关联理论视角下的电气工程文本英汉翻译实践报告

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究1. 引言1.1 研究背景关联翻译理论是翻译研究领域中的重要理论之一，其提出者为加拿大学者纽迪·弗里德曼。

关联翻译理论强调译者在翻译时应该注重原文和译文之间的内在联系和关联性，而不是简单地对原文进行机械替换。

这一理论在英语和汉语之间的翻译实践中具有很大的应用潜力。

随着全球化的加速发展和跨文化交流的增加，英汉翻译在各个领域中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

在实际翻译中，译者们常常面临着诸多挑战，例如如何准确表达原文的意思，如何保持译文与原文的关联性等问题。

研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用具有重要的理论和实践意义。

本文旨在探讨关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用，并针对其中的挑战和启示进行深入分析，以期对英汉翻译实践提供一定的参考和借鉴。

1.2 研究目的研究目的是通过对关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用进行深入探讨和分析，从而揭示其在翻译过程中的具体作用和效果。

我们旨在探索关联翻译理论在英汉翻译中的实际运用情况，挖掘其在解决翻译难题、促进翻译质量提升方面的潜在优势，并探讨如何更好地将该理论运用到实际翻译工作中。

通过研究，我们希望为英汉翻译实践提供理论支持和实践指导，促进翻译理论与翻译实践的深度融合，推动翻译工作的健康发展，进一步提升英汉翻译的质量和效率。

通过本研究的探讨和总结，有望拓展关联翻译理论的应用领域，为翻译研究领域提供新的思路和方法。

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1.3 研究意义在英汉翻译实践中，关联翻译理论的研究意义主要表现在以下几个方面：1. 帮助研究者更好地理解和应用关联翻译理论，提高翻译质量和效率。

通过深入研究关联翻译理论，我们可以更好地把握英汉两种语言之间的相关性和联系，从而更加准确地进行翻译，避免语言歧义和偏差，提高翻译的准确性和忠实度。

2. 拓展翻译理论研究的视野，促进翻译理论的发展和完善。

通过对关联翻译理论的深入研究，可以促使研究者思考翻译活动的本质和规律，探索翻译过程中语言之间的关联性和互动性，推动翻译理论研究朝着更加系统和完善的方向发展。

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究
关联翻译理论，是指一种新兴的翻译理论，通过研究各种文本之间的关联性，来指导翻译实践。

这一理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究，对提高翻译质量，促进跨文化交流具有重要意义。

关联翻译理论能够帮助翻译人员更好地理解源文本。

在翻译过程中，翻译人员需要准确地把握源文本的意思和表达方式。

通过关联翻译理论的研究，可以发现并理解各种文本之间的关系，比如因果关系、行动与反应、事物的联系等等，从而更好地把握源文本的意义。

在英语中，“因为”和“所以”是常用的关联词，在翻译成汉语时，要根据具体的语境选择合适的译文，以准确地表达源文的关系。

关联翻译理论能够提升翻译的准确性和流畅性。

在翻译过程中，经常会遇到一词多义的情况，这就需要根据上下文的关联来选择合适的译文，以准确地表达原文的意思。

通过关联翻译理论的研究，翻译人员可以更好地掌握语法和语义上的关联关系，以保证译文的流畅性和自然度。

在汉语中，“我想去公园”，其中的“想”和“去”是语法上的关联，翻译成英语时可译为“I want to go to the park”，体现了上下文的关联关系。

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究，可以帮助翻译人员更好地理解源文本、提高翻译的准确性和流畅性，以及促进跨文化的交流和理解。

这一理论的应用将推动英汉翻译水平不断提高，为促进跨文化交流做出积极贡献。

电气自动化领域实践报告（中英文实用版）Title: Practice Report in Electrical Automation Field标题：电气自动化领域实践报告In recent years, the development of electrical automation technology has been advancing at a rapid pace, leading to significant changes in various industries.This practice report aims to provide an overview of the practical applications and recent developments in the field of electrical automation.近年来，电气自动化技术的发展速度不断加快，为各个行业带来了巨大的变革。

