Andrew.It is celebrated on30November.Saint 54.St.AndrewAndrew is the patron saint of Scotland,and St.Andrew’s Day is Scotland’s official national day.In2006,the Scottish Parliament designated St.Andrew’s Day as an official bank holiday.Although most commonly associated with Scotland,Saint Andrew is also the patron saint of Greece,Romania,and Russia.Quiz1.Which of the following states is the capital of the United States?A.New York.B.London.C.Washington.D.California.2.Who wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer?A.Ralph Waldo Emerson.B.Mark Twain.C.Robert Burns.D.Ernest Hemingway.3.In which city can you see Big Ben?A.Oxford.B.London.C.Cambridge.D.Sydney.4.When does Thanksgiving Day come?A.On the second Sunday in May.B.On the third Saturday of June.C.On the first Monday in May.D.On the fourth Thursdays in November.5.Who gave the famous speech“I Have a Dream”?A.Ralph Waldo Emerson.B.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.C.Christopher Columbus.D.Martin Luther King,Jr.6.Which of the following abbreviations is the world’s largest automotivemanufacturer?A.AMB.GMC.BBCD.MIT7.Which of the following novels was written by Ernest Hemingway?A.The Old Man and the SeaB.The Last IvyC.Pride and PrejudiceD.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn8.Hollywood is synonymous with the American______industry.A.automobileB.movieC.electronicD.novel9.Which of the following rivers is the largest one of North America?A.The Nile.B.The Amazon.C.The Mississippi.D.The Danube.10.Which of the following cities is called the“Big Apple”?A.New YorkB.LondonC.CaliforniaD.WashingtonKeys to Quiz1.C2.B3.B4.D5.D6.B7.A8.B9.C10.A。