本实践报告旨在概述电气自动化领域的实际应用和最新发展。

One of the key applications of electrical automation is in the manufacturing industry, where it plays a crucial role in improving production efficiency and reducing human error.Automated control systems, robotics, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are commonly used in manufacturing processes to monitor and control machinery and equipment.电气自动化的关键应用之一是在制造业，它对于提高生产效率和减少人为错误起着至关重要的作用。

关联理论指导下英汉隐喻翻译实践报告
隐喻不仅仅是一种语言现象更是一种人类的认知现象。

隐喻用人类在某一领域的经验去理解另一不熟悉领域的一种认知活动。

关联理论以一种崭新的观念指导了隐喻的翻译。

关联理论认为,交际的顺利进行离不开交际双方都遵循着关联原则。

关联理论中的认知语境和最佳关联为理解隐喻提供了坚实的理论基础,在关联理论指导下,隐喻词句的分析及推理过程。

然而,相关研究还有一定的局限性,比如缺少在翻译实践中的实例论证。

同时,使用关联理论指导的隐喻翻译的研究也相对较少。

因此将隐喻的翻译实践与关联理论进行结合,以期对隐喻翻译做出进一步探讨。

Translation as Metaphor这本书极好地填补了过去的几十年里,在人文科
学和社会科学知识变化的迫切需要下,围绕如何翻译多种学科的隐喻进行了研究。

节选其第三章的翻译文本作为研究对象,进行了翻译实践。

此外,其就如何理解翻译隐喻作了大胆而清晰的论证,以关联理论为指导,针对翻译过程中出现的问题,采用案例分析法对隐喻翻译方法进行探讨,总结归纳,旨在提高认知翻译水平和解决实际问题的能力。