初中阶段的英语国家和文化英语知识点英语作为一门全球通用的语言，学习英语不仅仅是学习语言知识，还涉及到英语国家的文化、习俗和传统。

在初中阶段，学生需要掌握一些关于英语国家和文化的基本知识点。

本文将介绍一些与英语国家和文化相关的知识点。

1. 英语国家及其地理位置英语是英国的母语，但也广泛使用于其他国家和地区。

主要的英语国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等。

这些国家分布在不同的大陆，有着各自独特的地理环境和人文特点。

2. 主要的英语国家文化每个英语国家都有其独特的文化特点。

比如英国文化以绅士风度、茶文化和冠冕堂皇的皇室传统而闻名；美国文化以自由、多元和创新为核心；加拿大文化强调多元文化以及对自然环境的保护。

学生需要了解这些文化特点，以便更好地理解和交流。

3. 英语国家的节日和庆典不同的英语国家有自己独特的节日和庆典。

比如英国的圣诞节、复活节和万圣节；美国的独立日和感恩节；加拿大的国庆日等。

学生可以通过学习这些节日和庆典，了解当地的文化习俗和传统。

4. 英语国家的体育文化体育在英语国家有着重要的地位，不同的体育项目也与当地文化紧密相连。

例如英式足球在英国是最受欢迎的运动，美国橄榄球和篮球在美国备受热爱，加拿大的冰球是国球。

了解英语国家的体育文化，对于拓宽学生的视野和培养体育兴趣都有益处。

5. 英语国家的饮食文化饮食文化也是了解一个国家的重要方面。

英语国家的饮食文化多种多样，比如英国的英式早餐、美国的汉堡和炸鸡、加拿大的枫糖浆等。

学生可以通过学习英语国家的饮食文化，了解不同国家的饮食习俗和传统。

6. 英语国家的名人和文化艺术英语国家涌现了众多的名人和文化艺术家。

通过了解一些英语国家的重要名人和文化艺术作品，学生可以进一步了解英语国家的历史和文化成就。

比如英国的莎士比亚、美国的爱默生和卡莱尔、加拿大的贝鲁特等。

7. 英语国家的教育体系英语国家的教育体系对于学生的成长和未来发展起到重要的影响。

了解英语国家的教育体系，可以帮助学生更好地规划自己的学习和职业发展。

英语国家社会与文化总结英语是现代世界最重要的语言之一，是许多国家的官方语言，也是国际交流和商务活动的主要工具。

在全球范围内，许多国家和地区使用英语，他们各自拥有独特的社会和文化特点。

首先，英语国家的社会结构通常以个人主义为主导。

这意味着个人的自由和自主权重要于集体。

人们注重个人价值和自我实现，追求个人目标和成功。

这种价值观在教育体系中体现得尤为突出，鼓励学生发展自己的兴趣和才能，追求个人的职业理想。

其次，英语国家的社会秩序通常以法治为基石。

法治意味着相对公正和有序的社会体系，每个人都有平等的权利和义务。

法治的重要性在英语国家的政府和司法体系中得到体现，通过公正的法律程序保障公民的权益和维护社会的稳定。

除了社会结构和秩序，英语国家的文化特点也非常丰富多样。

一方面，英语国家通常崇尚个人创造力和创新精神。

文学、艺术和科技等领域，英语国家常常是领先的。

这种创造力和创新精神在文化产业中得到了极大的发展，创造了无数的文化和艺术作品。

另一方面，英语国家也注重社交礼仪和谦逊的价值观。

人们往往以礼貌和尊重他人为荣，重视家庭和友谊关系。

社交场合中，人们通常注意言行举止，注重礼仪和交际技巧。

这种礼仪和谦逊的文化背景给人们带来了友好、温暖的交流环境。

最后，英语国家普遍注重个人的健康和生活质量。

他们注重保持身体健康，注重饮食和锻炼等健康生活方式。

此外，英语国家也鼓励人们平衡工作和生活，追求幸福和满足感。

这种关注个人的健康和生活质量的价值观，使英语国家的居民通常过着积极、充实的生活。

总之，英语国家的社会和文化性格富有个性，注重个人价值、法治和创造力。

了解这些特点对于在英语国家生活、学习或工作的人来说至关重要。

我们可以借鉴英语国家社会和文化的优点，丰富自己的人生经验，提高自己的社交能力和创新能力，更好地适应和融入全球化的世界。

1.英语语言发展阶段：古英语--中古英语--现代英语：古英语-old English主要是日耳曼部落讲的凯尔特语，语法性浓厚。

中古英语-Middle English罗曼底征服事件后，人种混合，语言混合，英语渐渐取代法语成为主要语言。

语法形态简化。

现代英语-文艺复兴，印刷术，伦敦方言成为标准英语。

语音变化巨大。

趋势-简化语法，简化单词。

变体-美国英语（主导），澳大利亚英语，加拿大英语，南非英语，印度英语。

2.英美国家概况之历史篇：美国历史（重要事件列出）：最早的美国人是印第安人；英国在1607在美国建立殖民地，并逐渐建立13个殖民地。

1776年圣诞节美军挫败英军，1783年巴黎和约英国承认美国独立。

美国宪法前十条是«人权法案»，保护个人权利。

英美最后一次交火是1812年的英美战争。

美国内战期间，林肯发表【解放奴隶宣言】，1863葛底斯堡演说民有民享民治（the government of the people,by the people and for the people）.1903年，莱特兄弟发明第一架飞机。