《关联理论视角下汉英口译中模糊语翻译策略研究》篇一一、引言在跨文化交流中，语言翻译是一项极其重要的任务。

特别是在汉英口译中，由于两种语言的文化背景、表达习惯和语境差异，模糊语言的翻译常常成为口译工作的难点。

本文将从关联理论视角出发，对汉英口译中模糊语翻译的策略进行研究。

二、关联理论与口译中的模糊语关联理论是一种认知语用学理论，它认为交际过程中的理解是基于说话者的意图和听话者的认知环境之间的关联。

在汉英口译中，模糊语言因其含糊性、多义性和文化特有性，往往难以找到精确的对应表达。

因此，口译员在处理这类语言时，需要运用关联理论，理解原语的意图和语境，从而在目标语中寻找最合适的表达方式。

三、汉英口译中模糊语的翻译策略1. 意译策略意译策略是指在不完全忠实原文形式的情况下，通过理解原文的意图，将之转换成目标语言的常用表达方式。

在翻译模糊语言时，口译员应首先理解原文的意图和语境，然后寻找目标语言中最能表达这一意图的词汇或短语。

这种策略能够较好地传达原文的含义，同时使译文更加自然流畅。

例如，在汉语中，“大概”、“左右”等词常常用来表示不确定的数值或范围。

在口译时，口译员可以将其翻译为英语中的模糊词，如“approximately”、“roughly”等，同时结合具体的上下文，传达出原文的意图。

2. 直译加解释策略直译加解释策略是指在保持原文形式的基础上，对模糊语言进行解释或补充说明，以便更好地传达原文的含义。

在汉英口译中，有些模糊语言在两种语言中都有相应的表达方式，但含义可能存在微妙的差异。

此时，口译员可以采用直译加解释的策略，使译文更加准确、完整。

例如，“风度翩翩”这个汉语成语在英语中没有完全对应的表达方式。

口译员可以将其直译为“graceful and elegant”，然后补充解释其含义为“举止优雅、风度不凡”。

这样既能保留原成语的韵味，又能使英语听众更好地理解其含义。

3. 文化转换策略文化转换策略是指通过了解两种语言的文化背景和习俗，将源语言的模糊语言转换为目标语言中的相应文化元素。

With the rapid development of power electronics, computer science and control theory, a revolution happened in motor drives. Actually, AC drives are the mainstream of motor drives. Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have been widely used as AC drives over the last two decades due to their high efficiency, high power density and no dc field winding in the rotor. It is well known motion control of PMSM requires accurate position and velocity signals to realize field orientation. In conventional motion control systems, optical encoders or electromagnetic resolvers are used for this purpose. However, these additional sensors increase the costs of the system and decrease the reliability. With this background, sensorless operation is fast becoming a requirement, and the elimination of position and velocity sensors has been an attractive prospect.As technological processes increase in complexity,and the required peformance specifications become more severe,analytical design procedures assume great importance. It has become essential for engineers to have an understanding of the nature of the dynamic behaviour of systems,and of the methods available for analyzing and improving dynamic performence.These requirements are making the use of mathematical modelling techniques an essential part of design. The nature of the model and the methods employed in obtaining it are dependent on the depth of understanding needed at a particular stage of the design study,and on the use to which the model will be put.It is desirable first to define what is meant by a system,a word which is frequently used in conversation .Broadly,a system can be thought of as a collection of interacting components , although sometimes interest might lie just in one single component. These components will often be functional parts of such physical components. The system of interest might be a power station , a steam turbine in the power station,or a control valve on the turbine;it might be an aeroplane,its air conditioning,an engine,or part of an engine;a process plant for the production of a chemical , or a large or small part of the plant;a human being,or some part of the body such as the muscle control mechanism for a limb;or it might be economic system of country,or any other from a wide range of fields.The system would normally be considered conceptually as being that part of the universe in which interest lay.There would be interaction between the system and certain parts of the surroundings known as the environment.The two would be separated by an imaginary boundary.In defining the system and its environment it is necessary to decide where this boundary should be placed;this decision depends both on the physical entities involved and on the purpose of the investigation.In studying a power station,interest might lie primarily in the relationship between the power station and the community,in which case the system and its environment might be envisaged as in Fig.5-1.There might,however,be a more specific interest in the speed control system of the turbogenerator,in which case the system could be as in Fig.5-2.In abstracting from the whole the system of interest,it is necessary to consider carefully where the boundary shall be placed,and closely allied is the need to decide what relevant signals cross the system boundary.In addition,there will be signals ofinterest within the system boundary,variables which help to describe and define the detailed system behaviour.Some of these signals will be measurable,some not or only indirectly;some will be useful from the viewpoint of analysis,andsome not.The signals which pass to the system from the environment will be termed the system inputs,while those passing out across the boundary will be the system outputs.Often there will be only one system input that is varying and one system output which is affected.The systems to be considered in this chapter will be predominantly single-input-single-output systems,the type which occurs most frequently in practice.Modern power systems are usually large-scale, geographically distributed, and with hundreds to thousands of generators operating in parallel and synchronously. They may vary in size and structure from one to another, but they all have the same basic characteristics:1Are comprised of three-phase AC systems operating essentially at constant voltage.Generation and transmission facilities use three-phase equipment . Industrial loads are invariablythree-phase; single-phase residential and commercial loads are distributed equally among the phases so as to effectively form a balanced three-phase system.2Use synchronous machines for generation of electricity. Prime movers convert the primary energy (fossil, nuclear, and hydraulic) to mechanical energy that is, in turn, converted to electrical energy by synchronous generators.3Transmit power over significant distances to consumers spread over a wide area. This requires a transmission system comprising subsystems operating at different voltage levels.The basic elements of a modern power system in USA are shown in Fig.6-1. Electric power is produced at generating stations (GS) and transmitted to consumers through a complex network of individual components, including transmission lines, transformers, and switching devices. It is common practice to classify the transmission network into the following subsystems: Transmission system; Subtransmission system; Distribution system. Basic elements of a power system The transmission system interconnects all major generating stations and main load centers in the system. It forms the backbone of the integrated power system and operates at the highest voltage levels (typically, 230 kV and above in USA). The generator voltages are usually in the range of 11 to 35 kV. These are stepped up to the transmission voltage level, and power is transmitted to transmission substations where the voltages are stepped down to the subtransmission level (typically, 69 to 138 kV). The generation and transmission subsystems are often referred to as the bulk power system. The subtransmisson system transmits power in small quantities from the transmission substations to the distribution substations. subtransmisson Large industrial customers are commonly supplied directly from the subtransmission system. In some systems, there is no clear demarcation between subtransmission and transmission circuits. As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function.The distribution system represents the final stage in the transfer of power to the individual customers. The primary distribution voltage is typically between 4.0 kV and 34.5 kV. Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level. The secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial customers at 120/240 V.Small generating plants located near the load are also connected to the subtransmission or distribution system directly. Interconnections to neighboring power systems are usually formed at the transmission system level. The overall system thus consists of multiple generating sources and several layers of transmission networks. This provides a high degree of structural redundancy that enables the system to withstand unusual contingencies without service disruption to the customers.Instability may also be encountered without loss of synchronism. For example, a system consisting of a synchronous generator feeding an induction motor load through a transmission line can become unstable because of the collapse of load voltage. Maintenance of synchronism is not an issue in this instance; instead, the concern is stability and control of voltage. This form of instability can also occur in loads covering an extensive area supplied by a large system. This kind of stability is referred to "voltage stability". Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power system to remain in synchronism. It is most important to power system stability problems. The stability problem involves the study of the electromechanical oscillations inherent in power system. A fundamental factor in this problem is the manner in which the power outputs of synchronous machines vary as their rotors oscillate.随着电力电子技术、计算机技术以及自动控制技术的飞速发展，给电气传动领域带来了历史性的革命，交流调速传动逐渐上升为电气传动的主流。

优秀论文审核通过未经允许切勿外传Chapter 3 Digital Electronics3.1 IntroductionA circuit that employs a numerical signal in its operation is classified as a digital circuitputers,pocket calculators, digital instruments, and numerical control (NC) equipment are common applications of digital circuits. Practically unlimited quantities of digital information can be processed in short periods of time electronically. With operational speed of prime importance in electronics today,digital circuits are used more frequently.In this chapter, digital circuit applications are discussed.There are many types of digital circuits that electronics, including logic circuits, flip-flop circuits, counting circuits, and many others. The first sections of this unit discuss the number systems that are basic to digital circuit understanding. The remainder of the chapter introduces some of the types of digital circuits and explains Boolean algebra as it is applied to logic circuits.3.2 Digital Number SystemsThe most common number system used today is the decimal system,in which 10 digits are used for counting. The number of digits in the systemis called its base (or radix).The decimal system，therefore，the counting process. The largest digit that can be used in a specific place or location is determined by the base of the system. In the decimal system the first position to the left of the decimal point is called the units place. Any digit from 0 to 9 can be used in this place.When number values greater than 9 are used,they must be expressed with two or more places.The next position to the left of the units place in a decimal system is the tens place.The number 99 is the largest digital value that can be expressed by two places in the decimal system.Each place added to the left extends the number system by a power of 10.Any number can be expressed as a sum of weighted place values.The decimal number 2583,for example, is expressed as (2×1000)+(5×100)+(8×10)+(3×1).The decimal number system is commonly used in our daily lives. Electronically, the binary system.Electronically,the value of 0 can be associated with a low-voltage value or no voltage. The number 1 can then be associated with a voltage value larger than 0. Binary systems that use these voltage values are said to , this chapter.The two operational states of a binary system,1 and 0,are natural circuit conditions. When a circuit is turned off or the off, or 0,state. An electrical circuit that the on，or 1,state. By using transistor or ICs，it is electronically possible to change states in less than a microsecond. Electronic devices make it possible to manipulate millions of 0s and is in a second and thus to process information quickly.The basic principles of numbering used in decimal numbers apply ingeneral to binary numbers.The base of the binary system is 2,meaning that only the digits 0 and 1 are used to express place value. The first place to the left of the binary point,or starting point，represents the units，or is,location. Places to the left of the binary point are the powers of 2.Some of the place values in base 2 are 2º=1,2¹=2,2²=4,2³=8,2⁴=16,25=32,and 26=64.When bases other than 10 are used,the numbers should example.The number 100₂(read“one,zero,zero, base 2”)is equivalent to 4 in base 10,or 410.Starting with the first digit to the left of the binary point,this number this method of conversion a binary number to an equivalent decimal number，write down the binary number first. Starting at the binary point，indicate the decimal equivalent for each binary place location where a 1 is indicated. For each 0 in the binary number leave a blank space or indicate a 0 ' Add the place values and then record the decimal equivalent.The conversion of a decimal number to a binary equivalent is achieved by repetitive steps of division by the number 2.When the quotient is even with no remainder,a 0 is recorded.When the quotient process continues until the quotient is 0.The binary equivalent consists of the remainder values in the order last to first.3.2.2 Binary-coded Decimal (BCD) Number SystemWhen large numbers are indicated by binary numbers，they are difficult to use. For this reason，the Binary-Coded Decimal(BCD) method of counting was devised. In this system four binary digits are used to represent each decimal digit.To illustrate this procedure，the number 105，is converted to a BCD number.In binary numbers，To apply the BCD conversion process，the base 10 number is first divided into digits according to place values.The number 10510 gives the digits 1-0-5.Converting each displayed by this process with only 12 binary numbers. The between each group of digits is important when displaying BCD numbers.The largest digit to be displayed by any group of BCD numbers is 9.Six digits of a number-coding group are not used at all in this system.Because of this, the octal (base 8) and the binary form but usually display them in BCD,octal,or a base 8 system is 7. The place values starting at the left of the octal point are the powers of eight: 80=1,81=8,82=64,83=512,84=4096,and so on.The process of converting an octal number to a decimal number is the same as that used in the binary-to-decimal conversion process. In this method, equivalent decimal is 25810.Converting an octal number to an equivalent binary number is similar to the BCD conversion process. The octal number is