第一次世界大战，美国宣布中立，但实际上是支持同盟政策。

20ce20ys,美国是物质上成功但精神挫败迷惘的时期。

罗斯福的新政措施目的在于拯救美国民主制度和资本主义制度。

20ce30ys,美国奉行孤立主义外交政策。

目的是远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。

二战期间，美国外交政策针对英国和前苏联，想赢得战争，阻止苏联扩张。

美苏英三国首脑会晤三次，第一次1943德黑兰会议决定“霸王行动”向法国进攻。

第二次1945年雅尔塔会议，决定建联合国组织。

第三次1945波茨坦会议，确定欧洲格局暂时分配。

1946年，美国电报出现遏制苏联政策，1949年，杜鲁门公开遏制政策。

同年，美国签订北约（The North Atlantic Treaty).1945年以来，美国经济进入25年的繁荣期。

1962古巴导弹危机，在位肯尼迪。

英语国家文化英语国家文化一、概述英语国家文化是指使用英语作为主要语言的国家所拥有的独特文化。

这些国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等。

虽然这些国家之间存在一些差异，但它们也有很多相似之处，形成了独特而丰富的英语国家文化。

二、语言与文学英语作为世界上最重要的国际语言之一，对英语国家的文化产生了深远的影响。

英语文学是英语国家文化的重要组成部分，从莎士比亚的戏剧到狄更斯的小说，英语文学作品丰富多样，影响深远。

许多英语国家也有自己的诗歌和传统故事，通过文字把人们的思想和情感传递给后世。

三、习俗与节日英语国家文化中的习俗和节日也非常丰富多样。

例如，在英国，下午茶被视为一种重要的社交活动；在美国，感恩节是一个重要的家庭团聚节日。

圣诞节在全球范围内都有重要意义，英语国家也坚守着传统的圣诞节庆祝方式，如装饰圣诞树、给亲朋好友送礼物等。

四、体育与娱乐体育在英语国家的文化中扮演着重要的角色。

足球被广泛认为是英语国家最受欢迎的体育运动，英超联赛和世界杯足球赛都吸引了全球的关注。

此外，板球、橄榄球、篮球等也在英语国家备受喜爱。

娱乐方面，电视、电影、音乐等都在英语国家拥有繁荣的产业，为人们提供丰富多样的消遣方式。

五、饮食与美食英语国家的饮食文化也非常丰富多样。

英国以英式早餐和奶茶闻名，美国以汉堡、披萨和热狗为特色，加拿大以枫糖浆和海鲜为美食代表。

澳大利亚则以烧烤和海鲜为特色。

此外，英语国家也有各种各样的酒类，如英国的艾尔和苏格兰威士忌，在各国酒吧和餐厅供应。

六、艺术与建筑英语国家以其独特的建筑风格和艺术作品而闻名于世。

英国的古堡、巴洛克风格的宫殿、红砖建筑等都是其建筑文化的代表。

同时，英语国家也孕育出了众多杰出的艺术家，如文艺复兴时期的达芬奇和伦勃朗，以及现代艺术的先驱波普艺术家安迪·沃霍尔。

七、教育与价值观英语国家非常重视教育，普及教育是他们文化的核心价值观之一。

高质量的教育体系为英语国家培养了众多的优秀人才，吸引了许多外国学生到这些国家留学。

英语国家社会文化
1. 英语语言和文学：以英语为主要语言，包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、
新西兰等国家。

英语文学作为重要的文化遗产，包括莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯卡·王尔德等众多世界级作家和文学作品。

2. 政治和社会制度：英语国家中，有许多使用英语的民主国家，如英国、美国、
加拿大和澳大利亚。

这些国家普遍遵循权力分立和言论自由的原则，并推崇个人权利和自由。

3. 文化多样性：英语国家拥有丰富的文化多样性，融合了各种族裔、宗教信仰
和文化传统。

这些国家在包容和多元性方面非常重视，鼓励人们保持自己的文化身份同时与其他群体和谐相处。

4. 流行文化：英语国家对于流行文化的影响力巨大，包括音乐、电影、电视剧
和时尚等。

好莱坞电影工业、英国音乐和文化运动，以及美国的流行文化都深深影响了世界的娱乐和艺术领域。

5. 体育文化：英语国家热衷于各类体育运动，如足球、篮球、橄榄球和板球等。

这些运动不仅是体育竞技，也体现了国家的身份认同和集体荣誉感。

英语国家社会与文化总结1.多元社会：英语国家，如美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和英国等，是多元社会的代表。