first divided into digits according to place value. Each octal digit is then converted into an equivalent binary number using only three digits.Converting a decimal number to an octal number is a process of repetitive division by the number 8.After the quotient determined，the remainder is brought down as the place value.When the quotient is even with no remainder，a 0 is transferred to the place position.The number for converting 409810 to base 8 is 100028.Converting a binary number to an octal number is an importantconversion process of digital circuits. Binary numbers are first processed at a very output circuit then accepts this signal and converts it to an octal signal displayed on a readout device.must first be divided into groups of three，starting at the octal point.Each binary group is then converted into an equivalent octal number.These numbers are then combined，while remaining in their same respective places，to represent the equivalent octal number.3.2.4 Hexadecimal Number SystemThe digital systems to process large number values.The base of this system is 16，which means that the largest number used in a place is 15.Digits used by this system are the numbers 0-9 and the letters A-F. The letters A-P are used to denote the digits 10-15，respectively. The place values to the left of the .The process of changing a proper digital order.The place values，or powers of the base，are then positioned under the respective digits in step 2.In step 3，the value of each digit is recorded. The values in steps 2 and 3 are then multiplied together and added. The sum gives the decimal equivalent value of a . Initially，the converted to a binary number using four digits per group. The binary group is combined to form the equivalent binary number.The conversion of a decimal number to a ，as with other number systems. In this procedure the division is by 16 and remainders can be as large as 15.Converting a binary number to a groups of four digits，starting at the converted to a digital circuit-design applications binary signals arefar superior to those of the octal，decimal，or be processed very easily through electronic circuitry，since they can be represented by two stable states of operation. These states can be easily defined as on or off, 1 or 0，up or down，voltage or no voltage，right or left，or any other two-condition states. There must be no in-between state.The symbols used to define the operational state of a binary system are very important.In positive binary logic，the state of voltage，on，true，or a letter designation (such as A ) is used to denote the operational state 1 .No voltage，off，false，and the letter A are commonly used to denote the 0 condition. A circuit can be set to either state and will remain in that state until it is caused to change conditions.Any electronic device that can be set in one of two operational states or conditions by an outside signal is said to be bistable. Relays，lamps，switches，transistors, diodes and ICs may be used for this purpose. A bistable device .By using many of these devices，it is possible to build an electronic circuit that will make decisions based upon the applied input signals. The output of this circuit is a decision based upon the operational conditions of the input. Since the application of bistable devices in digital circuits makes logical decisions，they are commonly called binary logic circuits.If we were to draw a circuit diagram for such a system，including all the resistors，diodes，transistors and interconnections，we would face an overwhelming task, and an unnecessary one.Anyone who read the circuit diagram would in their mind group the components into standard circuits and think in terms of the" system" functions of the individual gates. Forthis reason，we design and draw digital circuit with standard logic symbols. Three basic circuits of this type are used to make simple logic decisions.These are the AND circuit, OR circuit, and the NOT circuit.Electronic circuits designed to perform logic functions are called gates.This term refers to the capability of a circuit to pass or block specific digital signals.The logic-gate symbols are shown in Fig.3-1.The small circle at the output of NOT gate indicates the inversion of the signal. Mathematically，this action is described as A=.Thus without the small circle，the rectangle would represent an amplifier (or buffer) with a gain of unity.An AND gate the 1 state simultaneously，then there will be a 1 at the output.The AND gate in Fig. 3-1 produces only a 1 out-put when A and B are both 1. Mathematically，this action is described as A·B=C. This expression shows the multiplication operation. An OR gate Fig.3-1 produces a when either or both inputs are l.Mathematically，this action is described as A+B=C. This expression shows OR addition. This gate is used to make logic decisions of whether or not a 1 appears at either input.An IF-THEN type of sentence is often used to describe the basic operation of a logic state.For example，if the inputs applied to an AND gate are all 1，then the output will be 1 .If a 1 is applied to any input of an OR gate，then the output will be 1 .If an input is applied to a NOT gate，then the output will be the opposite or inverse.The logic gate symbols in Fig. 3-1 show only the input and output connections. The actual gates，when wired into a digital circuit, would pin 14 and 7.3.4 Combination Logic GatesWhen a NOT gate is combined with an AND gate or an OR gate，it iscalled a combination logic gate. A NOT-AND gate is called a NAND gate，which is an inverted AND gate. Mathematically the operation of a NAND gate is A·B=. A combination NOT-OR ，or NOR，gate produces a negation of the OR function.Mathematically the operation of a NOR gate is A+B=.A 1 appears at the output only when A is 0 and B is 0.The logic symbols are shown in Fig. 3-3.The bar over C denotes the inversion，or negative function，of the gate.The logic gates discussed .In actual digital electronic applications，solid-state components are ordinarily used to accomplish gate functions.Boolean algebra is a special form of algebra that was designed to show the relationships of logic operations.Thin form of algebra is ideally suited for analysis and design of binary logic systems.Through the use of Boolean algebra，it is possible to write mathematical expressions that describe specific logic functions.Boolean expressions are more meaningful than complex word statements or or elaborate truth tables.The laws that apply to Boolean algebra are used to simplify complex expressions. Through this type of operation it may be possible to reduce the number of logic gates needed to achieve a specific function before the circuits are designed.In Boolean algebra the variables of an equation are assigned by letters of the alphabet.Each variable then exists in states of 1 or 0 according to its condition.The 1，or true state，is normally represented by a single letter such as A，B or C.The opposite state or condition is then described as 0，or false，and is represented by or A’.This is described as NOT A，A negated，or A complemented.Boolean algebra is somewhat different from conventional algebra withrespect to mathematical operations.The Boolean operations are expressed as follows:Multiplication:A AND B，AB，,A·BOR addition:A OR B .A+BNegation，or complementing:NOT A，，A’Assume that a digital logic circuit only C is on by itself or when A，B and C are all on expression describes the desired output. Eight (23) different combinations of A，B，and C exist in this expression because there are three，inputs. Only two of those combinations should cause a signal that will actuate the output. When a variable is not on (0)，it is expressed as a negated letter. The original statement is expressed as follows: With A，B，and C on or with A off, B off, and C on ，an output (X）will occur:ABC+C=XA truth table illustrates if this expression is achieved or not.Table 3-1 shows a truth table for this equation. First，ABC is determined by multiplying the three inputs together.A 1 appears only when the A，B，and C inputs are all 1.Next the negated inputs A andB are determined.Then the products of inputs C，A，and B are listed.The next column shows the addition of ABC and C.The output of this equation shows that output 1 is produced only when C is 1 or when ABC is 1.A logic circuit to accomplish this Boolean expression is shown in Fig. 3-4.Initially the equation is analyzed to determine its primary operational function.Step1 shows the original equation.The primary function is addition，since it influences all parts of the equation in some way.Step 2 shows the primary function changed to a logic gate diagram.Step 3 showsthe branch parts of the equation expressed by logic diagram，with AND gates used to combine terms.Step 4 completes the process by connecting all inputs together.The circles at inputs，of the lower AND gate are used to achieve the negative function of these branch parts.The general rules for changing a Boolean equation into a logic circuit diagram are very similar to those outlined.Initially the original equation must be analyzed for its primary mathematical function.This is then changed into a gate diagram that is inputted by branch parts of the equation.Each branch operation is then analyzed and expressed in gate form.The process continues until all branches are completely expressed in diagram formmon inputs are then connected together.3.5 Timing and Storage ElementsDigital electronics involves a number of items that are not classified as gates.Circuits or devices of this type the operation of a system.Included in this system are such things as timing devices，storage elements，counters，decoders，memory，and registers.Truth tables symbols，operational characteristics，and applications of these items will be presented an IC chip. The internal construction of the chip cannot be effectively altered. Operation is controlled by the application of an external signal to the input. As a rule，very little work can be done to control operation other than altering the input signal.The logic circuits in Fig. 3-4 are combinational circuit because the output responds immediately to the inputs and there is no memory. When memory is a part of a logic circuit，the system is called sequential circuit because its output depends on the input plus its an input signal isapplied.A bistable multivibrator，in the strict sense，is a flip-flop. When it is turned on，it assumes a particular operational state. It does not change states until the input is altered.A flip-flop opposite polarity.Two inputs are usually needed to alter the state of a flip-flop. A variety of names are used for the inputs.These vary a great deal between different flip-flops.1. R-S flip-flopsFig.3-5 shows