这些国家由于历史的原因，吸引了来自世界各地的移民，形成了种族、宗教、语言和文化上的多样性。

这种多元性使得英语国家成为一个开放包容的社会，让人们能够在其中享受到丰富的文化体验，同时也促进了社会的进步和发展。

2.社交礼仪：英语国家注重社交礼仪，礼貌、尊重和互惠关系被视为社会交往的基本原则。

例如，在英国，人们通常会在打招呼时向对方问候，如"你好"或"请问有什么可以帮到你的"。

在美国，人们更倾向于直接地称呼对方的名字，并在表达意见时注重礼貌和谦逊。

这些社交礼仪的遵守，有助于促进人与人之间的友好交流和相互理解。

3.高度重视教育：英语国家普遍高度重视教育，并且提供了世界上一流的教育资源。

这些国家致力于发展全人教育，注重培养学生的创造力、批判性思维和团队合作能力。

此外，英语国家也非常注重职业教育和技能培训，使学生能够获得实用的知识和技能，为他们未来的职业生涯做好准备。

4.崇尚个人主义：英语国家与许多其他社会文化相比，更加崇尚个人主义。

人们在追求自我实现和个人利益的同时，也注重个人的独立和权利。

这种个人主义的特点在英国和美国尤为明显，人们普遍享有言论自由和选择的权利，他们鼓励人们追求自己的梦想，并追求个人和家庭的成功。

5.体育文化：英语国家对体育文化有着深厚的热爱和传统。

足球、橄榄球、板球和篮球等运动在英语国家非常流行，并且体育比赛常常成为人们社交娱乐的重要组成部分。

这种体育文化的存在，不仅有助于促进人们的健康和身体素质，也有助于建立团队精神和英勇精神。

总之，英语国家的社会和文化是多元性、社交礼仪、教育重视、个人主义和体育文化等多个方面的综合体现。

了解和理解这些特点，有助于更好地融入和适应英语国家的社会环境，并促进跨文化交流和交往的成功。

英语国家社会与文化入门Introduction to Society and Culture in English-speaking CountriesEnglish-speaking countries, which include the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, have diverse and rich societies and cultures. These countries share a common language, English, but each has unique social, cultural, and historical characteristics. This article will provide an introduction to the society and culture of these English-speaking countries.1. Language: English is the primary language in these countries, but there are variations in vocabulary, accent, and colloquial expressions. Each country has its own distinct dialect and slang, which contributes to the diversity of the English language.2. Education System: Education plays a crucial role in these countries, and they boast prestigious universities and educational institutions. Access to quality education is considered a fundamental right, and the education systems focus on developing critical thinking, creativity, and independent learning.3. Social Etiquette: Social etiquette varies in each country but generally focuses on politeness, respect for personal boundaries, and punctuality. For example, in the United States, it is common to greet people with a firm handshake and maintain eye contact, while in the United Kingdom, a polite nod or handshake is more common.4. Family Values: Family values differ across these countries, butthe concept of nuclear family is prevalent. Family gatherings and celebrations are important, and family members maintain close relationships. However, there is an increasing trend towards more independent lifestyles and individualism, especially in urban areas.5. Cuisine: The cuisine in English-speaking countries reflects their historical influences and multicultural societies. In the United Kingdom, traditional dishes include fish and chips, roast beef, and afternoon tea. The United States is known for its fast food culture, barbecues, and diverse food options influenced by various cultures. Australia and New Zealand are famous for their seafood, meat pies, and barbecues, while Canada offers a mix of traditional British and French cuisine.6. Sports: Sports play a significant role in the cultures of these countries. Football (soccer), rugby, cricket, and basketball are popular in the United Kingdom. The United States is known for American football, basketball, baseball, and ice hockey. Australia's passion lies in Australian rules football, cricket, and rugby, while Canada excels in ice hockey, lacrosse, and Canadian football.7. Arts and Entertainment: These countries have vibrant art scenes and are known for their contributions to literature, music, and film. British authors like William Shakespeare and Jane Austen have had a significant impact on English literature. Hollywood dominates the film industry, while the music scene in the United States has shaped popular music worldwide. Australia and New Zealand have produced internationally renowned actors, musicians, and writers.8. Festivals and Celebrations: Each country has its own national and cultural festivals and celebrations. In the United Kingdom, notable events include Bonfire Night, Christmas, and the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace. The United States celebrates Thanksgiving, Independence Day, and Halloween, among others. Australia and New Zealand celebrate ANZAC Day, Australia Day, Waitangi Day, and various multicultural festivals. Canada observes Canada Day and celebrates cultural festivities like the Calgary Stampede.These are just a few facets of the society and culture in English-speaking countries. Exploring these countries in depth would reveal even more fascinating aspects of their history, traditions, and contemporary influences.。