logic circuit construction of an R-S flip-flop. It is constructed from two NAND gates. The output of each NAND provides one of the inputs for the other NAND. R stands for the reset input and S represents the set input.The truth table and logic symbol are shown in Fig. 3-6.Notice that the truth table is somewhat more complex than that of a gate. It shows, for example，the applied input, previous output，and resulting output.To understand the operation of an R-S flip-flop，we must first look at the previous outputs.This is the status of the output before a change is applied to the input. The first four items of the previous outputs are Q=1 and =0. The second four states this case of the input to NANDS is 0 and that is 0，which implies that both inputs to NANDR are 1.By symmetry，the logic circuit will also stable with Q0 and 1.If now R momentarily becomes 0，the output of NANDR，，will rise to resulting in NANDS be realized by a 0 at S.The outputs Q and are unpredictable when the inputs R and S are 0 states.This case is not allowed.Seldom would individual gates be used to construct a flip-flop，rather than one of the special types for the flip-flop packages on a single chipwould be used by a designer.A variety of different flip-flops are used in digital electronic systems today. In general，each flip-flop type R-S-T flip-flop for example .is a triggered R-S flip-flop. It will not change states when the R and S inputs assume a value until a trigger pulse is applied. This would permit a large number of flip-flops to change states all at the same time. Fig. 3-7 shows the logic circuit construction. The truth table and logic symbol are shown in Fig. 3-8. The R and S input are thus active when the signal at the gate input (T) is 1 .Normally，such timing，or synchronizing，signals are distributed throughout a digital system by clock pulses，as shown in Fig. 3-9.The symmetrical clock signal provides two times each period.The circuit can be designed to trigger at the leading or trailing edge of the clock. The logic symbols for edge trigger flip-flops are shown in Fig.3-10.2. J-K flip-flopsAnother very important flip-flop unpredictable output state. The J and K inputs addition to this，J-K flip-flops may employ preset and preclear functions. This is used to establish sequential timing operations. Fig.3-11 shows the logic symbol and truth table of a J-K flip-flop.3. 5. 2 CountersA flip-flop be used in switching operations，and it can count pulses.A series of interconnected flip-flops is generally called a register.Each register can store one binary digit or bit of data. Several flip-flops connected form a counter. Counting is a fundamental digital electronic function.For an electronic circuit to count，a number of things must beachieved. Basically，the circuit must be supplied with some form of data or information that is suitable for processing. Typically，electrical pulses that turn on and off are applied to the input of a counter. These pulses must initiate a state change in the circuit when they are received. The circuit must also be able to recognize where it is in counting sequence at any particular time. This requires some form of memory. The counter must also be able to respond to the next number in the sequence. In digital electronic systems flip-flops are primarily used to achieve counting. This type of device is capable of changing states when a pulse is applied，output pulse.There are several types of counters used in digital circuitry today.Probably the most common of these is the binary counter.This particular counter is designed to process two-state or binary information. J-K flip-flops are commonly used in binary counters.Refer now to the single J-K flip-flop of Fig. 3-11 .In its toggle state，this flip-flop is capable of achieving counting. First，assume that the flip-flop is in its reset state. This would cause Q to be 0 and Q to be 1 .Normally，we are concerned only with Q output in counting operations. The flip-flop is now connected for operation in the toggle mode. J and K must both be made the 1 state. When a pulse is applied to the T，or clock，input，Q changes to 1.This means that with one pulse applied，a 1 is generated in the output. The flip-flop the next pulse arrives，Q resets，or changes to 0. Essentially，this means that two input pulses produce only one output pulse. This is a divide-by-two function.For binary numbers，counting is achieved by a number of divide-by-two flip-flops.To count more than one pulse，additional flip-flops must be employed. For each flip-flop added to the counter，its capacity is increased by the power of 2. With one flip-flop the maximum count was 20，or 1 .For two flip-flops it would count two places，such as 20 and 21.This would reach a count of 3 or a binary number of 11.The count would be 00，01，10，and 11. The counter would then clear and return to 00. In effect, this counts four state changes. Three flip-flops would count three places，or 20，21，and 22.This would permit a total count of eight state changes.The binary values are 000，001，010，011，100，101，110 and 111.The maximum count is seven，or 111 .Four flip-flops would count four places，or 20，21，22，and 23.The total count would make 16 state changes. The maximum count would be 15，or the binary number 1111.Each additional flip-flop would cause this to increase one binary place.河南理工大学电气工程及其自动化专业中英双语对照翻译。

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究【摘要】本文围绕关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究展开讨论。

在作者阐述了研究背景和研究意义。

随后，在正文部分首先概述了关联翻译理论的基本概念，然后探讨了该理论在英汉翻译中的实际应用以及对翻译实践的启示。

案例分析部分通过具体案例分析展示了关联翻译理论的实际运用情况。

实践探讨部分则对关联翻译理论在实践中的优势和不足进行了深入讨论。

在结论部分总结了关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的有效性并指出需要进一步研究的方向。

整体文章结构清晰，内容丰富，旨在为翻译实践提供理论支持和指导。

【关键词】关联翻译理论、英汉翻译、研究背景、研究意义、关联翻译理论概述、翻译实践、案例分析、实践探讨、有效性、进一步研究、总结1. 引言1.1 研究背景翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究背景相当重要。

英汉翻译一直是跨文化交流和沟通的重要方式，随着全球化的不断发展，对英汉翻译的需求也日益增加。

传统的翻译理论在面对复杂的文化现象和语言差异时往往无法完全解决问题，因此需要新的理论来指导翻译实践。

研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的作用，既可以促进翻译领域的理论创新，也可以为实际翻译工作提供有益的启示。

有必要深入探讨关联翻译理论在英汉翻译中的应用和效果，以促进翻译实践的发展和提升。

1.2 研究意义研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的意义，不仅可以帮助研究者深入理解翻译过程中的种种问题和挑战，也可以为翻译从业者提供实用指导和方法。

通过对关联翻译理论的研究和应用，可以更好地把握英汉两种语言之间的关联关系，准确地表达原文的意思，确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。

研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译中的意义，还可以为跨文化交流和语言学习提供参考和借鉴。

通过深入探讨关联翻译理论的实际应用和效果，可以促进不同语言之间的交流和理解，丰富翻译理论的研究内容，推动翻译领域的发展和进步。

研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的意义具有重要的理论和实践价值，值得深入探讨和研究。